Aeschylus Eumenides 566

Herbert Weir Smyth (Translator)

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Eumenides. Aeschylus. Herbert Weir Smyth (Translator). New York. 1926.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The Annenberg CPB/Project.

Current edition Perseus

Εὐμενίδες (Greek) (Aeschylus, Volume 2. Smyth, Herbert Weir, editor. London; New York: William Heinemann; G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1926.)

Editions (11)
Εὐμενίδες First1KGreek (Aeschyli Tragoediae. Sidgwick, Arthur, editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902.) — 566-777 focus
Εὐμενίδες (1518 edition; OCR draft) Experimental (Aeschylus, Eumenides, 1518 edition. VLM-assisted OCR with native lineation and automated correspondence to the Smyth edition.) — 566 focus
Εὐμενίδες (OCR draft) Experimental (Εὐμενίδες. Guilielmus Dindorfius, 1882.) — 566 focus
Εὐμενίδες (OCR draft) Experimental (Εὐμενίδες. Gottfried Hermann, 1852.) — 566 focus
ΕΥΜΕΝΙΔΕΣ (OCR draft) Experimental (ΕΥΜΕΝΙΔΕΣ. Paul Mazon, 1920-1925.) — 566 focus
Εὐμενίδες (OCR draft) Experimental (Εὐμενίδες. Arthur Sidgwick, 1887.) — 566 focus
Εὐμενίδες (OCR draft) Experimental (Εὐμενίδες. N. Wecklein, 1885.) — 566 focus
κήρυσσε, κῆρυξ, καὶ στρατὸν κατειργαθοῦ,
εἶτ᾽ οὖν διάτορος Τυρσηνικὴ
570
σάλπιγξ, βροτείου πνεύματος πληρουμένη,
ὑπέρτονον γήρυμα φαινέτω στρατῷ.
πληρουμένου γὰρ τοῦδε βουλευτηρίου
σιγᾶν ἀρήγει καὶ μαθεῖν θεσμοὺς ἐμοὺς
πόλιν τε πᾶσαν εἰς τὸν αἰανῆ χρόνον
575
καὶ τόνδ᾽, ὅπως ἂν εὖ καταγνωσθῇ δίκη.
Εὐμενίδες (OCR draft) Experimental (Εὐμενίδες. Martin L. West, 1990.) — 566 focus
Aeschyli Eumenides (OCR draft) Experimental (Aeschyli Eumenides. Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, 1914.) — 566 focus
Εὐμενίδες (OCR draft) Experimental (Greek text of Aeschylus' Eumenides, edited by F. A. Paley, 1885.) — 566 focus
κήρυσσε, κῆρυξ, καὶ στρατὸν κατειργάθου·
εἶθ᾿ ἡ διάτορος † οὐρανοῦ Τυρσηνικὴ
σάλπιγξ, βροτείου πνεύματος πληρουμένη,
ὑπέρτονον γήρυμα φαινέτω στρατῷ·
πληρουμένου γὰρ τοῦδε βουλευτηρίου
540
σιγᾶν ἀρήγει, καὶ μαθεῖν θεσμοὺς ἐμοὺς
πόλιν τε πᾶσαν εἰς τὸν αἰανῆ χρόνον
καὶ τόνδ᾽, ὅπως ἂν εὖ καταγνωσθῇ δίκη.
Εὐμενίδες (OCR draft) Experimental (Greek text of Aeschylus' Eumenides, edited by Friedrich Blass, 1907.) — 566 focus
κήρυσσε, κῆρυξ, καὶ στρατὸν κατειργάθου
-ῦ, ἡ τ᾽ οὖν διάτορος Τυρσηνική
σάλπιγξ βροτείου πνεύματος πληρουμένη
ὑπέρτονον γήρυμα φαινέτω στρατῶι.
πληρουμένου γὰρ τοῦδε βουλευτηρίου
570
σιγᾶν ἀρήγει καὶ μαθεῖν θεσμοὺς ἐμοὺς
πόλιν τε πᾶσαν ἐς τὸν αἰανῆ χρόνον
καὶ τῶνδ᾽ ὅπως ἂν εὖ καταγνωσθῆι δίκη.
Translations (11)
Eumenides Perseus (Aeschylus, Volume 2. Smyth, Herbert Weir, translator. London; New York: William Heinemann; G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1926. (Modernized by Perseus.)) — 566 focus
The Eumenides (OCR draft) Experimental (The Eumenides. Theodore Alois Buckley, 1849.) — 566 focus
Proclaim, herald 1 , and keep back the people: and let the piercing Tuscan trumpet, filled with mortal breath, pour forth its thrilling voice to the multitude. For this assembly being filled, it is fitting to be silent, and that even all the city for ever learn my laws, and this man, that the cause may be duly determined 2 .
LES EUMÉNIDES (OCR draft) Experimental (LES EUMÉNIDES. Paul Mazon, 1920-1925.) — 566 focus
en voyant l'insolent, qui ne prévoyait pas cette heure, en proie à des maux sans remède et impuissant à surmonter le flot. Son long bonheur d'antan, il l'a précipité contre l'écueil de la Justice 1 , et, sans que nul
le pleure, le voilà mort, anéanti.
The Furies (OCR draft) Experimental (The Furies. Robert Potter, 1779.) — 566 focus
Now, herald, let thy voice to all my people
620
Proclaim attention: ſound the Tuſcan trumpet, u
That its ear-piercing notes may fill the city,
Commanding ſilence, and impreſſing awe
Due to this great aſſembly; that the ſtate
May learn my everlaſting laws, and hear
625
The righteous judgment that decides this cauſe.
Eschilo, Le Eumenidi: traduzione italiana di Ettore Romagnoli (OCR draft) Experimental (Eschilo, Le Eumenidi: traduzione italiana di Ettore Romagnoli. Ettore Romagnoli, 1922.) — 566 focus
Chi, non costretto, la giustizia pratica,
585
mai non vivrà d'ogni fortuna privo,
mai non cadrà nell'ultima rovina.
Ma chi veleggia con opposti sensi,
molte recando, e mal raccolte prede,
dovrà col tempo, a forza,
590
raccogliere le vele,
allor che la procella
piomberà sopra la spezzata antenna.
Aeschylus, Eumenides: versio Latina Ioannis Sanravii (OCR draft) Experimental (Aeschylus, Eumenides: versio Latina Ioannis Sanravii. Ioannes Sanravius, 1555.) — 566 focus
Clamita præco, & exercitum conuoca.
Siue igitur penetrans Tyrrhenica
Tuba mortalis ſpiritus plena,
Altus clamor appareat exercitui,
Impleto hoc conciliabulo
535
Tacere iube, & intelligere mea iura,
omnem urbem in tempus.
Et horum commodo bene cognoscetur iuſticia.
Aeschylus, Die Eumeniden: German translation (OCR draft) Experimental (Aeschylus, Die Eumeniden: German translation. Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, 1919–1923.) — 566 focus
Jetzt gieb das Zeichen, Herold, weise jedermann
an seinen Platz, und der Drommete Tuskererz,
beseelt von Menschenodem, schmettre das Signal
allübertönend, Ruh' gebietend allem Volk.
570 So sollen auch in Zukunft meine Richter, soll
mein ganzes Volk, wenn dies Gericht zusammentritt,
schweigen und horchen, daſs in ungestörtem Gang
zu sich'rer Urteilsfindung die Verhandlung führt.
Apollon erscheint auf dem Platze des Verklagten neben Orestes.
Apollon, wo du Herr bist, schalte, wie du willst,
575 doch hier, sag' an, was geht dich dieser Handel an?
Eumenides (OCR draft) Experimental (Eumenides. Anna Swanwick, 1886.) — 566 focus
English (E. D. A. Morshead, 1889, second edition) (OCR draft) Experimental (Aeschylus, The Furies — Morshead translation. Wikisource transcription; speech corresp and card milestones aligned to Smyth perseus-grc2.) — 566 focus
O herald, make proclaim, bid all men come.
655
Then let the shrill blast of the Tyrrhene trump,
Fulfilled with mortal breath, thro' the wide air
Peal a loud summons, bidding all men heed.
For, till my judges fill this judgment-seat,
Silence behoves,—that this whole city learn,
660
What for all time mine ordinance commands,
And this man, that his cause be judged aright.
[ Apollo approaches.
German (J. J. C. Donner, 1854; OCR review) (OCR draft) Experimental (Aeschylos. Deutsch in den Versmaßen der Urschrift. Stuttgart: Hoffmann, 1854. Native Donner line citations, Smyth card correspondence, selected textual readings and metrical facsimiles. Remaining OCR differences and unattributed reading notes are documented in the linked review inventory.) — 566 focus
Verkünde, Herold, schaffe Ruh' im Volk umher!
Hellauf zum Himmel schmettre nun tyrrhenische
Drommete, tiefgeschöpfter Menschenhauche voll,
Und brause mächt'gen Schalles an der Männer Ohr!
Denn weil in vollen Reihen hier der Rath erschien,
540
So ziemt zu schweigen, daß die ganze Stadt und ihr
Vernehmet, was ich festgestellt für alle Zeit,
Damit der Handel tadellos geschlichtet wird.
(Heroldsruf und Trompetenstoß. Apollon erscheint und tritt an die Seite des Orestes.)
English (Smyth; revised Bannon and Nagy, CHS) (OCR draft) Experimental (CHS Primary Sources revision of Herbert Weir Smyth’s translation by Cynthia Bannon and Gregory Nagy, with transliterated Greek terms tagged and aligned to the Smyth edition.)

