Titus Livius (Livy), Ab urbe condita, Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor), 28.7

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[1]

Philip had been warned also by fire-signals from Oreum, but through the treachery of Plator they were set too late on the watch-tower. Also, since he was no match in naval strength, approach to the island by a fleet was not easy.

[2] He let slip that project by delaying, and, on receiving the signal accordingly, set out with spirit to bring aid to Chalcis. For although Chalcis is likewise a city of the same island, still it is separated by a strait so narrow that the city is linked to the mainland by a bridge, and approach by land is easier than by sea.

[3] Accordingly Philip hastened from Demetrias to Scotussa, whence he set ¹out in the third watch, dislodged the garrison and routed the Aetolians occupying the pass of Thermopylae. Then after driving the enemy in alarm into Heraclēa, he himself in a single day covered a distance of more than sixty miles to Elatīa ²in Phocis.

[4] On about the same day the captured city of Opus was being sacked by King Attalus.

[5] Its booty had been given up to the king by Sulpicius because Oreum ³had been sacked by Roman soldiers a few days before, while the king's troops had no share in it.

[6] When the Roman fleet had returned to Oreum, Attalus, unaware of the coming of Philip, was spending his time in exacting money from leading citizens.

[7] And so unexpected was the attack that if some of the Cretans, who happened to have gone a long distance from the city to forage, had not caught sight of the enemy's column in the distance, the king could have been overpowered.

[8] Attalus' men, being unarmed and in disorder, rushed pellmell to the sea and their ships; and as they were struggling to cast off, Philip came upon them and from the shore caused further confusion among the sailors.

[9] Then he returned to Opus, accusing gods and men because he had lost so great an opportunity, snatched away almost before his eyes. The men of Opus also were no less angrily upbraided because, although they could have dragged out the siege until his coming, at the first sight of the enemy they had almost willingly surrendered.

Having settled matters in the neighbourhood of ⁴Opus, he went to Thronium. ⁵

[11] Attalus also retired at first to Oreum; and then, when the report reached him that Prusias, King of Bithynia, had crossed into territory belonging to his kingdom, he sailed over to Asia, forsaking the Roman cause and the Aetolian war.

[12] And Sulpicius withdrew with his fleet to Aegina, from which he had set out at the beginning of the spring. Philip captured Thronium with no greater struggle than Attalus had in capturing Opus. The inhabitants of the former were refugees from Thebes ⁶in Phthiotis.

[13] When their city was taken by Philip they had sought refuge in the protection of the Aetolians, whereupon the Aetolians had given them an abiding-place in that city, desolated and abandoned in a previous war with the same Philip.

[14] Then setting out from Thronium, which he had recovered, as has just been said, he captured Tithronion and Drumiae, small and unimportant towns in Doris. Then he came to Elatīa, having bidden the envoys of Ptolemy and of the Rhodians ⁷to wait for him there.

[15] While they were there discussing how to end the Aetolian war —for

[16] the envoys had recently been present at the council of the Romans and Aetolians at Heraclēa ⁸—came the news that Machanidas had decided to attack the Eleans, who were making ready to celebrate the Olympic Games. ⁹

[17] Thinking he must make that his first task, the king sent away the envoys with a friendly answer: that ¹⁰he had not been the cause of this war, and would not delay making peace, provided it was possible to do so on fair and honourable terms.

[18] Setting out with a light column he came down through Boeotia to Megara and then to Corinth, from which he took on supplies and marched to Phlīus and Phenĕus. ¹¹And when he had already reached Heraea, ¹²

Ab urbe condita. Titus Livius (Livy). Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor). Medford, MA. .

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The National Endowment for the Humanities.

