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Valens A. ante adventum Gratiani cum Gothis pugnare constituit.

[1] Eisdemque diebus exagitatus ratione gemina Valens, quod Lentienses compererat superatos, quodque Sebastianus subinde scribens facta dictis exaggerabat, e Melanthiade signa commovit, aequiperare facinore quodam egregio adulescentem properans filium fratris, cuius virtutibus urebatur: ducebatque multiplices copias, nec contemnendas nec segnes, quippe etiam veteranos eisdem iunxerat plurimos, inter quos et honoratiores alii et Traianus recinctus¹ est, paulo ante magister armorum.

[2] Et quoniam exploratione sollicita cognitum est cogitare hostes fortibus praesidiis itinera claudere, per quae commeatus necessarii portabantur, occursum est huic conatui competenter, ad retinendas opportunitates angustiarum, quae prope erant, peditibus sagittariis et equitum turma citius missa.

[3] Triduoque proximo, cum barbari gradu incederent leni et metuentes eruptionem per devia, quindecim milibus passuum a civitate discreti, stationem peterent Nicen, incertum quo errore procursatoribus omnem illam multitudinis partem, quam viderant, in numero decem milium esse firmantibus, imperator procaci quodam calore perculsus eisdem occurrere festinabat.

[4] Proinde agmine quadrato incedens, prope suburbanum Hadrianopoleos Hadrianupoleos venit, ubi vallo sudibus fossaque firmato, Gratianum impatienter operiens, Richomerem comitem domesticorum suscepit, ab eodem imperatore praemissum cum litteris, ipsum quoque venturum mox indicantibus.

[5] Quarum textu oratus, ut praestolaretur paulisper periculorum participem, neve abruptis discriminibus temere semet committeret solum, adhibitis in consilium potestatibus variis, quid facto opus esset deliberabat.

[6] Et cum Sebastiano auctore quidam protinus eundum ad certamen urgerent, Victor nomine (magister equitum) Sarmata sed cunctator et cautus, eadem sentientibus multis, imperii socium exspectari censebat, ut incrementis exercitus Gallicani adscitis, opprimeretur levius tumor barbaricus flammans.

[7] Vicit tamen funesta principis destinatio,² et adulabilis quorundam sententia regiorum, qui ne paene iam partae victoriae (ut opinabantur) consors fieret Gratianus, properari cursu celeri suadebant.

[8] Et dum necessaria parabantur ad decernendum, Christiani ritus presbyter (ut ipsi appellant), missus a Fritigerno legatus, cum aliis humilibus venit ad principis castra, susceptusque leniter, eiusdem ductoris³ obtulit scripta, petentis propalam ut sibi suisque, quos extorres patriis laribus rapidi ferarum gentium exegere discursus, habitanda Thracia sola cum pecore omni concederetur⁴ et frugibus: hoc impetrato, spondentis perpetuam pacem.

[9] Praeter haec idem Christianus, ut conscius arcanorum et fidus, secretas alias eiusdem regis obtulit litteras, qui astu et ludificandi varietate nimium sollers, docebat Valentem quasi mox amicus futurus et socius, aliter se popularium saevitiam mollire non posse vel ad condiciones rei Romanae profuturas allicere, nisi subinde armatum eisdem iuxta iaxta monstraret exercitum, et timore imperatorii nominis intentato, eos a pernicioso pugnandi revocaret ardore. Et legati quidem ut ambigui frustra habiti discesserunt.

[10] Exoriente vero aurora diei, quem quintum Iduum Augustarum numerus ostendit annalis, signa praepropere commoventur, impedimentis et sarcinis prope Hadrianopoleos muros cum legionum tutela congrua collocatis. Thesauri enim et principalis fortunae insignia cetera, cum praefecto et consistorianis ambitu moenium tenebantur.

[11] Decursis itaque viarum spatiis confragosis, cum in medium torridus procederet dies, octava tandem hora⁵ hostium carpenta cernuntur, quae⁶ ad speciem rotunditatis detornatae digesta⁷ exploratorum relatione affirmabantur. Atque (ut mos est) ululante barbara plebe ferum et triste, Romani duces aciem instruxere,⁸ et anteposito dextro cornu equitum prime, peditatus pars maxima subsidebat.

[12] Cornu autem equitum laevum, disiectis adhuc per itinera plurimis, summa difficultate conductum, properabat passibus citis. Dumque idem cornu, nullo etiam tum interturbante, extenditur, horrendo fragore, sibilantibus armis, pulsuque minaci scutorum, territi barbari, quoniam pars eorum cum Alatheo et Saphrace, procul agens et accita, nondum venerat, oraturos⁹ pacem misere legatos.