No corresponding passage available

Commentary

Commentary on Aeschylus: Eumenides (Aeschylus. Eumenides. Sidgwick, Arthur, editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1887.)

571. ἀρήγει , it helps, i. e. 'tis good.

574. ὧν ἔχεις αὐτὸς κράτει , rule thou thine own domain, like the proverbial τὴν σαυτοῦ πάτει, i. e. mind your own business.

579. σύνδικος is an advocate. Apollo says he will be Orestes' advocate, as he is responsible for the murder.

581. κυροῦν , usually to confirm, here in the rather unusual sense of to settle, as below again 1. 639.

591. γε μέντοι , as usual, adversative, however.

593. πρὸς τοῦ , ‘by whom,' common variation in poetry for ὑπό. So we find ἐκ, ἀπό, παρά, with gen. of agent. See 100.

599. πέπεισθι , exceptional reduplicated aorist imperative with intransitive meaning: trust now in the dead. The form somewhat resembles the Epic κέκλυθι, τέτλαθι, and κέκραχθι (Ach. 335); but has the heavier stem-form.

Critical apparatus to Eumenides (OCR draft) (Latin and Greek critical apparatus to Gottfried Hermann's 1852 edition of Eumenides.) focus

mvp-comment-395-1 κήρυξ:

κῆρυξ
Rob.

mvp-comment-396-1 κατειργάθου:

κατειργάθου
Porsonus. Libri
κατεργάθου
. Dindorfius ex Elmsleii praecepto
κατειργαθοῦ
. V. ad v. 430.

mvp-comment-397-1 εἴτ᾽ οὖν διάτορος ... Τυρσηνικὴ:

εἶτ᾽ οὖν διάτορος τυρσηνικὴ
Μ.
ἥτ᾽ οὖν διάτορος τυρσηνικὴ
G.
ήτ᾽ ἣν
Vict.)
οὖν διάτορος τυρσηνικὴ
Ald. Turn. Vict.
εἶτ' οὖν διάτορος ἡ τυρσηνικὴ
Rob.
εἶτ᾽ οὐ διάκτορος τυρσηνικὴ
Par.
εἶτ᾽ οὖν διάκτορος τυρσηνικὴ
, spatio post
διάκτορος
relicto, Ven.
ήτ' οὖν διάκτορος τυρσηνική
, spatio post
διάκτορος
relicto, et adscriptis in margine
λείπει
et
πέλει
, Flor.
εἶτ᾽ οὖν διάκτορος πέλει τυρσηνικὴ
Farn. Scribendum erat
εἶτ᾽ οὖν
, ut in Opusc. VI. 2. p. 85. dixi. Quod ibi conieci Aeschylum scripsisse,
εἶτ᾽ οὖν διάκτωρ διάτορος Τυρσηνική
, certe non indignum est poeta, quamquam hoc vocabulum
διάκτωρ
idonea auctoritate caret. Omnium autem minime ferri potest probata a Müllero neque prorsus improbata a Schoemanno coniectura Butleri,
r οὐρανοῦ διάτορος ἡ Τυρσηνικὴ σάλπιγξ
. Eo modo scholiastes loqui poterat, non poterat poeta. Codicum Ven. Flor. Farn. scripturae aut inventam esse docent lacunam post
διάτορος
, aut grammatici opinionem fuisse ibi aliquid excidisse. Certo additamento hic versus non potest suppleri. Franzio placuit quod Emperius excogitaverat,
διάτορος αἰθέρος
.

