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For it makes a great difference whether these things are effected on account of these, or after these.

[1] ¹ Now, revolution is a mutation, as has been stated, of actions into a contrary condition; and this,

Poetics. Aristotle. Theodore Alois Buckley (Translator). London. 1857.

Current edition Experimental

The Poetic of Aristotle (Theodore Alois Buckley) (OCR draft) (English) (Theodore Alois Buckley's English translation, first published in 1850 and represented from the Henry G. Bohn 1857 printing; corrected against a second OCR and aligned to the Kassel reference passage sequence.)

Provisional text from uncorrected OCR; expect errors.

Editions (4)

Περὶ ποιητικῆς (OCR draft) (Aristotle, Poetics. Immanuel Bekker, editor, Aristotelis Opera, volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1837.) — 10 focus

Εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν μύθων οἱ μὲν ἁπλοῖ οἱ δὲ πεπλεγμένοι· καὶ γὰρ αἱ πράξεις, ὧν μιμήσεις οἱ μῦθοί εἰσιν, ὑπάρχουσιν εὐθὺς οὖσαι τοιαῦται.

Λέγω δὲ ἁπλῆν μὲν πρᾶξιν, ἧς γινομένης, ὥσπερ ὥρισται, συνεχοῦς καὶ μιᾶς ἄνευ περιπετείας ἢ ἀναγνωρισμοῦ ἡ μετάβασις γίνεται,

πεπλεγμένην δέ, ἐξ ἧς μετ᾿ ἀναγνωρισμοῦ ἢ περιπετείας ἢ ἀμφοῖν ἡ μετάβασίς ἐστιν.

Ταῦτα δὲ δεῖ γίνεσθαι ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς συστάσεως τοῦ μύθου, ὥστε ἐκ τῶν προγεγενημένων συμβαίνειν ἢ ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἢ κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς γίνεσθαι ταῦτα· διαφέρει γὰρ πολὺ τὸ γίνεσθαι τάδε διὰ τάδε ἢ μετὰ τάδε.

Περὶ ποιητικῆς (OCR draft) Perseus (Aristotle, De arte poetica liber. Rudolf Kassel, editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965. Reference edition for passage alignment.) — 10 focus

εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν μύθων οἱ μὲν ἁπλοῖ οἱ δὲ πεπλεγμένοι· καὶ γὰρ αἱ πράξεις ὧν μιμήσεις οἱ μῦθοί εἰσιν ὑπάρχουσιν εὐθὺς οὖσαι τοιαῦται.

λέγω δὲ ἁπλῆν μὲν πρᾶξιν ἧς 15 γινομένης ὥσπερ ὥρισται συνεχοῦς καὶ μιᾶς ἄνευ περιπετείας ἢ ἀναγνωρισμοῦ ἡ μετάβασις γίνεται,

πεπλεγμένην δὲ ἐξ ἧς μετὰ ἀναγνωρισμοῦ ἢ περιπετείας ἢ ἀμφοῖν ἡ μετάβασίς ἐστιν.

ταῦτα δὲ δεῖ γίνεσθαι ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς συστάσεως τοῦ μύθου, ὥστε ἐκ τῶν προγεγενημένων συμβαίνειν 20 ἢ ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἢ κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς γίγνεσθαι ταῦτα· διαφέρει γὰρ πολὺ τὸ γίγνεσθαι τάδε διὰ τάδε ἢ μετὰ τάδε.

Poetics, Greek text (Ingram Bywater, 1909) (OCR draft) Experimental (Ingram Bywater's Greek text of Aristotle's Poetics, published in 1909.) — 10 focus

Εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν μύθων οἱ μὲν ἁπλοῖ οἱ δὲ πεπλεγμένοι·
καὶ γὰρ αἱ πράξεις ὧν μιμήσεις οἱ μῦθοί εἰσιν ὑπάρχουσιν
εὐθὺς οὖσαι τοιαῦται.

λέγω δὲ ἁπλῆν μὲν πρᾶξιν ἧς
γινομένης ὥσπερ ὥρισται συνεχοῦς καὶ μιᾶς ἄνευ περιπετείας
ἢ ἀναγνωρισμοῦ ἡ μετάβασις γίνεται,

πεπλεγμένη
δὲ †λέξις† μετὰ ἀναγνωρισμοῦ ἢ περιπετείας ἢ ἀμφοῖν ἡ
μετάβασίς ἐστιν.