Current edition Perseus

History of Rome (English) (Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Sage, Evan T.; Schlesinger, Alfred C., translators. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959. (Loeb Classical Library))

Editions (3)

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Pars I-IV, Libri I-XL. Editio Stereotypica. Weissenborn, Wilhelm; Mueller, Moritz, editors. Leipzig: Teubner, 1884-1911.) — 28.7 focus

[1] Philippum et ignes ab Oreo editi monuerant, se seriu Platori fraud e specul elati e inpar maritumi viribu hau facili era i insula class accessus

[2] re pe cunctatione omissa a Chalcidi auxilium ub signu accepit impigr es motus na e ips Chalci quamqua eiusde insula urb est tame ade art interscinditu freto u pont continent iungatu terraqu aditu faciliore qua mar habeat

[3] rediitigitu Philippu a Demetriad Scotussam ind d terti vigili profectu deiect praesidi fusisqu Aetolis qu saltu Thermopylaru insidebant cu trepido hosti Heraclea compulisset ips un di Phocidi Elatia mili ampliu sexagint eontendi t t

[4] ferm di a Attal reg Opuntioru urb capt diripiebatur concessera ea ear eamreg praeda Sulpicius qui Oreu pauco ant die a Roman milit expertibu regii direptu fuerat

[5] classi Oreu ses recepera e Attalu ignaru adventu Philipp pecunii a principibu exigendi tereba tempus

[6] oqu inprovis re fuit ut nis Cretensiu quida fort pabulatu a urb longiu progress agme hostiu procu conspexissent opprim potuerit

[7] inermi atqu incompositu eurs eursu cursueffus mar a nave petit e molientibu a terr nave Philippu superveni tumultumqu etia e terr nautici praebuit

[8] Opunte redii deo hominesqu accusans quo tanta re fortuna e oculi prop rapta amisisset

[9] quoqu a eade ir increpiti quod cu traher obsidione i adventu suu potuissent vis stati host prop i voluntaria deditione concessissent compositi circ Opunte rebu Throniu es profectus

[10] Attalu prim Oreu es profectus inde cu fam accidisse Prusia Bithynia rege i fine regn su transgressum omissi Romani rebu atqu Aetolic bell i Asia traiecit

[11] Sulpiciu Aegina classe recepit und initi veri profectu erat

[12] baud haud ma.iore maiore certamine, quam Opuntem Attalus ceperat, Philippus Throniu cepit incoleban urbe ea profug a Thebi Pnthiotici s s urb su capt a Philipp cu i fide Aetoloru perfugissent sede ii Aetoi Aetoii Aetoliea dederan urbi vasta a deserta prior eiusde Philipp bello

[13] a Thronio sicu paul ant dictu est recept profectu Tithronio e Drymias Doridi parv atqu ignobili oppida cepit ind Elatiam iussi ib s opperir Ptolemae Rhodiorumqu legatis venit

[14] cu d finiend Aetolic bell ageretu — adfueran eni legat nupe Heraclea concili Romanoru Aetolorumqu — , nuntiu adfertu Machanida Olympioru sollemn ludicru parante Elio adgred statuisse

[15] i ratu legati cu benign respons dimissis s nequ causa eiu bell fuiss ne moram s mod aequ e honest condicion liceat

[16] facturum cu expedit agmin profectu pe Boeotia Megar atqu ind Corinthu descendit und commeatibu sumpti Phliunt Pheneumqu petit

[17] ia cu Heraea venisse audit Machanida fam adventu su territu refugiss Lacedaemonem Aegiu s a conciliu Achaeoru recepit simu classe Punicam u mar quoqu aliqui posset accita ib ratu s inventurum

[18] ant diebu I ind Oxea traieceran Poeni ind portu Acarnanu petierant cu a Ore profectu Attalu Romanosqu audissent veriti n a s iretu e intr Rhiu — fauce ea sun Corinthi sinu — opprimerentur

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Conway, Robert Seymour; Walters, Charles Flamstead; Johnson, Stephen Keymer, editors. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1914-1935. (Oxford Classical Texts)) — 28.7 focus

[1]

Philippu e igne a Ore edit monueran se seriu Platori fraud e specul elati e impar tu maritimi uiribu hau facili era i insula class accessus i

[2] a e p r cunctation m omis a d Chalcid s auxiliu , u i sign m accepi , impig e e t motu . n m t ip a Chalci , quamqu m eiusd m insul e ur s es , tam n ad o ar o interscindit r fret , t pon e continen i iungat r terraq e adit m facilior m qu m ma i habea . igi

[3] ur Philip us ab Demetri de Scotuss m, i de de ter ia uigi ia profect s, deie to praesi io fusis ue Aeto is ui sal um Thermopyla um insideb nt um trepi os hos es Heracl am compuliss t, i se no ie Phoci is Elat am mi ia ampl us sexagi ta contend t. e

[4] dem f rme di ab At alo ege Opunti rum rbs c pta diripieba ur— concess rat eam egi pra dam Sulpic us, uia O eum pa cos nte ie ab Ro ano mil te, expert bus reg is, dire tum fue at.

