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Στρεψιάδης

χαίρετε τοίνυν ὦ δέσποιναι· καὶ νῦν, εἴπερ τινὶ κἄλλῳ,

οὐρανομήκη ῥήξατε κἀμοὶ φωνήν, ὦ παμβασίλειαι.

Χορός

χαῖρʼ ὦ πρεσβῦτα παλαιογενὲς θηρατὰ λόγων φιλομούσων,

σύ τε λεπτοτάτων λήρων ἱερεῦ, φράζε πρὸς ἡμᾶς ὅ τι χρῄζεις·

οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἄλλῳ γʼ ὑπακούσαιμεν τῶν νῦν μετεωροσοφιστῶν
360

πλὴν ἢ Προδίκῳ, τῷ μὲν σοφίας καὶ γνώμης οὕνεκα, σοὶ δέ,

ὅτι βρενθύει τʼ ἐν ταῖσιν ὁδοῖς καὶ τὠφθαλμὼ παραβάλλεις,

κἀνυπόδητος κακὰ πόλλʼ ἀνέχει κἀφʼ ἡμῖν σεμνοπροσωπεῖς.

Στρεψιάδης

ὦ γῆ τοῦ φθέγματος, ὡς ἱερὸν καὶ σεμνὸν καὶ τερατῶδες.

Σωκράτης

αὗται γάρ τοι μόναι εἰσὶ θεαί, τἄλλα δὲ πάντʼ ἐστὶ φλύαρος.
365

Στρεψιάδης

ὁ Ζεὺς δʼ ἡμῖν, φέρε πρὸς τῆς γῆς, οὑλύμπιος οὐ θεός ἐστιν;

Σωκράτης

ποῖος Ζεύς; οὐ μὴ ληρήσεις· οὐδʼ ἔστι Ζεύς.

Στρεψιάδης

τί λέγεις σύ;

ἀλλὰ τίς ὕει; τουτὶ γὰρ ἔμοιγʼ ἀπόφηναι πρῶτον ἁπάντων.

Σωκράτης

αὗται δήπου· μεγάλοις δέ σʼ ἐγὼ σημείοις αὐτὸ διδάξω.

φέρε ποῦ γὰρ πώποτʼ ἄνευ Νεφελῶν ὕοντʼ ἤδη τεθέασαι;
370

καίτοι χρῆν αἰθρίας ὕειν αὐτόν, ταύτας δʼ ἀποδημεῖν.

Στρεψιάδης

νὴ τὸν Ἀπόλλω τοῦτό γέ τοι δὴ τῷ νῦν λόγῳ εὖ προσέφυσας·

καίτοι πρότερον τὸν Δίʼ ἀληθῶς ᾤμην διὰ κοσκίνου οὐρεῖν.

ἀλλʼ ὅστις ὁ βροντῶν ἐστι φράσον· τοῦτό με ποιεῖ τετρεμαίνειν.

Σωκράτης

αὗται βροντῶσι κυλινδόμεναι.
375

Στρεψιάδης

τῷ τρόπῳ ὦ πάντα σὺ τολμῶν;

Σωκράτης

ὅταν ἐμπλησθῶσʼ ὕδατος πολλοῦ κἀναγκασθῶσι φέρεσθαι,

κατακρημνάμεναι πλήρεις ὄμβρου διʼ ἀνάγκην, εἶτα βαρεῖαι

εἰς ἀλλήλας ἐμπίπτουσαι ῥήγνυνται καὶ παταγοῦσιν.

Στρεψιάδης

ὁ δʼ ἀναγκάζων ἐστὶ τίς αὐτάς, οὐχ ὁ Ζεύς, ὥστε φέρεσθαι;

Σωκράτης

ἥκιστʼ ἀλλʼ αἰθέριος Δῖνος.
380

Στρεψιάδης

Δῖνος; τουτί μʼ ἐλελήθειν,

ὁ Ζεὺς οὐκ ὤν, ἀλλʼ ἀντʼ αὐτοῦ Δῖνος νυνὶ βασιλεύων.

ἀτὰρ οὐδέν πω περὶ τοῦ πατάγου καὶ τῆς βροντῆς μʼ ἐδίδαξας.