mvp-comment-398-1 πληρουμένου:

πληρουμένον
error Aldinae est, ut mox v. 569.
ξυνδικήσεσων
, 577.
κατόκτονας
, 580.
κομπάζεις
, 582.
δούρην
, 584.
μαρτυρεῖ δέσμοι
, quorum nihil est in G.

mvp-comment-399-1 ἐμοὺς: Ennius Eumenidibus apud Nonium in v. opino p. 475.

tacere opino esse optumum, ut pro viribus sapere atque fabulari tute noverint
.
ἀρήγοι
ex Flor. Linwoodius affert. In fine versus G. cum reliquis
ἐμοὺς
, sed ad ultimam syllabam os supra scripto.

mvp-comment-400-1 ἐκ τῶνδ᾽ ὅπως ἂν εὖ καταγνωσθῇ δίκη:

καὶ τόνδ' ὅπως
Μ. (sic M. teste Franzio Par.
καὶ τὸν ὅπως
G. Ald.
καὶ τῶνδ᾽ ὅπως
Ven. Flor. Rob. Turn. In fine versus
δίκη
Ven. Flor. Ald. Rob. Turn.
δίκης
Μ.
δίκη
G. Olim scripsi
καὶ τόνδ'
, ὅπως, ut intelligeretur Orestes. Atque ita, aut
καὶ τούςδ'
, scribendum putabam etiam in Opusc. VI. 2. p. 86. seq. Nunc probabilius mihi visum est scripsisse Aeschylum
ἐκ τῶνδ᾽ ὅπως
etc. Ad
τῶνδε
pertinet adnotatio scholiastae
τῶν Αρειοπαγιτῶν
. Videtur autem post v. 560. versus excidisse: quare lacunae signa posui. Puto enim huiusmodi fuisse Aeschyli orationem,
πληρουμένου γὰρ τοῦδε βουλευτηρίου σιγᾶν ἀρήγει καὶ μαθεῖν θεσμοὺς ἐμοὺς * καὶ τὸν διώκοντ' ἠδὲ τὸν φεύγονθ᾽ ὁμῶς, πόλιν τε πᾶσαν, εἰς τὸν αἰανῆ χρόνον ἐκ τῶνδ᾽ ὅπως ἂν εὖ καταγνωσθῇ δίκη.

mvp-comment-401-1 μέτεστι πράγματος:

πράγματος μέτεστι
Flor.

mvp-comment-402-1 ἔστι γὰρ νόμῳ ἱκέτης ὅδ᾽ ἀνὴρ καὶ δόμων ἐφέστιος ἐμῶν: Hoc versu incipit codex Augustanus. Libri

ἐστι γὰρ δόμων
. Olim
θρόνων
scripsi, quod Schutzius recepit. Eandem coniecturam protulit Elmsleius ad Med. v. 155. Possit videri alterum
δόμων
, quod in sequente versu est, commutandum esse cum
θρόνων
vel
μυχῶν
, et coniecit
μυχῶν
scribendum esse H. L. Ahrens. Sed multo praestat scribere
ἔστι γὰρ νόμῳ ἱκέτης ὅδ᾽ ἂνὴς καὶ δόμων ἐφέστιος ἐμῶν
. Viderunt hoc Erfurdtius et Burgesius. Sophocles Oed. Col. v. 548.
νόμῳ δὲ καθαρὸς ἄνδρες ἐς τόδ᾽ ἦλθον
. V. Opusc. VI. 2. p. 87. seq.

mvp-comment-403-1 ἀνὴρ:

άνηρ
ex Farn. affertur. Ceteri
ἀνὴρ
. Correxit Porsonus.

mvp-comment-404-1 ἐφέστιος:

ἐφέστιος
Aug. G. Ald. Rob. Turn.
ἐφέστιως
Μ.
ἐφεστίων
Ven. Flor. Farn.

mvp-comment-405-1 ξυνδικήσων:

συνδικήσων
Aug.

mvp-comment-406-1 αἰτίαν δ᾽ ἔχω:

αἰτίαν ἔχω
Turn.

mvp-comment-407-1 τοῦ φόνου:

του φόνου
Turn.
τοῦδε φόνου
M. G. Par. Aug. Ven. Flor. Farn. Ald. Rob.

mvp-comment-408-1 ὅπως τ᾽ ἐπίστᾳ:

ὅπως ἐπίσται
Μ. Ceteri
ὅπως ἐπίστα
. Porsonus
ὅπως ἐπίστα
. Scribendum erat
ὅπως τ᾽ ἐπίστᾳ
, et comma delendum, quod post haec verba positum erat. Prom. v. 376.
σεαυτὸν σῶς᾽ ὅπως ἐπίστασαι
.

mvp-comment-409-1 κύρωσον:

κύρωσον
M. G. Aug. Ven. Farn. Ald. Rob.
κύρω σων
Flor.
κυρώσων
Turn.

mvp-comment-410-1 NA: Hi versus desunt in Ven. Flor. Farn.

mvp-comment-411-1 ἐξ ἀρχῆς:

ἐξαρχῆς
Μ.

mvp-comment-412-1 πολλαὶ μέν ἐσμεν, λέξομεν δὲ συντόμως: Scholiastes

τοῦτο οὐ πρὸς τῆς τρεῖς, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸν χορόν· ιέ γὰρ ἦσαν
. V. Opusc. II. p. 132. VI. 2. p. 127. seqq. Eumenidum nomen hic et deinceps praefixum in G. Ald. Turn. xo. in Rob. In Μ. v. 575. 587. 591. 595.
εὐμ.
, v. 577. 582. 588. 592. 596.
όρ.
praefixum, reliquis locis personae mutatio lineola indicata est.
λέξομεν δὲ ξυντόμως
Rob.
λέξομεν μὲν συντόμως
G. Ald.

