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Ἐκ κατηγορίας ὃ ὕστερος

[1] ὅτι μὲν αὐτὴ ἡ χρεία παρὰ φύσιν καὶ λέγειν καὶ δρᾶν ἅπαντας ἀναγκάζει, ἔργῳ καὶ οὐ λόγῳ δοκεῖ μοι σημαίνειν οὗτος· ἥκιστα γὰρ ἔν γε τῷ ἔμπροσθεν χρόνῳ ἀναιδὴς καὶ τολμηρὸς ὤν, νῦν ὑπʼ αὐτῆς τῆς συμφορᾶς ἠνάγκασται λέγειν οἷα οὐκ ἄν ποτε ᾤμην ἐγὼ τοῦτον εἰπεῖν.

[2] ἐγώ τε γὰρ πολλῇ ἀνοίᾳ χρώμενος οὐκ ἂν ὑπέλαβον τοῦτον ἀντειπεῖν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν ἕνα λόγον ἀντὶ δυοῖν¹ λέξας τὸ ἥμισυ τῆς κατηγορίας ἐμαυτὸν ἂν ἀπεστέρησα· οὗτός τε μὴ τολμῶν οὐκ ἂν προεῖχε τῷ διπλασίῳ μου, ἕνα μὲν πρὸς ἕνα λόγον ἀπολογηθείς, ἃ δὲ κατηγόρησεν ἀναποκρίτως εἰπών.

[3] τοσοῦτον δὲ προέχων ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ἡμῶν, ἔτι δὲ ἐν οἷς ἔπρασσε πολλαπλάσια τούτων, οὗτος μὲν οὐχ ὁσίως δεῖται ὑμῶν εὐμενῶς² τὴν ἀπολογίαν ἀποδέχεσθαι αὐτοῦ· ἐγὼ δὲ δράσας³ μὲν οὐδὲν κακόν, παθὼν δὲ ἄθλια καὶ δεινά, καὶ νῦν ἔτι δεινότερα τούτων, ἔργῳ καὶ οὐ λόγῳ εἰς τὸν ὑμέτερον ἔλεον καταπεφευγὼς δέομαι ὑμῶν, ὦ ἄνδρες ἀνοσίων ἔργων τιμωροί, ὁσίων δὲ διαγνώμονες, μὴ παρʼ⁴ ἔργα φανερὰ ὑπὸ πονηρᾶς λόγων ἀκριβείας πεισθέντας ψευδῆ τὴν ἀλήθειαν τῶν πραχθέντων ἡγήσασθαι·

[4] ἡ μὲν γὰρ πιστότερον ἢ ἀληθέστερον σύγκειται, ἡ δʼ ἀδολώτερον καὶ ἀδυνατώτερον λεχθήσεται.

τῷ μὲν οὖν δικαίῳ πιστεύων ὑπερορῶ τῆς ἀπολογίας· τῇ δὲ σκληρότητι τοῦ δαίμονος ἀπιστῶν ὀρρωδῶ μὴ οὐ μόνον τῆς χρείας τοῦ παιδὸς ἀποστερηθῶ, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐθέντην προσκαταγνωσθέντα ὑφʼ ὑμῶν ἐπίδω αὐτόν. εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ τόλμης καὶ ἀναιδείας ἥκει,

[5] ὥστε τὸν μὲν βαλόντα καὶ ἀποκτείναντα οὔτε τρῶσαι οὔτε ἀποκτεῖναί φησι, τὸν δὲ οὔτε ψαύσαντα τοῦ ἀκοντίου οὔτε ἐπινοήσαντα ἀκοντίσαι, ἁπάσης μὲν γῆς ἁμαρτόντα, πάντων δὲ σωμάτων, διὰ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ πλευρῶν διαπῆξαι τὸ ἀκόντιον λέγει. ἐγὼ δὲ ἑκουσίως κατηγορῶν ἀποκτεῖναι αὐτὸν πιστότερος ἄν μοι δοκῶ εἶναι ἢ οὗτος, ὃς⁵ μήτε βαλεῖν μήτε ἀποκτεῖναί φησι τὸ μειράκιον.

