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481 "I was broken-hearted when I heard that I must go back all that long and terrible voyage to Egypt ; nevertheless, I answered, ‘I will do all, old man, that you have laid upon me; but now tell me, and tell me true, whether all the Achaeans whom Nestor and I left behind us when we set sail from Troy have got home safely, or whether any one of them came to a bad end either on board his own ship or among his friends when the days of his fighting were done.’

491 "‘Son of Atreus,’ he answered, ‘why ask me? You had better not know my noos, for your eyes will surely fill when you have heard my story. Many of those about whom you ask are dead and gone, but many still remain, and only two of the chief men among the Achaeans perished during their return home. As for what happened on the field of battle - you were there yourself. A third Achaean leader is still at sea, alive, but hindered from returning [ nostos]. Ajax was wrecked, for Poseidon drove him on to the great rocks of Gyrae; nevertheless, he let him get safe out of the water, and in spite of all Athena's hatred he would have escaped death, if he had not ruined himself by boasting. He said the gods could not drown him even though they had tried to do so, and when Poseidon heard this large talk, he seized his trident in his two brawny hands, and split the rock of Gyrae in two pieces. The base remained where it was, but the part on which Ajax was sitting fell headlong into the sea and carried Ajax with it; so he drank salt water and was drowned.

512 "‘Your brother and his ships escaped, for Hera protected him, but when he was just about to reach the high promontory of Malea, he was caught by a heavy gale which carried him out to sea again sorely against his will, and drove him to the foreland where Thyestes used to dwell, but where Aigisthos was then living. By and by, however, it seemed as though he was to return [ nostos] safely after all, for the gods backed the wind into its old quarter and they reached home; whereon Agamemnon kissed his native soil, and shed tears of joy at finding himself in his own country.

524 "‘Now there was a watchman whom Aigisthos kept always on the watch, and to whom he had promised two talents of gold. This man had been looking out for a whole year to make sure that Agamemnon did not give him the slip and prepare war; when, therefore, this man saw Agamemnon go by, he went and told Aigisthos who at once began to lay a plot for him. He picked [ krînô] twenty of his bravest warriors from the dêmos and placed them in ambuscade on one side the room, while on the opposite side he prepared a banquet. Then he sent his chariots and horsemen to Agamemnon, and invited him to the feast, but he meant foul play. He got him there, all unsuspicious of the doom that was awaiting him, and killed him when the banquet was over as though he were butchering an ox in the shambles; not one of Agamemnon's followers was left alive, nor yet one of Aigisthos’, but they were all killed there in the cloisters.’

Odyssey. Homer. Samuel Butler (Translator). London. 1900 (?).

Current edition Perseus

Odyssey (English) (Homer. The Odyssey: rendered into English prose for the use of those who cannot read the original. Butler, Samuel, 1835-1902, translator. Revised by Timothy Power and Gregory Nagy. London: A.C. Fifield, 1900.)

Editions (1)

Ὀδύσσεια Perseus (Homer. The Odyssey, Volume 1-2. Murray, A. T. (Augustus Taber), editor. London: William Heinmann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1919.) — 4.554 focus

ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μʼ αὐτίκʼ ἀμειβόμενος προσέειπεν·

υἱὸς Λαέρτεω, Ἰθάκῃ ἔνι οἰκία ναίων·

555

τὸν δʼ ἴδον ἐν νήσῳ θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυ χέοντα,

νύμφης ἐν μεγάροισι Καλυψοῦς, ἥ μιν ἀνάγκῃ

ἴσχει· ὁ δʼ οὐ δύναται ἣν πατρίδα γαῖαν ἱκέσθαι·

οὐ γάρ οἱ πάρα νῆες ἐπήρετμοι καὶ ἑταῖροι,

οἵ κέν μιν πέμποιεν ἐπʼ εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης.

560

σοὶ δʼ οὐ θέσφατόν ἐστι, διοτρεφὲς ὦ Μενέλαε,

Ἄργει ἐν ἱπποβότῳ θανέειν καὶ πότμον ἐπισπεῖν,

ἀλλά σʼ ἐς Ἠλύσιον πεδίον καὶ πείρατα γαίης

ἀθάνατοι πέμψουσιν, ὅθι ξανθὸς Ῥαδάμανθυς,

τῇ περ ῥηίστη βιοτὴ πέλει ἀνθρώποισιν·

565

οὐ νιφετός, οὔτʼ ἂρ χειμὼν πολὺς οὔτε ποτʼ ὄμβρος,

ἀλλʼ αἰεὶ Ζεφύροιο λιγὺ πνείοντος ἀήτας

Ὠκεανὸς ἀνίησιν ἀναψύχειν ἀνθρώπους·

οὕνεκʼ ἔχεις Ἑλένην καί σφιν γαμβρὸς Διός ἐσσι.

ὣς εἰπὼν ὑπὸ πόντον ἐδύσετο κυμαίνοντα.

570

αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν ἐπὶ νῆας ἅμʼ ἀντιθέοις ἑτάροισιν

ἤια, πολλὰ δέ μοι κραδίη πόρφυρε κιόντι.

αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥʼ ἐπὶ νῆα κατήλθομεν ἠδὲ θάλασσαν,

δόρπον θʼ ὁπλισάμεσθʼ, ἐπί τʼ ἤλυθεν ἀμβροσίη νύξ,

δὴ τότε κοιμήθημεν ἐπὶ ῥηγμῖνι θαλάσσης.

575

ἦμος δʼ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,

νῆας μὲν πάμπρωτον ἐρύσσαμεν εἰς ἅλα δῖαν,

ἐν δʼ ἱστοὺς τιθέμεσθα καὶ ἱστία νηυσὶν ἐίσῃς,

ἂν δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ βάντες ἐπὶ κληῖσι καθῖζον·

ἑξῆς δʼ ἑζόμενοι πολιὴν ἅλα τύπτον ἐρετμοῖς.

580

ἂψ δʼ εἰς Αἰγύπτοιο διιπετέος ποταμοῖο

στῆσα νέας, καὶ ἔρεξα τεληέσσας ἑκατόμβας.

αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κατέπαυσα θεῶν χόλον αἰὲν ἐόντων,

χεῦʼ Ἀγαμέμνονι τύμβον, ἵνʼ ἄσβεστον κλέος εἴη.

ταῦτα τελευτήσας νεόμην, ἔδοσαν δέ μοι οὖρον

585

ἀθάνατοι, τοί μʼ ὦκα φίλην ἐς πατρίδʼ ἔπεμψαν.

ἀλλʼ ἄγε νῦν ἐπίμεινον ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ἐμοῖσιν,

ὄφρα κεν ἑνδεκάτη τε δυωδεκάτη τε γένηται·

καὶ τότε σʼ εὖ πέμψω, δώσω δέ τοι ἀγλαὰ δῶρα,

τρεῖς ἵππους καὶ δίφρον ἐύξοον· αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα

590

δώσω καλὸν ἄλεισον, ἵνα σπένδῃσθα θεοῖσιν

ἀθανάτοις ἐμέθεν μεμνημένος ἤματα πάντα.

