Eumenides. Aeschylus. Ettore Romagnoli (Translator). Bologna. 1922.
Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.
Funding provided by Schmidt Sciences.
Eumenides. Aeschylus. Ettore Romagnoli (Translator). Bologna. 1922.
Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.
Funding provided by Schmidt Sciences.
Eschilo, Le Eumenidi: traduzione italiana di Ettore Romagnoli (OCR draft) (Italian) (Eschilo, Le Eumenidi: traduzione italiana di Ettore Romagnoli. Ettore Romagnoli, 1922.)
Provisional text from uncorrected OCR; expect errors.
No corresponding passage available
725. σέβοντ' , pious. Euripides (Alk. 10) calls Admetos similarly ὅσιος ἀνήρ.
726. τύχοι . The common use is to employ the opt. in past general conditions, the subjunctive where the verb, as here (έστι understood with δίκαιον), is primary. But it is a special idiom to employ the optative in maxims and other statements of a universal character, where the verb is to apply to all time: or to put it otherwise where the idea of time is absent. Thus Soph. O. T. 315 ἄνδρα δ᾽ ὠφελεῖν ἀφ᾽ ὧν ἔχοι τε καὶ δύναιτο κάλλιστος πόνων, ib. 979 εἰκῆ κράτιστον ζῇν ὅπως δύναιτό τις. So Ant. 666, Trach. 93, Ai. 521, 1344. So Thuc. 1. 120 σωφρόνων ἐστιν εἰ μὴ ἀδικοῖντο ἡσυχάζειν.
727. διανομάς , ordinances: the MSS. have δαίμονas, but the Scholiast on Alkestis 12 quotes the line with διανομάς; and this certain emendation was thence made by Cobet. δαίμονας was suggested by θεάς in the next line.
729. σύ . τοι is scornfully repeated. οὐκ ἔχουσα τῆς δίκης τέλος, 'failing to win thy cause' is the general sense. τέλος literally means the decision, as in 1. 243; and having the decision' means winning it.
730. ἐμεῖ . is future.
731. καθιππάζει , characteristic vigorous figure, override, i. e. overbear.
733. ἀμφίβουλος οὖσα , ‘doubtful,' undecided .
734. λοισθίαν κρῖναι δίκην , to give the last judgment, i. e. vote; δίκη in a slight but natural strain of meaning.
738. εἰμὶ τοῦ πατρός , extended use of the gen. of possessor: I am for the father, on the father's side, which would ordinarily be πρὸς τοῦ πατρός. 6
742. πάλους , lots, only an imaginative word for the pebbles: so much turned on the decision.
746. ἀγχόνης τέρματ' , death by the noose, the most miserable death; the form of tragic suicide adopted by women when all is lost, e.g. Iokaste (O. T. 1264), Antigone (Ant. 1221), Phaidra (Hipp. 777). Helena however (Eur. Hel. 300) says: ''Tis best to die: but how to die nobly? Hanging in mid-air is unseemly-'tis held shameful even among slaves.' ἀγχόνη is consequently proverbial for the last and worst suffering : κρεῖσσον ἀγχόνης Ο. Τ. 1374, ἀγχόνης πέλας Heracl. 246, ταῦτα δῆτ᾽ οὐκ ἀγχόνη; Ach. 125. ἀγχόνης is gen. of description or equivalence, like the Homeric τέλος θανάτοιο.
747. γάρ . explains their cry 1.745: 'For 'tis ours to be lost, or yet more honoured.'
748. πεμπάζω , from πέμπε (old form of πέντε), means 'to count' on the five fingers.
