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Lentienses Alamanni a Gratiani A. ducibus proelio superati, Rege Priario item interfecto; et post deditionem datis Gratiano tironibus, domum redire permissi.

[1] Haec autumno vergente in hiemem funesti per Thracias turbines converrebant. Quae¹ temporum rabies, velut cuncta cientibus Furiis, ad regiones quoque longinquas progrediens, late serpebat.

[2] Et iam Lentiensis Alamannicus populus, tractibus Raetiarum confinis, per fallaces discursus, violato foedere dudum concepto, collimitia nostra temptabat, quae clades hinc exitiale primordium sumpsit.

[3] Ex hac natione quidam inter principis armigeros militans, poscente negotio reversus in larem, ut erat in loquendo effusior, interrogantes multos quid ageretur in palatio, docet arcessitu Valentis patrui Gratianum Orientem versus mox signa moturum, ut duplicatis viribus repellantur plagarum terminalium accolae, ad Romanarum² rerum³ excidium coniurati.

[4] Quibus avide Lentienses acceptis, ipsi quoque haec quasi vicini cernentes, ut sunt veloces et rapidi, conferti in praedatorios globos, Rhenum gelu pervium⁴ pruinis Februario mense transire tentarunt; quos⁵ tendentes prope cum Petulantibus Celtae, non sine sui iactura, afflictos graviter adultis viribus averterunt.

[5] Verum retrocedere coacti Germani, atque⁶ noscentes exercitus pleramque partem in Illyricum (ut imperatore mox adfuturo) praegressam, exarsere flagrantius: maioraque coeptantes,⁷ pagorum omnium incolis in unum collectis, cum quadraginta armorum⁸ milibus vel septuaginta, ut quidam laudes extollendo principis iactitarunt, sublati in superbiam nostra confidentius irruperunt.

[6] Quibus Gratianus cum formidine magna compertis, revocatis cohortibus, quas praemiserat in Pannonias, convocatisque aliis, quas in Galliis retinuerat dispositio prudens, Nannieno negotium dedit, virtutis sobriae duci: eique Mallobauden iunxit pari potestate collegam, domesticorum comitem, regemque Francorum, virum bellicosum et fortem.

[7] Nannieno igitur pensante fortunarum versabiles casus, ideoque cunctandum esse censente, Mallobaudes alta pugnandi cupiditate raptatus (ut consueverat), ire in hostem, differendi impatiens, angebatur.

[8] Proinde horrifico adversum fragore terrente, ubi primum apud Argentariam signo per cornicines dato, concurri est coeptum, sagittarum verrutorumque missilium pulsibus crebriores hinc indeque sternebantur.

[9] Sed in ipso proeliorum ardore, infinita hostium multitudine milites visa, vitantesque aperta discrimina, per calles consitas arboribus et angustas, ut quisque potuit, dispersi, paulo postea stetere fidentius, et splendore consimili, proculque nitore fulgentes armorum, imperatorii adventus iniecere barbaris metum.

[10] Qui repente versi in terga, resistentesque interdum, nequid ultimae rationis omitterent, ita sunt caesi, ut ex praedicto numero non plus quam quinque milia, ut aestimabatur aesetmabatur, evaderent, densitate nemorum tecta, inter complures alios audaces et fortes, rege quoque Priario interfecto, exitialium concitore pugnarum.

[11] Hac laeti successus fiducia Gratianus erectus, iamque ad partes tendens eoas, laevorsus flexo itinere, latenter Rheno transito, spe incitatior bona, universam, si id temptanti fors adfuisset, delere statuit malefidam et turbarum avidam gentem.

[12] Hocque urgentibus aliis super alios nuntiis cognito, Lentienses aerumnis populi sui ad internecionem paene deleti, et repentino principis adventu defixi, quid capesserent ambigentes, cum neque repugnandi neque agendi aliquid aut moliendi laxamentum possent invenire vel breve, impetu celeri obsessos petiverunt inviis cautibus colles, abruptisque per ambitum rupibus insistentes, rebus caritatibusque suis, quas secum conduxerant,⁹ omni virium robore propugnabant.

[13] Qua difficultate perpensa, velut murorum obicibus opponendi, per legiones singulas quingenteni leguntur armati, usu prudenter bellandi comperti. Qui ea re animorum aucta fiducia, quod versari inter antesignanos visebatur acriter princeps, montes scandere nitebantur, tamquam venaticias¹⁰ praedas, si calcassent editiora, confestim sine certamine ullo rapturi: exorsumque proelium vergente in meridiem die, tenebrae quoque occupavere nocturnae.

