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Dionysus
within Io! Hear my voice, hear it, Io Bacchae, Io Bacchae!
within Io! Hear my voice, hear it, Io Bacchae, Io Bacchae!
Chorus
Who is here, who? From what quarter did the voice of the Joyful one summon me?
Who is here, who? From what quarter did the voice of the Joyful one summon me?
Dionysus
Io! Io! I say again; it is I, the child of Zeus and Semele.
580
Io! Io! I say again; it is I, the child of Zeus and Semele.
580
Chorus
Io! Io! Master, master! Come now to our company, Bromius.
Io! Io! Master, master! Come now to our company, Bromius.
Dionysus
Shake the world’s plain, lady Earthquake!
585
Shake the world’s plain, lady Earthquake!
585
Chorus
Oh! Oh! Soon the palace of Pentheus will be shaken in ruin.
1
—Dionysus is in the halls.
Revere him. —We revere him! —Did you see these stone lintels on the pillars falling apart? Bromius cries out in victory indoors.
590
Oh! Oh! Soon the palace of Pentheus will be shaken in ruin.
1
—Dionysus is in the halls.
Revere him. —We revere him! —Did you see these stone lintels on the pillars falling apart? Bromius cries out in victory indoors.
590
Dionysus
Light the fiery lamp of lightning!
Burn, burn Pentheus’ home!
595
Light the fiery lamp of lightning!
Burn, burn Pentheus’ home!
595
Chorus
Oh! Oh! Do you not see the the fire, do you not perceive, about the sacred tomb of Semele, the flame that Zeus’ thunderbolt left?
Cast on the ground your trembling bodies, Maenads, cast them down, for our lord, Zeus’ son, is coming against this palace, turning everything upside down.
600
604
Enter Dionysus
Oh! Oh! Do you not see the the fire, do you not perceive, about the sacred tomb of Semele, the flame that Zeus’ thunderbolt left?
Cast on the ground your trembling bodies, Maenads, cast them down, for our lord, Zeus’ son, is coming against this palace, turning everything upside down.
600
Dionysus
Barbarian women, have you fallen on the ground
so stricken with fear? You have, so it seems, felt Bacchus shaking the house of Pentheus. But get up and take courage, putting a stop to your trembling.
605
Barbarian women, have you fallen on the ground
so stricken with fear? You have, so it seems, felt Bacchus shaking the house of Pentheus. But get up and take courage, putting a stop to your trembling.
605
Chorus Leader
Oh greatest light for us in our joyful revelry, how happy I am to see you—I who was alone and desolate before.
Oh greatest light for us in our joyful revelry, how happy I am to see you—I who was alone and desolate before.
Dionysus
Did you despair when I was sent to fall into Pentheus’ dark dungeon?
610
Did you despair when I was sent to fall into Pentheus’ dark dungeon?
610
Chorus Leader
How not? Who was my guardian, if you met with misfortune? But how were you freed, having met with an impious man?
How not? Who was my guardian, if you met with misfortune? But how were you freed, having met with an impious man?
Dionysus
By myself I saved myself easily, without trouble.
By myself I saved myself easily, without trouble.
Chorus Leader
Did he not tie your hands in binding knots?
615
Did he not tie your hands in binding knots?
615
Dionysus
In this too I mocked him, for, thinking to bind me, he neither touched nor handled me, but fed on hope. He found a bull by the stable where he took and shut me up, and threw shackles around its knees and hooves,
breathing out fury, dripping sweat from his body, gnashing his teeth in his lips. But I, being near, sitting quietly, looked on. Meanwhile, Bacchus came and shook the house and kindled a flame on his mother’s tomb. When Pentheus saw this, thinking that the house was burning,
620
he ran here and there, calling to the slaves to bring water, and every servant was at work, toiling in vain. Then he let this labor drop, as I had escaped, and snatching a dark sword rushed into the house. Then Bromius, so it seems to me—I speak my opinion—
625
created a phantom in the courtyard. Pentheus rushed at it headlong, stabbing at the shining air, as though slaughtering me. Besides this, Bacchus inflicted other damage on him: he knocked his house to the ground, and everything was shattered into pieces, while he saw my bitter chains. From fatigue,
630
dropping his sword, he is exhausted. For he, a man, dared to join battle with a god. Now I have quietly left the house and come to you, with no thought of Pentheus. But I think—at any rate I hear the tramping of feet inside—he will soon come to the front of the house. What will he say after this?