749. διαιρέσει , the parting of the votes. This word shews that the voting was (as Schol. says) by black and white pebbles, which was the commonest method at Athens. In this system there were two κάδισκοι or urns, one called κύριος or the decisive one, the other ἄκυρος: each voter had a black and a white pebble; his vote was counted, according as the pebble he dropped into the κύριος was white or black, for acquittal or condemnation. The second or 'inoperative' urn was to get rid of the other pebble, that there might be no clue to the way he had voted. Another method was by an urn of acquittal, and an urn of condemnation: but this would require only counting, no διαίρεσις.
mvp-comment-522-1
τοιαῦτα δράσας καὶ Φέρητος ἐν δόμοις Μοίρας ἔπεισας ἀφθίτους θεῖναι βροτούς. σύ τοι παλαιὰς διανομὰς καταφθίσας οἴνῳ παρηπάτησας ἀρχαίας θεάς.: Scholion ad Eur. Alc. v. 12. ex codice Vaticano 909. a Cobetio editum
mvp-comment-525-1
οὔκουν:
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τὸν σέβοντ᾽:
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χὤτε:
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παλαιὰς διανομὰς καταφθίσας:
mvp-comment-529-1
οἴνῳ:
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NA: Ad priorem locum codex Florentinus hoc habet scholion, quod Aug. Matthiae primus edidit,
mvp-comment-531-1 NA: Personae notam, quam G. habet, omittit Ald.
mvp-comment-532-1
ἰὸν: Libri
mvp-comment-533-1
ἐχθροῖσιν:
mvp-comment-534-1
καθιππάζει:
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πρεσβύτιν:
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ἐπήκοος:
mvp-comment-537-1
ἀμφίβουλος:
mvp-comment-538-1
NA: De calculo Minervae dixi in Opusc. VI. 2. p. 189. seqq. [In Annalium Vindobonensium vol. CXI. p. 238. seqq. Hermannus contra Schoemannum ita disputavit. In der zwölften anmerkung s. 77. ff. bespricht herr Schoemann die schwierige frage über den calculus Minervae, und bestreitet weitläufig die von mir aufgestellte ansicht. Allgemein anerkannt ist, dass bei gleicher zahl der stimmen der beklagte für losgesprochen geachtet wird, und nur wie diese gleichheit der zahl zu denken sei wird gestritten. Die erste und einfachste art ist die, dass vorher bestimmt sei, wenn eben so viel stimmen für wie gegen den verbrecher sprechen, so solle er frei ausgehen. Die zweite besteht darin, dass Athene selbst ihre stimme mit abgebe, und, wenn dann gleichheit der stimmen erfolge, die lossprechung, für die sie mitgestimmt hat, eintrete. Die dritte ist die, dass, wo die stimmen der richter gleich sind, sie noch durch ihre zustimmung ein übergewicht für die lossprechung bewirke: was freilich im grunde nichts anderes als eine aufhebung des grundgedankens ist, indem nun nicht mehr gleichheit der stimmen, sondern die überzahl entscheidet. Keine dieser drei arten ist ohne zeugnisse. Herr Schömann betrachtet nun zuvörderst drei stellen des Euripides, was eigentlich gar nicht nöthig war. Ueber diese stellen hatte ich nur, weil Müller sie angeführt halle, gesprochen, und behauptet, dass Euripides schlechthin durch gleichheit der stimmen die lossprechung bewirken lasse, da nach einer alten tradition die zwölf göller, und unter ihnen auch Athene, jeder gott mit einer stimme, über den Orestes gerichtet hätten. Wenn ich s. 190. der recension von Müllers Eumeniden sagte, dass man das überhaupt in Athen so angesehen hätte, habe ich nur die sache, nicht den vom scholiasten des Aristides dafür angegebenen unstallhaften grund im auge gehabt. Es berührt mich daher gar nicht, was herr Schömann s. 80. geltend macht, dass Euripides in der taurischen Iphigenia v. 970. sage
mvp-comment-539-1
θυμῷ:
mvp-comment-540-1
οὐ:
mvp-comment-541-1
κτανούσης:
mvp-comment-542-1
ἐκβάλλεθ᾽:
mvp-comment-543-1
πάλους:
mvp-comment-544-1
ὅσοις:
mvp-comment-545-1
ἆρ᾽ ὁρᾷς:
mvp-comment-546-1
speaker: Hunc et sequentem versum libri continuant Furiis. Versum 738. Oresti tribuendum esse vidit Abreschius. Pervulgatum est
mvp-comment-547-1
ἔρρειν:
mvp-comment-548-1 speaker: Huic versui lineola praefixa est in M. Omittunt personae notam G. Ven. Flor. Ald. Rob. (sic Rob.) Turn. haec Furiis continuantes. Male Wellauerus versus 740. 741. Oresti, 742. 743. Furiis tribuit, nec melius Wieselerus omnes Oresti tribuendos putavit. Apollinis esse hos quattuor versus intellexerat Victorius.
