Singara a Sapore oppugnata, et capta: oppidani cum equitibus auxiliaribus et duobus legionibus praesidiariis in Persidem abducti; oppidum excisum.

[1] Haec dum per Gallias agerentur intente, truculentus rex ille Persarum, incentivo Antonini adventu Craugasii duplicato, ardore obtinendae Mesopotamiae flagrans, dum ageret cum exercitu procul Constantius, armis multiplicatis et viribus, transmisso sollemniter Tigride, oppugnandam adoritur Singaram, milite usuique congruis omnibus, ut¹ existimavere qui regionibus praeerant, abunde munitam.

[2] Cuius propugnatores viso hoste longissime, clausis ocius portis, ingentibus animis per turres discurrebant et minas,² saxa tormentaque bellica congerentes, cunctisque praestructis, stabant omnes armati, multitudinem parati propellere, si moenia subire temptasset.

[3] Adventans itaque rex cum per optimates suos propius admissos, pacatiore colloquio flectere defensores ad suum non potuisset arbitrium, quieti diem integrum dedit, et matutinae lucis exordio, signo per flammeum erecto vexillum, circumvaditur civitas a quibusdam vehentibus scalas, aliis componentibus machinas, plerisque obiectu vinearum pluteorumque tectis, iter ad fundamenta parietum quaerentibus subvertenda.

[4] Contra haec oppidani superstantes propugnaculis celsis, lapidibus eminus telorumque genere omni ad interiora ferocius se proripientes arcebant.

[5] Et pugnabatur eventu ancipiti diebus aliquot, hinc inde multis amissis et vulneratis: postremo fervente certaminum mole, et propinquante iam vespera, inter machinas plures admotus aries robustissimus, orbiculatam turrim feriebat ictibus densis, unde reseratam urbem obsidio superiore docuimus.

[6] Ad quam conversa plebe dimicabatur artissime, facesque cum taedis ardentibus et malleolis, ad exurendum imminens malum undique convolabant, nec sagittarum crebritate nec glandis hinc inde cessante. Vicit tamen omne prohibendi commentum acumen arietis, coagmenta fodiens lapidum recens structorum, madoreque etiam tum infirmium.

[7] Dumque adhuc ferro certatur et ignibus, turri collapsa, cum patuisset iter in urbem, nudato propugnatoribus loco, quos periculi disiecerat magnitudo magnitude, Persarum agmina undique ululabili clamore sublato, nullo cohibente cuncta oppidi membra complebant, caesisque promiscue promise paucissimis, residui omnes mandatu Saporis vivi comprehensi, ad regiones Persidis ultimas sunt asportati.

[8] Tuebantur autem hanc civitatem legiones duae (prima Flavia primaque Parthica), et indigenae plures cum auxilio equitum, illic³ ob repentinum malum⁴ clausorum,⁵ qui omnes (ut dixi) vinctis manibus ducebantur, nullo iuvante nostrorum.

[9] Nisibin enim sub pellibus agens pars maior exercitus custodibat, intervallo perquam longo discretam, alioqui numquam labenti Singarae vel temporibus priscis, quisquam ferre auxilium potuit, aquarum penuria cunctis circum arentibus locis. Et licet ad praesciscendos adversos subitosque motus, id munimentum opportune locavit antiquitas, dispendio tamen fuit rei Romanae, cum defensorum iactura aliquotiens interceptum.

Res Gestae. Ammianus Marcellinus. John C. Rolfe (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1935-1940.

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Current edition Perseus

Res Gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., editor. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).)

Translations (1)

History Perseus (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., translator. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).) — 20.6 focus

[1] While these things were being vigorously carried out in Gaul, that savage king of the Persians, since the urgency of Antoninus was doubled by the coming of Craugasius,¹ burned with the desire of gaining possession of Mesopotamia while Constantius was busy at a distance with his army. So, having increased his arms and his power and crossed the Tigris in due form, he proceeded to attack Singara, a town which, in the opinion of those who had charge of that region, was abundantly fortified with soldiers and with all necessities.

[2] The defenders of the city, as soon as they saw the enemy a long way off, quickly closed the gates and full of courage ran to the various towers and battlements, and got together stones and engines of war; then, when everything was prepared, they all stood fast under arms, ready to repulse the horde, in case it should try to come near the walls.

[3] Accordingly, the king on his arrival, through his grandees, who were allowed access, tried by peaceful mediation to bend the defenders to his will. Failing in this, he devoted the entire day to quiet, but at the coming of next morning’s light he gave the signal by raising the flame-coloured banner, and the city was assailed on every side; some brought ladders, others set up engines of war; the greater part, protected by the interposition of penthouses and mantlets, tried to approach the walls and undermine their foundations.

[4] Against this onset the townsmen, standing upon their lofty battlements, from a distance with stones and all kinds of missile weapons tried to repel those who boldly strove to force an entrance.

[5] The battle raged for several days with uncertain outcome, and on both sides many were killed and wounded. Finally, in the heat of the mighty conflict, just as evening was coming on, among many engines a ram of uncommon strength was brought up, which with rapidly repeated blows battered the round tower where (as we have related)² the city was breached in the former siege.

[6] To this spot the people flocked and the battle went on in dense array; from all sides flew firebrands with blazing torches and fiery darts to set fire to the great menace,³ while the showers of arrows and slingshots from both sides never ceased. But the sharp head of the ram overcame every attempt at defence, penetrating the joints of the new-laid stones, which were still moist and therefore weak.

[7] And while the combat still went on with fire and sword, the tower collapsed and a way was made into the city; the defenders, scattered by the great danger, abandoned the place; the Persian hordes, raising shouts and yells, rushed from all sides and without opposition filled every part of the city; and after a very few of the defenders had been slain here and there, all the rest were taken alive by Sapor’s order and transported to the remotest parts of Persia.

[8] This city was defended by two legions, the First Flavian and the First Parthian, as well as by a considerable number of natives, with the help of some horsemen who had hastily taken refuge there because of the sudden danger. All these (as I have said) were led off with hands bound, and none of our men could aid them.

[9] For the greater part of the army was in camp guarding Nisibis, which was a very long distance off; besides, even in former days no one had ever been able to aid Singara when in trouble, since all the surrounding country was dried up from lack of water. And although in early times a stronghold had been established there as a convenient place for learning in advance of sudden outbreaks of the enemy, yet this was a detriment to the Roman cause, since the place was several times taken with the loss of its defenders.

Notes on the current edition

Res Gestae

1. ut, added by G; V omits.

2. minas, V; minis, Momm.; pinnas, Novák.

3. illic, Traube; ilico, V.

4. malum, BG; ad V; adventum hostium, Momm.

5. clausorum, Clark; inclusorum, V.

Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae 20.6

John C. Rolfe (Translator)

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Singara a Sapore oppugnata, et capta: oppidani cum equitibus auxiliaribus et duobus legionibus praesidiariis in Persidem abducti; oppidum excisum.

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