Titus Livius (Livy), Ab urbe condita, Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor), 40.35

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[1] ¹ The commissioners who founded the colony were Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, Gaius Flaminius, Lucius Manlius Acidinus.²

[2] Two temples were dedicated that year, the first to Venus Erycina,³ near the Porta Collina; Lucius Porcius Licinus, the son of Lucius, as duumvir dedicated it, and it had been vowed by Lucius Porcius the consul in the Ligurian war; the second to Pietas⁴ in the Forum Olitorium. This temple was dedicated by Manius Acilius Glabrio⁵ as duumvir; a gilded statue, which was the first of all gilded statues in Italy, he set up there to his father Glabrio.⁶ It was the latter who had vowed this temple on the day he had fought decisively with King Antiochus at Thermopylae, and he had also let the contract under the authority of the senate.⁷

[3] About the same time that these temples were dedicated, Lucius Aemilius Paulus the proconsul triumphed over the Ligurian Ingauni. He carried in his triumph twenty-five golden crowns, but no other gold or silver was displayed. Many chiefs of the Ligurians as prisoners walked before his car. His donatives to his troops amounted to three hundred asses each.⁸ The glamour of the triumph was increased by the arrival of envoys from the Ligurians who asked for perpetual peace; the Ligurian people, they said, had made up their minds never to take up arms except at the command of the Roman people.

[4] Quintus Fabius the praetor, by order of the senate, answered the Ligurians to the effect that this declaration on the part of the Ligurians was nothing new; but it was of the greatest importance to themselves that they should acquire a new disposition, consistent with their words. They should go to the consuls and do whatever was ordered by them.

[5] The senate, he said, would believe a statement from no one except the consuls that the Ligurians were at peace in genuine good faith. There was peace among the Ligurians. In Corsica there was a battle with the Corsicans: the praetor Marcus Pinarius killed about two thousand of them in pitched battle.

[6] Under the compulsion of this disaster, they gave hostages and a hundred thousand pounds of⁹ wax.¹⁰ Thence Pinarius crossed to Sardinia and fought successfully with the Ilienses, a tribe not even to-day entirely pacified.¹¹ One hundred hostages the same year were returned to the Carthaginians,¹² and the Roman people kept the peace for them with regard to not only to themselves but also to King Masinissa, who was holding with an armed guard the land which was in dispute.¹³ XXXV. The consuls had a quiet province.

[7] Marcus Baebius, who had been recalled to Rome to hold the elections, announced the choice as consuls of Aulus Postumius Albinus Luscus and Gaius Calpurnius Piso. Next the praetors were elected, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, Lucius Postumius Albinus, Publius Cornelius Mammula, Tiberius Minucius Molliculus, Aulus Hostilius Mancinus, Gaius Maenius. All these magistrates were inaugurated on the Ides of March.

[8] In the beginning of this year, the consular year of¹⁴ Aulus Postumius Albinus and Gaius Calpurnius Piso, the consul Aulus Postumius presented to the senate Lucius Minucius, a lieutenant, and two tribunes of the soldiers, Titus Maenius and Lucius Terentius Massiliota, who had come from Quintus Fulvius Flaccus in Nearer Spain. When they had reported the two victories, the submission of Celtiberia, and the accomplishment of the task assigned as his province,¹⁵ and had added that there was no need of the pay which was customarily sent or of

[9] the¹⁶ transportation of grain for the army for that year, they asked the senate, first, that honour should be paid to the immortal gods by reason of these successes and, second, that Quintus Fulvius, on his retirement from the province, should be authorized to bring away the army whose valiant services both he and many praetors before him had enjoyed.

[10] In addition to the fact that this was right, it was, they said, even almost necessary that this be done: for the soldiers were so set upon it that it seemed impossible to keep them in the province any longer, and it was probable that they would leave there without orders, if they were not discharged, or, if anyone tried to retain them too strictly, that they would flare up in a dangerous mutiny.

[11] The senate decreed to both consuls the Ligurians as their province. Then the praetors cast lots: Aulus Hostilius received the civil jurisdiction, Tiberius Minucius that between citizens and aliens, Publius Cornelius Sicily, Gaius Maenius Sardinia. Lucius Postumius drew the lot for Farther Spain and Tiberius Sempronius for Nearer Spain.