mvp-comment-413-1 ἐν μέρει τιθείς:

ἔπος ὀρθὸν τιθεὶς
, sed adscripto in margine
ἐν μέρει
, Par.

mvp-comment-414-1 κατέκτονας:

κατέκτανες
Elmsleius ad Med. v. 774.
κατέκτεινας
Rob. Ceteri
κατέκτονας
.

mvp-comment-415-1 παλαισμάτων:

παλαιμάτων
Rob. Scholiastes
ἐμπέπτωκας. ἡ μεταφορὰ δέ ἐστιν ἀπὸ τῶν παλαιόντων, οἳ ἐπὶ τοῖς τρισὶ πτώμασιν ὁρίζουσι τὴν ἧτταν
. V. Victorii Var. lect. XXI. 2. Salmasii Exerc. Plin. p. 206. Spanh. ad Iul. p. 262. Wyttenb. ad Iul. p. 214. ed. Lips. Lobeckium Aglaoph. p. 353. seq.

mvp-comment-416-1 λέγω:

λέγω
M. Par. Aug. Rob.
λέξω
G. Ald. Turn.

mvp-comment-417-1 δέρην:

δούρην
Ald.
δείρην
Turn.

mvp-comment-418-1 πρὸς τοῦ δ᾽:

πρὸς τοῦ δ᾽
Μ. G. Rob.
τοῦ δ'
Αld.
τοῦδ'
Turn. Non mutandum putavi
πρὸς τοῦ δ᾽ ἐπείσθης
, etsi nemini non veniet in mentem
πρὸς τοῦ δὲ πεισθείς
.

mvp-comment-419-1 βουλεύμασιν:

βουλεύμασιν
M. G. Par. Aug. Ald. Rob.
βουλεύμασι
Turn.

mvp-comment-420-1 ἀεὶ:

ἀεὶ
Μ. G. Aug. Ald. Rob.
αἰεὶ
Turn. Dubitari potest an scripserit Aeschylus
ναί. δεῦρό γ' ἀεὶ τὴν τύχην οὐ μέμφομαι
.

mvp-comment-421-1 ἀλλ᾽:

ἄλλο
Turn.
ἀλλ'
sine accentu Aug. G. Ald. Rob.
ἀλλὰ εἰς τάχα
Par.

mvp-comment-422-1 καμοίγ᾽ ἀρωγοὺς ἐκ τάφου πέμψει πατήρ: Libri

πέποιθ', ἀρωγὰς δ᾽ ἐκ τάφου πέμπει πατήρ
. Scaliger
nua
, quod Abreschius et Schützius scholiastam viderunt habuisse. Eius haec est adnotatio,
ὡς ὑμῖν
(scribendum
ὡς ὑμᾶς ἔπεμψεν ἡ μήτηρ
, οὕτω
βοηθοὺς καμοὶ πέμψει ὁ πατήρ
. Legit igitur scholiastes, et recte,
καμοίγ᾽ ἀρωγοὺς ἐκ τάφου πέμψει πατήρ
.

mvp-comment-423-1 πέπεισθι:

νῦν πέπεισθι
M. Aug. Ald. Rob.
νῦν πεπείσθι
G.
νῦν .....o
Par.
πέποιθε
Turn. quae nihil est nisi coniectura Turnebi, offendentis ad antiquam et veram scripturam. Est enim
πέπεισθι
imperativus ea lege formatus, qua
ἴσθι, κέκλυθι, κέκραχθι, άνωχθι, τέθναθι
.

mvp-comment-424-1 μιασμάτοιν:

μιασμάτοιν
Elmsleius ad Med. v. 798. Libri
μιασμάτων
. V. ad Ag. v. 1344.

mvp-comment-425-1 ἀνδροκτονοῦσα πατέρ᾽ ἐμὸν κατέκτανεν: Stephanus putabat frigidum et ineptum esse

κατέκτανεν
, quod deberi librario oculis ad v. 595. aberranti. Quare scribi volebat
καμὲ κτάνεν
. Eadem Arnaldi coniectura est, rectius
κἄμ' ἔκτακεν
scribentis, p. 258. Nihil mutandum est. Ad illud,
μητέρα κτανών
, respondet
δυοῖν γὰρ εἶχε προςβολὰς μιασμάτοιν
, rationem reddens cur occiderit. Non solum enim maritum interfecit, quae non erat Oresti iusta occidendi caussa, sed etiam patrem: ob id demum a filio eam puniri aequum erat. Intellexit hoc Pauwius.

mvp-comment-426-1 τί γάρ; σὺ μὲν ζῇς, ἣ δ᾽ ἐλευθέρα φόνῳ:

τοὶ γὰρ
M. Aug. Rob.
τὸ γὰρ
G. Ald.
τὸ γὰρ
Turn. Deinde
ζῇς
G. Denique libri
φόνου
. Necessaria est Schützii emendatio,
φόνῳ
. Inepte Wellauerus citat Valcken. ad Hippol. v. 1450. Scripsi
τί γάρ ; σὺ μὲν ζῇς, ἣ δ᾽ ἐλευθέρα φόνῳ.
Quid id ad rem? tu vivis, illa autem libera a persecutione nostra, quia occisa est.

Commentary on the Eumenides (OCR draft) (Brief English notes on Aeschylus' Eumenides by F. A. Paley, 1885.) focus

mvp-comment-180-1 The goddess returns, accompanied by twelve venerable citizens. The loud tones of a trumpet are heard, proclaiming silence and attention to her words, and to the rules that are to be followed in her court for all time, by which expression the poet deprecates any present interference with a divinely-established institution. αἰεί.

mvp-comment-181-1 αἰανῆ] See on v. 394. Schol.

διηνεκή, παρὰ τὸ

mvp-comment-182-1 καὶ τόνδε] And the defendant too, that the cause may be rightly decided. There is difficulty in the verse, since the Schol. read τῶνδ', which he explains τῶν ᾿Αρεοπαγιτῶν, and καταγνῶναι δίκην, for δικάζειν, is unusual without a genitive of the person condemned, καταγνῶναι θάνατόν τινος, &c. Generally, οὗτος is used for the defendant.'

mvp-comment-183-1 ἄναξ ῎Απολλον] Schol.

