Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War 2.35

τὸν πόλεμον —see c. 1. ἂν ... ἂν—caused by the breaking of the sentence.

Καθεῖλκον —imperf. throughout, describing the action going on.

τῷ πεζῷ δὲ —notice the variation in the order.

Ὡς ᾔσθοντο —c. 3, 1.

ἔστι γὰρ ὅ τι καὶ —cf. καί τις καὶ c. 93, 3, καί τι καὶ c. 87, 2. ἔστιν ὅ τι is part of the object of ἐφόβουν, as φοβῶ σε τοῦτο = I make you fear this.

Οὐκέτι καταλαβόντες —cf. c. 56, 6.

καὶ ... ἅμα — this adds a new fact of importance, like καὶ δὴ καί. κλῄσει —‘the walls, being carried down to either side of the harbour's mouth, were prolonged from thence across the mouth upon shoals, or artificial moles, until a passage only was left in the middle for two or three triremes abreast between two towers, the opening of which might be further protected by a chain.’ Col. Leake, Top. of Athens, p. 311. κλῃστοὶ λιμένες were common. ‘It was not until Athens was in danger of being surprised by the enemy's fleet that the Athenians saw the necessity of fortifying the Peiraeus in the manner customary among the Greeks.’ ib. l.c.

Ἀλεξάνδρου —had sided with the Greeks in the Persian war.

ἐπὶ Χαλκιδέας —cf. c. 79. Athens suffered more annoyance from the north than from any other quarter outside the Peloponnese. Probably the generals who granted terms to Potidaea (c. 70 ) were brought to trial at the instigation of Cleon. Now at last the government hoped to pacify the Chalcidian towns, which had revolted with Potidaea, by means of Sitalces.

δύο ὑποσχέσεις τὴν μὲν ... τὴν δὲ —the object subdivided. Somewhat similar is c. 44, 1.

Ὅ τε ... τοῖς τε Ἀ —the double τε as in c. 22, 1 and 84 marking parallelism.

ὑποσχόμενος —‘made promises.’ What these were is unknown. Intr. p. lxxix.

τῷ πολέμῳ —Cl. proposes τοῦ πολέμου, but probably Thuc. means κατ’ ἀρχὰς τοῦ πολέμου πιεζόμενον αὐτῷ; for in 432 B.C. Athens had made alliance with Philip and was at war with him till August 431 B.C., c. 29, 6.

Φίλιππον —formerly king of upper Macedonia, c. 100, 3; expelled by Perdiccas. He had recently died.

ἐπὶ βασιλείᾳ —purpose, as ἐπ’ ὠφελίᾳ c. 29, 3.

καταλύσειν —c. 29, 5.

Ἡγεμόνα — i.e. as his chief adviser.

Ἅγνωνα — c. 58.

ἔδει ... παραγενέσθαι —cf. c. 5, 1, ‘were to aid him,’ according to an arrangement.

Ἀνίστησιν —c. 68, 1.

ἐντὸς — citra.

Αἵμου — the Balkan.

Ῥοδόπης —Despoto.

ὑπερβάντι —cf. c. 49, 5; here = ultra. The Getae lived then between Mt. Haemus and the Danube, in Bulgaria.

μέρη = ἔθνη. κατῴκητο— this use of the mid. of persous is found ouly in Herod. and Thuc., and is confined to perf. forms. Dion. Hal. fiuds fault with Thuc. for using the mid. where Attic writers use the active.

Ὀρεινῶν —)( ὅσοι πεδία εἶχον c. 101, 3.

αὐτονόμων —)( ὅσων ἦρχε 1 above.

ἄλλα ὅσα —cf. 3 below.

μαχαιροφόρων —a well-known mark of some of the Thracian tribes.

Ἀγριᾶνας —at the source of the Strymon (Struma) and round Mt. Rhodope

Σκόμβρου —another mountain iu the Balkan chain, south of Sophia. The Laeaei were north of the Agrianes.