[14] Quippe magno utriusque partis pugnabatur exitio: caedebant cadebantque nostrorum non pauci, simul arma imperatorii comitatus auro colorumque micantia claritudine, iaculatione ponderum densa confringebantur.

[15] Exinde diu¹¹ reputante Gratiano cum optimatibus, perniciosum apparebat et irritum, contra asperitates aggerum prominentium intempestiva contendere pertinacia, multis (ut in tali negotio), variatis sententiis, otioso milite circumvallari placuit barbaros, inedia fatigatos, quia locorum iniquitate defenderentur.¹²

[16] Verum cum obstinatione simili renitentes Germani, peritique regionum, petissent alios montes, his quos ante insederant, altiores: conversus illuc cum exercitu imperator, eadem qua antea fortitudine, semitas ducentes ad ardua quaeritabat.

[17] Quem Lentienses intentum iugulis suis omni perseverandi studio contemplantes, post deditionem, quam impetravere supplici prece, oblata (ut praeceptum est) iuventute valida nostris tirociniis permiscenda, ad genitales terras innoxii ire permissi sunt.

[18] Hanc victoriam, opportunam et fructuosam, quae gentes hebetavit occiduas, sempiterni numinis nutu, Gratianus incredibile dictu est, quo quantoque¹³ vigore exserta celeritate aliorsum properans expedivit: praeclarae indolis adulescens, facundus et moderatus et bellicosus et clemens, ad aemulationem lectorum progrediens principum, dum etiam tum turn lanugo genis inserperet speciosa, ni vergens in ludibriosos actus natura, laxantibus proximis, semet ad vana studia Caesaris Commodi convertisset, licet hic incruentus.

[19] Ut enim ille, quia perimere iaculis plurimas feras spectante consueverat populo, et centum leones in amphitheatrali circulo simul emissos, telorum vario genere, nullo geminato vulnere, contruncavit, ultra hominem exsultavit exultavit, ita hic quoque, intra saepta quae appellant vivaria, sagittarum pulsibus crebris dentatas conficiens bestias, incidentia multa parvi ducebat et seria: eo tempore quo etiam si imperium Marcus regeret Antoninus, aegre sine collegis similibus sinilibus et magna sobrietate consiliorum, lenire luctuosos rei publicae poterat casus.

[20] Dispositis igitur, quae pro¹⁴ temporum captu per Gallias res rationesque poscebant, et punito scutario proditore, qui festinare principem ad Illyricum barbaris indicarat, Gratianus exinde digressus per castra, quibus Felicis Arboris nomen est, per Lauriacum ad¹⁵ opitulandum oppressae parti porrectis itineribus ire tendebat.

[21] Eisdemque diebus, Frigerido multa atque utilia pro securitate communi sollertissime cogitanti, munireque properanti Succorum angustias, ne discursatores hostes et leves, tamquam exaestuantes nivi¹⁶ torrentes, per septentrionales provincias fusius vagarentur, successor Maurus nomine mittitur comes, venalis ferociae specie, et ad cuncta mobilis et incertus; is est quem praeteritorum textu rettulimus, ambigenti super corona capita imponenda Caesari Iuliano,¹⁷ dum inter eius armigeros militaret, Arroganti¹⁸ astu fidenter¹⁹ torquem obtulisse collo abstractam.

[22] Remotusque in ipsa vertigine pereuntium rerum dux cautus et diligens, cum etiam si dudum discessisset in otium, ad procinctum reduci negotiorum magnitudine poscente deberet.

Res Gestae. Ammianus Marcellinus. John C. Rolfe (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1935-1940.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by Tufts University.

Current edition Perseus

Res Gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., editor. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).)

Translations (1)

History Perseus (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., translator. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).) — 31.10 focus

[1] This is what, throughout Thrace, the destructive¹ storms of affairs swept together as autumn was verging upon winter. And this madness of the times, as if the Furies were stirring up the whole world, spread widely and made its way also to distant regions.

[2] And now the Lentienses, an Alamannic race bordering on Raetia, by treacherous raids broke the treaty which had long since been concluded with them² and made an attempt upon our frontier; the ruinous beginning of this disaster was the following occurrence.

[3] One of their nation, who was serving among the emperor’s armour-bearers, returned to his home because of pressing business, and being a loose talker, when many asked him what was going on in the palace, he told them that Gratian, summoned by his uncle Valens, would presently march towards the Orient, in order that with doubled forces he might repel the peoples dwelling on the border, who had conspired to destroy the Roman state.