mvp-comment-549-1
ψήφων:
mvp-comment-550-1
τὸ μὴ ἀδικεῖν:
mvp-comment-551-1
γίγνεται: Libri
mvp-comment-227-1 δίκαιον] Supply ἦν. 'Was it not right to do a favour to a worshipper, especially when he stood in need of aid at the time? The optative is used, as sup. 588, because the event is regarded from a subjective point of view - supposing he wanted it.
mvp-comment-228-1
σύ τοι κ.τ.λ.]
You know that you made away with the ancient awards (of the Fates) and deceived by wine those venerable deities. Some legend is alluded to, mentioned by the
Schol. on Alcest, 33
mvp-comment-229-1 σύ τοι] Cf. 725. This replies to the taunt in the preceding distich. You, no doubt, when you have failed in the suit, will at once spit your venom, but it shall not harm your enemies.' The Schol. understood by τὸν lòv their anger, τὴν ὀργὴν, but the material venom is meant by which blights and rust (inf. 898) were supposed to be caused in trees and plants. plants.
mvp-comment-230-1 καθιππάζει] Since you try to ride over me, I wait to hear the decision, as not having made up my mind (till the result is known) to be angry with the city.
mvp-comment-231-1 λοισθίαν] quod reliquum est. What only now remains in the suit is for me to give my decision. So βλαβέντα λοισθίων δρόμων, Ag. 119 , stopped from the rest of its course, or from running any more. The reason given is sophistical; I shall vote for Orestes because he preferred his father to his mother, and I myself am wholly my father's, as no mother bore me.' As yet, the goddess has only voted for Orestes. She does not yet know the result; it was left to the jury to decide on the guilt or the innocence. She only says, that in the event of their equal votes, her casting vote has been given in his favour.
mvp-comment-232-1 τευχέων] The plural conclusively shows that there were two urns, all the votes being of one kind, and deriving their effect from the vessel in which they were deposited. Hence τῷ δ' ἐναντίῳ κύτει, Αg. 789 . See Ar. Vesp. 987 . The Schol. says the number of the Areopagites was 31, but the number of couplets spoken while the voting was going on (681-703) indicate ten or twelve, as in Agam. 1319 seqq. -The next four verses are said, in tones of suspense and anxiety, while the votes are being reckoned.
mvp-comment-233-1
Schol.
mvp-comment-234-1
γνώμης]
Schol.
mvp-comment-277-1 ἐκβαλεῖς (ἐκβάλλεις Μ) τὴν ὀργὴν οὐδὲν δυναμένην (Paley für -νη) βλάψαι τοὺς ἐχθρούς.
mvp-comment-278-1 κατατρέχεις.
mvp-comment-279-1 ἀμφιβάλλουσα. τέως γὰρ ἐν ἀμφιβόλωι ἔχω τὸ ὀργίζεσθαι.
mvp-comment-280-1 ἐγὼ προσθήσω τὴν ἐσχάτην ψῆφον, ἦι ὅταν (Herm. f. ἢ ὅτι ἂν) ἴσαι γένωνται, νικᾶι ὁ κατηγορούμενος.
mvp-comment-281-1 Leginnenden Seite) ὁ ἀριθμὸς τῶν Ἀρεοπαγιτῶν ν' (Petit.; Μλ΄, nach Vitelli aus Corr. [??]) καὶ εἷς.