[6] ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ καιρῷ κελευόμενος⁶ ὑπὸ τοῦ παιδοτρίβου, ὃς ὑπεδέχετο τοῖς ἀκοντίζουσι τὰ ἀκόντια, ἀναιρεῖσθαι, διὰ τὴν τοῦ βαλόντος ἀκολασίαν πολεμίῳ τῷ τούτου βέλει περιπεσών, οὐδὲν οὐδʼ εἰς ἕνʼ⁷ ἁμαρτών, ἀθλίως ἀπέθανεν· ὁ δὲ περὶ τὸν τῆς ἀναιρέσεως καιρὸν πλημμελήσας, οὐ τοῦ σκοποῦ τυχεῖν ἐκωλύθη, ἀλλʼ ἄθλιον καὶ πικρὸν σκοπὸν ἐμοὶ ἀκοντίσας, ἑκὼν μὲν οὐκ ἀπέκτεινεν, μᾶλλον δὲ ἑκὼν ἢ οὔτʼ ἔβαλεν οὔτʼ ἀπέκτεινεν.

[7] ἀκουσίως δὲ οὐχ ἧσσον ἢ ἑκουσίως ἀποκτείναντες⁸ μου τὸν παῖδα, τὸ παράπαν δʼ ἀρνούμενοι⁹ μὴ ἀποκτεῖναι αὐτόν, οὐδʼ ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου καταλαμβάνεσθαί φασιν,¹⁰ ὃς ἀπαγορεύει μήτε δικαίως μήτε ἀδίκως ἀποκτείνειν. ἀλλὰ τίς ὁ βαλών; εἰς τίνʼ ὁ φόνος ἀνήκει;¹¹ εἰς τοὺς θεωμένους ἢ εἰς τοὺς παιδαγωγοὺς, ὧν οὐδεὶς οὐδὲν κατηγορεῖ; οὐ γὰρ ἀφανὴς ἀλλὰ καὶ λίαν φανερὸς ἔμοιγε αὐτοῦ ὁ θάνατός ἐστιν. ἐγὼ δὲ τὸν νόμον ὀρθῶς ἀγορεύειν φημὶ τοὺς ἀποκτείναντας κολάζεσθαι· ὅ τε γὰρ ἄκων ἀποκτείνας ἀκουσίοις κακοῖς περιπεσεῖν δίκαιός ἐστιν, ὅ τε διαφθαρεὶς οὐδὲν ἧσσον ἀκουσίως ἢ ἑκουσίως βλαφθεὶς ἀδικοῖτʼ ἂν ἀτιμώρητος γενόμενος.

[8] οὐ δίκαιος δὲ ἀποφυγεῖν ἐστι διὰ τὴν ἀτυχίαν τῆς ἁμαρτίας. εἰ μὲν γὰρ ὑπὸ μηδεμιᾶς ἐπιμελείας τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ ἀτυχία γίγνεται, ἁμάρτημα οὖσα τῷ ἁμαρτόντι συμφορὰ δικαία γενέσθαι ἐστίν· εἰ δὲ αὖ θεία¹² κηλὶς τῷ δράσαντι προσπίπτει ἀσεβοῦντι, οὐ δίκαιον τὰς θείας προσβολὰς διακωλύειν γίγνεσθαι.

[9] ἔλεξαν δὲ καὶ ὡς οὐ πρέπει χρηστὰ ἐπιτηδεύοντας αὐτοὺς κακῶν ἀξιοῦσθαι· ἡμεῖς δὲ πῶς ἂν πρέποντα πάσχοιμεν, εἰ μηδὲν ὑποδεέστερα τούτων μελετῶντες θανάτῳ ζημιούμεθα;

φάσκων δὲ ἀναμάρτητος εἶναι, καὶ ἀξιῶν τὰς συμφορὰς τῶν ἁμαρτόντων εἶναι καὶ μὴ εἰς τοὺς ἀναμαρτήτους ἐκτρέπεσθαι, ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν λέγει. ὅ τε γὰρ παῖς μου εἰς οὐδένα οὐδὲν ἁμαρτών, ὑπὸ τούτου τοῦ μειρακίου ἀποθανών, ἀδικοῖτʼ ἂν ἀτιμώρητος γενόμενος· ἐγώ τε τοῦδε μᾶλλον ἀναμάρτητος ὢν δεινὰ πείσομαι, ἃ ὁ νόμος ἀποδίδωσί μοι μὴ τυχὼν παρʼ ὑμῶν.