Translations (8)

Odyssey Perseus (Homer. The Odyssey, Volume 1-2. Murray, A. T. (Augustus Taber), translator. London: William Heinmann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1919.) — 4.481 focus

“So he spoke, and my spirit was broken within me, for that he bade me go again over the misty deep to Aegyptus , a long and weary way. Yet even so I made answer, and said: 485 “‘All this will I perform, old man, even as thou dost bid. But come now, tell me this, and declare it truly. Did all the Achaeans return unscathed in their ships, all those whom Nestor and I left, as we set out from Troy ? Or did any perish by a cruel death on board his ship, 490 or in the arms of his friends, when he had wound up the skein of war?’ “So I spoke, and he straightway made answer, and said: ‘Son of Atreus, why dost thou question me of this? In no wise does it behove thee to know, or to learn my mind; nor, methinks, wilt thou long be free from tears, when thou hast heard all aright. 495 For many of them were slain, and many were left; but two chieftains alone of the brazen-coated Achaeans perished on their homeward way ( as for the fighting, thou thyself wast there), and one, I ween, still lives, and is held back on the broad deep. “‘Aias truly was lost amid his long-oared ships. 500 Upon the great rocks of Gyrae Poseidon at first drove him, but saved him from the sea; and he would have escaped his doom, hated of Athena though he was, had he not uttered a boastful word in great blindness of heart. He declared that it was in spite of the gods that he had escaped the great gulf of the sea; 505 and Poseidon heard his boastful speech, and straightway took his trident in his mighty hands, and smote the rock of Gyrae and clove it in sunder. And one part abode in its place, but the sundered part fell into the sea, even that on which Aias sat at the first when his heart was greatly blinded, 510 and it bore him down into the boundless surging deep. So there he perished, when he had drunk the salt water.

English (Butler, rev. Nagy et al., 2020) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (Butler, rev. Nagy et al., 2020)) — 4.481 focus

I was broken-hearted when I heard that I must go back all that long and terrifying voyage to Egypt; nevertheless, I answered, [485] ‘I will do all, old man, that you have laid upon me; but now tell me, and tell me true, whether all the Achaeans whom Nestor and I left behind us when we set sail from Troy have got home safely, or whether any one of them came to a bad end either on board his own ship [490] or among his friends when the days of his fighting were done.’

‘Son of Atreus,’ he answered, ‘why ask me? You had better not know my mind [ noos], for your eyes will surely fill when you have heard my story. [495] Many of those about whom you ask are dead and gone, but many still remain, and only two of the chief men among the bronze-armored Achaeans perished during their return home. As for what happened on the field of battle—you were there yourself. A third Achaean leader is still at sea, alive, but hindered from returning [ nostos]. Ajax was wrecked, [500] for Poseidon drove him on to the great rocks of Gyrai; nevertheless, he let him get safe out of the water, and in spite of all Athena’s hatred he would have escaped death, if he had not ruined himself by boasting. He said the gods could not drown him even though they had tried to do so, [505] and when Poseidon heard this large talk, he seized his trident in his two brawny hands, and split the rock of Gyrai in two pieces. The base remained where it was, but the part on which Ajax was sitting fell headlong into the sea [510] and carried Ajax with it; so he drank salt water and was drowned.

512

English (William Cullen Bryant, 1873) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (William Cullen Bryant, 1873)) — 4.481 focus

"He spake. My heart was broken as I heard

His bidding to recross the shadowy sea

620

To Egypt, for the way was difficult

And long; and yet I answered him and said : -

"Duly will I perform, O aged seer,

What thou commandest. But I pray thee tell,

And truly, whether all the sons of Greece

625

Whom Nestor and myself, in setting sail,

Left on the Trojan coast, have since returned

Safe with their galleys, or have any died

Untimely in their ships or in the arms

Of their companions since the war wasclosed?'

630

"I spake; again he answered me and said :-

'Why dost thou ask, Atrides, since to know

Thou needest not, nor is it well to explore

The secrets of my mind? Thou canst not, sure,

Refrain from tears when thou shalt know the whole.

635

Many are dead, and many left in Troy.

Two leaders only of the well-armed Greeks

Were slain returning; in that combat thou

Didst bear a part; one, living yet, is kept,

Far in the mighty main, from his return.

640

""Amid his well-oared galleys Ajax died.

For Neptune first had driven him on the rocks

Of Gyræ, yet had saved him from the sea;

And he, though Pallas hated him, had yet

Been rescued, but for uttering boastful words,

645

Which drew his fate upon him. He had said

That he, in spite of all the gods, would come

Safe from those mountain waves. When Neptune heard

The boaster's challenge, instantly he laid

His strong hand on the trident, smote the rock

650

And cleft it to the base. Part stood erect,

Part fell into the deep. There Ajax sat,

And felt the shock, and with the falling mass

Was carried headlong to the billowy depths

Below, and drank the brine and perished there.

655

English (Alexander Pope, 1726, ed. Watson, 1858) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (Alexander Pope, 1726, ed. Watson, 1858)) — 4.481 focus

'He ceas'd: heart-wounded with afflictive pain,

'(Doom'd to repeat the perils of the main,

650

'A shelfy track and long!) O seer, I cry,

'To the stern sanction of th' offended sky

'My prompt obedience bows. But deign to say,

'What fate propitious, or what dire dismay,

'Sustain those peers, the relics of our host,

655

'Whom I with Nestor on the Phrygian coast

'Embracing left? Must I the warriors weep,

'Whelm'd in the bottom of the monstrous deep?

'Or did the kind domestic friend deplore

'The breathless heroes on their native shore?'

660

PROTEUS

'Press not too far, (replied the god :) but cease

'To know, what known will violate thy peace:

'Too curious of their doom! with friendly woe

'Thy breast will heave, and tears eternal flow.

'Part live; the rest, a lamentable train!
665

'Range the dark bounds of Pluto's dreary reign..

PROTEUS

'Two, foremost in the roll of Mars renown'd,

'Whose arms with conquest in thy cause were crown'd,

'Fell by disastrous fate: by tempests toss'd,

'A third lives wretched on a distant coast.
670

'By Neptune rescued from Minerva's hate,¹

'On Gyrae, safe Oïlean Ajax sate,

'His ship o'erwhelm'd: but, frowning on the floods,

'Impious he roar'd defiance to the gods;

'To his own prowess all the glory gave,
675

'The power defrauding who vouchsaf'd to save.

'This heard the raging ruler of the main;

'His spear, indignant for such high disdain,

'He launch'd; dividing with his forky mace

'Th' aërial summit from the marble base:
680

'The rock rush'd seaward, with impetuous roar

'Ingulf'd, and to th' abyss the boaster bore.