[13] Eorum dum vilitatem despicit imperator, ut firma fierent paciscenda, optimates poscens idoneos mitti, illi de industria cunctabantur, ut inter fallaces indutias equites sui redirent, quos affore iam sperabant: et miles fervore calefactus aestivo, siccis faucibus commarceret, relucente amplitudine camporum incendiis, quos lignis nutrimentisque aridis subditis, ut hoc fieret idem, hostes urebant. Cui malo aliud quoque accedebat exitiale, quod homines et iumenta cruciabat inedia gravis.

[14] Inter quae Fritigernus, callidus futuri coniector, Martemque pertimescens ancipitem, velut caduceatorem, unum e plebe suo misit arbitrio, impetens¹⁰ nobiles quosdam et electos ad se prope diem obsides mitti, impavidus ipse minas militares¹¹ laturus, et necessaria.

[15] Laudato probatoque formidati ducis proposito, tribunus Aequitius, cui tunc tune erat cura palatii credita, Valentis propinquus, assentientibus cunctis ire pignoris loco mature disponitur. Quo renitente, quia semel captus ab hostibus, lapsusque a Dibalto, verebatur eorum irrationabiles motus, Richomeres se sponte obtulit propria, ireque promiserat libens, pulcrum hoc quoque facinus, et viro convenire existimans forti. Iamque pergebat, indicia dignitatis et natalium¹²

[16] Eo ad vallum hostile tendente, sagittarii et scutarii, quos Bacurius Hiberus quidam tunc regebat et Cassio, avidius impetu calenti progressi, iamque adversis conexi, ut immature proruperant, ita inerti discessu, primordia belli foedarunt.

[17] Hocque impedimento conatus intempestivi et Richomeris alacritas fracta est, nusquam ire permissi, et equitatus Gothorum cum Alatheo reversus et Saphrace, Halanorum manu permixta, ut fulmen prope montes celsos excussus, quoscumque accursu veloci invenire comminus potuit, incitata caede turbavit.

Res Gestae. Ammianus Marcellinus. John C. Rolfe (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1935-1940.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by Tufts University.

Current edition Perseus

Res Gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., editor. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).)

Translations (1)

History Perseus (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., translator. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).) — 31.12 focus

[1] In those same days Valens was troubled for two reasons: first, by the news that the Lentienses had been defeated; secondly, because Sebastianus wrote from time to time exaggerating his exploits. He therefore marched forth from Melanthias, being eager to do some glorious deed to equal his young nephew, whose valiant exploits consumed him with envy.¹ He had under his command a force made up of varying elements, but one neither contemptible, nor unwarlike; for he had joined with them also a large number of veterans, among whom were other officers of high rank and Trajanus, shortly before a commander-in-chief, whom he had recalled to active service.

[2] And since it was learned from careful reconnoitring that the enemy were planning with strong guards to block the roads over which the necessary supplies were being brought, he tried competently to frustrate this attempt by quickly sending an infantry troop of bowmen and a squadron of cavalry, in order to secure the advantages of the narrow passes, which were near by.

[3] During the next three days, when the barbarians, advancing at a slow pace and through unfrequented places, since they feared a sally, were fifteen miles distant from the city,² and were making for the station of Nice,³ through some mistake or other the emperor was assured by his skirmishers that all that part of the enemy’s horde which they had seen consisted of only ten thousand men, and carried away by a kind of rash ardour, he determined to attack them at once.

[4] Accordingly, advancing in square formation,⁴ he came to the vicinity of a suburb of Hadrianopolis,⁵ where he made a strong rampart of stakes, surrounded by a moat, and impatiently waited for Gratian; there he received Richomeres, general of the household troops, sent in advance by Gratian with a letter, in which he said that he himself also would soon be there.

[5] Since the contents besought him to wait a while for the partner in his dangers, and not rashly to expose himself alone to serious perils, Valens called a council of various of his higher officers and considered what ought to be done.

[6] And while some, influenced by Sebastianus, urged him to give battle at once, the man called Victor,⁶ a commander of cavalry, a Sarmatian by birth, but foresighted and careful,⁷ with the support of many others recommended that his imperial colleague be awaited, so that, strengthened by the addition of the Gallic army, he might the more easily crush the fiery over-confidence of the barbarians.

[7] However, the fatal insistence of the emperor prevailed, supported by the flattering opinion of some of his courtiers, who urged him to make all haste in order that Gratian might not have a share in the victory which (as they represented) was already all but won.

[8] While the necessary preparations for the decisive battle were going on, a Christian presbyter⁸ (to use their own term), who had been sent by Fritigem as an envoy, in company with some humble folk came to the emperor’s camp. He was courteously received and presented a letter from the same chieftain, openly requesting that to him and his people, whom the rapid forays of savage races had made exiles from their native lands, Thrace only should be granted as a habitation, with all its flocks and crops; and they promised lasting peace if this request were granted.

