ιδ′ περὶ ὅλου καὶ μέρους.

[98] Καὶ τὸ ὅλον δὲ καὶ τὸ μέρος. κατὰ μὲν γὰρ συνέλευσιν καὶ πρόσθεσιν τῶν μερῶν τὸ ὅλον γίγνεσθαι δοκεῖ, κατ’ ἀφαίρεσιν δέ τινος ἤ τινων παύεσθαι τοῦ ὅλον εἶναι. καὶ ἄλλως δέ, εἰ ἔστι τι ὅλον, ἤτοι ἕτερόν ἐστι παρὰ τὰ
μέρη αὐτοῦ ἢ αὐτὰ τὰ μέρη αὐτοῦ <τὸ> ὅλον ἐστίν.

[99] ἕτερον μὲν οὖν τῶν μερῶν οὐδὲν φαίνεται τὸ ὅλον εἶναι· ἀμέλει γοῦν ἀναιρουμένων τῶν μερῶν οὐδὲν ὑπολείπεται, ἴνα ἕτερόν τι παρὰ ταῦτα λογισώμεθα τὸ ὅλον. εἰ δὲ αὐτὰ τὰ μέρη τὸ ὅλον ἐστίν, ὄνομα ἔσται μόνον τὸ ὅλον καὶ
προσηγορία κενή, ὑπόστασιν δὲ ἰδίαν οὐχ ἔξει, καθάπερ οὐδὲ διάστασίς ἐστί τι παρὰ τὰ διεστῶτα οὐδὲ δόκωσις παρὰ τὰ δεδοκωμένα. οὐκ ἄρα ἔστι τι ὅλον.

[100] ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ ¹² 144 μέρη. εἰ γὰρ ἔστι μέρη, ἤτοι τοῦ ὅλου ταῦτά ἐστι μέρη ἢ ἀλλήλων ἢ ἑαυτοῦ ἕκαστον. οὔτε δὲ τοῦ ὃλου, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ ἔστι τι παρὰ τὰ μέρη (καὶ ἄλλως τὰ μέρη οὕτως
ἔσται μέρη ἑαυτῶν, ἐπεὶ ἕκαστον τῶν μερῶν συμπληρωτι- κὸν εἶναι λέγεται τοῦ ὅλου), οὔτε ἀλλήλων, ἐπεὶ τὸ μέρος ἐμπεριέχεσθαι δοκεῖ ἐν ἐκείνῳ οὗ ἐστι μέρος, καὶ ἄτοπόν ἐστι λέγειν τὴν χεῖρα, εἰ τύχοι, ἐν τῷ ποδὶ περιέχεσθαι.

[101] ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ ἕκαστον ἑαυτοῦ μέρος ἔσται· διὰ γὰρ τὴν περιοχὴν
ἔσται τι ἑαυτοῦ μεῖζον καὶ ἔλαττον. εἰ οὖν μήτε τοῦ ὅλου μήτε ἑαυτῶν μήτε ἀλλήλων μέρη ἐστὶ τὰ λεγόμενα εἶναι μέρη, οὐδενός ἐστι μέρη. εἰ δὲ μηδενός ἐστι μέρη, οὐδὲ ἔστι μέρη· τὰ γὰρ πρός τι ἀλλήλοις συναναιρεῖται.
Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἄλλως εἰρήσθω κατὰ παρέκβασιν, ἐπειδὴ ἅπαξ ὅλου καὶ μέρους ἐπεμνήσθημεν.

Pyrrhoniae Hypotyposes. Sextus Empiricus. ed. Hermann Mutschmann. Germany. 2014.

Current edition First1KGreek

Pyrrhoniae Hypotyposes (Greek) (Sextus Empiricus. Sexti Empiricii Opera, Volume 1. Mutschmann, Hermann, editor. Leipzig: Teubner, 1912.)

Translations (1)

Outlines of Pyrrhonism First1KGreek (Sextus Empiricus, Vol. 1. Bury, Robert Gregg, translator. London: William Heinemann Ltd.; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1933.) — 3.14 focus

Chapter XIV.—Concerning Whole And Part

[98] So too with both whole and part.¹ For the whole is held to come about by the combination and addition of the parts, and to cease from being a whole by the subtraction of one or more parts. Besides, if a whole exists, it is either other than its parts² or its parts themselves form the whole.

[99] Now it is apparent that the whole is nothing other than its parts; for certainly when the parts are removed there is nothing left, so as to enable us to account the whole as something else besides its parts. But if the parts themselves form the whole, the whole will be merely a name and an empty title,³ and it will have no individual existence, just as separation⁴ also is nothing apart from the things separated, or laying beams apart from the beams laid. Therefore no whole exists.

[100] Nor yet parts. For if parts exist, either they are parts of the whole, or of one another, or each one of itself. But they are not parts of the whole, since it is nothing else than its parts (and besides, the parts will on this assumption be parts of themselves, since each of the parts is said to be complementary to the whole); nor yet of one another, since the part is said to be included⁵ in that whereof it is part, and it is absurd to assert that, say, the hand is included in the foot.

[101] Neither will each be a part of itself; for, because of the inclusion, it will be both greater and less than itself. If, then, the so-called parts are parts neither of the whole nor of themselves nor of one another, they are parts of nothing. But if they are parts of nothing, parts have no existence; for co- relatives are annulled together.⁶

Let thus much be said, then, of a general character, by way of digression, seeing that once already we have dealt with the subject of whole and part.

Notes on the current edition

Pyrrhoniae hypotyposes

1. §§ 98—101 ~ adv. dogm. III 338—349.

2. 32 ἐστιν T (est): ἔσται G 13 ὅλον‘ LEABT (totum): ὅλ.ου M
τὸ add. Bekk.; inter αὐτοῦ et ὀλὸν spat. unius lit. M
ἀναιρουμένων (ablatis parttbus) quod iam Bekker restituit: αἱρουμένων LE : αἰρομένων MAB cf. p. 458, 3. 22 ἔσται EAB

Sextus Empiricus Pyrrhoniae Hypotyposes 3.14

ed. Hermann Mutschmann

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ιδ′ περὶ ὅλου καὶ μέρους.

Current edition First1KGreek

Chapter XIV.—Concerning Whole And Part

Notes on the current edition

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