English (Thomas Hobbes, 1667, ed. Molesworth 1843) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (Thomas Hobbes, 1667, ed. Molesworth 1843)) — 4.481 focus

Thus Proteus said. But that I must go first

Back into Egypt, an ill and long way,

My heart to hear it ready was to burst.

'Tis hard, said I, but I'll do all you say;

But tell me of the Argives first, if they

465

With their good ships came all in safety home,

That I and Nestor left behind at Troy,

How many by the way they lost, and whom ?

Some of them 'scap'd, said he, and some are lost;

But of the princes lost are only twain

470

In their return. Upon the Trojan coast

You know who died; and one the Gods detain.

First Ajax' ships by winds are laid aground

At Gyre, rocks that on the deep look down,

And 'gainst the sea protection there had found,

475

However Pallas did upon him frown,

But that a high provoking word he spake.

I'll pass, said he, although the Gods say no.

And Neptune then the rock he sat on brake;

Both he and it into the water go,

480

Where, when he had drunk brine enough, he died.

English (George Chapman, 1667, ed. Hooper 1857) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (George Chapman, 1667, ed. Hooper 1857)) — 4.481 focus

This told he; and, methought, he brake my heart,

In such a long and hard course to divert

My hope for home, and charge my back retreat

As far as Ægypt. I made answer yet:

650

"Father, thy charge I'll perfect; but before

Resolve me truly, if their natural shore

All those Greeks, and their ships, do safe enjoy,

That Nestor and myself left, when from Troy

We first raised sail? Or whether any died

655

At sea a death unwish'd? Or, satisfied,

When war was past, by friends embrac'd, in peace

Resign'd their spirits?" He made answer: " Cease

To ask so far. It fits thee not to be

So cunning in thine own calamity.

660

Nor seek to learn what learn'd thou shouldst forget.

Men's knowledges have proper limits set,

And should not prease into the mind of God.

But 'twill not long be, as my thoughts abode,

Before thou buy this curious skill with tears.

665

Many of those, whose states so tempt thine ears,

Are stoop'd by death, and many left alive,

One chief of which in strong hold doth survive,

Amidst the broad sea. Two, in their retreat,

Are done to death. I list not to repeat

670

Who fell at Troy, thyself was there in fight.

But in return swift Ajax lost the light,

In his long-oar'd ship. Neptune, yet, awhile

Saft him unwrack'd, to the Gyræan isle,

A mighty rock removing from his way.

675

And surely he had 'scap'd the fatal day,

In spite of Pallas, if to that foul deed

He in her fane did, (when he ravished

The Trojan prophetess) he had not here

Adjoin'd an impious boast, that he would bear,

680

Despite the Gods, his ship safe through the waves

Then raised against him. These his impious braves

When Neptune heard, in his strong hand he took

His massy trident, and so soundly strook

The rock Gyræan, that in two it cleft;

685

Of which one fragment on the land he left,

The other fell into the troubled seas,

At which first rush'd Ajax Oiliades,

And split his ship, and then himself afloat

Swum on the rough waves of the world's vast mote,

690

Till having drunk a salt cup for his sin,

There perish'd he.

English (William Cowper, 1791, ed. Southey) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (William Cowper, 1791, ed. Southey)) — 4.481 focus

He ended, and my heart broke at his words,

Which bade me pass again the gloomy gulf

585

To Ægypt; tedious course, and hard to atchieve!

Yet, though in sorrow whelm'd, I thus replied.

Old prophet! I will all thy will perform.

But tell me, and the truth simply reveal;

Have the Achaians with their ships arrived

590

All safe, whom Nestor left and I, at Troy?

Or of the Chiefs have any in their barks,

Or in their followers' arms found a dire death

Unlook'd for, since that city's siege we closed?

I spake, when answer thus the God return'd.

595

Atrides, why these questions? need is none

That thou should'st all my secrets learn, which once

Reveal'd, thou wouldst not long dry-eyed remain.

Of those no few have died, and many live;

But leaders, two alone, in their return

600

Have died, (thou also hast had war to wage,)

And one, still living, roams the boundless sea.

Ajax, surrounded by his galleys, died.

Him Neptune, first, against the bulky rocks

The Gyræ drove, but saved him from the Deep;

605

Nor had he perish'd, hated as he was

By Pallas, but for his own impious boast

In frenzy utter'd, that he would escape

The billows, even in the Gods' despight.

Neptune that speech vain-glorious hearing, grasp'd

610

His trident, and the huge Gyræan rock

Smiting indignant, dash'd it half away;

Part stood, and part, on which the boaster sat

When, first, the brainsick fury seized him, fell,

Bearing him with it down into the gulfs

615

Of Ocean, where he drank the brine, and died.

English (H. B. Cotterill, 1911) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (H. B. Cotterill, 1911)) — 4 focus

ODYSSEY BOOK IV

FAIR Lacedaemon they reached, embosomed in cavernous mountains.

Here to the mansion they drave of the far-famed prince Menelaus.

Him in his palace they found in the midst of a throng of his kindred

Holding a marriage feast for his peerless son and his daughter,

Sending her forth to the son of Achilles, the router of cohorts,

Whom long since in the land of the Trojans he promised the maiden,

Vowing to give her; and heaven was now completing the marriage.

Her was he sending with cars and with chariot-horses to journey

Unto the city renown'd of the Myrmidons, where he was chieftain.

Also a bride he was taking—Alector's daughter, of Sparta—

Unto his son, the beloved and stalwart youth Megapenthes,

Born of a slave for to Helen an offspring never was granted

After she once gave birth to a daughter of exquisite beauty,

Hermione, who was fair as the Queen Aphrodite the golden.

Thus were holding a feast in the high-roofed halls of the palace

Neighbours and all of the kin of the far-famed prince Menelaus,

Making them merry; amidst them a godlike singer was singing

Unto the sound of the harp; and aye as his song was beginning

Went two tumblers whirling around in the midst of the feasters.

Meanwhile reaching the gate of the palace the twain with their horses,

Nestor's glorious son and Telemachus the heroic,

Halted, and here came forth and beheld them the lord Eteoneus,

Ever-alert attendant of far-famed King Menelaus;

Hurrying back to the house to report to the prince of the people,

Close to his side he approached, and swift-winged words he addressed him:

"Guests be arrived, unknown—O Zeus-loved King Menelaus!—

Two be the men, and like to the offspring of Zeus the Almighty.

Say, shall we loose from the yokes for the men their fleet-paced horses,

Or shall we send them away where others shall give them reception?"

Sorely displeased gave answer the fair-haired prince Menelaus:

"Ne'er did I deem thee a fool, Boëthous' son, Eteoneus,

—Never till now; but behold, it is childish folly thou pratest.

Verily both of us often as guests at the table of others

Ate of their bread ere safely we landed—if truly in safety

Zeus will protect us from evils to come. Go, loosen the horses;

Then to the hall lead forward the strangers to share in the banquet."