635
I shall easily bear him, even if he comes boasting greatly. For it is the part of a wise man to practice restrained good temper.
640
642
Enter Pentheus
In this too I mocked him, for, thinking to bind me, he neither touched nor handled me, but fed on hope. He found a bull by the stable where he took and shut me up, and threw shackles around its knees and hooves,
breathing out fury, dripping sweat from his body, gnashing his teeth in his lips. But I, being near, sitting quietly, looked on. Meanwhile, Bacchus came and shook the house and kindled a flame on his mother’s tomb. When Pentheus saw this, thinking that the house was burning,
620
he ran here and there, calling to the slaves to bring water, and every servant was at work, toiling in vain. Then he let this labor drop, as I had escaped, and snatching a dark sword rushed into the house. Then Bromius, so it seems to me—I speak my opinion—
625
created a phantom in the courtyard. Pentheus rushed at it headlong, stabbing at the shining air, as though slaughtering me. Besides this, Bacchus inflicted other damage on him: he knocked his house to the ground, and everything was shattered into pieces, while he saw my bitter chains. From fatigue,
630
dropping his sword, he is exhausted. For he, a man, dared to join battle with a god. Now I have quietly left the house and come to you, with no thought of Pentheus. But I think—at any rate I hear the tramping of feet inside—he will soon come to the front of the house. What will he say after this?
635
I shall easily bear him, even if he comes boasting greatly. For it is the part of a wise man to practice restrained good temper.
640
Pentheus
I have suffered terrible things; the stranger, who was recently constrained in bonds, has escaped me. Ah!
Here is the man. What is this? How do you appear in front of my house, having come out?
645
I have suffered terrible things; the stranger, who was recently constrained in bonds, has escaped me. Ah!
Here is the man. What is this? How do you appear in front of my house, having come out?
645
Dionysus
Stop, and put a stop to your anger.
Stop, and put a stop to your anger.
Pentheus
How have you escaped your chains and come outside?
How have you escaped your chains and come outside?
Dionysus
Did I not say—or did you not hear—that some one would deliver me?
Did I not say—or did you not hear—that some one would deliver me?
Pentheus
Who? You are always introducing strange explanations.
650
Who? You are always introducing strange explanations.
650
Dionysus
He who produces the rich-clustering vine for mortals.
He who produces the rich-clustering vine for mortals.
Pentheus
Dionysus
You reproach Dionysus for what is his glory.
You reproach Dionysus for what is his glory.
Pentheus
I order you to close up all the towers around.
I order you to close up all the towers around.
Dionysus
Why? Do gods not pass over walls too?
Why? Do gods not pass over walls too?
Pentheus
You are wise, wise at least in all save what you should be wise in.
655
You are wise, wise at least in all save what you should be wise in.
655
Dionysus
I was born wise in all that I should be.
Enter a messenger Listen first to the words of this man, who has come from the mountain to bring you some message. I will await you, I will not try to escape.
I was born wise in all that I should be.
Enter a messenger Listen first to the words of this man, who has come from the mountain to bring you some message. I will await you, I will not try to escape.
Messenger
Pentheus, ruler of this land of
Thebes
, I have come from Kithairon, where the bright flakes of white snow never melt.
660
Pentheus, ruler of this land of
Thebes
, I have come from Kithairon, where the bright flakes of white snow never melt.
660
Pentheus
What important news do you come to bring?
What important news do you come to bring?
Messenger
Having seen the holy Bacchae, who
goaded to madness have darted from this land with their fair feet, I have come to tell you and the city, lord, that they are doing terrible things, beyond marvel. I wish to hear whether I should tell you in free speech the situation there or whether I should repress my report,
665
for I fear, lord, the quickness of your mood, your keen temper and your too imperious disposition.
670
Having seen the holy Bacchae, who
goaded to madness have darted from this land with their fair feet, I have come to tell you and the city, lord, that they are doing terrible things, beyond marvel. I wish to hear whether I should tell you in free speech the situation there or whether I should repress my report,
665
for I fear, lord, the quickness of your mood, your keen temper and your too imperious disposition.