[12] Since he was to succeed Quintus Fulvius, in order that his province might not be deprived of the veteran army,

I ask of you, Lucius Minucius,

he said,

since you report that the province is subjugated, whether you think that the Celtiberians will keep forever their pledge of loyalty, so that this province can be held without an army. If you can neither undertake nor assert anything to us about the loyalty of the barbarians, and think that under any conditions we must keep an army there, I ask whether you urge the senate to send replacements to Spain, so that only those troops who have completed their terms of service may be discharged and the recruits mingled with the veteran¹⁷ soldiers, or to withdraw the veteran legions from the province and enroll and send over new legions, although an army of recruits, being looked down upon by the enemy, can rouse to rebellion barbarians even more fully tamed than these?

[13]

It is easier to talk about than to accomplish-this subjugation of a province fierce by nature and rebellious. A few cities, as at least I hear, which the neighbourhood of the winter-quarters kept most completely under control, have come under our rule and sway; the more remote are in arms.

[14]

Since this is so, conscript Fathers, I declare to you here and now that I shall administer my office with the army that is now there; if Flaccus brings back with him his legions, I shall lead the troops into winter-quarters in pacified districts and shall expose no raw troops to a most warlike enemy.

Ab urbe condita. Titus Livius (Livy). Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor). Medford, MA. .

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The National Endowment for the Humanities.

Current edition Perseus

History of Rome (English) (Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Sage, Evan T.; Schlesinger, Alfred C., translators. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959. (Loeb Classical Library))

Editions (3)

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Pars I-IV, Libri I-XL. Editio Stereotypica. Weissenborn, Wilhelm; Mueller, Moritz, editors. Leipzig: Teubner, 1884-1911.) — 40.35 focus

[1] Otiosam provinciam consules habuerunt. M. Baebius comitiorum causa Romam revocatus consules creavit A. Postumium Albinum Luscum et C C. Calpurnium Pisonem.

[2] praetores exinde facti Ti. Sempronius Gracchus L. Postumius Albinus P. Cornelius Mammula, Ti. Minucius Molliculus A. Hostilius Mancinus C C.. Maenius. ii omnes magistratum idibus Martiis inierunt. principio eius anni,

[3] quo A. Postumius Albinus et C C.. Calnurnius Calpurnius Piso consules fuerunt, ab A. Postumio consule in senatum introducti, qui ex Hispania citeriore venerant a Q. Fulvio Flacco, L. Minucius legatus et duo tribuni militum, T. Maenius et L. Terentius Massaliota.

[4] hi cum duo secunda proelia, deditionem Celtiberiae, confectam provinciam nuntiassent, nec stipendio, quod mitti soleiet, nec frumento portato ad exercitum in eum annum opus esse,

[5] petierunt ab senatu primum, ut ob res prospere gestas diis immortalibus honos haberetur,

[6] deinde ut Q. Fulvio decedenti de provincia deportare inde exercitum, cuius forti opera et ipse et multi ante eum praetores usi essent, liceret. quod fieri, praeterquam quod ita deberet, etiam prope necessarium esse:

[7] ita enim obstinatos esse milites, ut non ultra retineri posse in provincia viderentur, iniussuque abituri inde essent, si non dimitterentur, aut in perniciosam, si quis impense retineret, seditionem exarsuri.

[8] consulibus ambobus provinciam Ligures esse senatus iussit. praetores inde sortiti sunt: A. Hostilio urbana, Ti. Minucio peregrina obvenit, P. Cornelio Sicilia, C C.. Maenio Sardinia.

[9] Hispanias sortiti L. Postumius ulteriorem, Ti. Sempronius citeriorem.

[10] is quia successurus Q. Fulvio erat, ne vetere exercitu provincia spoliaretur, “quaero” inquit “de te, L. Minuci, cum confectam provincial provinciam nunties, existimesne Celtiberos perpetuo in fide mansuros, ita ut sine exercitu ea provincia obtineri possit.

[12] quibus emerita stipendia sint, milites dimittantur, veteribus militibus tirones immisceantur, an deductis de provincia veteribus legionibus novas conscribendi et mittendi, cum contemptum tirocinium etiam mitiores barbaros excitare ad rebellandum possit? dictu quam re facilius est provinciam ingenio ferocem,

[13] rebellatricem confecisse. paucae civitates, ut quidem ego audio, quas vicina maxime hiberna premebant, in ius dicionemque venerunt; ulteriores in armis sunt. quae cum ita sint,

[14] ego iam hinc praedico, patres conscripti, me exercitu eo, qui nunc est, rem publicam administraturun: si deducat secum Flaccus legiones, loca pacata me ad hibernacula lecturum neque novur novum militem ferocissimo hosti obiecturum.”