Thus did he speak, and the man from the hall went busily hasting,

Calling on other alert attendants and bidding them follow.

These then, loosing from under the yoke all sweating the horses,

Carefully fastened them both in the stall, each one at a manger,

Poured out spelt in the manger and mixed it with glittering barley,

Tilted the chariot up to the smooth white wall of the courtyard,

Then with the strangers returned to the wonderful house; and with marvel

Gazing around them they entered the home of the Zeus-loved monarch.

For, as the sheen of the sun or the moon, there floated a glory

Over the high-roofed palace of far-famed King Menelaus.

Then, when at last they had sated their eyes with the pleasure of gazing,

Straightway into a bath well polished they entered and bathed them.

Now when the women had washed them and rubbed them with oil of the olive,

Round them they cast soft mantles of wool and doublets and led them

Into the hall; and they seated them nigh Menelaus Atrides.

Water for washing of hands by a maiden was brought in an ewer

Beautiful, golden; and over a basin of silver she poured it,

Bidding them wash, and she stationed a polished table beside him.

Then did a grave house-dame bring bread and lay it before him,

Lavishly adding thereto from her stores full many a dainty.

Carrying platters aloft came also a carver and offered

Dishes of various meats; and gold-wrought goblets he gave them.

Then to the strangers a greeting addressed fair-haired Menelaus:

"Now partake of the food, and be welcome heartily! Later,

After the supper is done, we shall ask your names and inform us

Whence your descent—for in neither is perished the blood of the parent;

Both are surely the children of chieftains nurtured by heaven,

Bearers of sceptres. By churls were suchlike never begotten."

These words spoken he took rich meat and placed it beside them,

Roast of the chine of an ox that was served for himself as an honour.

Then did they stretch forth hands to the food that was lying before them.

Now when at last they had lost all longing for meat and the wine-cup,

Telemachus then turned him to Nestor's son and addressed him,

Holding his head right close, to be noticed of none of the others:

"Nestor's son, dear friend, the delight of my heart, I beseech thee,

Mark but the flashing of bronze in the echoing halls of the palace,

Ay and of ivory too, and of amber, of gold and of silver.

Such, I believe, inside is the mansion of Zeus on Olympus!

Riches unending! Amazement possesseth me while I behold it."

Thus as he spake it was noted of fair-haired prince Menelaus;

Wherefore lifting his voice these swift-winged words he addressed them :

"Nay, dear children, with Zeus to compete none dareth of mortals;

Lasting for ever and ever remain his mansion and riches.

Whether a mortal exists that can rival my treasures I know not;

Possible were it; but far did I wander and sorely I suffered

Bringing them home in my ships, and the eighth year saw my arrival.

Even to Cyprus I came and to Phoenicé and to Egypt;

Aethiop tribes I beheld, and Erembian; visited Sidon,

Libya too, where lambs from their birth bear horns on the forehead;

Here do the flocks thrice yean in the year's complete revolution;

Never is lacking abundance to any—to lord or to shepherd—

Either of sweet white milk, or of flesh for the table, or cheeses;

Such an unfailing supply is afforded by flocks to the milker.

While that in these far lands I was journeying, gathering riches,

Wandering widely, another had meantime murdered my brother,

Caught unawares by the craft of his wife—that woman accursed :

Thus do I feel no joy in the wealth whereof I am master.

Ah but, I trow, these things ye have heard your fathers recounting,

Whosoever they be, for immense was the woe that I suffered,

Even the loss of a home right happy and wealth in abundance.

Would that I dwelt in a homestead with only a part of my riches,

Yea with a third, and that still were living the heroes who perished

There on the plain of the Troad afar from the pastures of Argos.

Still, though all of the men I bewail and am ever lamenting,

100

Ofttimes thinking thereon as I sit in the halls of my palace,

Bidding my soul for awhile to delight in her sorrow, and sometimes

Bidding her cease (since soon one wearies of chill lamentation),

None of them all howbeit I mourn, though sorely I miss them,

So as I grieve for the one—whose memory brings me abhorrence

105

Even of food and of sleep; for of all of the sons of Achaea

None could dare and endure as Odysseus; but destiny gave him

Many a woe, and to me this inconsolable sorrow,

Sorrow for one that is vanished away long years, and we know not

Whether he lives or is dead; and I ween that at home they bewail him,

110

Aged Laertes his sire, and the true-souled Penelopeia,

Yea and Telemachus, whom he left as a babe in his homestead."

Thus did he speak, and a longing to wail in the youth was awakened,

While at the name of his sire from his eye there trickled a teardrop.

Hastily then uplifting his mantle of purple, he held it

115

Close to his face with his hands; which marking the prince Menelaus

Doubtfully mused for a while in the depths of his mind and his spirit,

Whether to leave him alone and allow him to mention his father,

Or to begin forthwith and with questions straitly to test him.

Thus as he mused and revolved such things in his mind and his spirit,

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Out of the fragrant recess of a high-roofed chamber appearing

Helen approached—like Artemis, goddess of glittering arrows.

Set was her well-wrought chair by her maiden attendant Adrasté,

While by Alcippe a wrapper was carried of delicate sheep-wool;

Phylo carried a basket of silver, a present to Helen

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Given by Polybus' wife, Alcandré, dwelling in Thebae,

City of Egypt, the houses whereof hold many a treasure.

Polybus gave to the prince two bathing-vessels of silver,

Two great tripods as well, and of gold ten talents he gave him.

Also his consort bestowed right beautiful presents on Helen,

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Even a distaff of gold, and a fine-wrought basket of silver

Standing on wheels; but in gold were finished the rims of the basket.

This was the one now placed at her side by the maiden attendant

Laden with yarn well-dressed for the spinning, and o'er it the distaff

Lay outstretched with its wool dark-dyed of a violet colour.

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So she reclined on the chair; and below for her feet was a footstool.

Straightway then to her husband she spake and questioned him closely:

"Know we at all these men, Zeus-foster'd king Menelaus?

What is the race they avow, these strangers that visit thy palace?

Should I dissemble, or speak what is true? I am minded to speak it.

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Never before, I affirm, did I see such likeness in mortal,

Whether in woman or man (it amazeth me while I behold it),

Such as the youth here bears to the son of the noble Odysseus,

Telemachus, who was left as a newborn child in the homestead,

While that his father and ye the Achaeans for sake of a wanton,

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Even myself, came boldly assailing the town of the Trojans."

Her then in answer addressed these words fair-haired Menelaus:

"Verily now I perceive, O lady, the likeness thou notest.

Such were truly the hands and the feet of the hero Odysseus;

Such was the glance of his eyes, and also his hair and his forehead.

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Ay and behold, just now, as I spake concerning Odysseus,

Calling to mind how sorely he toiled and suffered affliction

All for my sake, from the eyes of the youth there trickled a teardrop;

Hastily then to his face he uplifted his mantle of purple."