[4] The Lentienses greedily seized upon this information, and, looking on these acts from the point of view of neighbours of the frontier, and being swift and hasty in action, they formed themselves into predatory bands, and in the month of February tried³ to cross the Rhine, which was sufficiently frozen over to be passable. But the Celts, who were encamped near by with the Petulantes,⁴ with mighty strength turned them back with great slaughter, yet not without loss to themselves.

[5] But although the Germans were forced to retire, being aware that the greater part of the army had gone ahead to Illyricum, where the emperor was soon expected to appear, they were fired with hotter rage; and planning still greater enterprises, they gathered into one place the inhabitants of all the villages, and with forty thousand armed men, or seventy thousand, as some boasted in order to exaggerate the emperor’s glory, full of pride and confidence broke into our territory.

[6] Gratian learned of this with great alarm, recalled the cohorts which he had sent on into Pannonia, brought together the others, which wise policy had kept in Gaul, and gave the command to Nannienus,⁵ a leader of valour and discretion; but he joined with him as a colleague of equal rank Mallobaudes, commander of the household troops and king of the Franks, a brave man, always ready for fighting.

[7] Accordingly, while Nannienus⁶ weighed the changeable events of fortune and hence believed that they ought to act deliberately, Mallobaudes, carried away (as usual) by his strong eagerness for battle and impatient of postponement, was tormented with longing to go against the foe.

[8] Therefore, when from the opposite side the terrifying battle-cry was heard, the signal was given by the horn-blowers and the battle began at Argentaria;⁷ and many were struck down on both sides by wounds from flying arrows and javelins.

[9] But in the very heat of the fight, our soldiers, seeing the countless numbers of the enemy, and avoiding combat in the open. dispersed as best they could over the narrow pastures⁸ planted with trees, and presently stood their ground with greater confidence; and gleaming with like⁹ resplendence and brilliance of arms when seen from afar, they struck the barbarians with fear that the emperor was coming.

[10] So the enemy turned in flight, sometimes however resisting, that they might not lose their last chance of safety; but they were so thoroughly defeated that from the above mentioned number it was estimated that not more than five thousand escaped under cover of the thick woods, and among other bold and brave men King Priarius also, the inciter of the deadly battles, was killed.

[11] Gratian, filled with confidence at this happy success, and being already on his way to the regions of the east, turned his line of march to the left, secretly crossed the Rhine, and spurred on the more by sanguine hope, determined, if fortune favoured his attempt, utterly to destroy a race faithless and greedy for trouble.

[12] When one urgent message after another brought this news to the Lentienses, who were almost annihilated by the disasters to their people and were stunned by the emperor’s sudden arrival, they were in doubt what plan to adopt; and since they could find no respite, however short, from fighting, nor from any action or effort, in swift course they made for the hills, which were beset by pathless crags. There, taking their place round about on the sheer rocks, they tried to defend their possessions and their dear wives and children, whom they had brought with them, with all the strength that they possessed.

[13] After consideration of the difficult situation, five hundred soldiers who were approved by experience as prudent in battle were selected from each legion, to be opposed to obstacles like those of city walls. Their confident spirit was all the greater because the emperor was seen actively engaged in the foremost ranks, and they strove to scale the mountains, expecting that if they should set foot on the higher places, they would at once and without a struggle carry them off, as if they were booty taken in the chase. But the battle, which began towards midday, was even overtaken by the darkness of night.

[14] Both sides indeed suffered severe losses; our men slew many, but not a few of their own number fell, and at the same time the armour of the imperial guard, gleaming with gold and bright colours, was shattered by the heavy missiles¹⁰ thickly cast upon it.

[15] Then, after long conference with the men of highest rank, Gratian thought it dangerous and fruitless to struggle with untimely obstinacy against rugged jutting heights; opinions varied greatly, as was natural in such circumstances, but it was finally decided that, with the soldiers at rest, the barbarians should be shut in on all sides and exhausted by famine, since they were protected by the unevenness of the ground.

[16] But when the Germans resisted with the same persistence, and, being acquainted with the country, made for other mountains, higher than those which they had occupied before, the emperor wheeled in that direction with his army, and with the same courage as before sought to find paths leading to the heights.

[17] When the Lentienses perceived that he was determined with most earnest persistence to have their lives, they obtained mercy as the result of humble supplications, and surrendered; then giving their strong young manhood (as they were ordered) to be mingled with our recruits, they were allowed to go without punishment to their native lands.