mvp-comment-282-1 νῦν μοι ζωὴ ἢ θανάτου τέλος.
mvp-comment-283-1 ἢ τὰς πρώην ἔχειν τιμάς.
mvp-comment-284-1 διακρίσει τῶν λευκῶν καὶ μελαινῶν.
mvp-comment-285-1 γνώμης: ἀντὶ τοῦ) ψήφου. ὁ τρόπος συνεκδοχή, ἀπὸ προηγουμένου τὸ ἀκόλουθον· τὸν γὰρ μέλλοντα βάλλειν ψῆφον δεῖ πρῶτον ἐν γνώμηι γενέσθαι.
mvp-comment-312-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 292
mvp-comment-312-2
viertes Epeisodion: Vor dem neu eingesetzten Gerichtshof, dem Athena als
ἡγεμών und
εἰσαγωγεύς vorsteht (583), bringen die Erinyen ihre Anklage vor, Apollon legt Zeugnis ab und tritt den Erinyen als Vertreter der Sache des Orestes, die zugleich seine eigene ist, entgegen. Darauf fällen die Areopagiten das Urteil. Athena tritt rechts auf. Ein Herold und ein Trompetenbläser schreiten voraus, Bürger von Athen folgen ihr.
κήρυσσε scil.
σίγα (
Eur. Phoen. 1224
mvp-comment-396-1 1
mvp-comment-396-2 Wecklein 1888, p. 302
mvp-comment-396-3
τὸν σέβοντα: Admetos war ehrerbietig gegen Apollon, als dieser ihm dienen
musste. Zeus hatte nämlich den Asklepios, den Sohn des Apollon, mit dem Blitze getötet (
Ag. 1007
). Im Zorn darüber erschlug Apollon die Kyklopen, die Verfertiger der Blitze, und mufste zur Strafe bei einem sterblichen Manne um Lohn dienen.
Eur. Alk. 3 ff.
mvp-comment-397-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 302
mvp-comment-397-2
διανομάς: zu 718.
οἴνῳ: vgl.
Eur. Alk. 32
mvp-comment-397-3 2
mvp-comment-398-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 302
mvp-comment-398-2 ἐμῇ (fut.) τὸν ἰν: 481.
mvp-comment-401-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 302
mvp-comment-401-2 ἐπεὶ κτἑ.: „Da du . ., SO will ich zunächst sehen, ob auch diese so denken." καθιππάζῃ wie 150. γενέσθαι μένω: zu 680.
mvp-comment-402-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 302
mvp-comment-402-2 ἀμφίβουλος θυμοῦσθαι (unentschlossen zu zürnen) wie βεβου λευμένη θυμοῦσθαι. Vgl. Hom. Θ 167 διάνδιχα μερμήριξεν, ἵππους τε στρέψαι καὶ ἐναντίβιον μαχέ σασθαι.
mvp-comment-403-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 302
mvp-comment-403-2 λοισθίαν δίκην κρῖναι, über den Ausgang des Gerichtes entscheiden; wenn durch die Stimmen der Richter die Entscheidung nicht gegeben wird, in letzter Instanz entschieden.
mvp-comment-404-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 302
mvp-comment-404-2
προσθήσομαι
(hinzufügen"), nämlich wenn die Stimmen der Richter gezählt sein werden, so
dafs, wenn die Stimmenzahl gleich ist, die Freisprechenden die
Majoritat erhalten (
Schol.