Him then addressing did Nestor's son Peisistratus answer:

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"Captain of warrior hosts, Zeus-loved Menelaus Atrides,

Verily this is indeed, as thou sayest, the son of Odysseus;

Lowly however he beareth his spirit and holds it unseemly

Now on his early arrival to utter presumptuous language

Here in the presence of one whose voice as a god's doth enchant us.

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Touching myself, I was sent by the knight Gerenian Nestor

Him to attend on his journey as guide for he longed to behold thee,

Hoping to hear thee suggest some counsel for word or for action.

Many a trouble and grief, when a father is gone from the homestead,

Falls on a son, if he lacketh another to help and defend him.

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Telemachus has it thus for his father is vanished, and no one,

None in the land of his birth, can he find to protect him from ruin."

Him then in answer addressed these words fair-haired Menelaus:

"Verily now 'tis the son of a friend that is come to my palace,

One that hath borne for the sake of myself full many a trial!

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Great was my longing to welcome him home as I welcomed no other,

None of the Argives, had Zeus the Olympian, god of the thunder,

Granted us both to return with the swift ships over the ocean.

Then had I found him a city in Argos and made him a homestead,

Bidding him come with his goods and his child from the Ithacan island,

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Ay and with all of his people—A town I had emptied of dwellers,

One of the towns in the region anigh, of the which I am chieftain.

Here had we oft foregathered in friendship, and nothing had ever

Parted us, each one loving and happy in love of the other,

Till at the last with its shadow the darkness of death overwhelmed us.

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All howbeit was fated, I ween, and the envy of heaven

Cut from the one poor mortal the hope of return to his homeland."

Thus did he speak, and a longing to wail in them all he awakened:

Weeping was Argive Helen, the daughter of Zeus the Almighty;

Weeping was Telemachus, and prince Menelaus Atrides;

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Neither did Nestor's son keep tearless eyes as he listened,

Deep in his spirit recalling the thought of the hero unrivalled

Antilochus, who was slain by the glorious son of the Morning.

Thinking thereon, to the monarch with swift-winged words he addressed him :

"Atreus' son, of thy wisdom, surpassing the wisdom of mortals,

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Ancient Nestor was wont to recount us, if e'er in his palace

Mention was made of thy name and we plied each other with questions.

Now too follow my counsel, if possible—since, as I hold it,

Wailing amidst of a banquet is far from a pleasure, and daylight

Soon will be dawning. I blame not indeed nor resent as unseemly

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Weeping for one who is dead—whose destined doom is accomplished.

This is the one last due we can offer to pitiful mortals,

Even the cutting of hair and the falling from cheeks of the teardrop.

I too mourn for the lost—for a brother that died—of the Argives

None of the worst; and methinks thou'rt like to have known him; for my part

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Ne'er did I meet or behold him; but ever of all was the foremost

Antilochus, it is said, unrivalled in speed and in fighting."

Him then in turn gave answer the fair-haired prince Menelaus:

"Friend, thou speak'st as a man endowed with the spirit of wisdom

Well might speak and perform—yea, even a man that is elder.

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Seeing that such is thy father, to speak thus wisely becomes thee.

Easily known is the child of a man whom Father Cronion

Destines to bliss on the day of his birth and the day of his marriage.

Such is the fortune that all of his life he hath granted to Nestor,

Yea and allots him a smooth old age in the halls of his homestead,

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Blesséd in sons so wise and all unrivalled as spearmen.

Now let us, putting away this sadness that lately befell us,

Mind us again of the feast. Let a page bring water and pour it

Over the hands. In the morn we shall find full many a story,

Telemachus and myself, to recount each one to the other."

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Thus did he speak and Asphalion on the hands poured water,

Ever-alert attendant of far-famed prince Menelaus.

Then did they stretch forth hands to the food that was lying before them.

Meantime Helen the daughter of Zeus planned other devices,

Casting a drug in the wine from the which were drinking the feasters.

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Soother of pain is the drug, and of wrath, and of every sorrow;

Whosoe'er should swallow a draught thus mixed in a wine-bowl,

Not for the space of a day on his cheeks would trickle a teardrop,

Not if his father himself should die or the mother that bare him,

Nay not e'en if his brother be slain, or the son that he loveth

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Fall by the edge of the sword, and he see them dying before him.

Many a suchlike drug, both potent and kindly, did Helen

Gain from the consort of Thon, Polydamna, a woman of Egypt.

(Here doth the fertile soil breed potent plants in abundance,

Many benign, thus mixed as a potion, and many malignant.

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Every dweller in Egypt moreover surpasseth as healer

Others of mortals; for truly the folk is the race of Paeon.)

So when the potion was mingled she bade bear forth to the drinkers,

Then once more brake silence, addressing her husband in answer:

"Zeus-loved king Menelaus Atrides, and all of you present,

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Sons of illustrious sires (It is God who to this or to that one

Giveth of good or of evil. To him are possible all things),

Seated remain, I beseech, in the hall, and renewing the banquet

Take ye enjoyment in tales—I will tell one suiting the season.

All of the stories I ne'er can relate, nor e'en can I name them,

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All the adventurous feats of the dauntless-hearted Odysseus;

One will I tell that was dared and was done by the valiant hero

While in the Trojan land ye Achaeans suffered affliction.

Unto disfiguring stripes of the lash he subjected his body;

Then with his shoulders enveloped in pitiful wraps, as a bondman,

245

Into the wide-way'd town of the foe he audaciously entered.

Here he assumed the disguise of an utterly different person,

Even a beggar—a part scarce his at the camp of the Grecians.

Thus in the town of the Trojans he entered; nor felt a suspicion

Any but I—for beneath the disguise of the beggar I knew him;

250

Ay and I questioned him too; but he met me with crafty evasions.

Lastly, whenas he was bathed and anointed with oil of the olive,

Raiment I gave him to don and the solemn assurance I made him

Not to betray him amidst of the Trojan folk as Odysseus,

Till to the huts of the camp he had come and the swift-winged vessels.

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Then did he clearly inform me of all the designs of the Grecians.

Thus he escaped, and many a Trojan he slew with the broadsword

Ere to the Greeks he was come; and he carried them plentiful tidings.

Then did the women of Troy raise shrill lamentation; but my heart

Joy'd, for already my spirit was changed, and again I was yearning

260

Back to my home, and repented the madness that queen Aphrodite

Sent me when thither, afar from my well-loved country, she led me,

Making me part from my child and my marriage-bed and a husband

Lacking in nought—nor gifts of the mind nor beauty of person."

Her then in turn gave answer the fair-haired prince Menelaus:

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“Verily, lady, thou tellest thy tale in an excellent manner.

Many a hero I knew, and his inmost thoughts and his counsels

Carefully marked, and in many a far-off land did I travel,

Yet did I never behold with my eyes such daring in mortal

Like to the inborn courage of dauntless-hearted Odysseus.

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Hear this too that was dared and was done by the valiant hero.