παραφανέντος ᾿Απόλλωνος ταῦτα φησιν.
‘It is not for you to interfere here,' is the purport of the address.

mvp-comment-184-1 The repetition of δόμων is clearly wrong. Perhaps ἔστι γὰρ νόμῳ ἱκέτης (G. Burges and Hermann). καθάρσιος, cf. 63, 427.

mvp-comment-185-1 καὶ ξυνδικήσων] ‘and to be his advocate in person,' - for, he adds, 'I am responsible for the murder of this man's mother,' i. e. Orestes lays it on me as having persuaded him to it, sup. 84.

mvp-comment-186-1 The Med. has κύρωσον. We might read κυρῶσαι, οι ὅπως τ᾽ ἐπίστᾳ. But ὁ κυρώσων seems at least as likely, for Apollo may inquire who intends to act as εἰσαγωγεὺς in the trial, i.e. to approve and sanction the opening of the case. When the goddess godd replies εἰσάγω δὲ τὴν δίκην, bidding the Furies to speak first because the prosecutor should open the case, she virtually takes on herself the office in question.

mvp-comment-187-1 πρῶτον] The first question is one of fact; the second, of the mode, the third, of the motive (author or ad. viser). These are the τρία παλαίσματα, the three crucial questions which must be satisfactorily answered, three throws constituting a defeat in wrestling. --κατέκτονας, a rare form of transitive perfect; this passage is noticed as unique in tragedy by Veitch, Gr. V. p. 395 . There were four forms of transitive aorist, ἔκτεινα, ἔκτανον, ἔκταν, and ἔκανον, the last of which may be referred to καίνω ( Cho. 872 ).

mvp-comment-188-1 ὅπως] The Schol. takes this to mean, ‘how it was that you killed her,' i.e. why, and he thinks that Orestes misunderstands the question ( πλανᾶται), which is accordingly repeated at v. 563.

mvp-comment-189-1 ἐξηγεῖτο] Do you mean to say that the prophetgod himself declared to you (as the interpreter of the divine will) that you should kill your mother?

mvp-comment-190-1 τάχα] Schol.

ἴσως.
This is a rare sense without ἂv, and perhaps the meaning is you will soon tell a different tale.

mvp-comment-191-1 νεκροῖσι] This is said in contempt, i nunc, fide mortuis; Agamemnon, as a king in Hades, being a δαίμων of power to aid. -πέπεισθι, an epic reduplicated form like κέκλυθι, κέκραχθι, Ar. Ach. 335 . Veitch, Greek Verbs, p. 518 , thinks πέπισθι οι πέποισθι would be more analogical.

mvp-comment-192-1 προσβολάς] The addition of one crime to another, the union of two, viz. the killing of a husband and the wrong done to me by the killing of my father. Schol.

ἐμὲ κἀκεῖνον ἠδίκησεν.
He thinks there is irony in the reply; make the judges understand that, for I do not; μὴ ἡμάς δίδασκε, ἀλλὰ τοὺς δικαστάς.

mvp-comment-193-1 The MSS. have τοιγὰρ and φόνῳ, but the Schol. read τί γάρ; and the dative (the correction of Schutz) seems required by the sense. Well! you are alive (and can be pursued); she is free from pursuit by her death.- Then you should have pursued her while yet alive, and before I slew her.- We did not do that, because she had killed a husband, who is not a blood relation. See v. 202. Schol.

ἀπαρνῇ.
proceedings do you

Selected scholia accompanying Blass's Eumenides (OCR draft) (The mixed Greek, Latin, and German scholia register printed with Friedrich Blass's 1907 edition, aligned to O. L. Smith's later recensional editions.) focus

mvp-comment-223-1 κληρώσασα Ἀθηνᾶ τοὺς ἀρίστους ἄγει δικάσοντας. καθισάντων δὲ αὐτῶν, ἐν μέσωι στᾶσα κελεύει διὰ τῆς σάλπιγγος καὶ τοῦ κήρυκος σιωπὴν γενέσθαι, ὡς μὴ ἀρκοῦντος μόνου τοῦ κήρυκος. ὅρα δὲ πῶς τὰ νέων ἔθη ἀναχρονίζει. ἃ γὰρ νῦν γίνεται, ταῦτα τὴν Ἀθηνῶν εἰσήγαγε λέγουσαν. ἐχρῶντο γὰρ τῆι σάλπιγγι ἀνείργειν τὸ πλῆθος θέλοντες. κάτεχε, κώλυε.

mvp-comment-224-1 συμφέρει.

mvp-comment-225-1 διηνεκή, παρὰ τὸ αἰεί.

mvp-comment-226-1 τῶν Ἀρεοπαγιτῶν. (über der Seite, die V. 597 ff. enthält) ἐν παραχορηγήματι (Ddf. für περιχωρήματι) αὐτῶι εἰσιν οἱ Ἀρεοπαγίται μηδαμοῦ διαλεγόμενοι.

mvp-comment-227-1 ὧν ἐκληρώθης, δηλονότι μαντειῶν. παραφανέντος δ᾽ Ἀπόλλωνος ταῦτά φησιν.

mvp-comment-228-1 μαρτυρήσων ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἐναγής· ἐκάθηρα γὰρ αὐτόν. δικοι λέγονται οἷς ἴσον μέτεστιν ἐν τῆι δίκηι τῆς αἰτίας.

mvp-comment-229-1 τῶν Ἐρινύων. ἅρα τὸ δικαστήριον.

mvp-comment-230-1 ὁ κατηγορῶν.

mvp-comment-231-1 τοῦτο οὐ πρὸς τὰς τρεῖς, ὀλλὰ πρὸς τὸν χορόν· ιε΄ γὰρ ἦσαν.

mvp-comment-232-1 ῥητορικῶς πυνθάνονται. εἰ μὲν ὁμολογοίη, ὑπεύθυνος ἔσται· εἰ δ᾽ ἀρνοῖτο, ἐλεγχθήσεται. καὶ Ἀχιλλεὺς πρὸς τοὺς πρέσβεις· „τι δὲ λαὸν ἀνήγαγεν ἐνθάδ᾽ ἀγείρας Ατρείδης“; διὰ γυναῖκα (Homer I 338 f.).

mvp-comment-233-1 ἓν πέπτωκας (Weil für ἐμπ.). ἡ μεταφορὰ δὲ ἐστιν ἀπὸ τῶν παλαιόντων, οἳ ἐπὶ τοῖς τρισὶ πτώμασιν ὁρίζουσι τὴν ἧτταν.

