Aristophanes Clouds 314

William James Hickie (Translator)

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Clouds. Aristophanes. William James Hickie (Translator). London. 1853.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The Annenberg CPB/Project.

Current edition Perseus

Clouds (English) (Aristophanes. The Comedies of Aristophanes, Vol. I. Hickie, William James, translator. Bohn: London, 1853.)

Editions (1)
Νεφέλαι Perseus (Aristophanes. Aristophanis Comoediae, Vol. 1. Hall, F. W. and Geldart, William M., editors. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906.) — 314 focus
Translations (1)
English (Sanjaya, generated; selected passages) (OCR draft) Experimental (Source: pnadelofficial/aristophanes-sanjaya, commit c319590c139e5603e71f0699caa0663d823af8ad. Machine-generated source annotations retained; see Sanjaya import audit for coverage and limitations.) — 314 focus

Commentary

Commentary (Sanjaya, generated; selected passages) (OCR draft) (Source: pnadelofficial/aristophanes-sanjaya, commit c319590c139e5603e71f0699caa0663d823af8ad. Machine-generated source annotations retained; see Sanjaya import audit for coverage and limitations.) focus

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ταῦτʼ ἄρʼ ἐποίουν ὑγρᾶν Νεφελᾶν στρεπταιγλᾶν δάιον ὁρμάν,
The genitive plural ὁρμᾶν (from ὁρμή) is syntactically dependent on the noun δάιον (likely a hapax or textual corruption for δαίαν or δαίμονα, 'spirit/daimon'), forming the rare construction of a substantive with a genitive of quality or origin rather than the more standard partitive or descriptive genitive. This reflects Aristophanes' characteristic lexical innovation and the comic poet's tendency to conflate abstract nouns with personified entities in the Clouds' self-description.

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ταῦτʼ ἄρα ταῦτα Κλεώνυμον αὗται τὸν ῥίψασπιν χθὲς ἰδοῦσαι,
The phrase ῥίψασπιν is a hapax legomenon in the Aristophanic corpus, functioning as a compound adjective (from ῥίπτω + ἀσπίς) describing a soldier who discards his shield. The term is a specific technical insult within the context of Athenian military culture, referring to the cowardly act of throwing away one's shield to flee the battle line (the source of the later verb ῥιψοκίνδυνος in a different sense). Its use here by the Clouds identifies Cleonymus not merely as a soldier, but as the archetypal deserter, a figure whose reputation for cowardice was so well-known in 423 BCE that no further elaboration was needed for the audience.

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καὶ νῦν γʼ ὅτι Κλεισθένη εἶδον, ὁρᾷς, διὰ τοῦτʼ ἐγένοντο γυναῖκες.
The clause ὅτι Κλεισθένη εἶδον employs the conjunction ὅτι with the aorist indicative to introduce a causal clause meaning 'since I saw Cleisthenes' or 'now that I have seen Cleisthenes.' This usage of ὅτι for 'since' or 'now that' (often with the indicative) is a specific feature of Aristophanic comic style, contrasting with the more common causal use of γάρ or the causal participle construction found in Attic prose. The specific reference to Cleisthenes (likely the son of Hegesistratus, a contemporary figure known for his effeminate dress and association with Socrates in the play) grounds the abstract complaint about the rise of women in a concrete, contemporary political and social event, serving as the immediate catalyst for the Chorus's observation.