:
mvp-comment-404-3 3
mvp-comment-405-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 304
mvp-comment-405-2 Der Infin. τυχεῖν steht dem Akk. πάντα parallel, also als Akk. des Bezugs.
mvp-comment-406-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 304
mvp-comment-406-2 κάρτα . . πατρός: was man als Lob ausspricht, τοῦ πατρὸς εἶναι, gilt von mir recht eigentlich. Eur. El. 933 κακείνους στυγῶ τοὺς παῖδας, ὅστις τοῦ μὲν ἄρσενος πατρὸς οὐκ ὠνόμασται, τῆς δὲ μητρὸς ἐν πόλει, Soph. El. 365 νῦν δ᾽ ἐξὸν πατρὸς πάντων ἀρίστου παῖδα κεκλῆσθαι, καλοῦ τῆς μητρός, frg. 148 οὔτοι χρὴ μητρός (so Nauck für γαστρὸς) καλεῖσθαι παῖδα, τοῦ πατρὸς παρόν.
mvp-comment-407-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 304
mvp-comment-407-2 οὕτω, dem entsprechend.
mvp-comment-407-3 4
mvp-comment-408-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 304
mvp-comment-408-2 νικᾷ: das Präsens bringt den Satz in Beziehung zu 738, als wenn es hiefse: ψῆφον . . προσθήσομαι, ὥστε νικᾶν Ὀρέστην κτἑ. ἐπέZwei
mvp-comment-409-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 304
mvp-comment-409-2 τευχέων: zu 678. σταλται τέλος wie Ag. 899 . Richter treten zu den Urnen, um die Stimmen auszuschütten und der Reihe nach so hinzulegen, dafs die Zahl sofort ersichtlich ist.
mvp-comment-410-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 304
mvp-comment-410-2
αγχόνης ist gen. defin. zu
τέρματα, Schol.
θανάτου τέλος. Zu
ἀγχόνης vgl. Soph. Oed. T. 1374
οἷν ἐμοὶ δυοῖν ἔργ᾽ ἐστὶ κρείσσον ἀγχόνης εἰργασμένα,
Eur. Bakch. 246
mvp-comment-411-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 304
mvp-comment-411-2 γαρ: allerdings; denn für uns entsprechend Dahinsein (Entehrung) u. s. w. νέμειν scil. βροτούς, wenn es nicht, wie Paley vermutet, ursprünglich ἔχειν geheifsen hat.
mvp-comment-412-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 304
mvp-comment-412-2 ἐν διαιρέσει: die Sonderung ist hier das Auseinanderhalten der Stimmsteine der beiden Gefälse. Anders der Schol. διακρίσει τῶν λευκῶν καὶ μελαινῶν. Diese Art der Abstimmung wurde so gehandhabt, dafs jeder Richter einen schwarzen und einen weifsen Stein erhielt und in die gültige Urne ( κύριος καδίσκος), je nachdem er freisprechen oder verurteilen wollte, den weifsen oder schwarzen Stein, in die ungültige Urne ( ἄκυρος κ.) den anderen warf. Aber vgl. zu Ag. 806 und 807 f.
mvp-comment-412-3 5
mvp-comment-413-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 304
mvp-comment-413-2 Das Fehlen einer Stimme wird (unter Umständen) zu grofsem Leid und das Vorhandensein einer einer einzigen Stimme hat (oft) ein Haus aufgerichtet," also s. v. a. „von einer einzigen Stimme hängt oft Wohl oder Wehe einer Familie ab". Vgl. Soph. El. 415 πολλά τοι σμικροί λόγοι ἔσφηλαν ἤδη καὶ κατ ώρθωσαν βροτούς.
σέβοντ' , pious. Euripides (Alk. 10) calls Admetos similarly ὅσιος ἀνήρ.
τύχοι
. The common use is to employ the opt. in past general conditions, the subjunctive where the verb, as here (έστι understood with δίκαιον), is primary. But it is a special idiom to employ the optative in maxims and other statements of a universal character, where the verb is to apply to all time: or to put it otherwise where the idea of time is absent. Thus
Soph. O. T. 315
διανομάς , ordinances: the MSS. have δαίμονas, but the Scholiast on Alkestis 12 quotes the line with διανομάς; and this certain emendation was thence made by Cobet. δαίμονας was suggested by θεάς in the next line.
σύ . τοι is scornfully repeated. οὐκ ἔχουσα τῆς δίκης τέλος, failing to win thy cause is the general sense. τέλος literally means the decision, as in l. 243 ; and having the decision' means winning it.