mvp-comment-234-1 πλανᾶται. αἱ μὲν γὰρ τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ φόνου πυνθάνονται, ὁ δὲ πρὸς τὸ πῶς“ „ξίφει" φησίν· ὡς τὸ μὴ δι᾿ ἐμὴν ἰότητα“ (Hom. O 42).

mvp-comment-235-1 τὸ ἀεὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἕως τάττουσιν Ἀττικοὶ πολλάκις. δεῦρο μέν μοι τόνδ᾽ αἰεὶ τείνει λόγον“ (Adesp. 148 N.). ἕως δεῦρο. τὴν πρᾶξιν.

mvp-comment-236-1 ἀν(τὶ) τοῦ ἴσως.

mvp-comment-237-1 ὡς ὑμᾶς (Herm. f. ὑμῖν) ἔπεμψεν ἡ μήτηρ, οὕτω βοηθοὺς κἀμοὶ πέμψει ὁ πατήρ.

mvp-comment-238-1 συντυχίας.

mvp-comment-239-1 πανούργως φασί, μὴ ἡμᾶς δίδασκε, ἀλλὰ τοὺς δικαστάς.

mvp-comment-240-1 ἐμὲ κἀκεῖνον ἠδίκησεν.

mvp-comment-241-1 πῶς οὖν λέγεις ὅτι ἠδίκησέ με; πῶς δὲ Ἀγαμέμνονα, ὅπου ἀπέθανεν δι᾽ αὐτόν (Linwood f. αὐτὴν)

mvp-comment-242-1 οὐκ εἰ τέθνηκεν, τούτου αἰτία εἶ σύ, (ἣ) ζῶσαν (Steph. u. a.; Μ πῶς ἂν) (οὐκ) ἐδίωκες· ὥστε οὐδὲ ἀποθανοῦσα διὰ τὴν σὴν αἰτίαν ἀπέθανεν.

mvp-comment-243-1 ἐγὼ οὖν ὅμαιμός εἰμι τῆι μητρί

Wecklein’s commentary on Eumenides (1888; German; OCR draft) (Explanatory commentary, pp. 251–322; HW42J8 and HXJHA8 OCR collated, with missing comparison pages 294–295 explicitly marked. Unresolved OCR and provisional reference mappings are explicitly marked.) focus

mvp-comment-312-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 292

mvp-comment-312-2 viertes Epeisodion: Vor dem neu eingesetzten Gerichtshof, dem Athena als ἡγεμών und εἰσαγωγεύς vorsteht (583), bringen die Erinyen ihre Anklage vor, Apollon legt Zeugnis ab und tritt den Erinyen als Vertreter der Sache des Orestes, die zugleich seine eigene ist, entgegen. Darauf fällen die Areopagiten das Urteil. Athena tritt rechts auf. Ein Herold und ein Trompetenbläser schreiten voraus, Bürger von Athen folgen ihr. κήρυσσε scil. σίγα ( Eur. Phoen. 1224

σίγα κηρύξαι στρατῷ
). Der Schol. :
ὅρα πῶς τὰ νέων ἔθη ἀναχρονίζει. ἃ γὰρ νῦν γίνε ται, ταῦτα τὴν ᾿Αθηνῶν εἰσήγαγε λέγουσαν. ἐχρῶντο γὰρ τῇ σάλ πιγγι ἀνείργειν τὸ πλῆθος θέλοντες
. στρατόν: natürlich ist das Volk nur gedacht.

mvp-comment-313-1 1

mvp-comment-313-2 Wecklein 1888, p. 292

mvp-comment-313-3 εἰς οὐρανόν, vgl. Phot. p. 361, 12 :

οὐρανιζέτω, πρὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν διικνείσθω· Αἰσχύλος
, Pers. 575
ἀμβόασον οὐράνι᾽ ἄχη
. — διάτορος von dem durchdringenden Tone der schmetternden Trompete. Soph. Ai. 17
ὡς εὐμαθές σου .. φώνημ' ἀκούω καὶ ξυναρπάζω φρενὶ χαλκοστόμου κώδωνος ὡς Τυρσηνικῆς
. Die Tyrrhener galten als Erfinder der Trompete. Vgl. auch Eur. Phoen. 1377
Τυρσηνικῆς σάλπιγγος
und dazu Schol. :
ἐπὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ ἐπὶ Θήβας οὔπω ἐχρῶντο τῇ σάλπιγγι οἱ Ελληνες, ἀλλ' οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ τοῦ Τρωϊκού πολέμου. Ὅμηρος γοῦν αὐτὸς μὲν οἶδε τὴν σάλπιγγα (Σ
219), οὐ ποιεῖ δὲ χρωμένους σάλπιγγι τοὺς ἥρωας κτέ.

mvp-comment-314-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 292

mvp-comment-314-2 πληρουμένου .. βουλευτηρίου, während das Richterkollegium sich sammelt und vollzählig wird. Vgl. Aristoph. Ekkl. 83

πληρουμένης
. τῆς ἐκκλησίας, Eur. Or. 884 ἐπεὶ δὲ πλήρης ἐγένετ᾽ Αργείων ὄχλος.

mvp-comment-315-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 292

mvp-comment-315-2 αἰανή, διηνεκή Schol., verschieden von dem 419, 482 vorkommenden αἰανής. Vgl. αἰανῶς 675. Auch in einer Inschrift von Korkyra, welche Bruchstücke von Trimetern enthält (N. Rhein. Mus. Bd. 18, 1863 S. 554), findet sich sis τὸν αἰανῆ χρόνον.

mvp-comment-316-1 2

mvp-comment-316-2 Wecklein 1888, p. 293

mvp-comment-316-3 τούσδε, die Areopagiten. διαγνωσθῇ wie 712. Nach diesem Vers erwartet man einen Heroldsruf wie σίγα πᾶς ἔστω λεώς ( Eur. Hek. 532 ), einen Trompetenstofs, dann von Seite der Athena die Verkündigung des θεσμός d. h. die Stiftung des Blutgerichts (vgl. 617) mit der Bestimmung, dafs es auf dem " Ἄρειος πάγος seinen Sitz haben soll. Dieser Teil fehlt und dafür ist an ungeeigneter Stelle die Partie 684-713 mit dem einleitenden V. 681 interpoliert worden. Dem ursprünglichen Deouós könnten sehr gut die V. 684 f. und 707-709 angehört haben.