ταῦτα δὲ δεῖ γίνεσθαι ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς συστάσεως
τοῦ μύθου, ὥστε ἐκ τῶν προγεγενημένων συμβαίνειν
ἢ ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἢ κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς γίγνεσθαι ταῦτα· διαφέρει
γὰρ πολὺ τὸ γίγνεσθαι τάδε διὰ τάδε ἢ μετὰ τάδε.

Poetics, Greek text (Franz Ritter, 1839) (OCR draft) Experimental (Franz Ritter's 1839 Greek edition, corrected against OCR of the represented copy and aligned to the conventional Perseus chapter-and-subchapter sequence.) — 10 focus

λέγω δὲ ἁπλῆν μὲν πρᾶξιν, ἧς γινομένης, ὥσπερ ὥρισται, συνεχοῦς καὶ μιᾶς ἄνευ περιπετείας ἢ ἀναγνωρισμοῦ ἡ μετάβασις γίνεται,

πεπλεγμένην δέ, ἐξ ἧς μετ’ ἀναγνωρισμοῦ ἢ περιπετείας ἢ ἀμφοῖν ἡ μετάβασίς ἐστιν.

ταῦτα δὲ δεῖ γίνεσθαι ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς συστάσεως τοῦ μύθου, ὥστε ἐκ τῶν προγεγενημένων συμβαίνειν ἢ ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἢ κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς γίνεσθαι ταῦτα· διαφέρει γὰρ πολὺ τὸ γινεσθαι τάδε διὰ τάδε ἢ μετὰ τάδε.

Translations (13)

Poetics (W. H. Fyfe) (OCR draft) Perseus (William Hamilton Fyfe's English translation of Aristotle's Poetics, Loeb Classical Library, 1939 printing.) — 10 focus

Some plots are simple and some complex, as indeed the actions represented by the plots are obviously such.

By a simple action I mean one that is single and continuous in the sense of our definition above,¹ wherein the change of fortune occurs without reversal or discovery;

by a complex action I mean one wherein the change coincides with a discovery or reversal or both.

These should result from the actual structure of the plot in such a way that what has already happened makes the result inevitable or probable; 20 for there is indeed a vast difference between what happens propter hoc and post hoc.

Arabic Poetics (Badawī edition, 1953) (OCR draft) (The ancient Arabic translation of Aristotle's Poetics in ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Badawī's 1953 edition.) — 10 focus

〈الفعل البسيط والفعل المركب〉

وقد توجد مركبة. وذلك أن الأعمال هى تشبيه ومحاكاة للأعمال بتوسط الخرافات؛ وأعنى بالعمل البسيط لذاك الذى عندما تكون هى كما حدث هى واحدة متصلة يكون الا〈نتقال〉 بلا التزوير أو الاستدلال؛ والمركبات تعد تلك التى يكون الانتقال فيها مع الاستدلال أو الإدارة أو مع كليهما.

ونقول إن هذه تكون من قوام الخرافة نفسها، حتى إنها من الأشياء التى تقدم كونها: وذلك إما من الضرورة، وإما على طريق الحقيقة؛ وبين أن تكون هذه من أجل هذه، وبين أن تكون بعد هذه — فرق كبير.

Poetics (S. H. Butcher, 1911) (OCR draft) Experimental (S. H. Butcher's English translation from Aristotle's Theory of Poetry and Fine Art, fourth edition, 1911.) — 10 focus

Plots are either Simple or Complex, for the actions
in real life, of which the plots are an imitation, obviously
show a similar distinction.

An action which is one and
continuous in the sense above defined, I call Simple, when
the change of fortune takes place without Reversal of
the Situation and without Recognition.

A Complex
action is one in which the change is accompanied by such
Reversal, or by Recognition, or by both.

These last should arise from the internal
structure of the plot, so that what follows should be the
necessary or probable result of the preceding action. It
makes all the difference whether any given event is a
case of propter hoc or post hoc.

Aristotle on the Art of Poetry (Ingram Bywater, 1909) (OCR draft) Experimental (Ingram Bywater's English translation of Aristotle's Poetics, published in 1909.) — 10 focus

Plots are either simple or complex, since the actions they
represent are naturally of this twofold description.

The
action, proceeding in the way defined, as one continuous
whole, I call simple, when the change in the hero's fortunes
takes place without Peripety or Discovery;

and complex,
when it involves one or the other, or both.

These should
each of them arise out of the structure of the Plot itself,
so as to be the consequence, necessary or probable, of the
antecedents. There is a great difference between a thing
happening propter hoc and post hoc.