While in the wood-built horse were sitting the chiefs of the Argives,

All of us, plotting to bring on the enemy death and destruction,

Thither anon thou camest. (A deity surely impelled thee,

One that was wishing to grant to the Trojans glory and honour.)

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Godlike Deïphobus came also giving thee escort.

Testing by touch of the fingers the hollow ambush, thou passedst

Thrice all round it, and calling by name on the chiefs of the Argives

Madest thy voice to resemble the voice of a woman of Argos.

Meanwhile Tydeus' son and myself and the godlike Odysseus

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Sat in the midst and listened intent to thy voice as it called us.

Both of us others indeed kept longing to rise and to rush forth

Out of the ambush, or else from within to respond to thy calling;

Only Odysseus opposed our eager excitement and stay'd us.

Then, all silent remaining the rest of the sons of Achaea,

285

Anticlus was alone still wishing to give thee an answer,

Ay and he opened his mouth; but Odysseus was sudden and closed it

Firmly with powerful hands, thus saving the lives of the Grecians,

Holding him fast till away thou wast summoned by Pallas Athene."

Him sage Telemachus addressing in turn gave answer:

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"Captain of warrior hosts, Zeus-loved Menelaus Atrides,

Still more grievous it seems that to hinder his pitiful ending

Nought did avail, though truly within him his heart was of iron.

Now will I beg thee to show us to bed; 'tis the season already

Gladly to lay us to rest and with slumber sweet to delight us."

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Thus did he speak, and Argive Helen commanded her maidens

Under the porch two beds to arrange, and beautiful blankets,

Purple, upon them to cast, and over them coverlets spreading,

Mantles of wool moreover to lay enwrapping them warmly.

So from the hall went quickly the handmaids carrying torches.

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Then, when the beds were strown, with a henchman to guide them the strangers,

Nestor's glorious son and Telemachus the heroic,

Came forth unto the porch in the front of the palace and slept there.

Atreus' son too slept in the innermost room of the mansion,

Long-robed Helen reposing anigh, most lovely of women.

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Now when the morning was newly arisen, the roseate-fingered,

Then from his bed uprose Menelaus good at the war-cry,

Donned his apparel and hung him his keen-edged sword from his shoulder;

Under his smooth-skinned feet then tying his beautiful sandals

Out of his chamber he came as a god immortal in presence;

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Near to Odysseus' son then seating himself he addressed him:

"Hero Telemachus, come say what reason hath brought thee

Hither to fair Lacedaemon across wide wastes of the ocean,

Whether a public affair or a private? Tell me exactly!"

Him sage Telemachus addressing in turn gave answer:

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"Captain of warrior hosts, Zeus-loved Menelaus Atrides,

Hither for news I am come—hast thou aught to relate—of my father.

Wasted away and devoured is the wealth of my lands and my homestead;

Filled is my palace with foes, who for ever infest it, and slaughter

Sheep of my thick-thronged folds and my shambling, crook-horned cattle;

320

Suitors these of my mother, exceedingly insolent mortals.

Wherefore now to thy knees am I come, if perchance thou art able

News of his pitiful death to impart. Peradventure thou sawst it

Even with thine own eyes, or hast heard some tale from another,

One who had wandered—for born to a pitiful fate was Odysseus.

325

Nor do thou shrink to offend, nor speak soft words in compassion.

Tell me exactly the truth—how far thou hast chanced to behold him.

Lo, I entreat thee :—if ever my father, the noble Odysseus,

Either by word or by deed accomplished the thing that he promised

Where in the Trojan land ye Achaeans suffered affliction,

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This, I beseech thee, remember, and tell me the whole as it happened."

Sorely displeased gave answer the fair-haired prince Menelaus :

"Nay, by the gods! in the bed of a man right valiant-hearted

These have chosen a couch for themselves—poor cowardly creatures!

E'en as it haps when a hind in the lair of a powerful lion

335

Maketh a bed for her fawns, new-litter'd and delicate sucklings,

Fares then forth to the slopes and the grassy ravines of the mountains

Seeking for pasture—and lo, to his covert returning the lion

Suddenly maketh of both of the yeanlings a terrible ending;

Thus shall a terrible ending be made of the men by Odysseus.

340

Would that, by Father Zeus and Athena and Phoebus Apollo,

Such as he proved when of yore in the flourishing island of Lesbos

Fearless he met with the huge Philomeleides in a contest,

Wrestled and heavily threw him, and all the Achaeans exulted;

Would that he came e'en such an Odysseus—to visit the suitors,

345

Bringing to all of them speedy perdition and nuptials of anguish!

Now for the matter whereof thou dost ask and entreat me, I promise

Nought will I wrest from the truth, nor evasively speak and deceive thee;

All that the ancient god of the sea—that prophet unerring—

Told me, of this will I nought keep back nor attempt to conceal it.

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Once, as in Egypt I yearned to return to my home, the immortals

Hindered me still, for I failed to perform sufficing oblations

(Yea and the deities will it that mortals shall keep their commandments).

Now by the mouth of Aegyptus, amidst deep surges of ocean,

Riseth an isle—and the name that they give to the island is Pharos—

355

Distant so far from the coast that a hollow vessel can reach it

Sailing the whole of a day when the wind blows shrilly behind her.

Here is a haven secure, whence many a well-built vessel

Puts forth into the ocean, with dark sweet water replenished.

Days full twenty herein by the gods I was holden, nor ever

360

Rose with a favouring breath such breeze of the sea as attendeth

Vessels, to waft them along o'er wide expanses of ocean.

Now had the food been wholly consumed, and the strength of my comrades,

Save for the help of a goddess who felt compassion and saved me,

Daughter of Proteus, ancient and powerful god of the ocean,

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Eidotheë, whose heart I had strongly aroused to affection.

While I was roaming alone and afar from the others she met me.

These all over the coast of the isle were wandering widely

Fishing with well-bent hooks, since famine gnawed at their belly.

Near to my side she approached and uplifted her voice and addressed me :

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'Utterly childish thou seemst, O stranger, and indolent-witted.

Or is it choice that hath made thee remiss? Does suffering please thee?

Lo, it is long in this isle thou art holden, nor seemst to be able

Any escape to devise ; and thy comrades' spirit is failing.'

Thus did she speak; forthwith then I answered and thus I addressed her :

375

'Whichsoever thou be'st of the goddesses, all will I tell thee.

Nowise willingly here am I held, but have surely by sinning

Angered immortals who dwell in the wide expanses of heaven.

Therefore tell me, I pray—since gods have knowledge of all things—

Which of the deities fetters me thus, and has hindered my going?

380

Tell me the way to return and the teeming ocean to traverse!'

Thus did I speak; forthwith responded the beautiful goddess:

'Yea, O stranger, the truth will I tell thee and clearly explain it.

Oft doth an ancient god of the ocean—the prophet unerring—

Proteus, hither resort—an Egyptian immortal, who knoweth

385

Every deep of the seas, and as herdsman serveth Poseidon.

Him do the voices of all as the father proclaim who begat me.