mvp-comment-317-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 293

mvp-comment-317-2 Apollon erscheint (von der linken Seite) und wird von den Erinyen (dem Koryphaios) mit heftigen Worten empfangen. — ὧν ἔχεις αὐτὸς (für dich allein, ungestort von anderen) κράτει (mafse dir nicht Fremdes an), eine Mahnung ähnlich wie τὰ σαυτοῦ πρᾶττε. Theokr. XV 90 πασάμενος ἐπίτασσε, Soph. Oed. K. 839 μὴ ἐπίτασσ᾽ μὴ κρατεῖς. ΟΙ α

mvp-comment-317-3 3

mvp-comment-318-1 4

mvp-comment-318-2 Wecklein 1888, p. 293

mvp-comment-318-3 καὶ μαρτυρήσων καὶ ξυνδικήσων (582).

mvp-comment-319-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 293

mvp-comment-319-2 δόμων ἐμῶν ἐφέστιος d. i. er hat sich in den Schutz meines Tempels begeben.

mvp-comment-320-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 293

mvp-comment-320-2 Schol. σύνδικοι λέγονται οἷς ἴσον μέτεστιν ἐν τῇ δίκῃ τῆς αἰτίας. Daher αὐτός. Eur. El. 1266 Λοξίας γὰρ αἰτίαν εἰς αὑτὸν οἴσει, μητέρος χρήσας φόνον.

mvp-comment-321-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 293

mvp-comment-321-2 εἰσάγειν wird gesagt von dem Vorstand des Gerichtshofs, wenn er nach der ἀνάκρισις (zu 400) die Sache den Richtern vorlegt. Demosth. 21, 47

οἱ θεσμοθέ ται εἰσαγόντων (τὴν γραφὴν εἰς τὴν ἡλιαίαν. ὅπως
.. δίκην d. i. entscheide endgültig die Sache nach bestem Wissen. Vgl. 642.

mvp-comment-321-3 5

mvp-comment-322-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 293

mvp-comment-322-2 ὑμῶν, zu den Erinyen. ἐξ ἀρχῆς, vgl. Lys. 12, 3 πειράσομαι ὑμᾶς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὡς ἂν δύνωμαι δι' ἐλαχίστων διδάξαι.

mvp-comment-322-3 6

mvp-comment-323-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 293

mvp-comment-323-2 Es sind unser zwar viele, aber jede wird sich kurz fassen." Daraus geht hervor, dafs die einzelnen Mitglieder des Chors sprechen, und so ergeben sich hier wie Ag. 1347-70 zwölf Chorpersonen.

mvp-comment-324-1 Wecklein 1888, p. 293

mvp-comment-324-2 D. i. ἀμείβου τιθεὶς ἐν μέρει ἔπος πρὸς ἔπος.

mvp-comment-325-1 7

mvp-comment-325-2 Wecklein 1888, p. 293

mvp-comment-325-3 D. i. mit diesem Zugeständ- nis ist deine Sache schon fast verloren. Schol. ἡ μεταφορὰ δέ ἐστιν ἀπὸ τῶν παλαιόντων, οἳ ἐπὶ τοῖς τρισὶ πτώμασιν ὁρίζουσι τὴν ἧτταν. Vgl. zu Ag. 181 , Hom. Ψ 733 και νύ κε τὸ τρίτον αὖτις ἀναΐξαντε πάλαιον κτέ, Soph. frg. 678

τίν οὐ παλαίουσ᾽ ἐς τρὶς ἐκβάλλει θεῶν
; Plat. Phaedr. p. 256
Β τῶν τριῶν παλαισμάτων τῶν ὡς ἀληθῶς Ὀλυμπιακῶν ἓν νενικήκασιν
, Anthol. ΙΙ 1, 11 ἀνστὰς δ᾽ ἐν μέσσοισιν ἀνέκραγεν· οὐχὶ τρί᾽ ἐστίν· ἓν κείμαι, λοιπὸν τἄλλα μέ τις βαλέτω.

mvp-comment-326-1 8

mvp-comment-326-2 Wecklein 1888, p. 294

mvp-comment-326-3 οὐ κειμένῳ πω, οὔπω κει μένῳ. Vgl. Prom. 527 .

mvp-comment-327-1 9

mvp-comment-327-2 10

mvp-comment-327-3 Wecklein 1888, p. 294

mvp-comment-327-4 Der Text kann kaum in OrdMan erwartet ξιφουλ nung sein. κὸν χεῖρα πρὸς δέρῃ βαλών oder ξιφουλκῷ προσβολή (Hinschlagen) δέρην τεμών. Das letztere ist wahrscheinlicher.

mvp-comment-328-1 11

mvp-comment-328-2 12

mvp-comment-328-3 Wecklein 1888, p. 294

mvp-comment-328-4 δεῦρο αἰεί (huc usque) wie Eur. Phoen. 1209

δεῦρ᾽ ἀεὶ γὰρ εὐτυχεῖς, Οr.
1663 δεῦρ᾽ ἀεὶ διήνυσε, Med. 670
ἄπαις γὰρ δεῦρ᾽ ἀεὶ τείνεις βίον
, Aristoph. Lys. 1135
δεῦρ᾽ ἀεὶ περαίνεται. τὴν τύχην
, dafs es so gekommen ist. φομαι: zu 1020. οὐ μέμ-

mvp-comment-329-1 13

mvp-comment-329-2 14

mvp-comment-329-3 Wecklein 1888, p. 294

mvp-comment-329-4 πέπισθι: diese Form findet sich nur hier. Vgl. ἐπέπιθμεν, οἶδα ἴσθι, δέδοικα δέδιχθι.

mvp-comment-330-1 15

mvp-comment-330-2 Wecklein 1888, p. 294

mvp-comment-330-3 προσβολάς, Flecken von den μιάσματα, die an sie hingekommen. Vgl. Ag. 401 .

mvp-comment-331-1 16

mvp-comment-331-2 Wecklein 1888, p. 294

mvp-comment-331-3 Schol. :

πανούργως φασί· μὴ ἡμᾶς δίδασκε, ἀλλὰ τοὺς δικαστάς
.