Σωκράτης

οὐκ ἤκουσάς μου τὰς Νεφέλας ὕδατος μεστὰς ὅτι φημὶ

ἐμπιπτούσας εἰς ἀλλήλας παταγεῖν διὰ τὴν πυκνότητα;

Στρεψιάδης

φέρε τουτὶ τῷ χρὴ πιστεύειν;
385

Σωκράτης

ἀπὸ σαυτοῦ ʼγώ σε διδάξω.

ἤδη ζωμοῦ Παναθηναίοις ἐμπλησθεὶς εἶτʼ ἐταράχθης

τὴν γαστέρα, καὶ κλόνος ἐξαίφνης αὐτὴν διεκορκορύγησεν;

Στρεψιάδης

νὴ τὸν Ἀπόλλω καὶ δεινὰ ποιεῖ γʼ εὐθύς μοι, καὶ τετάρακται

χὤσπερ βροντὴ τὸ ζωμίδιον παταγεῖ καὶ δεινὰ κέκραγεν·

ἀτρέμας πρῶτον παππὰξ παππάξ, κἄπειτʼ ἐπάγει παπαπαππάξ,
390

χὤταν χέζω, κομιδῇ βροντᾷ παπαπαππὰξ ὥσπερ ἐκεῖναι.

Clouds. Aristophanes. ed. F. W. Hall, ed. William M. Geldart. Oxford. 1906.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The Annenberg CPB/Project.

Current edition Perseus

Νεφέλαι (Greek) (Aristophanes. Aristophanis Comoediae, Vol. 1. Hall, F. W. and Geldart, William M., editors. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906.)

Translations (2)

Clouds Perseus (Aristophanes. The Comedies of Aristophanes, Vol. I. Hickie, William James, translator. Bohn: London, 1853.) — 356 focus

Strepsiades.

Hail therefore, O mistresses! And now, if ever ye did to any other, to me also utter a voice reaching to heaven, O all-powerful queens.

Chorus.

Hail, O ancient veteran, hunter after learned speeches! And thou, O priest of most subtle trifles! Tell us what you require?

For we would not hearken to any other of the recent meteorological sophists, except to Prodicus; to him, on account of his wisdom and intelligence; and to you, because you walk proudly in the streets, and cast your eyes askance, and endure many hardships with bare feet, and in reliance upon us lookest supercilious.
360

Strepsiades.

O Earth, what a voice! How holy and dignified and wondrous!

Socrates.

For, in fact, these alone are goddesses; and all the rest is nonsense.
365

Strepsiades.

But come, by the Earth, is not Jupiter, the Olympian, a god?

Socrates.

What Jupiter? Do not trifle. There is no Jupiter.

Strepsiades.

What do you say? Who rains then? For first of all explain this to me.

Socrates.

These to be sure. I will teach you it by powerful evidence. Come, where have you ever seen him raining at any time without Clouds? And yet he ought to rain in fine weather, and these be absent.

Strepsiades.

By Apollo, of a truth you have rightly confirmed this by your present argument. And yet, before this, I really thought that Jupiter caused the rain. But tell me who is it that thunders. This makes me tremble.

Socrates.

These, as they roll, thunder.
375

Strepsiades.

In what way? you all-daring man!

Socrates.

When they are full of much water, and are compelled to be borne along, being necessarily precipitated when full of rain, then they fall heavily upon each other and burst and clap.

Strepsiades.

Who is it that compels them to borne along? Is it not Jupiter?

Socrates.

By no means, but aethereal Vortex.
380

Strepsiades.

Vortex? It had escaped my notice that Jupiter did not exist, and that Vortex now reigned in his stead. But you have taught me nothing as yet concerning the clap and the thunder.

Socrates.

Have you not heard me, that I said that the Clouds, when full of moisture, dash against each other and clap by reason of their density?

Strepsiades.

Come, how am I to believe this?
385

Socrates.

I’ll teach you from your own case. Were you ever, after being stuffed with broth at the Panathenaic festival, then disturbed in your belly, and did a tumult suddenly rumble through it?

Strepsiades.