[10] ὡς δὲ οὐδὲ τῆς ἁμαρτίας οὐδὲ τοῦ¹³ ἀκουσίως ἀποκτεῖναι, ἐξ ὧν αὐτοὶ λέγουσιν, ἀπολύεται, ἀλλὰ κοινὰ ἀμφότερα ταῦτα ἀμφοῖν αὐτοῖν ἐστι, δηλώσω. εἴπερ ὁ παῖς διὰ τὸ ὑπὸ τὴν φορὰν τοῦ ἀκοντίου ὑπελθεῖν καὶ μὴ ἀτρέμας ἑστάναι φονεὺς αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ δίκαιος εἶναί ἐστιν, οὐδὲ τὸ μειράκιον καθαρὸν τῆς αἰτίας ἐστίν, ἀλλʼ εἴπερ τούτου μὴ ἀκοντίζοντος ἀλλʼ ἀτρέμα ἑστῶτος ἀπέθανεν ὁ παῖς. ἐξ ἀμφοῖν δὲ τοῦ φόνου γενομένου, ὁ μὲν παῖς εἰς αὑτὸν ἁμαρτὼν μᾶλλον ἢ κατὰ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἑαυτὸν τετιμώρηται, τέθνηκε γάρ, ὁ δὲ συλλήπτωρ καὶ κοινωνὸς εἰς τοὺς οὐ προσήκοντας τῆς ἁμαρτίας γενόμενος πῶς δίκαιος ἀζήμιος ἀποφυγεῖν ἐστιν;

[11] ἐκ δὲ τῆς αὐτῶν τῶν ἀπολογουμένων ἀπολογίας μετόχου τοῦ μειρακίου τοῦ φόνου ὄντος, οὐκ ἂν δικαίως οὐδὲ ὁσίως ἀπολύοιτε αὐτόν. οὔτε γὰρ ἡμεῖς, οἱ διὰ τὴν τούτων ἁμαρτίαν διαφθαρέντες, αὐθένται καταγνωσθέντες ὅσια ἀλλʼ ἀνόσιʼ ἂν πάθοιμεν ὑφʼ ὑμῶν· οὔθʼ οἱ θανατώσαντες ἡμᾶς μὴ εἰργόμενοι τῶν προσηκόντων †εὐσεβοῖντʼ ἂν†¹⁴ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀπολυσάντων τοὺς ἀνοσίους.

πάσης δʼ ὑπὲρ πάντων τῆς κηλῖδος εἰς ὑμᾶς ἀναφερομένης, πολλὴ εὐλάβεια¹⁵ ὑμῖν τούτων ποιητέα ἐστί· καταλαβόντες μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸν καὶ εἴρξαντες ὧν ὁ νόμος εἴργει καθαροὶ τῶν ἐγκλημάτων ἔσεσθε, ἀπολύσαντες δὲ ὑπαίτιοι καθίστασθε.

[12] τῆς οὖν ὑμετέρας εὐσεβείας ἕνεκα καὶ τῶν νόμων ἀπάγοντες τιμωρεῖσθε αὐτόν, καὶ¹⁶ αὐτοί τε μὴ μεταλάβητε τῆς τούτου μιαρίας, ἡμῖν τε τοῖς γονεῦσιν, οἳ ζῶντες κατορωρύγμεθα¹⁷ ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ, δόξῃ γοῦν ἐλαφροτέραν τὴν συμφορὰν καταστήσατε.

