Titus Livius (Livy), Ab urbe condita, Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor), 40.36

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[1] To the question that had been put to him the lieutenant replied that neither he nor anyone else could predict what the Celtiberians had or would have in mind. Therefore he could not deny that it was entirely proper that an army should be sent to barbarians who, even though pacified, were not yet well accustomed to authority.

[2] But whether it was necessary to employ a new or an old army was for him

[3] to say who could know how loyally the Celtiberians would abide by the peace and who at the same time could assure himself that the soldiers would remain quiet if they were held longer in the province. If inferences could be drawn as to their views either from what they said to one another or from their exclamations while the commander was addressing them, he said that they had openly proclaimed that they would either keep the commander in the province or go to Italy with him.¹

[4] This colloquy between the praetor and the lieutenant was interrupted by a motion by the consuls, who judged it proper that their provinces should be provided for² before the question of an army for a praetor was raised.

[5] An entire new army was decreed to the consuls, two Roman legions for each, with the appropriate cavalry, and of the allies of the Latin confederacy, as great a number as always, fifteen thousand infantry and eight hundred cavalry.³

[6] With this army they were directed to make war upon the Ligurian Apuani. The imperium of Publius Cornelius and Marcus Baebius was prolonged, and they were ordered to hold the province until the arrival of the consuls; then it was directed that they discharge the armies which they had and return to Rome.

[7] Then the question of an army for Tiberius Sempronius was taken up. The consuls were directed to enlist for him a new legion of fifty-two hundred infantry and four hundred⁴ cavalry and in addition a thousand Roman infantry and fifty cavalry, and to levy upon the allies of the Latin confederacy for seven thousand infantry and three hundred cavalry. With this army it was the senate's pleasure that Tiberius Sempronius should go to Nearer Spain.

[8] Permission was granted to Quintus Fulvius that those, whether Roman citizens or allies, who had been taken to Spain before the consulship of Spurius Postumius and Quintus Marcius,⁵ and, moreover, when the new drafts were added, in consequence of which

[9] addition there were in the two legions more than ten thousand four hundred infantry and six hundred cavalry and of the allies of the Latin confederacy more than twelve⁶ thousand infantry and six hundred cavalry, and specifically those whose valiant services Quintus Fulvius had enjoyed in the two battles with the Celtiberians, that all these,

[10] ⁷ if he saw fit, he should bring back with him. Thanksgivings were also decreed because he had conducted the business of the state successfully. The other praetors too

[11] were sent to their provinces. The imperium of Quintus Fabius Buteo in Gaul was prolonged. It was decided that there should be only eight legions that year in addition to the veteran army which was among the Ligurians in the hope of an early discharge. And even this army was with difficulty raised on account of the pestilence which was

[12] now for the third year devastating the city of Rome and Italy.⁸

Ab urbe condita. Titus Livius (Livy). Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor). Medford, MA. .

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The National Endowment for the Humanities.

Current edition Perseus

History of Rome (English) (Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Sage, Evan T.; Schlesinger, Alfred C., translators. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959. (Loeb Classical Library))

Editions (3)

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Pars I-IV, Libri I-XL. Editio Stereotypica. Weissenborn, Wilhelm; Mueller, Moritz, editors. Leipzig: Teubner, 1884-1911.) — 40.36 focus

[1] legatus ad ea, quae interrogatus erat, respondit neque se neque quemquam alium divinare posse, quid in animo Celtiberi haberent aut porro habituri essent. itaque negare non posse,

[2] quin rectius sit etiam ad pacatos barbaros, nondum satis adsuetos imperio, exercitum mitti.

[3] novo autem an vetere exercitu opus sit, eius esse dicere, qui scire possit, qua fide Celtiberi in pace mansuri sint, simul et qui illud exploratum habeat, quieturos milites, si diutius in provincia retineantur.

[4] si ex eo, quod aut inter se loquantur aut succlamationibus apud contionantem imperatorem significent, quid sentiant, coniectandum sit, palam vociferatos esse aut imperatorem in provincia retenturos aut cum eo in Italiam venturos esse.

[5] disceptationem inter praetorem legatumque consulum relatio interrupit, qui suas ornari provincias, priusquam de praetoris exercitu ageretur, aequum censebant.