Lo now, shouldst thou be able by laying an ambush to catch him,

All he will surely reveal thee—the course and the bounds of thy journey—

Tell thee the way to return and the teeming ocean to traverse;

390

Ay and if so thou shalt wish, Zeus-fostered prince, he will tell thee

All that has happened of good and of ill in the halls of thy homestead

During the years thou hast fared on a journey so long and so grievous.'

Thus did she speak; forthwith then I answered and thus I addressed her :

• Plan me an ambush thyself for the old sea-god, to ensnare him,

395

Lest too soon he shall see me and, ware of my purpose, escape me.

Truly to master a god is a difficult task for a mortal.'

So did I speak; forthwith responded the beautiful goddess :

'Yea, O stranger, the truth will I tell thee and plainly declare it :

Oft as the sun upmounting attaineth the middle of heaven,

400

Out of the brine creeps forth that ancient oracular sea-god.

Hidden beneath black ripples he comes when the Zephyr is blowing,

Crawls from the water, and lays him to sleep in the shade of a cavern.

Round him the brood fin-footed of seals of the fair Halosydne

Issuing forth from the grey salt sea lie huddled together

405

Sleeping, and rank is the smell they emit of the deep salt water.

Unto the spot will I guide thee as soon as the morn is appearing;

There will I hide thee and station thy comrades. Be careful to choose thee

Three of the bravest of all of thy men in the well-decked vessels.

Now of the magical wiles of that ancient god I will tell thee :

410

First he will number his seals and will go on his round to inspect them;

After the counting is over and every seal is inspected,

Down in the midst, as a shepherd amidst of his flock, he will lay him.

Now so soon as ye see him at last well settled for slumber,

Then is the moment at hand that ye look to your strength and your courage :

415

Hold to him fast, however he longs and attempts to escape you!

This he will try by assuming the form of whatever of creatures

Creeps on the earth, and of water, and fire that fiercely consumeth.

Yet shall ye ever the more persistently hold him and grip him,

Till at the last he shall speak and himself shall address thee a question,

420

Bearing the shape once more in the which he was seen as he slumbered;

Then shalt thou loosen thy hold from the ancient god and release him;

Question him too, O prince, which deity beareth thee malice;

Ask him the way to return and the teeming ocean to traverse.'

These words uttered, she plunged in the flood of the billowing ocean.

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Then to the vessels, that lay high-beached on the sands of the sea-shore,

Straight I returned, and my heart as I went grew dark with forebodings.

After at last I had come to the sea and arrived at my vessels,

After the supper was done and ambrosial night was descending,

Then did we lay us to sleep on the surf-beat strand of the ocean.

430

Now when the morning was newly arisen, the roseate-fingered,

Straight I betook me along by the beach of the wide-wayed waters

Uttering many a prayer to the gods. Of the band of my shipmates

Three I had brought, whom chiefly I trusted for any adventure.

Meanwhile plunging below in the broad-spread gulf of the ocean

435

Out of the watery depths four sea-calves' skins she had carried,

All of them flayed quite fresh—a device for ensnaring her father.

Then, so soon in the sand she had scooped out hollows for hiding,

Sitting she waited until we arrived at the spot and approached her.

So in the lairs she arranged us and covered us each with a seal's skin.

440

Terrible now had it been—this lying in ambush; for sorely

Tried us the deadly malodorous stench of the brine-bred sea-calves;

(Where is the man would care to be couched with a monster of ocean?)

This howbeit she spared us, devising what greatly relieved us:

Bringing ambrosia, under the nostrils of each she applied it,

445

Breathing a scent so sweet that it conquered the stench of the sea-beasts.

Thus then all of the morning we waited with hearts of endurance,

Till at the last from the brine came flocking the seals, and they laid them

One by another in ranks on the surf-beat strand of the ocean.

High was the noon when the old god crawled from the water, and straightway,

450

Finding his fat-fed flock, went round it and counted the number,

Counting us too in the number of seals, nor felt a suspicion,

Noticing nought of the snare; and he laid him to slumber amidst them.

Suddenly then with a shout did we cast us upon him and hold him

Fast with the hands; and the old sea-god forgat not his cunning.

455

Firstly, behold, to the form of a long-maned lion he changed him,

Then to a serpent, and then an enormous boar, and a leopard;

Melted to water, and then as a tree shot towering upward.

Natheless still we persistently held him with hearts of endurance,

Till at the last, grown weary of trying his magic devices,

460

Thus did he speak—that old sea-god—and addressed me a question :

'Say now, which of immortals hath given thee counsel, Atrides,

Thus to enforce me by laying an ambush? For what dost thou want me?"

So did he speak; forthwith then I answered and thus I addressed him :

'Nay, thou knowest it! Why dost thou prate, old man, to mislead me?

465

Lo, it is long in this isle I am holden, nor yet am I able

Any escape to devise, and the heart in my bosom is failing.

Therefore tell me, I pray (since gods have knowledge of all things),

Which of the deities fetters me thus and has hindered my going?

Tell me the way to return and the teeming ocean to traverse.'

470

So did I speak; forthwith then he answered and thus he addressed me:

'Ay, but thou shouldst have offered to Zeus and to other immortals,

Ere embarking, a goodly oblation and prayed them to bring thee

Over the wine-dark sea with the utmost speed to thy country,

Since thou art fated thy friends no more to revisit, and never

475

Win to thy well-built home and arrive at the land of thy fathers,

PATTEN WILSON,
THE STRUGGLE WITH PROTEUS

Ere once more to the flood of the heav'n-sprung river of Egypt

Making return thou shalt offer again some splendid atonement

Unto immortals who dwell in the wide expanses of heaven.

Then shall the deities grant thee the path that thy soul desireth.'

480

Thus did he speak and my spirit was utterly broken within me,

Since he had bid me retraverse my path on the mist-bound ocean

Back to the river Aegyptus, so long and grievous a journey.

Yet e'en thus did I find me the words to address him in answer:

'Well then, all will I duly perform, old man, as thou biddest.

485

Tell me however a thing that I ask thee, and clearly explain it :

Whether the whole of the Greeks came home unscathed in their vessels,

All who remained when with Nestor I sailed from the land of the Trojans.

Know'st thou of any that met an inglorious death on the ocean,

Or at the hands of his kindred, when wound to the end was the warfare?'

490

So did I speak; forthwith then he answered and thus he addressed me:

'Atreus' son, what maketh thee ask? 'Twere verily better

Nothing to know, nor to learn of my thoughts. Not long, I assure thee,

Tearless wouldst thou remain, if with all these sorrows acquainted.

Many a man of the Grecians is fallen and many surviving.

495

Two of the leaders alone of the bronzen-coated Achaeans

Perished returning (thyself wert present during the warfare).

One, still living, I ween, on the wide-spread ocean is holden.

Ajax met with his death in the midst of his long-oared vessels.