670
Pentheus
Speak, as you will have immunity from me in any case. For it is not right to be angry with the just. The more you tell me terrible things about the Bacchae,
the more I will punish this one here who taught the women these tricks.
675
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Speak, as you will have immunity from me in any case. For it is not right to be angry with the just. The more you tell me terrible things about the Bacchae,
the more I will punish this one here who taught the women these tricks.
675
Messenger
The herds of grazing cattle were just climbing up the hill, at the time when the sun sends forth its rays, warming the earth.
I saw three companies of dancing women, one of which Autonoe led, the second your mother Agave, and the third Ino. All were asleep, their bodies relaxed, some resting their backs against pine foliage,
680
others laying their heads at random on the oak leaves, modestly, not as you say drunk with the goblet and the sound of the flute, hunting out Aphrodite through the woods in solitude. Your mother raised a cry,
685
standing up in the midst of the Bacchae, to wake their bodies from sleep, when she heard the lowing of the horned cattle. And they, casting off refreshing sleep from their eyes, sprang upright, a marvel of orderliness to behold, old, young, and still unmarried virgins.
690
First they let their hair loose over their shoulders, and secured their fawn-skins, as many of them as had released the fastenings of their knots, girding the dappled hides with serpents licking their jaws. And some, holding in their arms a gazelle or wild
695
wolf-pup, gave them white milk, as many as had abandoned their new-born infants and had their breasts still swollen. They put on garlands of ivy, and oak, and flowering yew. One took her thyrsos and struck it against a rock,
700
from which a dewy stream of water sprang forth. Another let her thyrsos strike the ground, and there the god sent forth a fountain of wine. All who desired the white drink scratched the earth with the tips of their fingers and obtained streams of milk;
705
and a sweet flow of honey dripped from their ivy thyrsoi; so that, had you been present and seen this, you would have approached with prayers the god whom you now blame. We herdsmen and shepherds gathered in order to
710
debate with one another concerning what strange and amazing things they were doing. Some one, a wanderer about the city and practised in speaking, said to us all:
You who inhabit the holy plains of the mountains, do you wish to hunt
715
Pentheus’ mother Agave out from the Bacchic revelry and do the king a favor? We thought he spoke well, and lay down in ambush, hiding ourselves in the foliage of bushes. They, at the appointed hour, began to wave the thyrsos in their revelries,
720
calling on Iacchus, the son of Zeus, Bromius, with united voice. The whole mountain revelled along with them and the beasts, and nothing was unmoved by their running.
728
Agave happened to be leaping near me, and I sprang forth, wanting to snatch her,
725
abandoning the ambush where I had hidden myself. But she cried out:
O my fleet hounds, we are hunted by these men; but follow me! follow armed with your thyrsoi in your hands! We fled and escaped
730
from being torn apart by the Bacchae, but they, with unarmed hands, sprang on the heifers browsing the grass. and you might see one rending asunder a fatted lowing calf, while others tore apart cows.
735
You might see ribs or cloven hooves tossed here and there; caught in the trees they dripped, dabbled in gore. Bulls who before were fierce, and showed their fury with their horns, stumbled to the ground,
740
dragged down by countless young hands. The garment of flesh was torn apart faster then you could blink your royal eyes. And like birds raised in their course, they proceeded along the level plains, which by the streams of the Asopus
745
produce the bountiful Theban crop. And falling like soldiers upon Hysiae and Erythrae, towns situated below the rock of Kithairon, they turned everything upside down. They were snatching children from their homes;
750
and whatever they put on their shoulders, whether bronze or iron, was not held on by bonds, nor did it fall to the ground. They carried fire on their locks, but it did not burn them. Some people in rage took up arms, being plundered by the Bacchae,
755
and the sight of this was terrible to behold, lord. For their pointed spears drew no blood, but the women, hurling the thyrsoi from their hands, kept wounding them and turned them to flight—women did this to men, not without the help of some god.
760
And they returned where they had come from, to the very fountains which the god had sent forth for them, and washed off the blood, and snakes cleaned the drops from the women’s cheeks with their tongues. Receive this god then, whoever he is,
765
into this city, master. For he is great in other respects, and they say this too of him, as I hear, that he gives to mortals the vine that puts an end to grief. Without wine there is no longer Aphrodite or any other pleasant thing for men.