τὰ πρὸς Παίονας —‘on the side of the P., who from that point were indepeudent.’

Τριβαλλοὺς —in Servia.

Ὀσκίου —a tributary of the Danube (the Isker).

ἐκ τοῦ ὄρους —part of Rhodope.

Νέστος —the Kara-su. The Romans in B.C. 167 made it the northern boundary of Macedonia.

Ἕβρος —the Maritza.

Ἐγένετο —Thuc. probably knew more of Thrace than any other Greek owing to his property, infleuce, and sojourn there.

μέγεθος —accus. of respect.

ἐπὶ μὲν θ. καθήκουσα — ‘extended along the coast line,’ cf. c. 27, 2) ( ἐς ἤπειρον. The construction is ἐγένετο καθήκουσα, like ἦν καθήκουσα, cf. c. 80, 2, 93, 2; lit. extended down to the sea.

μέχρι Ἴστρου ποταμοῦ —cf. Isocr. VII. 80 ἐντὸς Ἅλυος ποταμοῦ, the only case in Attic outside Thuc. where the art. is omitted with the name when ποταμὸς is inserted. The omission is common in Herod.: there are six cases in Thuc.

περίπλους —with τεσσάρων ἡμερῶν. Cf. VI. 1 Σικελίας ( ‐α Kr., Hw.) περίπλους ἐστιν .. ὀκτὼ ἡμερῶν. τὰ ξυντομώτατα —adverbial.

ἱστῆται — stet, of anything which does not shift its position.

νηὶ ς. — = ὁλκάδι .

Διὰ πλείστου .. ἐγίγνετο —‘for in this direction it extended furthest into the interior.’

ἁνύσαι —epexegetic to ἦν ἡ ἀρχή.

Ἦρξαν —ingressive, as ἀρχθῶσι c. 8, 4.

Σεύθου — nephew of Sitalces.

βασιλεύσας —ingressive, as c. 15, 2. Coutrast c. 80, 6.

δύναμις —sc. ἦν, ‘amounted in all to about.’

δῶρα —not voluntary, but like Edward IV.'s benevoleuces.

ὅσα —see c. 13, 4. Cf. I. 16. λεῖα—‘plain,’ unembroidered. κατασκευή—ὑφαντά etc. are reckoned among these ‘effects.’

αὐτῷ —emphatic.

παραδυναστεύουσι —‘princes.’

Περσῶν —probably refers to the practice of giving bounties as rewards for public services.

λαμβάνειν —hinting that these presents were really exactions.

κατὰ τὸ δύνασθαι —‘owing to their power’ (to exact money).

ἐπὶ πλέον — = μᾶλλον. αὐτῷ — i.e. τῷ νόμῳ. ἐχρήσαντο —sc. οἱ Ὀδρυσαί.

Ἐπὶ μέγα ἰσχύος —cf. c. 17, 4.

τῶν γὰρ —sc. βασιλειῶν. ὅσαι—cf. 3 above.

εὐδαιμονίᾳ —of wealth, as beatus. Cf. Eur. Bacchae, 16 Ἀραβίαν εὐδαίμονα. πολὺ δευτέρα μετὰ—‘far inferior to.’ (Arn. trauslates ‘easily second,’ quoting Soph. O. C. 1228 μὴ φῦναι τὸν ἄπαντα νικᾷ λόγον· τὸ δὲ ... βῆναι κεῖθεν ὅθενπερ ἥκει πολὺ δεύτερον ὡς τάχιστα, but there too the δεύτερος πλοῦς is ‘far inferior’ to the πρῶτος πλοῦς .)

Ἕν πρὸς ἓν —cf. Herod. IV. 50 ἓν πρὸς ἓν συμβάλλειν. οὐκ ἔστιν ὅ τι— = οὐδέν, otherwise οὐκ would not be inserted here after οὐδέ. οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ—‘not that they are on a level with other nations in general prudence and intelligence in the employment of the ordinary resources of life.’