[18] Incredibly great energy and conspicuous rapidity were shown by Gratian, while he was hastening in another direction, when through the favour of the eternal deity he won this victory, which was at once seasonable and profitable, since it tamed the western nations. He was a young man of spendid character, eloquent, self-restrained, war-like, and merciful, and was already on his way to rivalry with the most distinguished emperors while yet a comely down was creeping over his cheeks, had not his natural inclination for unbecoming conduct, which was given free rein by his intimates, turned him to the frivolous pursuits of the emperor Commodus, although without that prince’s thirst for blood.

[19] For as that emperor felt superhuman exultation because he so often killed a great number of wild animals with javelins in the presence of the people, and slaughtered with various kinds of weapons in the arena of the amphitheatre a hundred lions that were let in together, without needing to inflict a second wound,¹¹ just so Gratian also, while he pierced sharptoothed beasts with many an arrow-shot within the enclosures which are called vivaria,¹² neglected as of little moment many serious occurrences; and that too at a time when, even if Marcus Antoninus had been emperor, he could not without like-minded colleagues and most prudent counsel¹³ have mitigated the grievous disasters to our country.

[20] Gratian, then, after making the arrangements which affairs and policy throughout Gaul demanded according to the trend of the times, and punishing the traitorous targeteer who had revealed to the barbarians that the emperor was hurrying to Illyricum, hastened next to go by long marches past the castle called Felix Arbor¹⁴ and past Lauriacum,¹⁵ to bring aid to the hard-pressed part of the country.

[21] At that same time Frigeridus, who was carefully making many useful plans for the general security, and was hastening to fortify the pass of Succi,¹⁶ in order that the roving light-armed bands of the enemy might not, like torrents swollen by melting snow, roam at large over the northern provinces, was given a successor in the person of a general called Maurus, notoriously venal under a pretence of boldness, and changeable and unreliable in all his conduct. He it was who (as I have told in my narrative of previous events)¹⁷ when Caesar Julian was in doubt about the crown to be put upon his head, with haughty cleverness took off his neck-chain and boldly offered it to him for the purpose, being at the time one of Julian’s bodyguard.

[22] Thus even in the dizzy whirl of disasters a careful and active leader¹⁸ was removed, whereas he should have been recalled to active service at the demand of such important affairs, even if he had long since retired to a peaceful life.

Notes on the current edition

Res Gestae

1. quae, Lind.; et qua, MSS.; aequa, Pet.; eaque, Stangl.

2. Romanarum, Bent., Haupt, Madvig; -orum, MSS.

3. rerum, Haupt, Madvig; uerum, MSS.

4. peruadunt before peruium, Pet.

5. transire quos, Val. in lac. indic. by Haupt; et, Pet.; without lac., MSS.

6. Germani atque, vulgo; G. iamque, Her.; noscentesque, Val.; geminamque, etc., MSS. ( Germanique, NEA).

7. coeptantes, Kell.; conceptantes, MSS. ( conceptantes unum, om. WHT).

8. armorum, MSS., rest. by Pet.; armatorum, NEA (cf. xxx. 1, 14).

9. conduxerant, Clark, c.c.; perduxerant, Novák; duxerat and duxerant, MSS.

10. uenaticias, Val.; uenaceas, MSS. ( uenaticas, NE; uenatias, T).

11. exinde diu, Her.; deinde diu, Novák; inde (enim, etiam) MSS.

12. defenderentur, E, Clark; defendebantur, Lind.; defenditur and defunditus, MSS.

13. quo quantoque, Her.; q.q. cum, N 2 Val.; quanto cum, Novák; quantique cum (om. quo), V.

14. pro, A; V omits.

15. Lauriacum ad, Lind.; inaurea cumopitulanda dum (opitulandum, W 2), V.

16. exaestuantes niui. Gronov; exaestuare sueti, Pet.; exaestuante ui, Val.; exaestuares ut in, V.

17. Caesari Iuliano, transposui, c.c.

18. arroganti, Val., Her., Momm.; ac regiam, Lind.; adrogantia, V, Pet.

19. astu fidenter, Her. (cf. xvi. 10, 16); custodiret, V, Lind; custodis, Pet.; custodiret terquem, V.

Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae 31.10

John C. Rolfe (Translator)

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Lentienses Alamanni a Gratiani A. ducibus proelio superati, Rege Priario item interfecto; et post deditionem datis Gratiano tironibus, domum redire permissi.

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