Yes, by Apollo! And immediately the little broth plays the mischief with me, and is disturbed and rumbles like thunder, and grumbles dreadfully:

at first gently pappax, pappax; and then it adds papa-pappax; and finally, it thunders downright papapappax, as they do.
390

English (Sanjaya, generated; selected passages) (OCR draft) Experimental (Source: pnadelofficial/aristophanes-sanjaya, commit c319590c139e5603e71f0699caa0663d823af8ad. Machine-generated source annotations retained; see Sanjaya import audit for coverage and limitations.) — 356 focus

Strepsiades: So, hail, mistresses; and now, if indeed to any other,

Strepsiades: Burst forth a voice reaching to the heavens for me too, O all-mighty ones.

Chorus: Hail, old man, hunter of old, of the songs of the lovers of the Muses,

Chorus: And you, priest of the most trifling nonsense, tell us what you need;

Chorus: For we would not obey anyone else than these meteorological sophists now.

360

Chorus: except for Prodicus, for whose sake he [is] both clever and prudent, but for yours,

Chorus: because you drip in the roads and you squint your eyes,

Chorus: And even the unshod one suffers many evils and stares at us with a solemn face.

Strepsiades: O earth of the sound, how sacred and solemn and wonderful.

Socrates: For these alone are goddesses, but all the rest is chatter.

365

Strepsiades: But Zeus, by the earth, is he not an Olympian god?

Socrates: Which Zeus? You shall not prattle on; there is no Zeus.

Strepsiades: What are you saying?

Strepsiades: But who is raining? For this is the first thing I must learn of all.

Socrates: Those, indeed; but with great signs I myself will teach it to you.

Socrates: Come, for where have you ever yet seen it raining without the Clouds?

370

Socrates: Nevertheless, it ought to have rained dryly on him, but these [clouds] are going abroad.

Strepsiades: By Apollo, you have now indeed explained this matter very well to me with this very speech;

Strepsiades: And yet, previously I truly thought that Zeus urinates through a sieve.

Strepsiades: But whoever it is who thunders, tell me; this is what makes me go mad.

Socrates: These thunder as they roll.

375

Strepsiades: In what way, O you who dare everything?

Socrates: when they have been filled with much water and are compelled to carry it,

Socrates: to be hurled down full of rain by necessity, then heavy.

Socrates: falling into one another, they burst and crash.

Strepsiades: But who is the one forcing them to be, not Zeus, so as to be carried?

Socrates: Not at all, but the Aetherial Vortex.

380

Strepsiades: The vortex? That escaped my notice,

Strepsiades: Zeus does not exist, but instead of him the Whirlwind now rules.

Strepsiades: But you have not yet taught me anything about the thunderclap and the thunder.

Socrates: Didn't you hear that I say the Clouds are full of water?

Socrates: to clap them as they fall into each other because of the density?

Strepsiades: 'Come now, to whom must one believe this?'

385

Socrates: I will teach you from yourself.

Socrates: Already filled with broth by the Panathenaians, then you were disturbed.

Socrates: The belly, and suddenly it let out a great burp?

Strepsiades: By Apollo, he's doing terrible things to me right away, and he's in a state of confusion.

Strepsiades: And just as thunder makes the little pot clatter and shriek terribly;

Strepsiades: And when I shit, it booms 'pa-pa-pax' just like those do.

Commentary

Commentary (Sanjaya, generated; selected passages) (OCR draft) (Source: pnadelofficial/aristophanes-sanjaya, commit c319590c139e5603e71f0699caa0663d823af8ad. Machine-generated source annotations retained; see Sanjaya import audit for coverage and limitations.) focus

367. mvp-tlg0019-tlg003-sanjaya-com-eng1-24

Line 367

ποῖος Ζεύς; οὐ μὴ ληρήσεις· οὐδʼ ἔστι Ζεύς.

The sentence presents the core of Socrates' (or the Sophist's) theological argument in the Clouds: the denial of Zeus's existence in favor of the 'Clouds' as the new divine powers. The phrase 'οὐδʼ ἔστι Ζεύς' ('nor is there a Zeus') is a radical ontological negation that mirrors the Eleatic 'what is not' paradoxes, yet Aristophanes uses it for comic effect to depict the corruption of traditional piety. The rhetorical question 'ποῖος Ζεύς;' ('What sort of Zeus?') functions not merely as an inquiry but as a prelude to a reductio ad absurdum, where the 'Zeus' of traditional myth is dismantled by the new natural philosophy, reducing the god to a non-entity. This line encapsulates the play's central conflict between the old Olympian order and the new 'natural' religion of the Clouds.