770
775
The herds of grazing cattle were just climbing up the hill, at the time when the sun sends forth its rays, warming the earth.
I saw three companies of dancing women, one of which Autonoe led, the second your mother Agave, and the third Ino. All were asleep, their bodies relaxed, some resting their backs against pine foliage,
680
others laying their heads at random on the oak leaves, modestly, not as you say drunk with the goblet and the sound of the flute, hunting out Aphrodite through the woods in solitude. Your mother raised a cry,
685
standing up in the midst of the Bacchae, to wake their bodies from sleep, when she heard the lowing of the horned cattle. And they, casting off refreshing sleep from their eyes, sprang upright, a marvel of orderliness to behold, old, young, and still unmarried virgins.
690
First they let their hair loose over their shoulders, and secured their fawn-skins, as many of them as had released the fastenings of their knots, girding the dappled hides with serpents licking their jaws. And some, holding in their arms a gazelle or wild
695
wolf-pup, gave them white milk, as many as had abandoned their new-born infants and had their breasts still swollen. They put on garlands of ivy, and oak, and flowering yew. One took her thyrsos and struck it against a rock,
700
from which a dewy stream of water sprang forth. Another let her thyrsos strike the ground, and there the god sent forth a fountain of wine. All who desired the white drink scratched the earth with the tips of their fingers and obtained streams of milk;
705
and a sweet flow of honey dripped from their ivy thyrsoi; so that, had you been present and seen this, you would have approached with prayers the god whom you now blame. We herdsmen and shepherds gathered in order to
710
debate with one another concerning what strange and amazing things they were doing. Some one, a wanderer about the city and practised in speaking, said to us all:
You who inhabit the holy plains of the mountains, do you wish to hunt
715
Pentheus’ mother Agave out from the Bacchic revelry and do the king a favor? We thought he spoke well, and lay down in ambush, hiding ourselves in the foliage of bushes. They, at the appointed hour, began to wave the thyrsos in their revelries,
720
calling on Iacchus, the son of Zeus, Bromius, with united voice. The whole mountain revelled along with them and the beasts, and nothing was unmoved by their running.
728
Agave happened to be leaping near me, and I sprang forth, wanting to snatch her,
725
abandoning the ambush where I had hidden myself. But she cried out:
O my fleet hounds, we are hunted by these men; but follow me! follow armed with your thyrsoi in your hands! We fled and escaped
730
from being torn apart by the Bacchae, but they, with unarmed hands, sprang on the heifers browsing the grass. and you might see one rending asunder a fatted lowing calf, while others tore apart cows.
735
You might see ribs or cloven hooves tossed here and there; caught in the trees they dripped, dabbled in gore. Bulls who before were fierce, and showed their fury with their horns, stumbled to the ground,
740
dragged down by countless young hands. The garment of flesh was torn apart faster then you could blink your royal eyes. And like birds raised in their course, they proceeded along the level plains, which by the streams of the Asopus
745
produce the bountiful Theban crop. And falling like soldiers upon Hysiae and Erythrae, towns situated below the rock of Kithairon, they turned everything upside down. They were snatching children from their homes;
750
and whatever they put on their shoulders, whether bronze or iron, was not held on by bonds, nor did it fall to the ground. They carried fire on their locks, but it did not burn them. Some people in rage took up arms, being plundered by the Bacchae,
755
and the sight of this was terrible to behold, lord. For their pointed spears drew no blood, but the women, hurling the thyrsoi from their hands, kept wounding them and turned them to flight—women did this to men, not without the help of some god.
760
And they returned where they had come from, to the very fountains which the god had sent forth for them, and washed off the blood, and snakes cleaned the drops from the women’s cheeks with their tongues. Receive this god then, whoever he is,
765
into this city, master. For he is great in other respects, and they say this too of him, as I hear, that he gives to mortals the vine that puts an end to grief. Without wine there is no longer Aphrodite or any other pleasant thing for men.
770
Chorus Leader
I fear to speak freely to the king, but I will speak nevertheless: Dionysus is inferior to none of the gods.
