561-886.
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561-886. Third Episode. Io and Prometheus. The myth of Io is connected with that of Prometheus by the person of Heracles, the libera- tor of Prometheus, who is descended from
paphus, the son of Zeus and Io (see on 774). The appearance of Io therefore prepares the way for the introduction of Heracles in the
Προ-
μηθεὺς
λυόμενος. But the immediate significance of this scene consists in the present relation of Zeus and Io. Io appears as innocent and yet perse- cuted; her sufferings, superficially considered, put Zeus in the worst possible light. Accordingly the in- dignation of Prometheus rises more and more, till at last, carried away by passion, he vaunts his secret in such terms that the interposition of Zeus becomes inevitable. So the transition to the catastrophe is pre- pared. The geographical part of this episode, with its description of marvels, like the scene of Heracles in the
Προμηθεὺς
λυόμενος (see below, Frg. VII. and VIII.), doubtless had a peculiar charm for the Athenians of the period. On the origin of the myth of Io, see Introd. p. 9, footnote. Io appears as a horned maiden (588, 674; so indi- cated by her mask). In early Greek art, especially in
vase-paintings, she has the figure of a cow outright. On the throne of the Amyclaean Apollo, a work of the sculptor Bathycles (about Ol. 60), Hera was represented as glaring at Io, 'who is already a cow' (Paus. iii. 18. 7). On an archaic
black-figured vase of the Munich collection (No. 573; see Panofka, Argos Panoptes, plate 5), Argus is seen, seated on the ground, a fero- cious figure with long hair and beard, and a huge eye in his shaggy breast; he holds in his hand a long cord, attached to the horns of a cow. Near by stands Hermes, grasping the cord near the horns with his left hand, and about to draw his sword with his right. Argus's dog
stands at bay in front of his master. Through the influence of this trag- edy, Io came later to be depicted in art as a maiden with horns. So, for instance, on a
red-figured vase of the Berlin Museum (Panofka, l.c., plate 3). The stinging gadfly' of the legend (cp. Suppl. 306
BΑ.
τί
οὖν
ἔτευξεν
ἄλλο
δυσπότμῳ
βοΐ;
ΧΟ.
βοη-
λάτην
μύωπα
κινητήριον, Verg. Georg. iii. 147 cui nomen asilo Ro- manum est, oestrum Graii vertere vocantes), which is mentioned in Io's narrative, 675 be- low, had also to be omitted in the scenic representation. The difficulty was met by a figurative conception of
οἶστρος; the maddening sting was interpreted as the reminiscence of the crafty eye of Argos (567). — On account of the unusual manner of Io's entrance and exit, the anapaests which commonly accompany the ar- rival and departure of a personage are here and at 877 given to the actor, not to the chorus. So above, at the entrance of the chorus (120 ff.).
821.
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821. See on 107 respecting the long thesis in the fifth foot .
822.
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822.
μέμνησαι
δέ
που · joined loosely to
ἥνπερ
αἰτούμεσθα . Cp . Soph . Ant . 531
σὺ
δ᾽,
ἡ
κατ᾿
οἴκους
λήθουσά
μ᾿
ἐξέπινες,
οὐδ᾽
ἐμάνθανον
τρέφων
δύ᾽
ἄτα,
κτέ .
823.
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823.
τὸ
πᾶν
πορείας
τέρμα : see on 1. " The whole journey - goal " = " the
goal of the whole
journey . "
827.
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827 f .
ὄχλον ...
τέρμα : the route from Argos to Dodona is omitted . Aeschylus probably thought of it as passing over the Aegean to Asia Minor ( cp . Suppl . 547 ff . ) and thence back by the Thracian Bosporus to Dodona .
829.
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829.
Μολοσσὰ
γῆς
πέδα : see on 1 .
830.
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830 ff .
ἰπύνωτον : Dodona lay on the flank of the Tomaros or Tmaros range . At the foot of the mountain stood the temple .
ἀμφί : cp . 1029 , - Soph .
Αi . 1064
ἀμφὶ
χλωρὰν
ψάμαθον
ἐκβεβλημένος . –
Δωδώνην : Hdt . ii . 52
τὸ
γὰρ
δὴ
μαντήιον
τοῦτο
νενόμισται
ἀρχαιότατον
τῶν
ἐν
῞Ἕλλησι
χρηστηρίων
εἶναι. It was a
sign -
oracle ; the rus- tling of a sacred oak (
φηγός ) was interpreted , originally by the
Σελλοί , afterwards by three priestesses (
πε-
λιαί ,
ί.ε.
πολιαί ) . Cp . Od . xiv . 327
τὸν
δ᾽
ἐς
Δωδώνην
φάτο
βήμεναι ,
ὄφρα
θεοῖο
ἐκ
δρυὸς
ὑψικόμοιο
Διὸς
βουλὴν
ἐπακούσαι,
Ιl. xvi. 233
Ζεῦ
ἄνα
Δωδω-
ναῖε
Πελασγικέ,
τηλόθι
ναίων,
Δωδώνης
μεδέων
δυσχειμέρου·
ἀμφὶ
δὲ
Σελλοὶ
σοὶ
ναίουσ᾽
ὑποφῆται
ἀνιπτόποδες
χαμαιεῦ-
ναι. –
Θεσπρωτοῦ: cp. Eur. Phoen. 982
Θεσπρωτὸν
οἶδας ...