373. mvp-tlg0019-tlg003-sanjaya-com-eng1-25

Line 373

καίτοι πρότερον τὸν Δίʼ ἀληθῶς ᾤμην διὰ κοσκίνου οὐρεῖν.

The verb ᾤμην is the imperfect of οἴομαι ('to think, suppose'), a deponent verb. Here it is used with an infinitive clause (διὰ κοσκίνου οὐρεῖν) as its complement, a construction typical of this verb in Attic comedy to express a mistaken belief or assumption. The phrase διὰ κοσκίνου ('through a sieve') is a well-known proverbial expression in Greek for something absurd or impossible, often associated with the myth of the sieve used by the Danaids or simply the futility of the task. In this context, Strepsiades is mocking the idea that Zeus would urinate through a sieve, implying that the Sophists' new theology is as ridiculous as this impossible image. The use of ᾤμην in the imperfect suggests a past belief that is now being corrected or ridiculed, fitting the comedic tone of the passage.

379. mvp-tlg0019-tlg003-sanjaya-com-eng1-26

Line 379

ὁ δʼ ἀναγκάζων ἐστὶ τίς αὐτάς, οὐχ ὁ Ζεύς, ὥστε φέρεσθαι;

The construction ὁ δʼ ἀναγκάζων ἐστὶ τίς introduces a specific syntactic tension: the definite article with the participle (ὁ ἀναγκάζων) functions as a substantive subject ('the one who forces'), yet it is immediately followed by the indefinite interrogative pronoun τίς ('is who?'). This creates a rhetorical structure where the speaker posits an unknown agent of compulsion before explicitly denying Zeus as that agent. The particle ὥστε here does not introduce a result clause in the standard sense (which would typically follow an adjective or verb of causing), but rather serves to extend the inquiry into the consequences of this identification, effectively meaning 'so that [one might ask]: who is it?' This usage of ὥστε to introduce a rhetorical question following a substantive clause is a distinct Aristophanic device, blurring the line between causal result and logical inquiry, characteristic of the play's dialectical style where Socrates' reasoning is often reduced to absurdity through such syntactic ambiguity.

381. mvp-tlg0019-tlg003-sanjaya-com-eng1-27

Line 381

ὁ Ζεὺς οὐκ ὤν, ἀλλʼ ἀντʼ αὐτοῦ Δῖνος νυνὶ βασιλεύων.

The phrase 'ὁ Ζεὺς οὐκ ὤν' is a syntactically compressed way of stating that Zeus does not exist, functioning as a predicate nominative with the verb 'to be' elided or understood. This construction is typical of the Sophistic rhetorical style found in Aristophanes' Clouds, where abstract philosophical claims are presented with elliptical brevity. The substitution of 'Δῖνος' (the Vortex) for Zeus reflects the materialist cosmology of Anaxagoras, who posited the Vortex as the primary cosmic principle. This sentence encapsulates the central conflict of the play: the clash between traditional polytheism and the new philosophical naturalism.

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Στρεψιάδης χαίρετε τοίνυν ὦ δέσποιναι· καὶ νῦν, εἴπερ τινὶ κἄλλῳ, οὐρανομήκη ῥήξατε κἀμοὶ φωνήν, ὦ παμβασίλειαι.

Στρεψιάδης ὦ γῆ τοῦ φθέγματος, ὡς ἱερὸν καὶ σεμνὸν καὶ τερατῶδες.

Σωκράτης αὗται γάρ τοι μόναι εἰσὶ θεαί, τἄλλα δὲ πάντʼ ἐστὶ φλύαρος. 365

Στρεψιάδης ὁ Ζεὺς δʼ ἡμῖν, φέρε πρὸς τῆς γῆς, οὑλύμπιος οὐ θεός ἐστιν;

Σωκράτης ποῖος Ζεύς; οὐ μὴ ληρήσεις· οὐδʼ ἔστι Ζεύς.

Στρεψιάδης τί λέγεις σύ; ἀλλὰ τίς ὕει; τουτὶ γὰρ ἔμοιγʼ ἀπόφηναι πρῶτον ἁπάντων.