775
I fear to speak freely to the king, but I will speak nevertheless: Dionysus is inferior to none of the gods.
775
Pentheus
Already like fire does this insolence of the Bacchae blaze up, a great reproach for the Hellenes.
But we must not hesitate. Go to the Electran gates, bid all the shield-bearers and riders of swift-footed horses to assemble, as well as all who brandish the light shield and pluck bowstrings with their hands, so that we can make an assault against
780
the Bacchae. For it is indeed too much if we suffer what we are suffering at the hands of women.
785
Already like fire does this insolence of the Bacchae blaze up, a great reproach for the Hellenes.
But we must not hesitate. Go to the Electran gates, bid all the shield-bearers and riders of swift-footed horses to assemble, as well as all who brandish the light shield and pluck bowstrings with their hands, so that we can make an assault against
780
the Bacchae. For it is indeed too much if we suffer what we are suffering at the hands of women.
785
Dionysus
Pentheus, though you hear my words, you obey not at all. Though I suffer ill at your hands, still I say that it is not right for you to raise arms against a god,
but to remain calm. Bromius will not allow you to remove the Bacchae from the joyful mountains.
790
Pentheus, though you hear my words, you obey not at all. Though I suffer ill at your hands, still I say that it is not right for you to raise arms against a god,
but to remain calm. Bromius will not allow you to remove the Bacchae from the joyful mountains.
790
Pentheus
Do not instruct me, but be content in your escape from prison. Or shall I bring punishment upon you again?
Do not instruct me, but be content in your escape from prison. Or shall I bring punishment upon you again?
Dionysus
I would sacrifice to the god rather
than kick against his spurs in anger, a mortal against a god.
795
I would sacrifice to the god rather
than kick against his spurs in anger, a mortal against a god.
795
Pentheus
I will sacrifice, making a great slaughter of the women, as they deserve, in the glens of Kithairon.
I will sacrifice, making a great slaughter of the women, as they deserve, in the glens of Kithairon.
Dionysus
You will all flee. And it will be a source of shame that you turn your bronze shields away from the thyrsoi of the Bacchae.
You will all flee. And it will be a source of shame that you turn your bronze shields away from the thyrsoi of the Bacchae.
Pentheus
This stranger with whom I am locked together is impossible, and neither suffering nor doing will he be quiet.
800
This stranger with whom I am locked together is impossible, and neither suffering nor doing will he be quiet.
800
Dionysus
My friend, there is still opportunity to arrange these things well.
My friend, there is still opportunity to arrange these things well.
Pentheus
Doing what? Being a slave to my slaves?
Doing what? Being a slave to my slaves?
Dionysus
Without weapons I will bring the women here.
Without weapons I will bring the women here.
Pentheus
Alas! You are contriving this as a trick against me.
805
Alas! You are contriving this as a trick against me.
805
Dionysus
What sort, if I wish to save you by my contrivances?
What sort, if I wish to save you by my contrivances?
Pentheus
You have devised this together, so that you may have your revelry forever.
You have devised this together, so that you may have your revelry forever.
Dionysus
I certainly did—that is so—with the god.
I certainly did—that is so—with the god.
Pentheus
To a servant Bring me my armor.
To Dionysus And you, stop speaking.
810
To a servant Bring me my armor.
To Dionysus And you, stop speaking.
Dionysus
Ah! Do you wish to see them sitting together in the mountains?
810
Ah! Do you wish to see them sitting together in the mountains?
810
Pentheus
Certainly. I’d give an enormous amount of gold for that.
Certainly. I’d give an enormous amount of gold for that.
Dionysus
Why do you desire this so badly?
Why do you desire this so badly?
Pentheus
I would be sorry to see them in their drunkenness.
I would be sorry to see them in their drunkenness.
Dionysus
But would you see gladly what is grievous to you?
815
But would you see gladly what is grievous to you?
815
Pentheus
To be sure, sitting quietly under the pines.
To be sure, sitting quietly under the pines.
Dionysus
But they will track you down, even if you go in secret.
But they will track you down, even if you go in secret.
Pentheus
You are right: I will go openly.
You are right: I will go openly.
Dionysus
Shall I guide you? Will you attempt the journey?