Poetics (Thomas Twining, 1789) (OCR draft) Experimental (Thomas Twining's English translation of Aristotle's Poetics, published in 1789 and aligned to the Kassel reference passage sequence.) — 10.4 focus

And these should arise from the structure of the fable itself, so as to be the natural consequences, necessary or probable, of what has preceded in the action. For there is a wide difference between incidents that follow from, and incidents that follow only after, each other.

IX.

The Poetic of Aristotle (Henry James Pye, revised 1792) (OCR draft) Experimental (Henry James Pye's revised 1792 English translation, corrected against the 1788 first edition, aligned to the Kassel reference edition, and supplied with a selective apparatus of substantive 1788 readings.) — 10.4 focus

These should arise out of the fable itself and appear the necessary or probable consequence of what has happened before: for there is a wide difference between one event happening in consequence of another or only following it.¹²

Chapter 11

CHAP. ΧΙ. OF THE PERIPETIA, DISCOVERY, AND PATHOS.

Poetica Latine conversa (Franciscus Ritter, 1839) (OCR draft) Experimental (Franz Ritter's Latin translation, corrected against OCR of the represented copy and aligned to the conventional Perseus chapter-and-subchapter sequence.) — 10 focus

Sunt autem fabularum aliae simplices aliae implicatae: nam actiones quoque, quarum imitationes fabulae sunt, utique ita comparatae sunt.

dico autem simplicem actionem, cuius, dum, ut definitum, continua evenit et una, sine peripetia vel agnitione mutatio fit,

implicatam autem, ex qua cum agnitione vel peripetia vel utraque mutatio fit.

haec vero ex ipsa compositione fabulae evenire debent, ut ex anteactis sive necessario sive verisimiliter fieri videantur: differt enim multum, utrum haec fiant ob haec an post haec.

La poëtique d'Aristote (André Dacier, 1692) (OCR draft) Experimental (André Dacier's French translation of Aristotle's Poetics, published in 1692.) — 10.4 focus

Or l'une & l'autre doivent naître de la conſtitution même du ſujet, de telle maniere, que ce qui précede les produiſe, ou neceſſairement ou vray-ſemblablement, car il y a une tres grande difference entre des incidens qui naiſſent les uns des autres, & des incidens qui viennent ſimplement les uns aprés les autres.

CHAPITRE ONΖΙΕΜΕ.

De la péripetie & de la reconnoiſſance. Il y a pluſieurs ſortes de reconnoiſſances. Quelle eſt la plus parfaite, & les conditions qu'elle doit avoir. Elle eſt ou ſimple ou double. Ce que c'eſt dans la fable que la paſſion.

1.

Poetica d'Aristotile (Bernardo Segni, 1549) (OCR draft) Experimental (Bernardo Segni's 1549 Florentine Italian translation, aligned to the Kassel reference passage sequence.) — 10 focus

Ma delle Fauole, certe ne fono fcempie, & certe ne ſono intrecciate; ſicome anchora interuiene nelle Attioni, che da eſſe Fauole ſono imitate: le quali fi trouano dell'una, & dell'altra forte.

Io chiamo Attione ſcempia quella, che eſſendo vna fola, & fucceduta continuatamente (ſicome è ſtato determi nato) vi ſi fa dentro il tranſito ſenza la Peripetia, & fen za la recognitione.

Et chiamo intrecciata quella, doue ſi fa il tranſito ò con la Recognitione,ò có la Peripetia;

ò con l'unajò con l'altra:doue tai coſe debbono ſeguirui mediante la conſtitutione d'effa Fauola, di tal manie ra, che per le coſe ſeguite innanzi elle vi fuccedin' dappoi ò verifimilmente,ò neceflariamente. Perchè egli è vna gran differenza, che e'ſucceda vn' caſo, ò per via d'una tal coſa; ò doppo vnatal cofa.

De poetica (Antonio Riccobono, 1587) (OCR draft) Experimental (Antonio Riccobono's Latin translation, first published in 1587; text represented from Immanuel Bekker's 1831 edition.) — 10 focus

Ac fabularum aliae simplices sunt aliae implexae. etenim actiones quarum imitationes fabulae sunt, ne aliud quaeramus, sunt tales.

appello simplicem actionem, qua facta, ut definitum est, continua et una, transitus fit sine peripetia vel agnitione.

implexa est, ex qua cum agnitione aut peripetia aut ambabus transitus fit haec autem oportet fieri ex ipsa constitutione fabulae,

ut ex anteactis ant aut ex necessitate aut secundum verisimile haec fieri contingat. differt enim multum utrum haec propter haec an post haec fiant.