ξύνεσιν — meaning that the Scythians, with their natural advantages ( τὰ παρόντα ἐς τὸν βίον), might have been a great nation if they had been blessed with the sense to pursue a definite policy.

Ἑτοῖμα —c. 3, 4.

Κερκίνης —between the Axius (the Vardar) and Strymon.

Σιντῶν —on the right bank of the Strymon.

τεμὼν —by felling the mountain-trees.

Μαιδούς —also on the right bank of the Strymon.

Δόβηρον —‘in one of the first high valleys on the Paeonian (western) side (of Cercine), from which the way to lower Macedonia would be a continued descent, first down the valley of one of the tributary streams of the Axius, and then by the valley of the Axius itself.’ Arn.

Ἀπεγίγνετο ... προσεγίγνετο —a paratactic παρονο‐ μασία. After he had left his own kingdom, it might have been expected that his forces would dwindle down, owing to their miscellaneous character, and the slightness of the ties by which they were connected.

τὸ πᾶν —c. 7, 2.

γενέσθαι —c. 13, 3.

Καταβάντες —attributive, as in c. 30, 1. This order is only possible when the noun, here αὐτόνομοι, has other attributes beside the partic.

ξύμμεικτος —with ἠκολούθει; they were not separated into contingents, but were what histories call ‘a horde.’

πλήθει φ. —‘chiefly formidable on account of their numbers.’

Ἐν —would be ἐς had not the muster at Doberus already been referred to.

κατὰ κορυφὴν — = ἄνωθεν, κατὰ via like κατὰ κράτος, expressing the manner; cf. c. 76, 4. τὴν κάτω Μ.—τὸ παράλιον. Schol.

Τῶν γὰρ —‘for, besides the lower Macedonians, there are also Macedonians in the upper country, amongst whom are iucluded the L. and E.’ Note in Jowett.

Λιγκησταὶ — the district called Lyncestis.

Ἐλιμιῶται —divided from Thessaly by the Cambunian mountains.

βασιλείας —‘have kings of their own.’ J.

Τὴν δὲ περὶ —not παρά, because the regions en umerated below are not merely those actually on the coast, but comprise ἡ κάτω γῆ generally.

Τημενίδαι —hence Philip and Alexander claimed to be Greeks, and their claim was generally admitted.

ἐβασίλευσαν —ingressive.

Πιερίας —between Mt. Olympus and the Thermaic Gulf, the origiual home of the muses and birth-place of Orpheus.

ὑπὸ τὸ Πάγγαιον —after this both the Pieres and Orpheus were connected with Thrace.

κόλπος —see L. and S.

οἰκοῦσιν —their new home was Bottice. They originally dwelt near Pella.

Στενήν —the Paeonians had possessed ‘a narrow strip on the bank of the Axius, down to Pella and the sea.’ Grote points out that this would leave hardly any room for the Bottiaeans, who dwelt north of the Pierians, between the mouth of the Haliacmon (the Indjeh Kara-su) and that of the Axius. Probably Thuc. is mistaken in saying μέχρι θαλάσσης, and the Paeonians did not extend so far east.

Μυγδονίαν — Herod. VII. 123 says the Axius divided Bottia on the south from Mygdonia on the north. Iu this region lived also the Edonians, Crestonians, and Bisaltae (6 below), but the Mygdonians must have been the most important.

Ἐορδίας —east of Lyncestis. N.W. of the Elimiots.

Φύσκαν —somewhere between the Strymon and Axius.

κατῴκηται —c. 96, 1.

Ἀλμωπίας —some where near Eordia and Pieria.

Οὗτοι —= οἱ κάτω; the tribes who were led by the Temenidae and conquered all lower Macedonia, the part which has been described from 3 above. Contrast Μακεδόνες αὐτοὶ below, = the original Macedonians before the conquests, οἱ ἄνω, who remained partially independent, c. 99, 2.

αὐτῶν — those just mentioned were not of Macedonian stock.