[5] cum R mana cl ssis reum sese recepi set, At alus ig arus adu ntus Phi ippi pec n is a princi ibus exig ndis te ebat te pus,a

[6] eoque imp oui a re fu t ut nisi Cret nsium uidam forte pab la um a urbe l ngius pro ressi agmen h stium rocul conspexi sent, o primi pot erit.

[7] ttalus nermi atque incom ositu cursu effu o are a naues pe it, et moli nt bus a terr naues Ph lippus sup ruenit tumu tumqu e iam e terra n uticis pr ebui . inde

[8] Opuntem redi t, deosho inesque ccus ns quo ta tae rei or unam e ocul s prop raptam am sisset.

[9] Opunt i uoque ab adem ira ncrep ti uod, cu trahere o si ionem in adue tum suum po uiss nt, ui o sta im ho te prope in uo untariam d ditionem conce sissent. c mposi is circ Opun em rebu To onen estp of ctus. e Atta us pr mo Oreum se recep t;

[10] inde cum fama ccidiss t Prusian Bithy ia rege in f nes regni sui tra sgressu , omiss s Rom nis r bus atqu Aeto ic bell in Asiam tr iecit. e

[11] Sulpic us Aegi am class m re ipit, nde i itio ueri prof ctus erat. aud maior cer amine q am Opun em Attal s ceperat Philip us Tor

[12] incoleban urbe ea profug a Thebi Phthioticis urb su capt a Philipp cu i fide Aetoloru perfugissent sede ii Aetol ea dederan urbi uasta a deserta prior eiusde Philipp bello t

[13] m b Toron , sic t pau o an e dict m es , recep a profect s Tithroni n t Drumia , Dorid s par a atq e ignobil a oppid , cepi . in e Elati m iuss s i i e opperi i Ptoloma i Rhodiorumq e legat s ueni .

[14] bi um de finie do Aetol co be lo ageretur—adfuer nt e im leg ti nu er Heracl ae conci io Romano um Aetolorumque—nunt us adfer ur Machani am Olympio um solle ne ludic um paran es El os adgr di statuis e. praeuerte

[15] du id r tus leg tis cum ben gno resp nso dimissi —se n que ca sam ius b lli fu sse nec mo am si

[16] modo eq a et ho esta condi ione li eat, paci facturu —cum exp dito a mine prof ctu per Boe tiam M gara tque inde Cori thum desce dit, unde commea ibus su ptis Phl unta Phene mquep ti .

[17] t i m cum H raeam uen sset, udito Mach nida fama ad ent s sui te ritum ref gisse Lacedae onem, eg um se ad con ilium Ach eorum re epit, simul c assem Pu ic m, u mari uoque a iquid osset ac ita , ibi ra us se inuen urum.

[18] pauc s ante dieb sinde †Oxeas trai cerant Poen , inde portus Ac rnanum pet era t, cum b Oreo pr fectum ttalumRom nosque aud ssent, ue it n in se ir tur e intraRhium fau es e e sunt Co inthiisinus—opprime

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Livy in Fourteen Volumes. Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Schlesinger, Alfred C., editors. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959 (printing).) — 28.7 focus

[1]

Philippum et ignes ab Oreo editi monuerant, sed serius Platoris fraude ex specula elati; et inpari maritumis ¹viribu hau facili era i insula class accessus i

[2] a r s e p ²r cunctation m omiss , d Chalcid s auxiliu , u i sign m accepi , impig e e t motu . n m t ip a Chalc s quamqu m eiusd m insul e ur s es , tam n ad o ar o interscindit r fre o t pon e continen i iungat r terraq e adit m facilior m qu m ma i habea . igit

[3] r Philipp ³s b Demetria e Scotuss m, i de de ter ia vigi ia profect s, dei ⁴cto prae ⁵idiofus sque Ae oli qui s ltum Thermopy arum inside ant cum tre idos h stis Hera leam compuli set, ips un die Pho idis El tiam ilia am lius sexa inta conte dit.