Σωκράτης αὗται βροντῶσι κυλινδόμεναι. 375

Στρεψιάδης τῷ τρόπῳ ὦ πάντα σὺ τολμῶν;

Στρεψιάδης ὁ δʼ ἀναγκάζων ἐστὶ τίς αὐτάς, οὐχ ὁ Ζεύς, ὥστε φέρεσθαι;

Σωκράτης ἥκιστʼ ἀλλʼ αἰθέριος Δῖνος. 380

Στρεψιάδης Δῖνος; τουτί μʼ ἐλελήθειν, ὁ Ζεὺς οὐκ ὤν, ἀλλʼ ἀντʼ αὐτοῦ Δῖνος νυνὶ βασιλεύων. ἀτὰρ οὐδέν πω περὶ τοῦ πατάγου καὶ τῆς βροντῆς μʼ ἐδίδαξας.

Σωκράτης οὐκ ἤκουσάς μου τὰς Νεφέλας ὕδατος μεστὰς ὅτι φημὶ ἐμπιπτούσας εἰς ἀλλήλας παταγεῖν διὰ τὴν πυκνότητα;

Στρεψιάδης φέρε τουτὶ τῷ χρὴ πιστεύειν; 385

Σωκράτης ἀπὸ σαυτοῦ ʼγώ σε διδάξω. ἤδη ζωμοῦ Παναθηναίοις ἐμπλησθεὶς εἶτʼ ἐταράχθης τὴν γαστέρα, καὶ κλόνος ἐξαίφνης αὐτὴν διεκορκορύγησεν;

Current edition Perseus

Strepsiades. Hail therefore, O mistresses! And now, if ever ye did to any other, to me also utter a voice reaching to heaven, O all-powerful queens.

Strepsiades. O Earth, what a voice! How holy and dignified and wondrous!

Socrates. For, in fact, these alone are goddesses; and all the rest is nonsense. 365

Strepsiades. But come, by the Earth, is not Jupiter, the Olympian, a god?

Socrates. What Jupiter? Do not trifle. There is no Jupiter.

Strepsiades. What do you say? Who rains then? For first of all explain this to me.

Socrates. These to be sure. I will teach you it by powerful evidence. Come, where have you ever seen him raining at any time without Clouds? And yet he ought to rain in fine weather, and these be absent.

Strepsiades. By Apollo, of a truth you have rightly confirmed this by your present argument. And yet, before this, I really thought that Jupiter caused the rain. But tell me who is it that thunders. This makes me tremble.

Socrates. These, as they roll, thunder. 375

Strepsiades. In what way? you all-daring man!

Socrates. When they are full of much water, and are compelled to be borne along, being necessarily precipitated when full of rain, then they fall heavily upon each other and burst and clap.

Strepsiades. Who is it that compels them to borne along? Is it not Jupiter?

Socrates. By no means, but aethereal Vortex. 380

Strepsiades. Vortex? It had escaped my notice that Jupiter did not exist, and that Vortex now reigned in his stead. But you have taught me nothing as yet concerning the clap and the thunder.

Socrates. Have you not heard me, that I said that the Clouds, when full of moisture, dash against each other and clap by reason of their density?

Strepsiades. Come, how am I to believe this? 385

Socrates. I’ll teach you from your own case. Were you ever, after being stuffed with broth at the Panathenaic festival, then disturbed in your belly, and did a tumult suddenly rumble through it?

Strepsiades. Yes, by Apollo! And immediately the little broth plays the mischief with me, and is disturbed and rumbles like thunder, and grumbles dreadfully: at first gently pappax, pappax; and then it adds papa-pappax; and finally, it thunders downright papapappax, as they do. 390

Commentary

Line 367

Line 373

Line 379

Line 381

Stable identifiers

Στρεψιάδης

χαίρετε τοίνυν ὦ δέσποιναι· καὶ νῦν, εἴπερ τινὶ κἄλλῳ,

οὐρανομήκη ῥήξατε κἀμοὶ φωνήν, ὦ παμβασίλειαι.

Στρεψιάδης

ὦ γῆ τοῦ φθέγματος, ὡς ἱερὸν καὶ σεμνὸν καὶ τερατῶδες.