[9] Besides this the aforesaid Christian, apparently a confidant and trusted friend of Fritigern, presented also⁹ a private letter of the same king, who, all too skilled in craft and in various forms of deception, informed Valens, pretending that he hoped soon to be his friend and ally, that he could not tame the savagery of his people, or entice them to adopt conditions favourable to the Roman state, unless the emperor should from time to time show them near at hand his army ready for battle, and through the fear aroused by the imperial name check their destructive eagerness for war. But as to the envoys, their sincerity was doubted, and they left without accomplishing their purpose.

[10] But on the dawn of that day which is numbered in the calendar as the fifth before the Ides of August¹⁰ the army began its march with extreme haste, leaving all its baggage and packs near the walls of Hadrianopolis with a suitable guard of legions; for the treasury, and the insignia of imperial dignity besides,¹¹ with the prefect¹² and the emperor’s council, were kept within the circuit of the walls.

[11] So after hastening a long distance over rough ground, while the hot day was advancing towards noon, finally at the eighth hour¹³ they saw the wagons of the enemy, which, as the report of the scouts had declared, were arranged in the form of a perfect¹⁴ circle. And while the barbarian soldiers, according to their custom, uttered savage and dismal howls, the Roman leaders so drew up their line of battle that the cavalry on the right wing were first pushed forward, while the greater part of the infantry waited in reserve.

[12] But the left wing of the horsemen (which was formed with the greatest difficulty, since very many of them were still scattered along the roads) was hastening to the spot at swift pace. And while that same wing was being extended, still without interruption, the barbarians were terrified by the awful din, the hiss of whirring arrows¹⁵ and the menacing clash of shields; and since a part of their forces under Alatheus and Saphrax was far away and, though sent for, had not yet returned, they sent envoys to beg for peace.

[13] The emperor scorned these because of their low origin, demanding for the execution of a lasting treaty that suitable chieftains be sent; meanwhile the enemy purposely delayed, in order that during the pretended truce their cavalry might return, who, they hoped, would soon make their appearance; also that our soldiers might be exposed to the fiery summer heat and exhausted by their dry throats,¹⁶ while the broad plains gleamed with fires, which the enemy were feeding with wood and dry fuel, for this same purpose.¹⁷ To that evil was added another deadly one, namely, that men and beasts were tormented by severe hunger.

[14] Meanwhile Fritigern, shrewd to foresee the future and fearing the uncertainty of war, on his own initiative sent one of his common soldiers as a herald, requesting that picked men of noble rank be sent to him at once as hostages and saying that he himself would fearlessly meet the threats of his soldiers and do what was necessary.¹⁸

[15] The proposal of the dreaded leader was welcome and approved, and the tribune Aequitius,¹⁹ then marshal of the court and a relative of Valens, with the general consent was chosen to go speedily as a surety. When he objected, on the ground that he had once been captured by the enemy but had escaped from Dibaltum, and therefore feared their unreasonable anger, Richomeres voluntarily offered his own services and gladly promised to go, thinking this also to be a fine act and worthy of a brave man. And soon he was on his way [bringing] proofs of his rank and birth. . . .²⁰

[16] As he was on his way to the enemy’s rampart, the archers and the targeteers, then under the command of one Bacurius of Hiberia²¹ and Cassio, had rushed forward too eagerly in hot attack, and were already engaged with their adversaries; and as their charge had been untimely, so their retreat was cowardly; and thus they gave an unfavourable omen to the beginning of the battle.

[17] This unseasonable proceeding not only thwarted the prompt action of Richomeres, who was not allowed to go at all, but also the Gothic cavalry, returning with Alatheus and Saphrax, combined with a band of the Halani, dashed out as a thunderbolt does near high mountains, and threw into confusion all those whom they could find in the way of their swift onslaught, and quickly slew them.

Notes on the current edition

Res Gestae

1. recinctus, Val. (cf. xxvi, 5, 3); procinctus, V.

2. destinatio, V; Gardthausen suspected that festinatio should be read.

3. eiusdem ductoris, E, C. F. W. M., Haupt; eiusdemque doctoris, V.

4. concederetur, V (restitui); concederentur, Haupt.

5. octaua and hora, Haupt; octauo, V; octauo (sc. lapide), Val.

6. quae, add. Lind.; rest. by Pet. from digestaque (V, see note 2).

7. digesta, Pet.; for V see note 1

8. instruxere, Novák; struxere, EA; struxire, V.

9. uenerat oraturos, Val. ( oraturos, W 2); foederato raturas, V.

10. petens, Her.; impendio petens, Novák; impetens V.

11. minas militares, Eyssen; uim militarem, vulgo; munus militare, E; minimi litare, V.

12. natalium (lac. 20 letters), V.

Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae 31.12

John C. Rolfe (Translator)

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Valens A. ante adventum Gratiani cum Gothis pugnare constituit.

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