[6] novus omnis exercitus consulibus est decretus, binae legiones Romanae cum suo equitatu, et socium Latini nominis quantus semper numerus, quindecim milia peditum, octingenti equites.

[7] cum hoc exercitu Apuanis Liguribus ut bellum inferrent, mandatum est. P. Cornelio et M. Baebio prorogatum imperium iussique provincias obtinere, donec consules venissent; tur tum imperatum, ut dimisso, quem haberent, exercitu reverterentur Romam. de Ti. Sempronii deinde exercitu actum est.

[8] novam legionem ei quinque milium et ducentorum peditum cum equitibus quadringentis consules scribere iussi, et mille praeterea peditum Romanorum, quinquaginta equites,

[9] et sociis nominis Latini imperare septem milia peditum, trecentos equites. cum hoc exercitu placuit ire in Hispaniam citeriorem Ti. Sempronium.

[10] Q. Fulvio permissum, ut, qui milites ante Sp. Postumium Q. Marcium consules cives Romani sociive in Hispaniam transportati essent, et praeterea supplemento adducto, quo amplius in duabus legionibus quam decem milia et quadringenti pedites,

[11] sescenti equites essent, et socium Latini nominis duodecim milia, sescenti equites, quorum forti opera duobus adversus Celtiberos proeliis usus Q. Fulvius esset, eos, si videretur, secum deportaret.

[12] et supplicationes decretae, quod is prospere rem publicam gessisset.

[13] et ceteri praetores in provincias missi. Q. Fabio Buteoni prorogatum in Gallia imperium est. octo legiones praeter exercitum veterem, qui in Liguribus in spe propinqua missionis erat, eo anno esse placuit.

[14] et is ipse exercitus aegre explebatur propter pestilentiam, quae tertium iam annum urbem Romanam atque Italiam vastabat.

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Livy in Fourteen Volumes. Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Schlesinger, Alfred C., editors. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959 (printing).) — 43.23 focus

[1]

Rex cum non ¹ minore vexatione iumentorum hominumque quam venerat in Macedoniam rediit; Appium tamen ab obsidione Phanotes fama ducentis ad Stratum Persei summovit.

[2] Cleuas cum praesidio impigrorum iuvenum insecutus sub radicibus prope inviis montium ² ad mille hominum ex agmine impedito occidit, ad ducentos cepit.

[3] Appius superatis angustiis in campo quem Meleona vocant stativa dierum paucorum habuit. interim Cleuas assumpto Philostrato, qui quingentos ex ³ Epirotarum gente habebat, in agrum Antigonensem transcendit. ⁴ Macedones ad depopulationem profecti;

[4] Philostratus⁵ cum cohorte sua in insidiis loco ⁶ obscuro consedit. in palatos populatores cum erupissent ab Antigonea armati, ⁷ fugientes eos persequentes effusius in vallem insessam ab hostibus praecipitant.

[5] ibi ad mille ⁸ occisis, centum ferme captis, et ubique prospere gesta re prope stativa Appi castra movent, ne qua vis sociis suis ab Romano exercitu inferri possit.

[6] Appius nequiquam in his locis terens tempus, dimissis Chaonum Thesprotorumque ⁹ et si qui alii Epirotae erant praesidiis, cum Italicis militibus in Illyricum regressus, per Parthinorum ¹⁰ socias urbes in hiberna militibus divisis, ¹¹ ipse Romam sacrificii causa redit.

[7] Perseus ex Penestarum gente mille pedites, ducentos equites revocatos Cassandream, praesidio ut essent, misit.

[8] Ab Gentio eadem adferentes redierunt. nec deinde alios atque alios mittendo temptare eum destitit, cum appareret, quantum in eo praesidii esset, nec tamen impetrare ab animo posset, ut impensam in rem maximi ad omnia momenti faceret.

Ab urbe condita libri, erklärt von M. Weissenborn Perseus (Weissenborn, W.; Müller, H. J., editors. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1873-1883.) — 40.36 focus

[1]

legatus ad ea, quae interrogatus erat, respondit neque se neque quemquam alium divinare posse, quid in animo Celtiberi haberent aut porro habituri essent.