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Livy in Fourteen Volumes. Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Schlesinger, Alfred C., editors. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959 (printing).) — 43.23 focus

[1]

Rex cum non ¹ minore vexatione iumentorum hominumque quam venerat in Macedoniam rediit; Appium tamen ab obsidione Phanotes fama ducentis ad Stratum Persei summovit.

[2] Cleuas cum praesidio impigrorum iuvenum insecutus sub radicibus prope inviis montium ² ad mille hominum ex agmine impedito occidit, ad ducentos cepit.

[3] Appius superatis angustiis in campo quem Meleona vocant stativa dierum paucorum habuit. interim Cleuas assumpto Philostrato, qui quingentos ex ³ Epirotarum gente habebat, in agrum Antigonensem transcendit. ⁴ Macedones ad depopulationem profecti;

[4] Philostratus⁵ cum cohorte sua in insidiis loco ⁶ obscuro consedit. in palatos populatores cum erupissent ab Antigonea armati, ⁷ fugientes eos persequentes effusius in vallem insessam ab hostibus praecipitant.

[5] ibi ad mille ⁸ occisis, centum ferme captis, et ubique prospere gesta re prope stativa Appi castra movent, ne qua vis sociis suis ab Romano exercitu inferri possit.

[6] Appius nequiquam in his locis terens tempus, dimissis Chaonum Thesprotorumque ⁹ et si qui alii Epirotae erant praesidiis, cum Italicis militibus in Illyricum regressus, per Parthinorum ¹⁰ socias urbes in hiberna militibus divisis, ¹¹ ipse Romam sacrificii causa redit.

[7] Perseus ex Penestarum gente mille pedites, ducentos equites revocatos Cassandream, praesidio ut essent, misit.

[8] Ab Gentio eadem adferentes redierunt. nec deinde alios atque alios mittendo temptare eum destitit, cum appareret, quantum in eo praesidii esset, nec tamen impetrare ab animo posset, ut impensam in rem maximi ad omnia momenti faceret.

Ab urbe condita libri, erklärt von M. Weissenborn Perseus (Weissenborn, W.; Müller, H. J., editors. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1873-1883.) — 40.35 focus

[1]

otiosam provinciam consules habuerunt. M. Baebius comitiorum causa Romam revocatus consules creavit A. Postumium Albinum Luscum et C. Calpurnium Pisonem .

[2] praetores exinde facti Ti. Sempronius Gracchus L. Postumius Albinus P. Cornelius Mammula Ti. Minucius Molliculus A. Hostilius Mancinus C. Maenius . ii omnes magistratum idibus Martiis inierunt.

[3] principio eius anni, quo A. Postumius Albinus et C. Calpurnius Piso consules fuerunt, ab A. Postumio consule in senatum introducti qui ex Hispania citeriore venerant a Q. Fulvio Flacco, L. Minucius legatus et duo tribuni militum, T. Maenius et L. Terentius Massiliota .

[4] hi cum duo secunda proelia, deditionem Celtiberiae, confectam provinciam nuntiassent nec stipendio, quod ¹ mitti soleret, nec frumento portato ad exercitum in eum annum opus esse,

[5] petierunt ab senatu primum, ob res prospere gestas ut diis inmortalibus honos haberetur,

[6] deinde ut Q. Fulvio decedenti de provincia deportare inde exercitum, cuius forti opera et ipse et multi ante eum praetores usi essent, liceret; quod fieri, praeterquam quod ita deberet, etiam prope necessarium esse:

[7] ita enim obstinatos esse milites, ut non ultra retineri posse in provincia viderentur, iniussuque abituri inde essent, si non dimitterentur, aut in perniciosam, si quis inpense retineret, seditionem exarsuri.

[8] consulibus ambobus provinciam Ligures esse senatus iussit. praetores inde sortiti sunt: A. Hostilio urbana, Ti. Minucio peregrina obvenit, P. Cornelio Sicilia , C. Maenio Sardinia ;

[9] Hispanias sortiti L. Postumius ulteriorem, Ti. Sempronius citeriorem.

[10] is quia successurus Q. Fulvio erat, ne vetere exercitu provincia spoliaretur, “quaero” inquit “de te, L. Minuci , cum confectam provinciam nunties, existimesne Celtiberos perpetuo in fide mansuros, ita ut sine exercitu ea provincia obtineri possit?