ἐμεῖ . is future.
καθιππάζει , characteristic vigorous figure, override, i. e. overbear.
ἀμφίβουλος οὖσα , doubtful, undecided.
λοισθίαν κρῖναι δίκην , to give the last judgment, i. e. vote; δίκη in a slight but natural strain of meaning.
mvp-sidgwick-345-1-1 [Here Athena holds up a white pebble.]
εἰμὶ τοῦ πατρός , extended use of the gen. of possessor: I am for the father, on the father's side, which would ordinarily be πρὸς τοῦ πατρός. 6
mvp-sidgwick-347-1-1 Thus Orestes wins, even if the votes,' etc. The regular rule of the Athenian dicasteries: it is part of the poet's purpose to represent the court and all its customs as of ancient and divine institution.
mvp-sidgwick-347-2-1 [The question has been much discussed whether Athena's vote is counted among the ballots, or is the casting vote; some even maintaining that she does not vote at all.
mvp-sidgwick-347-3-1 At first sight it would appear that Athena votes ( l. 735 ), that the votes are counted ( l. 742 ), and that with Athena's the votes are equal.
mvp-sidgwick-347-4-1 But this would make the court an odd number: the majority in the judges against Orestes; and Athena interfering to turn a majority into a minority:-all of which are very unlikely, and spoil the impressive symbolism of the vote of the goddess. This, as Müller (Eum. Append.) has pointed out, is as follows: The human justice is divided about the cause: the guilt of Orestes, the guilt of Klyt. balance: it is the goddess who gives the casting vote. Thus the rule that equal votes acquit is finely and imaginatively explained: when the earthly ψῆφοι are equal there is an unseen and divine vote for mercy.
mvp-sidgwick-347-5-1 This could easily and simply be brought out in the action: the other judges get up and drop their pebbles in, Athena holds hers in her hand until the counting.]
πάλους , lots, only an imaginative word for the pebbles: so much turned on the decision.
mvp-sidgwick-349-1-1 [Here two judges rise and turn out the votes.]
mvp-sidgwick-350-1-1 The cries of suspense on either side are significantly addressed to Apollo, God of Light (φοῖβος), and Night, mother of the Furies.
ἀγχόνης τέρματ'
,
death by the noose, the most miserable death; the form of tragic suicide adopted by women when all is lost, e.g. Iokaste (
O. T. 1264
), Antigone (
Ant. 1221
), Phaidra (
Hipp. 777
). Helena however (
Eur. Hel. 300
) says: ''Tis best to die: but how to die nobly? Hanging in mid-air is unseemly-
tis held shameful even among slaves. ἀγχόνη is consequently proverbial for the last and worst suffering :
γάρ . explains their cry l. 745 : For 'tis ours to be lost, or yet more honoured.
πεμπάζω , from πέμπε (old form of πέντε), means to count on the five fingers.
διαιρέσει , the parting of the votes. This word shews that the voting was (as Schol. says) by black and white pebbles, which was the commonest method at Athens. In this system there were two κάδισκοι or urns, one called κύριος or the decisive one, the other ἄκυρος: each voter had a black and a white pebble; his vote was counted, according as the pebble he dropped into the κύριος was white or black, for acquittal or condemnation. The second or inoperative urn was to get rid of the other pebble, that there might be no clue to the way he had voted. Another method was by an urn of acquittal, and an urn of condemnation: but this would require only counting, no διαίρεσις.
mvp-sidgwick-355-1-1 If a vote fail, great sorrow comes: the cast of one pebble saves the house; a picturesque and rather loaded way of saying one vote either way makes the difference between ruin and salvation. The picturesque word βαλοῦσα, as though the saving pebble touched or struck the house is quite in Aeschylus' vein of sudden and bold metaphor. ὤρθωσεν, gnomic aor. [Others following Schol. take the last line 'overthrows and uplifts the house, but the expression is very harsh for this].