Shall I guide you? Will you attempt the journey?
Pentheus
Lead me as quickly as possible. I grudge you the time.
820
Lead me as quickly as possible. I grudge you the time.
820
Dionysus
Put linen clothes on your body then.
Put linen clothes on your body then.
Pentheus
What is this? Shall I then, instead of a man, be reckoned among the women?
What is this? Shall I then, instead of a man, be reckoned among the women?
Dionysus
Lest they kill you if you are seen there as a man.
Lest they kill you if you are seen there as a man.
Pentheus
Again you speak correctly: how wise you have been all along!
Again you speak correctly: how wise you have been all along!
Dionysus
Dionysus taught me these things fully.
825
Dionysus taught me these things fully.
825
Pentheus
How can your advice to me be well carried out?
How can your advice to me be well carried out?
Dionysus
I will go inside and dress you.
I will go inside and dress you.
Pentheus
In what clothing? Female? But shame holds me back.
In what clothing? Female? But shame holds me back.
Dionysus
Are you no longer eager to view the maenads?
Are you no longer eager to view the maenads?
Pentheus
What clothing do you bid me to put on my body?
830
What clothing do you bid me to put on my body?
830
Dionysus
I will spread out hair at length on your head.
I will spread out hair at length on your head.
Pentheus
What is the second part of my outfit?
What is the second part of my outfit?
Dionysus
A robe down to your feet. And you will wear a headband.
A robe down to your feet. And you will wear a headband.
Pentheus
And what else will you add to this for me?
And what else will you add to this for me?
Dionysus
A thyrsos in your hand, and a dappled fawn-skin.
835
A thyrsos in your hand, and a dappled fawn-skin.
835
Pentheus
I could not put on a woman’s dress.
I could not put on a woman’s dress.
Dionysus
But you will shed blood if you join battle with the Bacchae.
But you will shed blood if you join battle with the Bacchae.
Pentheus
True. We must go first and spy.
True. We must go first and spy.
Dionysus
This is at any rate wiser than hunting trouble with trouble.
This is at any rate wiser than hunting trouble with trouble.
Pentheus
And how will I go through the city without being seen by the Thebans?
840
And how will I go through the city without being seen by the Thebans?
840
Dionysus
We will go on deserted roads. I will lead you.
We will go on deserted roads. I will lead you.
Pentheus
Anything is better than to be mocked by the Bacchae. We two will go into the house . . . and I will consider what seems best.
Anything is better than to be mocked by the Bacchae. We two will go into the house . . . and I will consider what seems best.
Dionysus
It will be so; in any case I am ready.
It will be so; in any case I am ready.
Pentheus
I will go in. For either I will go bearing arms, or I will obey your counsels.
845
I will go in. For either I will go bearing arms, or I will obey your counsels.
845
Dionysus
Women, the man is caught in our net. He will go to the Bacchae, where he will pay the penalty with his death. Dionysus, now it is your job; for you are not far off.
Let us punish him. First drive him out of his wits, send upon him a dizzying madness, since if he is of sound mind he will not consent to wear women’s clothing, but driven out of his senses he will put it on. I want him to be a source of laughter to the Thebans, led through the city in
850
women’s guise after making such terrible threats in the past. But now I will go to fit on Pentheus the dress he will wear to the house of Hades, slaughtered by his mother’s hands. He will recognize the son of Zeus,
855
Dionysus, who is in fact a god, the most terrible and yet most mild to men.
860
Women, the man is caught in our net. He will go to the Bacchae, where he will pay the penalty with his death. Dionysus, now it is your job; for you are not far off.
Let us punish him. First drive him out of his wits, send upon him a dizzying madness, since if he is of sound mind he will not consent to wear women’s clothing, but driven out of his senses he will put it on. I want him to be a source of laughter to the Thebans, led through the city in
850
women’s guise after making such terrible threats in the past. But now I will go to fit on Pentheus the dress he will wear to the house of Hades, slaughtered by his mother’s hands. He will recognize the son of Zeus,
855
Dionysus, who is in fact a god, the most terrible and yet most mild to men.
860
Bacchae. Euripides. T. A. Buckley (Translator). London. 1850.
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Funding provided by The Annenberg CPB/Project.