De arte poetica liber (William of Moerbeke, ca. 1277) (OCR draft) Experimental (William of Moerbeke's medieval Latin translation, represented by the 1953 Aristoteles Latinus edition.) — 10 focus

Sunt autem fabularum hee quidem simplices, hee autem complexe ; et enim actiones, quarum imitationes sunt fabule, existunt mox entes tales.

Dico autem simplicem quidem actionem qua existente, ut determinatum continua et una sine peripetia et anagnorismo transitio fit,

complexa autem locutio cum anagnorismo aut peripeteia aut ambobus transitio est.

Hec autem oportet fieri ex ipsa consistentia fabule, quare ex pregestis accidit aut ex necessitate aut secundum verisimile fieri hec ; differt enim multum fieri hec propter hec aut post hec. —

Arabic Poetics (Abū Bishr Mattā; Tkatsch edition) (OCR draft) Experimental (The Arabic translation attributed to Abū Bishr Mattā, edited by Jaroslaus Tkatsch in 1928 and aligned to the Kassel reference passage sequence.) — 10 focus

‏وقد يوجد مركبة وذلك ان الاعمال هى ٮسببها ومحاكاة للاعمال بتوسط الخرافات

‏اعنى بالعمل البسيط لذاك الذى عند ما يكون هى كما حدث هى واحدة متصلة يكون الانتقال بلا الٮرويرا والاستدلال

‏والمركبات تعد تلك التى يكون الانتقال فيها مع الاستدلال او الاراده او مع كليهما

‏ونقول ان هذه تكون من قوام الخرافة نفسها حتى انها من الاشيا التى تقدم كونها وذلك اما من الضرورة واما على طريق الحقيقة وبين ان يكون هذه من اجل هذه وبين ان تكون بعد هذه فرق كبير

Arabic Poetics (Abū Bishr Mattā; Tkatsch edition, unaligned) (OCR draft) Experimental (Tkatsch's edition of the medieval Arabic translation in its original, unaligned segmentation.) — 10 focus

‏وقد يوجد مركبة وذلك ان الاعمال هى ٮسببها ومحاكاة للاعمال بتوسط الخرافات

‏اعنى بالعمل البسيط لذاك الذى عند ما يكون هى كما حدث هى واحدة متصلة يكون الانتقال بلا الٮرويرا والاستدلال والمركبات تعد تلك التى يكون الانتقال فيها مع الاستدلال او الاراده او مع كليهما

Notes on the current edition

Poetics

1. Definition of revolution ;

Commentary

Commentary on the Poetics (Ingram Bywater, 1909) (OCR draft) (Ingram Bywater's English commentary on Aristotle's Poetics.) focus

1. mvp-aristotle-comment-381

1. mvp-aristotle-comment-382

1452a12 εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν μύθων κτέ. Chap. 10 is a sequel to 9. 1452 a 1-11 , and an application of its results. The real point is not in the formalistic distinction between the two kinds of μύθοι, with which it opens ( 12-18 ), but in the assertion that follows, viz. that even the complex story comes under the general canon of construction laid down in chap. 7 , and that the element of surprise (the ἀναγνώρισις and περιπέτεια) must be, like everything else in a play, part of the unity of the whole, the natural or necessary consequence of something before it ( ἐκ τῶν προγεγενημένων 19).

1. mvp-aristotle-comment-383

εὐθὺς: see on 5, 1449 a 36.

ὥσπερ ὥρισται

, i. e. in chaps. 7-8 .

Commentary on the Poetics (Thomas Twining, 1789) (OCR draft) (Thomas Twining's notes on Aristotle's Poetics, aligned to the Kassel reference edition.) focus

81. mvp-aristotle-comment-81

NOTE 81. P. 84.

10.1 FABLES-SIMPLE, AND COMPLICATED.

It is high time to discard the technical jargon of implex fables, used by Addison, and others, after the French writers .¹ If any authority were requisite for speaking English, I have that of Mr. Harris, who renders Aristotle's

ἁπλοι

, and

πεπλεγμενοι

, by simple, and complicated. Phil. Inq. p. 146.

Commentarius in Aristotelis Poeticam (Franciscus Ritter, 1839) (OCR draft) (Ritter's Latin commentary, extracted from the 1839 volume, divided by Ritter's chapters and sections, and linked to the corresponding Perseus reference subsections.) focus

1. mvp-aristotle-comment-75

Ritter, cap. 10 § 1

Fabulae aut simplices sunt aut implexae. implexarum propria est aut agnitio aut rerum in contrarium conversio aut utrumque. ante quam pergit declarare fabulae sive argumenti naturam, interim quot et quales species eius reperiantur definit.

Aristotle Poetics 10.4

Theodore Alois Buckley (Translator)