[4] odem erm d e ab A talo rege Opunt orum urbs apta diripieb tur. conces era eam earn regi pr edam Sulpi ius, quia reum p ucos ante di s ab R mano mi ite, exper ibus re iis, dir ptum fu rat cum R

[5] cum⁶mana cl ssis reum sese recepi set, A ⁷talus i narus ad entus Ph lippi pe u iis a princ pibus exi endis t rebatt mpus,

[6] deoque im rov sa r sf it u , nisi Cre ensium quida forte pa ul tum b urbe ongius pr gress agmen ostium procul conspex ssent, pprimi po uerit.

[7] ttalus nermi atque incom ositu cursu effu o are a naves pe it, et moli nt bus a terr naves Ph lippus sup rvenit⁸tum ltumq e tiam x terra auticisp aebu t. inde

[8] indeOpuntem redi t, deosho inesque ccus ns quo ta tae rei or unam e ocul s prop raptam am sisset.

[9] opunti q oque b e dem ira i crepi i q od, cum trahere ob id onem in dven um suum pot isse t, vis stat m hos e rope in vol ntariam de itionem conces issent. co posit s circa Opunt m rebus hro ium est⁹ est ¹⁰. ro ectus.

[10] t Att lus p im Oreum e recep t ¹¹ind , cum fama accidis et Prusia Bith ni e reg m in ine regni sui tr nsgress m, omis is Ro anis ebus atq e Aet li o bel o in Asia t aiecit. e

[11] etSulpic us Aegi am class m re epit, ¹²unde nitio ver s pro ectu erat. haud maio e ce tamine uam Opu tem Atta us cepera , Philip us Thr

[12] incolebant urbem eam earn profugi ab Thebis Phthioticis; urbe sua capta a Philippo cum in fidem Aetolorum perfugissent, ¹³sede ii Aetol ea dederan urbi vasta a deserta prior eiusde Philipp bello tu

[13] tuma Thronio sicu paul an ¹⁴e dict m es , recep o profect s Tithroni n t Drumia , Dorid s par a atq e ignobil a oppid , cepi . in e Elatia , iuss s i i e opperi i Ptoloma i Rhodiorumq e legati , veni . u

[14] i c m e finien o Aetoli o bel o ageretu — adfuera t en m lega i nup r Heracle e concil o Romanor m Aetolorumque , nunti s adfert r Machanid m Olympior m sollem e ludicr m parant s Ele s adgre i statuiss . praevertend

[15] m d rat s legat s c m beni no respo so dimissis se ne ue cau am e us b ¹⁵lli fu sse nec mo am si odo a qu et hon sta condic one lic at,

[16] paci facturu —cum exp dite a mine prof ctu per Boe tiam M gara tque inde Cori thum desce dit, unde commea ibus su ptis Phl unta Phene mquep ti . e

[17] etia cum He aeam veni set, a dito Macha idam fama adv ntu sui ter itum refu isse Lacedaem nem, A gi m e ad conc lium Acha orum rec pit, imul cl ssem Pun ca , ut mari q oque al quid po set, a¹⁶c ita , ibi ra us se inven urum.

[18] auci ante iebu inde Oxeas trai ¹⁷cerant Poen ; inde portus Ac rnanum pet era t, cum b Oreo pr fectum ttalumRom nosque aud ssent, ve it n ad s ¹⁸i etur t intra Rhiu —fa ces ae sunt C rinthii sinus—opprim

Translations (2)

History of Rome Perseus (Spillan, D.; Edmonds, Cyrus; McDevitte, William A., translators. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1849-1868. (Bohn's Classical Library)) — 28.7 focus

[1]

Philip had received notice of this from Oreum, by the signal fires; but through the treachery of Plator they were raised from the watch-tower at a later period.

[2] As he was not a match for the enemy's forces at sea, it was difficult for him to approach the island; and thus, by delay, the opportunity was lost. He moved with promptness to the assistance of Chalcis as soon as he received the signal. For although Chalcis is a city of the same island, yet it is separated from the continent by so narrow a strait, that they communicate by means of a bridge, and the approach to it is easier by land than by water.

[3] Philip therefore, going from Demetrias to Scotussa, and setting out thence at the third watch, dislodged the guard, put to flight the Aetolians who kept the pass of Thermopylae, and drove the enemy in confusion to Heraclea, marching in one day to Elatia in Phocis, a distance of above sixty miles.