Οἱ Μ. οὗτοι—οἱ ὑπὸ Περδίκκου βασιλευόμενοι. καρ‐ τερὰ —secure places in the hills.

Ἀρχέλαος —reigned 413-399 B.C. Eur. wrote a play named after him, and the ‘Bacchae’ was written at his court. It is strange that Thuc. should go out of his way to make this remark about his reign: he must have considered these improvements very important.

ὁδοὺς εὐθείας —cf. c. 98, 1. Andoc. 2, 11 says that Archelaus gave him the right to cut down and export as much timber as he chose.

τἆλλα accus. of respect, τὰ κ. τὸν πόλεμον being object of διεκόσμησε. ὀκτὼ—cf. the position of ἕξ in c. 92, 2.

Τὴν Φιλίππου —the upper part of the Axius.

ὁμολογίᾳ —with προσχωροῦντα) ( κατὰ κράτος .

Ἀριστερᾷ — i.e. ‘east of Pella, as Sitalces was marching southwards.’ Arn.

ἔσω — i.e. further south.

Ὅπῃ δοκοίη —with ἐσέβαλλον, which is used here of a cavalry charge. They charged wherever they chose, as the Thracians were not disciplined. Cf. c. 79, 6.

Ὑπὸ δὲ π. περικλῃόμενοι — = ὁπότε ὑπὸ π. περι‐ κλῄοιντο, corresponding to ἧ? μὲν προσπέσοιεν: hence pres. partic. ‘Whenever (after charging) they were hemmed in by superior numbers, they placed themselves in danger, as they were far outnumbered by the enemy.’

πλῆθος —as in c. 11, 3.

πολλαπλασίῳ —dat. of cause.

Λόγους ἐποιεῖτο —‘had a conference.’ Livy would have reported this conversation at length.

οὐ παρῆσαν — c. 95, 3. The incompetence displayed by Athens against Perdiccas is so strange that the ambassadors sent to Sitalces may have been bribed: for they might easily have sent word when Sitalces really did start. The muddle which followed the death of Pericles is as great as the confusion in the English government during the Bute ministry after the fall of Pitt in 1761. Perhaps it is partly due to the same cause.

ἀπιστοῦντες —Sitalces had become an ally two years before, and his promise had been unfulfilled till now. Cf. c. 29. ἔπεμψαν—‘had sent.’

Ἐν π. ἦσαν —c. 80, 3. The Thessalians and the other Greeks rightly regarded Sitalces now as a mere plunderer.

Θρᾷκες —the tribes living in the plains on the lower Strymon, near Amphipolis.

Παρέσχε λόγον —on the analogy of φόβον παρέχειν, as μὴ below shows: ‘even as far as the ... he caused questionings.’

ἐπὶ —denotes distance, as in ἐφ’ ὅσον, c. 62, 2.

ὑπ’ αὐτῶν ἀγόμενοι —‘induced by the Athenians.’

κατὰ τὸ ξ. —c. 22, 2.

χωρήσωσιν —The change to the plur., suggesting Θρᾶκες, adds a notion of vague terror to the narrative. This small artifice shows how perpetually Thuc. produces pathos by saying the least that cau possibly be said. Cf. Eur. Hec. 277 μή μου τὸ τἐκνον ἐκ χερῶν ἀποσπάση?ς | μηδὲ κτάνητε.

Ἅμα ἐπέχων —‘as he overran them.’

εἶχεν αὐτῳ —cf. c. 102, 2.

ὑπὸ χειμῶνος —one would have supposed that Sitalces would have foreseen this.

ἀναπείθεται —c. 14, 1.

Σεύθου —he succeeded Sitalces. Spardacus was brother of Sitalces.

ὥστ’ —cf. c. 2, 4.

ἐπ’ αὐτῇ —‘along with.’ Cf. Isaeus, 2, 5 ἐπὶ τῇ ἀδελφῆ? προῖκα. προσποιεῖται — sibi conciliat.

Τὰς πάσας —‘in all.’