[11] si neque de fide barbarorum quicquam recipere aut adfirmare nobis potes, et habendum illic utique exercitum censes, utrum tandem auctor senatui sis supplementum in Hispaniam mittendi, ut ii modo, quibus emerita stipendia sint, milites dimittantur, veteribus militibus tirones inmisceantur,

[12] an deductis de provincia veteribus legionibus novas conscribendi et mittendi, cum contemptum tirocinium etiam mitiores barbaros excitare ad rebellandum possit?

[13] dictu quam re facilius sit provinciam ingenio ferocem, ² rebellatricem confecisse. paucae civitates, ut quidem ego audio, quas vicina maxime hiberna premebant, in ius dicionemque venerunt, ulteriores in armis sunt.

[14] quae cum ita sint, ego iam hinc praedico, patres conscripti, me exercitu eo, qui nunc est, rem publicam administraturum; si deducat secum Flaccus legiones, loca pacata me ad hibernacula lecturum neque novum militem ferocissimo hosti obiecturum.”

Translations (2)

History of Rome Perseus (Spillan, D.; Edmonds, Cyrus; McDevitte, William A., translators. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1849-1868. (Bohn's Classical Library)) — 40.35 focus

[1]

The consuls had nothing to do in their province. Marcus Baebius, being summoned home to Rome to preside at the elections, created consuls Aulus Postumius Albinus Luscus and Caius Calpurnius Piso.

[2] Then Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, Lucius Postumius Albinus, Publius Cornelius Mammula, Titus Minucius Molliculus, Aulus Hostilius Mancinus, and Caius Maenius were made praetors. All these entered into office on the ides of March.

[3] In the beginning of this year, in which Aulus Postumius Albinus and Caius Calpurnius Piso were consuls, Lucius Minucius, lieutenant-general, and two military tribunes, Titus Maenius and Lucius Terentius Massilicta, who had come from Hither Spain from Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, were introduced to an audience of the senate by Aulus Postumius the consul.

[4] These, after informing the senate of the two victories gained, of the submission of Celtiberia, and of the conclusion of the business of the province, and that there was no occasion either to send pay, as usual, or corn to the army for that year, requested, first, that

on account of these successes a thanksgiving should be performed to the immortal gods;

[5]

and, then, that leave should be given to Quintus Fulvius, on his quitting the province, to bring home from it the army which had served under him and many former praetors, with much bravery.

[6]

They represented, that this measure, besides the propriety of it, was in some degree necessary, for the troops were so obstinately bent on it, that it did not seem possible to keep them longer in the province; but, if they were not disbanded, they would either leave it without orders, or, if any one would attempt to detain them by compulsion, would break out into a dangerous mutiny.

[7] The senate ordered, that Liguria should be the province of both the consuls. The praetors then cast lots for theirs. The city jurisdiction fell to Aulus Hostilius; the foreign, to Titus Minucius; Sicily, to Publius Cornelius; Sardinia, to Caius Maenius; Farther Spain, to Lucius Postumius; and Hither Spain, to Tiberius Sempronius.

[8] As this last was to succeed Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, and wished that the province might not be stripped of the veteran troops, he spoke thus:

[9]

Quintus Minucius, I demand of you, since you assert, in your report, that your province is subdued, do you think, that the Celtiberians will always faithfully observe the treaty, so that the province may be kept in obedience without an army?

[10]

If you cannot give us any assurance of, or undertake to answer for, the fidelity of the barbarians, but think that, at all events, there must be an army maintained there, I pray you,

[11]

whether would you recommend to the senate to send a reinforcement into Spain, in order that those soldiers only who have served out their time may be discharged, and the recruits mixed with the veterans? or to withdraw the veteran legions, and enlist new ones, and send them in their place?

[12]

and this, although the contempt entertained for such new recruits might rouse barbarians of more pacific tempers to a renewal of war? would it be a matter easier said than done, to reduce to complete subjection a province naturally fierce, and constantly renewing the war?

[13]

A few states, as I am informed, who were awed, more than the rest, by the nearness of our winter quarters, have submitted to our authority and dominion, while those more remote are in arms. This being the case, conscript fathers, I now give notice before-hand, that, with the army at present there, I will undertake to execute the business of the republic;

[14]

but, if Flaccus bring those legions home with him, I will choose some quiet part of the country for winter quarters, and will not expose raw soldiers to an enemy so remarkably ferocious.