Σωκράτης

αὗται γάρ τοι μόναι εἰσὶ θεαί, τἄλλα δὲ πάντʼ ἐστὶ φλύαρος.
365

Στρεψιάδης

ὁ Ζεὺς δʼ ἡμῖν, φέρε πρὸς τῆς γῆς, οὑλύμπιος οὐ θεός ἐστιν;

Σωκράτης

ποῖος Ζεύς; οὐ μὴ ληρήσεις· οὐδʼ ἔστι Ζεύς.

Στρεψιάδης

τί λέγεις σύ;

ἀλλὰ τίς ὕει; τουτὶ γὰρ ἔμοιγʼ ἀπόφηναι πρῶτον ἁπάντων.

Σωκράτης

αὗται βροντῶσι κυλινδόμεναι.
375

Στρεψιάδης

τῷ τρόπῳ ὦ πάντα σὺ τολμῶν;

Στρεψιάδης

ὁ δʼ ἀναγκάζων ἐστὶ τίς αὐτάς, οὐχ ὁ Ζεύς, ὥστε φέρεσθαι;

Σωκράτης

ἥκιστʼ ἀλλʼ αἰθέριος Δῖνος.
380

Στρεψιάδης

Δῖνος; τουτί μʼ ἐλελήθειν,

ὁ Ζεὺς οὐκ ὤν, ἀλλʼ ἀντʼ αὐτοῦ Δῖνος νυνὶ βασιλεύων.

ἀτὰρ οὐδέν πω περὶ τοῦ πατάγου καὶ τῆς βροντῆς μʼ ἐδίδαξας.

Σωκράτης

οὐκ ἤκουσάς μου τὰς Νεφέλας ὕδατος μεστὰς ὅτι φημὶ

ἐμπιπτούσας εἰς ἀλλήλας παταγεῖν διὰ τὴν πυκνότητα;

Στρεψιάδης

φέρε τουτὶ τῷ χρὴ πιστεύειν;
385

Σωκράτης

ἀπὸ σαυτοῦ ʼγώ σε διδάξω.

ἤδη ζωμοῦ Παναθηναίοις ἐμπλησθεὶς εἶτʼ ἐταράχθης

τὴν γαστέρα, καὶ κλόνος ἐξαίφνης αὐτὴν διεκορκορύγησεν;

Strepsiades.

Hail therefore, O mistresses! And now, if ever ye did to any other, to me also utter a voice reaching to heaven, O all-powerful queens.

Strepsiades.

O Earth, what a voice! How holy and dignified and wondrous!

Socrates.

For, in fact, these alone are goddesses; and all the rest is nonsense.
365

Strepsiades.

But come, by the Earth, is not Jupiter, the Olympian, a god?

Socrates.

What Jupiter? Do not trifle. There is no Jupiter.

Strepsiades.

What do you say? Who rains then? For first of all explain this to me.

Socrates.

These to be sure. I will teach you it by powerful evidence. Come, where have you ever seen him raining at any time without Clouds? And yet he ought to rain in fine weather, and these be absent.

Strepsiades.

By Apollo, of a truth you have rightly confirmed this by your present argument. And yet, before this, I really thought that Jupiter caused the rain. But tell me who is it that thunders. This makes me tremble.

Socrates.

These, as they roll, thunder.
375

Strepsiades.

In what way? you all-daring man!

Socrates.

When they are full of much water, and are compelled to be borne along, being necessarily precipitated when full of rain, then they fall heavily upon each other and burst and clap.

Strepsiades.

Who is it that compels them to borne along? Is it not Jupiter?

Socrates.

By no means, but aethereal Vortex.
380

Strepsiades.

Vortex? It had escaped my notice that Jupiter did not exist, and that Vortex now reigned in his stead. But you have taught me nothing as yet concerning the clap and the thunder.

Socrates.

Have you not heard me, that I said that the Clouds, when full of moisture, dash against each other and clap by reason of their density?

Strepsiades.

Come, how am I to believe this?
385

Socrates.

I’ll teach you from your own case. Were you ever, after being stuffed with broth at the Panathenaic festival, then disturbed in your belly, and did a tumult suddenly rumble through it?

Strepsiades.

Yes, by Apollo! And immediately the little broth plays the mischief with me, and is disturbed and rumbles like thunder, and grumbles dreadfully:

at first gently pappax, pappax; and then it adds papa-pappax; and finally, it thunders downright papapappax, as they do.
390