κατὰ τάχος —again Thuc. contrasts the slightness of the result with the vastness of the plan. Cf. c. 7, 2.

ὑπέσχετο —contrast c. 95, 2.

Ἀστακοῦ —the Corinthians had restored the tyrant Euarchus who had been expelled by the Athenians, c. 31, 33. Cl. thinks the place must have since joined Athens.

Στράτου —c. 80, 8: Coronta is unknown.

Οἰνιάδας —c. 82. As Oeniadae had helped Cnemus effectually, it would have been advantageous to puuish it and prevent it from doing more harm to Athens.

ἄνωθεν μὲν — sc. ῥἐων, ‘flowing past Stratus high up the stream.’

ἐξιεὶς —of water discharging itself into the sea, only in Thuc. and Herod. The meaning reappears in Polybius.

περιλιμνάζων —this applies to the winter only.

Ἐχινάδων —the object of this digression is probably to show that it was as difficult to attack Oeniadae by sea as by land.

προσχοῖ —‘forms deposits.’

ἠπείρωνται — = ἤπειρος γεγένηνται. οὐκ ἐν πολλῷ—c. 17, 2.

τοῦτο παθεῖν —pass. of τοῦτο δρᾶν, as c. 11, 8, 49, 5. This has not happened, as the sea carries away the deposits. Cf. Herod. II. 10.

Τό τε ... αἵ τε —the double cause, as c. 95, 2.

μέγα καὶ πολὺ —cf. c. 5, 2.

ἀλλήλαις —‘help one another to bind the deposits together.’

ἔχουσαι — = παρέχουσαι, as c. 61, 2.

Ὅτε δὴ ἀλᾶσθαι —cf. c. 13, 5, the infin. by assimi- lation to χρῆσαι . M. T. 755. In temporal sentences in Or. Obl. Thuc. generally retaius the mood of the Recta, except III. 95 ἔως καταβαίη, representing ἕως ἂν καταβῶ, IV. 117 πρὶν παρασκευάσαιντο, representiug πρὶν ἂν παρασκευασώμεθα, VII. 48 ὁπότε βούλοιντο, representing ὅταν βουλώμεθα, and III. 22, 8.

μητρός —Eriphyle, c. 68, 3.

χρῆσαι —this meaning occurs in Herod., Thuc., and tragedy only. The Attic is ἀναιρεῖν. οἰκεῖν—pres. (or aor.) infin. after words meaning to give an oracle. M. T. 98.

ὑπειπόντα —‘saying besides,’ as in I. 90, 4.

λύσιν τῶν δειμάτον —technical words of the oracle. Cf. Pausan. 2, 29 . 6 ἐς Δελφοὺς ἀπἐστειλαν ... αἰτήσοντας λύσιν τοῦ κακοῦ. Soph. El. 635 ἄνακτι τῷδ’ ὅπως λυτηρίους | εὐχὰς ἀνάσχω δειμάτων ἃ νῦν ἔχω. εὑρὼν —sc. ταύτην τὴν γῆν. ἥτις μήπω—hypothetical rel., ‘such as was not.’ The vague form is well suited to the oracle.

αὐτῷ —agent.

Ἱκανὴ ἂν κεχῶσθαι — i.e. κεχωσμένη ἂν εἴη, ‘it would be by this time.’

δίαιτα —‘to make a habitation,’ pred. with χῶσθαι. ἐδυνάστευσε—ingressive, as ἐβασίλευσαν c. 99. 3.

ἐπωνυμίαν —it was called Κουρῆτις before.

Ἐλευθέρους —the slaves had been sold.

Τῷ πολέμῳ —c. 47, 1.

ἐτελεύτα —the anaphora is probably unintentional, this being a formula, which, though to us it may become tedious, is quite in accordance with the Greek method of ending quietly. Cf. the closing lines of any Greek play, and the finish of any Greek speech except the de Corona. (I cannot in the least agree with what Dr. Rutherford says on this formula.)