The Second Tetralogy. Antiphon. ed. Kenneth John Maidment. London. 1941.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The Annenberg CPB/Project.

Current edition Perseus

Τετραλογία Β΄ (Greek) (Antiphon. Minor Attic Orators, Vol. 1. Maidment, Kenneth John, editor. London: William Heinemann, Ltd.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941 (printing); 1960 (reprint).)

Translations (1)

The Second Tetralogy: Prosecution for Accidental Homicide Perseus (Antiphon. Minor Attic Orators, Vol. 1. Maidment, Kenneth John, translator. London: William Heinemann, Ltd.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941 (printing); 1960 (reprint).) — 3 focus

Second Speech for the Prosecution

[1] That sheer necessity can force all men to belie their nature in both word and deed is a fact of which the defendant seems to me to be giving very real proof. Whereas in the past he was the last to show impudence or audacity, his very misfortune has today forced him to say things which I for one would never have expected of him.

[2] I, in my great folly, imagined that he would not reply; otherwise I would not have deprived myself of half of my opportunities as prosecutor by making only one speech instead of two; and he, but for his audacity, would not have had the twofold advantage over me of using one speech to answer the one speech for the prosecution and making his accusations when they could not be answered.¹

[3] With his great advantage over us in the matter of the speeches, and with the far greater one which his methods have given him in addition,² it is outrageous that the accused should entreat you to listen kindly to his defence. I myself, on the other hand, far from causing any harm, have been the victim of cruel affliction, and am today being treated still more cruelly. It is as one who seeks more than a pretended refuge in your sympathy that I make my own request of you. You who take vengeance for unrighteous deeds and determine wherein is righteousness, do not, I beg of you, let worthless subtleties of speech induce you to disregard plain facts and treat the truth as false;

[4] for such subtleties result in a tale more plausible than true, whereas the truth, when told, will be less guileful and therefore less convincing.

My faith in justice, then, enables me to despise his defence. Yet my distrust of the pitiless will of fate makes me fear that I may not only lose the benefit of my child, but that I may see him convicted by you of taking his own life in addition.

[5] For the defendant has had the audacity and shamelessness to say that he who struck and killed neither wounded nor killed, whereas he who neither touched the javelin nor had any intention of throwing it missed every other point on earth and every other person, and pierced his own side with the javelin. Why, I should myself sound more convincing, I think, were I accusing the lad of willful murder, than does the defendant in claiming that the lad neither struck nor killed.

[6] My son was bidden at that moment by the master in charge, who was taking the javelins of the throwers into his keeping, to pick them up; but thanks to the wantonness of him who cast it, he was greeted by yonder lad’s cruel weapon; though guilty of error in respect of no single person, he died a piteous death. The lad, on the other hand, who mistook the moment at which the javelins were being picked up, was not prevented from making a hit. To my bitter sorrow, he struck a target; and although he did not kill my son deliberately, there are better grounds for maintaining that he did than for asserting that he neither struck nor killed.

[7] Although it was by accident that they killed my son, the effects were the same as those of willful murder. Yet they deny that they killed him at all, and even maintain that they are not amenable to the law which forbids the taking of life whether wrongfully or otherwise. Then who did throw the javelin? To whom is the boy’s death in fact to be attributed? To the spectators or the masters in charge—whom no one accuses at all? The circumstances of my son’s death are no mystery: to me, for one, they are only too clear; and I maintain that the law is right when it orders the punishment of those who have taken life; not only is it just that he who killed without meaning to kill should suffer punishment which he did not mean to incur; but it would also be an injustice to the victim, whose injury is not lessened by being accidental, were he deprived of vengeance.

[8] Nor does he deserve acquittal because of his misfortune in committing the error which he did. If, on the one hand, the misfortune is not due to any dispensation of heaven, then, as an error pure and simple, it is right that it should prove disastrous to him who was guilty of it; and if, on the other hand, a defilement from heaven has fallen upon the slayer by reason of some act of sin, then it is wrong for us to impede the visitation of God.³

[9] They also maintained that it is wrong for those who have lived as honorably as they to be treated with severity. But what of us? Should we be treated aright, if we are punished with death when our life has been as praiseworthy as theirs?