[2] itaque negare non posse, quin rectius sit etiam ad pacatos barbaros, nondum satis adsuetos imperio, exercitum mitti.

[5] disceptationem inter praetorem legatumque consulum relatio interrupit, qui suas ornari provincias, priusquam ¹ de praetoris exercitu ageretur, aequum censebant.

[6] novus omnis exercitus consulibus est decretus, binae legiones Romanae cum suo equitatu et socium Latini nominis quantus semper numerus, quindecim milia peditum, octingenti equites.

[7] cum hoc exercitu Apuanis Liguribus ut bellum inferrent mandatum est. P. Cornelio et M. Baebio prorogatum imperium, iussique provincias obtinere, donec consules venissent; tum imperatum, ut dimisso, quem haberent, exercitu reverterentur Romam.

[8] de Ti. Semproni deinde exercitu actum est. novam legionem ei quinque milium et ² ducentorum peditum cum equitibus quadringentis consules scribere iussi, et mille praeterea peditum Romanorum, quinquaginta equites,

[9] et sociis nominis Latini imperare septem milia peditum, trecentos equites. cum hoc exercitu Ti. Sempronium ire in Hispaniam placuit citeriorem.

[11] sexcenti equites essent, et socium Latini nominis duodecim milia, sexcenti equites, quorum forti opera duobus adversus Celtiberos proeliis usus Q. Fulvius esset, eos, si videretur, secum deportaret.

[12] et supplicationes decretae, quod is prospere rem publicam gessisset, et ceteri praetores in provincias missi.

[13] Q. Fabio Buteoni prorogatum in Gallia imperium est. octo legiones praeter exercitum veterem, qui in Liguribus in spe propinqua missionis erat, eo anno esse placuit.

[14] et is ipse exercitus aegre explebatur propter pestilentiam, quae tertium iam annum urbem Romanam atque Italiam vastabat.

Translations (2)

History of Rome Perseus (Spillan, D.; Edmonds, Cyrus; McDevitte, William A., translators. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1849-1868. (Bohn's Classical Library)) — 40.36 focus

[1]

To these questions, which he had been asked, the lieutenant-general answered, that

neither he nor any other could possibly divine what were the sentiments of the Celtiberians, or what they would be in future;

[2]

therefore he could not deny that it would be proper to send an army among a barbarous people, who, though reduced to a state of quiet, were not yet sufficiently inured to subjection;

[3]

but whether a new army or a veteran one might be requisite, rested with him to decide who could ascertain with what sincerity the Celtiberians would observe the peace; and who, at the same time, had assurance that the troops would remain quiet, if kept longer in the province.

[4]

If a conjecture were to be formed of their intentions, either from their conversations with each other, or from the expressions with which they interrupted the general's harangues, they had openly and loudly declared, that they would either keep their commander in the province, or come home with him to Italy.

[5] This dis- cussion, between the praetor and the lieutenant-general, was suspended by the consuls introducing other matters; for they thought it right, that their own provinces might be adjusted before they deliberated concerning the army of the praetor.

[6] An army entirely new was decreed to the consuls: two Roman legions to each, with their proportion of cavalry; and of the Latin allies, the usual number of fifteen thousand foot and eight hundred horse.

[7] With these forces, they were directed to make war on the Apuan Ligurians. Publius Cornelius and Marcus Baebius were continued in command, and ordered to hold the government of the provinces until the consuls should arrive. They were ordered then to disband their troops, and return to Rome. Then they deliberated concerning the army under Tiberius Sempronius.

[8] The consuls were ordered to enlist for him a new legion of five thousand two hundred foot and four hundred horse; and also a thousand Roman foot and five hundred horse; and to command the allies of Latium to furnish seven thousand foot and three hundred horse.

[9] With this army it was determined that Sempronius should go into Hither Spain.

[10] Permission was granted to Quintus Fulvius, with respect to all those soldiers, whether Romans or allies, who had been transported into Spain previous to the consulate of Spurius Postumius and Quintus Marcius; and likewise to such as, after the junction of the reinforcements, should be found in the two legions, above the number of ten thousand four hundred foot and six hundred horse;

[11] and in the Latin auxiliaries above twelve thousand foot and six hundred horse, who had behaved with courage under Quintus Fulvius in the two battles with the Celtiberians, —these, if he thought proper, he might bring home.