[4] Almost on the same day the town of Opus was taken and plundered by Attalus. Sulpicius had given it up to the king because Oreum had been plundered a few days before by the Roman soldiers, the royal soldiers not having shared the booty.

[5] The Roman fleet having retired thither, Attalus, who was not aware of Philip's approach, wasted time in levying contributions from the principal inhabitants, and so sudden was

[6] his coming, that had he not been descried by some Cretans, who happened to go farther from the town than usual in quest of forage, he might have been surprised.

[7] He fled hastily to the sea and his ships, without arms, and in the greatest disorder. Just as they were putting off from the land Philip arrived, and even from the shore created much alarm among the mariners.

[8] He returned thence to Opus, accusing both gods and men, because he had lost an opportunity of so great importance, almost snatched from his hands.

[9] He also reproached the Opuntians with the like anger, because they had, immediately on sight of the enemy, made almost a voluntary surrender, though they might have prolonged the siege till his arrival. Having settled affairs at Opus, he proceeded thence to Thronium. Attalus, too, at first retired from Oreum; but there receiving intelligence that Prusias, king of Bithynia, had invaded his kingdom, he withdrew his attention from the Romans and the Aetolian war, and passed over into Asia.

[10] Sulpicius also withdrew his fleet to Aegina, from whence he had set out in the beginning of spring. Philip took Thronium with as little difficulty as Attalus had at Opus.

[11] It was inhabited by foreigners, fugitives from Thebes in Phthiotis, who, on the capture of their own town by Philip, had fled to the protection of the Aetolians, and received from them a city as a settlement which had been laid waste and desolated in a former war by the same Philip.

[12] Having recovered Thronium, as has been a little before mentioned, he set out thence; and having taken Tritonos and Drymae, inconsiderable towns of Doris, he came thence to Elatia, where he had ordered the ambassadors of Ptolemy and the Rhodians to wait for him.

[13] While consulting there as to the best method of bringing the Aetolian war to a conclusion, (for these ambassadors attended the late council of the Romans and Aetolians at Heraclea,) intelligence is brought that Machanidas intended to attack the Elians while busied in preparing for the celebration of the Olympic games.

[14] Thinking it his duty to prevent such an attempt, he dismissed the ambassadors with a gracious answer to the effect, that he had neither caused the war, nor would he

[15] be any obstacle to the restoration of peace, if it should be possible on equitable and honourable terms;

[16] then marching quickly through Bœotia he came down from Megara, and thence to Corinth, where receiving supplies of provisions, he went to Phlius and Pheneus. And now, when he had proceeded as far as Heraea, having received intelligence that Machanidas, terrified at the news of

[17] his approach, had retreated to Lacedaemon, he betook himself to Aegium, where the Achaeans were assembled in council, expecting at the same time to meet there a Carthaginian fleet, which he had sent for, in order that he might accomplish something by sea.

[18] But the Carthaginians had left a few days before, and were gone to the Oxean islands; and thence, hearing that the Romans and Attalus had left Oreum, to the harbours of the Acarnanians, for they feared that it was intended to attack them, and that they would be overpowered while within the straits of Rhium, which is the name of the entrance of the Corinthian bay.

History of Rome Perseus (Volumes 1-2. Roberts, Canon, Rev, translator. London, New York: J. M. Dent and Sons; E. P. Dutton and Co., 1912.) — 28.7 focus

[1]

The beacon fires at Oreus had given Philip warning, but through the treachery of Plator they were lighted too late, and in any case Philip's inferiority in naval strength would have made it extremely difficult for him to reach the island.

[2] In consequence of this delay he made no effort for its relief, but he hastened to the relief of Chalcis as soon as he got the signal. Although this city is also situated on the island, it is separated from the mainland by such a narrow strait as to allow of its being connected by a bridge, and it is therefore more easy to approach it by land than by sea.

[3] Philip marched from Demetrias to Scotusa; he left that place at midnight, and after routing the Aetolians who were holding the pass of Thermopylae drove them in confusion to Heraclea.