History of Rome Perseus (Volumes 1-2. Roberts, Canon, Rev, translator. London, New York: J. M. Dent and Sons; E. P. Dutton and Co., 1912.) — 40.35 focus

[1]

The consuls' province remained quiet. M. Baebius was recalled to Rome to conduct the elections. A. Postumius Albinus Luscus and C. Calpurnius Piso were the new consuls.

[2] The praetors elected were Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, L. Postumius Albinus, P. Cornelius Mammula, Ti. Minucius Molliculus, A. Hostilius Mancinus and C. Maenius. All these magistrates entered upon office on the Ides of March.

[3] At the beginning of his year of office A. Postumius introduced to the senate L. Minucius, a staff officer, and two military tribunes, T. Maenius and L. Terentius Massiliota, who had come from Q. Fulvius Flaccus in Hither Spain. They gave a report of the two victorious battles, the surrender of the Celtiberi and the establishment of order throughout the province, and told the senate that there was no

[4] need of the pay which was usually sent nor of any supply of corn to the army for that year.

[5] They then requested that honour might be paid to the immortal gods for these successes and that Q. Fulvius should be allowed to bring back on his departure from Spain the army whose courage had been of such service to him and to many praetors before him.

[6] This was not only due to them, but it was all but inevitable, for the soldiers were in such a determined mood that it appeared impossible to keep them any longer in the province, and if they were not disbanded, they were prepared to leave without orders, or if they were kept back by a strong hand, would break out into a dangerous mutiny.

[7] The senate ordered the consuls to take Liguria as their province. Then the praetors balloted for their provinces. Hither Spain fell to Tiberius Sempronius.

[8] As he was to succeed Q. Fulvius he did not want the province to be robbed of the veteran army and accordingly made the following speech in the senate:

[9] "I ask you, L. Minucius, since you report that the province is in a settled state, whether it is your belief that the Celtiberi will always keep their word so that this province can be held without the presence of an army?

[10] If you can neither assure yourself nor give us any guarantee of their remaining permanently at peace, and still hold that in any case an army must be kept there, would

[11] you advise the senate to send such reinforcements as will only allow the time-expired soldiers to be released, the recruits being incorporated in the old army, or would you say that the veteran legions should be withdrawn and fresh ones enrolled and sent there, when the contempt felt for these raw recruits might possibly excite even the less aggressive barbarians to resume hostilities?

[12] To say that you have pacified and settled a province whose inhabitants are naturally warlike and aggressive may be easier than to do it.

[13] According to what I hear only a few communities, mainly those where we have made our winter quarters, have submitted to our authority; those further off are in arms. Under these circumstances, senators, I declare at the outset that I am ready to take the government of the province with the army which is there now.

[14] If Flaccus brings his legions with him, I shall select for my winter quarters places already pacified, and shall not expose my new soldiers to a most fierce enemy."

Notes on the current edition

Ab Urbe Condita With An English Translation, books 1-10, 21-45, with periochae 11-20

1. ix. 8 etc. The colony is populous and the allotments large because of its strategic position and the danger from Gauls and Histrians.

2. For their appointment see XXXIX. lv. 6.

3. Cf. XXX. xxxviii. 10. The vow has not been mentioned, but the senior Porcius was in Liguria in 184 B.C. (XXXIX. xxxviii. 1).

4. Livy does not mention the romantic story told by Festus (p. 209), that the temple occupied the site of the house of a woman quae patrem suum ( i.e., of the Glabrio who vowed the temple) inclusum carcere mammis suis clam aluerit; Valerius Maximus (V. iv. 7) and Pliny ( H. N. VII. 121) differ slightly.

5. B.C. 181

6. Valerius Maximus (II. v. 1) says that it was an equestrian statue.

7. Neither vow nor contract has been mentioned before.

8. The money apparently came out of the treasury.

9. B.C. 181

10. Cf. XLII. vii. 2. Diodorus (V. xiii. 4) speaks of wax as an important part of the wealth of the island.

11. Diodorus (V. xv. 6) says that they retained their freedom me/xri tw=n kaq' h(ma=s xro/nwn,

up to our own times.

12. According to XXX. xxxvii. 6 they gave only one hundred hostages and in XXXII. ii. 3 the return of that number is recorded.

13. Cf. xvii. 6 above.

14. B.C. 180

15. With each occurrence of the phrase in this connection, we approach more closely the point where we must translate simply

the subjugation of the province

in the territorial sense: cf. sect. 13 below.

16. B.C. 180

17. B.C. 180

Titus Livius (Livy) Ab urbe condita 40.35

Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor)

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