[12] Thanksgivings were also decreed, because he had managed the republic successfully; and the rest of the praetors sent into their provinces.

[13] Quintus Fabius Buteo had his command in Gaul. It was resolved that eight legions should be employed this year, besides the veteran army then in Liguria, which expected to be speedily disbanded;

[14] and that very army was made up with difficulty, in consequence of the pestilence which continued, for the third year, to depopulate the city of Rome and all Italy,

History of Rome Perseus (Volumes 1-2. Roberts, Canon, Rev, translator. London, New York: J. M. Dent and Sons; E. P. Dutton and Co., 1912.) — 40.36 focus

[1]

In reply to these questions Minucius said that neither he nor any one else could possibly divine what the intentions of the Celtiberi were at the time or what they might be in the future.

[2] He could not therefore deny that it might be better for an army to be sent even to those of the natives who had been reduced to submission but were not accustomed to our rule.

[3] But whether there was need of the old army or of a new one was for him to say who was in a position to know how far the Celtiberi would keep the peace, and who had also definitely ascertained whether the soldiers would take it quietly if they were retained in the province.

[4] If their sentiments were to be inferred from what they say to one another, or from their exclamations when their commander addresses them on parade, then it ought to be known that they had openly and loudly declared that they

[5] would either keep their general in the province or else go back with him to Italy.

[6] This discussion was interrupted by the consuls, who gave it as their opinion that the right and proper course was for their province to be provided for before the question of a praetor's army was raised.

[7] A whole new army was decreed for the consuls; two Roman legions for each with their full complement of cavalry and the usual proportion of Latin and allied troops, namely 15,000 infantry and 800 cavalry. With this army they were commissioned to make war on the Apuani in Liguria. P. Cornelius and M. Baebius were ordered to retain their commands until the consuls arrived, then after disbanding their army they were to return to Rome.

[8] Then the question of the army for Tiberius Sempronius was settled. The consuls were ordered to enrol for him a fresh legion of 5200 infantry and 400 cavalry and an additional force of 1000 infantry and 50 cavalry.

[9] They were also to require the Latin allies to furnish 7000 infantry and 300 cavalry. Such was the army with which it was decided that Tiberius Sempronius should go to Hither Spain.

[10] Q. Flaccus received permission to bring away with him, if he thought fit, those soldiers, whether Roman citizens or allies, who had been transferred to Spain previous to the consulship of Spurius Postumius and Q. Marcius.

[11] When by the addition of the reinforcements the two legions had been raised above their normal strength, namely 14,000 infantry and 600 cavalry, Flaccus was at liberty to bring away all in excess of that number whose bravery had been of such service to Flaccus in his two successful actions against the Celtiberi.

[12] Thanksgivings were also decreed for his good services to the State. The other praetors were then sent off to their provinces; Q. Fabius Buteo was continued in his command in Gaul.

[13] It was decided that there should be only eight legions for that year besides the old army in Liguria who were expecting their discharge shortly.

[14] Even that force was with difficulty made up owing to the pestilence which had for three years been devastating Rome and Italy.

Notes on the current edition

Ab Urbe Condita With An English Translation, books 1-10, 21-45, with periochae 11-20

1. B.C. 180

2. The technical term for the equipment and supply of a military force.

3. This number of Latins was normally provided for each consul.

4. The cavalry contingent is unusually large.

5. They were consuls in 186 B.C. (XXXIX. viii. 1).

6. B.C. 180

7. The sentence is awkward but the general purport is clear. When the old army and the new had been merged, and troops that had been in Spain at least since 187 B.C. had been segregated, any surplus beyond the figures given for the several contingents might be discharged also, priority being given to those who had been decorated or cited in the campaign. 11 The mutiny here threatened was avoided (xl. 14 below). One may suspect that to win popularity with his troops Flaccus had encouraged the threats of his troops and had tried to bluff the senate with the prospect 12 of a mutiny.

8. Cf. xix. 3 above.

Titus Livius (Livy) Ab urbe condita 40.36

Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor)

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