When he argues that he is not guilty of error and claims that the consequences must be borne by those who are, instead of being diverted to the innocent, he is pleading our case for us. Not only would it be an injustice to my son, who was killed by yonder lad, though guilty of error in respect of no one, were he deprived of vengeance; but it will be an outrage, if I myself, who am even more guiltless than he, fail to obtain from you the recompense which the law assigns me.

[10] Further, the defence’s own statements show that the accused cannot be acquitted either of error or of accidentally taking life, but that he and my son are equally guilty of both; I will prove this.⁴ Assume that because my son moved into the path of the javelin instead of standing still, he deserves to be treated as his own slayer. Then the lad is not free from blame either; he is only innocent if he was standing still and not throwing his javelin when the boy was killed. The boy’s death was therefore due to both of them. Now the boy, whose error affected his own person, has punished himself even more harshly than that error warranted: for he has lost his life. So what right has his accomplice, who joined him in committing his unfortunate error, to escape unpunished?

[11] The accused have themselves proved by their defence that the lad had a share in the slaying. So, as just and god-fearing men, you cannot acquit him. If we, who have lost our life through the defendants’ error, were found guilty of having taken it ourselves, it would be an act not of righteousness but of wickedness on your part: and if those responsible for our death were not prohibited from setting foot where they should not, [;it would be an outrage against heaven:];⁵ you would have acquitted persons stained with guilt.

As the whole of the defilement, upon whomsoever it rests, is extended to you, you must take the greatest care. If you find him guilty and prohibit him from setting foot where the law forbids him to set foot, you will be free of the charges brought today; but if you acquit him, you become liable to them.

[12] So satisfy the claims of heaven and the laws by taking him and punishing him. Do not share his blood-guilt yourselves: but let me, the parent whom he has sent to a living death, at least appear to have had my sorrow lightened.

Notes on the current edition

The Second Tetralogy

1. ἀντὶ δυοῖν Reiske: ἀντι δοὺς ἢ codd.

2. εὐμενῶς Reiske: συχνῶς codd.

3. δὲ δράσας Reiske: δ’ ἔδρασα codd.

4. παρʼ addidi: παρὰ τὰ Gernet: alii alia.

5. ὃς add. Ald.

6. κελευόμενος scripsi: καλούμενος codd. ex δ. 4. verba ὃς ὑπεδέχετο κτλ. potius corrupta esse plerique arbitrantur. sic ὡς ὑποδέχοιτο Blass, ᾧ ὑπεδέχετο Thalheim. ἀναιρεῖσθαι secl. Franke.

7. ἕνʼ Franke: ἓν codd.

8. ἀποκτείναντες Blass: -αντος A pr. N: ἀπέκτεινε Α corr. 2

9. ἀρνούμενοι Blass: ἀρνουμένου A pr. N: -μενος Α corr. 2

10. φασιν Blass: φησιν codd.

11. τίς ὁ βαλών; ἐς τίν’ ὁ φόνος ἀνήκει Bekker: τίς ὁ βάλλων ἐστίν; ὁ φόνος ὃ ἀνήκει codd.: βαλὼν Α corr. 2

12. εἰ δὲ αὖ θεία Jernstedt: ἡ δὲ ἀλήθεια A pr. N: ἡ δὲ θεία Α corr. 2

13. οὐδὲ τοῦ Sauppe: τοῦδε τοῦ A pr. N: τοῦδε τῶ Α corr. 2

14. verba εὐσεβοῖντ’ ἂν ut corrupta obelis inclusi.

15. εὐλάβεια Α corr. 2: εὐσέβεια A pr. N.

16. καὶ add. Blass.

17. κατορωρύγμεθα Ald.: κατωρύγμεθα codd.

Antiphon The Second Tetralogy 3

ed. Kenneth John Maidment

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Ἐκ κατηγορίας ὃ ὕστερος

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Second Speech for the Prosecution

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