mvp-comment-332-1 17

mvp-comment-332-2 Wecklein 1888, p. 294

mvp-comment-332-3 In Agamemnon hat sie sowohl ihren Gatten als meinen Vater getätet ( ἐμὲ κἀκεῖνον ἠδίκησεν).

mvp-comment-333-1 18

mvp-comment-333-2 Wecklein 1888, p. 294

mvp-comment-333-3 Zum Lohn dafür hat sie, während du noch lebst, deine Schuld also noch nicht durch Tod gebüfst hast, durch ihr blutiges Ende ihre Schuld gesühnt. σὺ μὲν ζῆς ist dem Gedanken nach untergeordnet.

mvp-comment-334-1 19

mvp-comment-334-2 Wecklein 1888, p. 294

mvp-comment-334-3 Wie ich, lebte auch sie einmal, war also auch ihre Schuld ungesühnt. Warum hast du es mit ihr nicht so gehalten wie mit mir? Dir verdankt man es nicht, dafs ihre Schuld gesühnt ist. Vgl. 219 ff.

mvp-comment-335-1 20

mvp-comment-335-2 Wecklein 1888, p. 294

mvp-comment-335-3 Vgl. 212.

Commentary (Arthur Sidgwick, 1887) (OCR draft) (Arthur Sidgwick's commentary on the Eumenides, aligned to the canonical Greek text.) focus

mvp-sidgwick-264-1-1 The difficulty is to fill up the gap in the MS. line here, ἥ τ᾽ οὖν διάτορος Τυρσηνική. Scholefield conjectured οὖν to be a corruption (from contraction) of οὐρανοῦ, and Paley suggested the reading εἶθ᾽ ἡ διάτορος οὐρανοῦ. [Better Weckl. εἰς οὐρανὸν δὲ δ. τ.] But as there is a gap in 3 MSS. after διάτορος, it is better to take a suggestion of Emper's διάτορος αἰθέρος, or Ahrens' διάτορος ἀέρος, supposing the gen. lost owing to its similarity to the termination of διάτορος. The Tyrrhenian trumpet, because the Tyrrhenians or Etruscans were from very early times celebrated as workers in bronze: in poetry the adj. seems specially given to the trumpet: thus Eur. Phoen. 1377

Τυρσηνικῆς σάλπιγγος ἠχή,
Soph. Αi. 17
κώδωνος ὡς Τυρσηνικῆς,
Verg. Aen. 8. 506 Tyrrhenusque tubae. . clangor.' The anachronism (noticed by the Scholiast) is of a kind common enough.

ἀρήγει , it helps, i. e. 'tis good.

mvp-sidgwick-266-1-1 The MSS. read τόνδ' or τῶνδ': the pronoun must be plural, for it must mean the Areopagitae (as Schol. explains it): to take it singular for Orestes makes no real sense with the rest of the line. The gen. is the difficulty, and perhaps points to a lost line as H. Weil. think: but on the whole it is best to read τούσδ' and to suppose τῶνδ' a blunder possibly due to καταγνωσθῇ, which in another sense ( to decide against) often takes gen.

ὧν ἔχεις αὐτὸς κράτει , rule thou thine own domain, like the proverbial τὴν σαυτοῦ πάτει, i. e. mind your own business.

mvp-sidgwick-268-1-1 MSS. end the line δόμων, which with δόμων next line is intolerable. I take νόμῳ, correction of Erf. and Burgess, and approved by H.

σύνδικος is an advocate. Apollo says he will be Orestes' advocate, as he is responsible for the murder.

κυροῦν , usually to confirm, here in the rather unusual sense of to settle, as below again l. 639

.

mvp-sidgwick-271-1-1 This is already one of the three wrestling-falls, alluding to the custom of deciding the wrestling combat by three falls: when a man was defeated thrice, he was beaten. So

διὰ τριῶν ἀπόλλυμαι
Eur. Or. 434 , and the word
τριακτήρ
Ag. 171
for a conqueror, lit. one who throws thrice.

γε μέντοι , as usual, adversative, however.

mvp-sidgwick-273-1-1 No need to alter λέγω (Μ. P. A.) into λέξω. The vivid present is natural enough.

πρὸς τοῦ , by whom, common variation in poetry for ὑπό. So we find ἐκ, ἀπό, παρά, with gen. of agent. See 100.

mvp-sidgwick-275-1-1 The γε, as usual, assenting and adding a further point: ay, and till now I do not complain of my lot: i. e. not literally that he had not suffered, but that Apollo had helped him.

πέπεισθι , exceptional reduplicated aorist imperative with intransitive meaning: trust now in the dead. The form somewhat resembles the Epic κέκλυθι, τέτλαθι, and κέκραχθι (Ach. 335); but has the heavier stem-form.

mvp-sidgwick-276-2-1 The Chorus speak of course with bitter irony.

mvp-sidgwick-277-1-1 Schol. takes προσβολάς as the meeting of two pollutions, but there is no need to take it as different from its ordinary meaning, a putting or rubbing or striking of one thing against another: the pollutions strike her, not each other. So it is used, Ag. 391 , of rubbing metal against a touchstone: Cho. 283 of attacks of Furies-

Ay, for a double stain fell on her.

mvp-sidgwick-278-1-1 The δέ-clause contains the real predicate as often; the μὲν-clause points the antithesis: Therefore while thou livest [unpurged] she is free by her death.

mvp-sidgwick-279-1-1 An extreme instance of the sharp distinction felt ( l. 212

) by the Greeks between murdering a blood-relation and an outsider. The wife not being a blood-relation was, according to the doctrine of the Eumenides here put forward, not liable to their pursuit for slaying her husband. The doctrine however fluctuates: in Cho. 923-4 Klyt. tries to deter Orestes by the threat that her Furies (ἐγκότους κύνας) will pursue him if he slays her, but he replies τὰς τοῦ πατρὸς δὲ πῶς φύγω παρεὶς τάδε; and in Sophokles, Elektra 112, the daughter prays the dread divine Erinyes to avenge her father's murder; and the Chorus (490) prophesy that with the tramp of many feet, and the might of many hands, the brazen῏footed Erinyes shall come.

mvp-sidgwick-280-1-1 The bearing of this question is explained below l. 660

, when Apollo lays down the principle that the real parent is the father.