σεμνὰ
Δωδώνης
βά-
θρα, Strabo p. 328
Δωδώνη
τοίνυν
τὸ
μὲν
παλαιὸν
ὑπὸ
Θεσπρωτοῖς
ἦν ...
καὶ
οἱ
τραγικοὶ
δὲ
καὶ
Πίνδαρος
Θεσπρωτίδα
εἰρήκασι
τὴν
Δωδώνην·
ὕστερον
δὲ
ὑπὸ
Μολοττοῖς
ἐλέγετο. –
αἱ
προσήγοροι
δρύες: cp. Soph. Trach. 171, 1166 &
τῶν
ὀρείων
καὶ
χαμαικοιτῶν
ἐγὼ
Σελλῶν
ἐσελθὼν
ἄλσος
εἰσεγραψάμην
πρὸς
τῆς
πατρώας
καὶ
πολυγλώσσου
δρυός, Sen. Herc. Oet. 1475 quercus fatidica.
833.
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833.
λαμπρώς: cp. Eum. 797
λαμ-
πρὰ
μαρτύρια
παρῆν.
834.
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834.
ή: the article with the predi- cate noun, because the words of the oracle are directly quoted. Cp. Eur.
Η. F. 581
Ἡρακλῆς
ὁ
καλλίνικος
ὡς
πάροιθε
λέξομαι,
Οr. 1140
ὁ
μητροφόντης
δ᾽
οὐ
καλεῖ
ταύτην
κτανών. -
κλεινή : noble; an epithet of princely and high- born personages.
835.
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835.
μέλλουσ᾽
ἔσεσθαι: in place of these interpolated words we expect something like
κλύεις
μάται᾿ (=
ἆρα
μάτην
λέγω; cp. 824)
ἢ
τῶνδε
προσσαί-
νει
σε
τι; Prometheus would then mean that his exact knowledge of the words of the oracle is the best
τεκμήριον (826). Cp. Ag. 1194, where Casandra, after showing her acquaint- ance with the grewsome history of the Atridae, asks the chorus
ἥμαρτον,
ἢ
θηρῶ
τι
τοξότης
τις
ὥς;
ἢ
ψευδόμαντίς
εἰμι
θυροκόπος
φλέδων, Soph.
Ο.
Τ. 1140
λέγω
τι
τούτων
ἢ
οὐ
λέγω
πε-
πραγμένον ; –
προσσαίνει :
ὑπομιμνή-
σκει
σε, Schol., touches thee caressingly = "awakens in thee a pleasant mem- ory." Cp. Soph. Ant. 1214
παιδός
με
σαίνει
φθόγγος, Eur. Hipp. 862
καὶ
μὴν
τύποι
γε
σφενδόνης
χρυσηλάτου
τῆς
οὐ-
κέτ᾽
οὔσης
τῆσδε
προσσαίνουσί
με. Ob- serve that the sentence is parenthetic.
836.
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836.
οἰστρήσασα: cp. Eur. Iph. A. 77
ὁ
δὲ
καθ'
Ἑλλάδ᾽
οἰστρήσας
δρόμῳ
ὅρκους
παλαιοὺς
Τυνδάρεω
μαρτύρεται.
837.
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837.
κόλπον
'Ρέας:
καὶ
᾿Απολλώνιος
Κρονίην
ἅλα
τὸν
Ἰόνιόν
φησι,
οὕτω
γὰρ
ἐκαλεῖτο, Schol. The passage is Argon.
ⅳν. 327
δή
ῥα
τότε
Κρονίην
Κόλχοι
ἅλα
δ᾽
ἐκπρομολόντες. -
μέγαν: cp. Verg. Aen. iii. 211 insulae Ionio in magno, and Servius's note scien- dum Ionium sinum esse im- mensum ab Ionia usque ad Siciliam, et huius partes esse Adriaticum, Achaicum, Epiroticum.
838.
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838.
παλιμπλάγκτοισι :
πάλιν means back from the sea, into the interior. Cp. Od. xiii. 5
παλιμπλαγχθέντα.
χειμάζει : see on 563. The present signifies that this last stage of her journey brings her to Prometheus.
840.
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840.
Ιόνιος: a false etymology. The first syllable of the name is short, both here and Eur. Phoen. 208, when
᾿Ιόνιον
κατά responds to
ἴσα
δ'
ἀγάλμασι. (Yet Ovid Her. xiv. 103 makes the first syllable of Io short.)
841.
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841.
τῆς
σῆς
πορείας: ‘itineris tui, aditus tui' (Schütz). Differ- ently 733 (traiectionis tuae).
843.
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843.
τοῦ
πεφασμένου:
τοῦ
φανεροῦ, Schol.
845.
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845.
τῶν
πάλαι
λόγων: the refer- ence is to 815.
πάλαι of the recent past, as Ag. 587
ἀνωλόλυξα
μὲν
πάλαι
χαρᾶς
ὕπο,
ὅτ᾽
ἦλθ᾽
ὁ
πρῶτος
νύχιος
ἄγγελος
πυρός.