[4] He finally reached Elatia in Phocis, having covered more than sixty miles in one day. Almost on the very same day the city of the Opuntians was taken and sacked by Attalus. Sulpicius had left the spoils to him, because Oreus had been sacked by the Romans a few days previously, when the king's troops were elsewhere.

[5] Whilst the Roman fleet was lying off Oreus, Attalus was busily occupied in extorting contributions from the principal citizens of Opus, utterly unaware of Philip's approach.

[6] So rapid was the Macedonian advance that had not some Cretans who had gone foraging further than usual caught sight of the hostile column in the distance, Attalus would have been completely surprised.

[7] As it was he fled, without stopping to arm, in wild disorder to his ships, and the men were actually pushing their vessels off when Philip appeared, and even from the water's edge created great alarm amongst the crews. Then he returned to Opus, storming at gods and men because the chance of a great success had been almost snatched out of his hands.

[8] He was just as furious with the Opuntians, for, though they might have held out till his arrival, no sooner did they see the enemy than they voluntarily surrendered.

After settling matters at Opus, he went on to Thronium.

[9] Attalus had sailed to Oreus, but on learning that Prusias, the king of Bithynia, had violated the frontiers of his dominions he dropped all his projects in Greece, including the Aetolian war, and sailed to Asia.

[10] Sulpicius took his fleet back to Aegina, whence he had started in the beginning of spring. Philip captured Thronium with no more difficulty than Attalus had experienced at Opus. The population of this city consisted of refugees from Thebes in Phthiotis.

[11] When the place was captured by Philip, they escaped and put themselves under the protection of the Aetolians, who assigned for their abode a city which had been ruined and abandoned in the previous war with Philip. After his capture of Thronium he advanced to the capture of Tithronon and Drymiae, small unimportant towns in Doris.

[12] Ultimately he reached Elatia, where it was arranged that the embassies from Ptolemy and the Rhodians should meet him. Here they were discussing the question of bringing the Aetolian war to a close-the ambassadors had been present at the recent council of the Romans and Aetolians at Heraclea-when news was brought that Machanidas had decided to attack the Eleans in the midst of their preparations for the Olympic Games.

[13] Philip thought it his duty to prevent this, and accordingly dismissed the ambassadors after assuring them that he was responsible for the war and would place no obstacles in the way of peace, provided its terms were fair and honourable.

[14] He then set off with his army in light marching order, and passed through Boeotia to Megara, and from there he descended to Corinth.

[15] Here he collected supplies, and then advanced towards Phlius and Pheneos. When he had reached Heraea he heard that Machanidas, alarmed at his rapid approach, had made a hurried return to Lacedaemon.

[16] On receiving this intelligence he repaired to Aegium, in order to be present at the meeting of the Achaean League; he also expected to find there the Carthaginian fleet, which he had sent for in the hope of doing something by sea.

[17] The Carthaginians had left that place a few days previously for Oxeae and then, when they heard that Attalus and the Romans had left Oreus, they sought shelter in the harbours of Acarnania, fearing lest if they were attacked within the strait of Rhium, the neck of the Gulf of Corinth, they should be overpowered.

Notes on the current edition

Ab Urbe Condita With An English Translation, books 1-10, 21-45, with periochae 11-20

1. B.C. 207

2. The largest city of Phocis, commanding roads from the north coast and Thermopylae; Strabo IX. iii. 2, 15.

3. The name is always masculine in our Greek sources.

4. B.C. 207

5. More than two miles from the sea (Strabo IX. iv. 4), this ancient town was high-perched at the west end of Mt. Cnemis. Hence the Locrians of this region were called Epicnemidian.

6. A very ancient and important city of Achaia Phthiotis, on a ridge above its port, Pyrasus, two miles away on the Sinus Pagasaeus; Strabo IX. v. 14.

7. Cf. XXVII. xxx. 4.

8. Cf. v. 13 f.

9. I.e. those of the year 208 B.C. ; cf. XXVII. xxxv. 3.

10. B.C. 207

11. Phlīus lay south-west of Corinth; Phenĕus farther west, near a lake of the same name, at the foot of Mt. Cyllene in north-eastern Arcadia.

12. In western Arcadia, on the river Alphēus and the road to Olympia. It still belonged to the Macedonian king. Cf. Pausanias

Titus Livius (Livy) Ab urbe condita 28.7

Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor)

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