First by Poseidaon he was favoured, and coming to Gyrae

500

Under enormous cliffs found refuge safe from the ocean,

Yea and had surely escaped, though hated by Pallas Athene,

Had he not uttered a vaunt in his pride and infatuate madness,

Saying in spite of the gods he had traversed the gulf of the waters.

Him did Poseidon hear as he uttered the arrogant boasting.

505

Straight with his powerful hands did the sea-god seizing his trident

Smite on the rock Gyraean a blow which cleft it asunder.

Part of it held, but the part that was broken was flung in the ocean,

Even the portion whereon he had climbed and had sat in his madness.

So to the infinite depths of the billowing ocean it bore him.

510

There did he die, down-swallowing floods of the salt sea water.

Touching thy brother, escaping the dangers of ocean he safely

Crossed in his hollow ships, by the favour of Hera protected.

Ay and he nearly as far as Malea's precipitous headland

Now was arrived, when a tempest of wind down-sweeping upon him

515

Carried him, heavily groaning, away to the home of the fishes,

Unto a distant bound of the land, once home of Thyestes,

Later the dwelling-place of Aegisthus, the son of Thyestes.

Hence too dawned for thy brother a hope of returning in safety.

Veered by the gods was the wind to a breeze which wafted him homeward.

520

Then at the last did he step on the land of his birth, and exultant,

Touching the earth of his own dear country he kissed it, and teardrops

Many and hot did he shed in his joy at beholding his homeland.

Him from a sentinel crag did the watcher descry, who was stationed

There by the crafty Aegisthus and promised reward for his watching,

525

E'en two talents of gold; and the whole of a year he had watched there,

Lest that the king should pass and make him remember his prowess.

Straight did he haste with the news to the house of the prince of the people.

Here forthwith was a plot right cunning devised by Aegisthus:

Choosing him twenty—the best of the fighters—he set them in ambush,

530

While at the opposite end of the hall he commanded a banquet.

Then did he go to invite Agamemnon the prince of the people;

Even with cars and with horses he met him—but brooded on murder;

Welcomed him home, all unsuspecting of treason—and killed him—

Feasted him—killed him as one might slaughter an ox at the manger.

535

Neither was left one man that had followed with King Agamemnon,

Nor of Aegisthus' men: all died in the hall of the palace.

Thus did he speak, and my spirit was utterly broken within me.

Bitterly weeping I sat on the sand, and the heart in my bosom

Cared not for living on earth or longer beholding the sunlight.

540

Then, when at last I was weary of weeping and writhing in anguish,

Speaking again he addressed me, that ancient oracular sea-god:

'Atreus' son, no longer, I pray, persist in this endless

Weeping, wherein no gain we shall find. Nay, rather bethink thee

How with the utmost speed to arrive at the land of thy fathers;

545

So shalt thou seize him alive, unless he is killed by Orestes

Ere thou arrivest and findest them holding his funeral banquet.'

Thus as he spake, in my heart and my valiant spirit within me

Once more comfort revived, though bitter indeed was my sorrow.

Then did I open my lips and with swift-winged words I addressed him:

550

'Now their fate do I know. Come, tell me the name of the third one,

Even the one still held in the midst of the wide-spread ocean,

Living or dead. Though bitter my grief, I am eager to hear it.'

Thus did I speak; forthwith then he answered and thus he addressed me :

'He that I mean is Odysseus the Ithacan, son of Laertes.

555

Him I beheld on an island, and plentiful tears he was shedding,

Held in Calypso's halls; for the sea-nymph still with compulsion

Keepeth him there all hopeless of reaching the land of his fathers,

Since no ship well-fitted with oars he possesseth or shipmates,

Such as to help him to traverse the wide expanses of ocean.

560

Touching thyself and thy fate, O Zeus-loved prince Menelaus,

Not with thy doom thou'lt meet midst horse-grazed meadows of Argos.

Thee to the ends of the earth and the plain Elysian later

Gods everlasting shall bring, where dwells fair-haired Rhadamanthys;

Here is a life that of all is the lightest for earth-born mortals:

565

Here comes never the snow, nor a violent tempest and rain-storm;

Here incessantly breatheth the breeze of the soft-voiced Zephyr

Sent by the ocean to bring to the land and its dwellers refreshment.

Yea, since Helen is thine, gods hail thee as son of the Highest.'

These words uttered, he plunged in the flood of the billowing ocean.

570

Then to the vessels, together with those my heroic companions,

Straight I returned, and my heart as I went grew dark with forebodings.

After at last we had come to the sea and arrived at the vessel,

After the supper was made and ambrosial night was descending,

Then did we lay us to sleep on the surf-beat strand of the ocean.

575

Now when the morning was newly arisen, the roseate-fingered,

Firstly of all down-dragging the ships to the vast salt water

On to the well-trimmed vessels we carried the sails and the mainmasts,

Then ourselves we embarked and seating us down on the benches

Smote with the well-ranged oars on the grey-green brine of the ocean.

580

Back to the stream we returned of the heav'n-sprung river of Egypt;

Here our vessels I moored and performed sufficing oblations.

So when appeased was the wrath of the gods everlasting, I straightway

Built Agamemnon a tomb, for his fame's undying remembrance;

Which things duly fulfilled I departed, and favouring breezes,

585

Sent by the deities, sped me across to the home that I yearned for.

Now come, hearken I pray, and remain thou here in my palace

Till the eleventh is past and the twelfth day come to its dawning;

Then will I speed thy departing and offer thee glorious presents,

Horses three and a car well polished; and then I will give thee

590

Also a beautiful cup, that whenever thou makest libation

Unto the gods thou'lt think of thy friend so long as thou livest."

Him sage Telemachus addressing in turn gave answer:

"Ah, Menelaus, attempt no longer, I beg, to detain me!

E'en for the space of a year 'twere easy to sit with contentment

595

Here at thy side, nor yearn to revisit my home and my parents,

Such is the wonderful pleasure with which to thy words and thy stories

Ravished I list; but already my mates are weary of waiting

Over in beautiful Pylos—for long is the time thou hast kept me.

Touching thy gift, give rather a present to keep as an heirloom!

600

Horses to Ithaca ne'er will I take—far liefer I leave them

Here, as the pride of thy stalls. Thou art lord of a plain and of pastures

Widely extending and bearing abundance of lotus and spear-grass,

Waving with wheat and with spelt and with broad-ear'd glistering barley.

Ithaca holds not a mead, nor widespread courses for riding;

605

Pastures it offers for goats more lovely than pastures for horses.

Suited for riding and pasturing horses is none of the islands

Lying exposed to the ocean, and Ithaca less than the others."

Thus did he speak. With a smile Menelaus good at the war-cry

Touched him caressing, and thus with a word of affection addressed him :

610

"Noble indeed is thy blood, dear child, since nobly thou speakest.

Well, I will make an exchange in the gifts—I can readily do so.

Out of the store of the treasures that lie in my palace as heirlooms

One that is fairest of all, unrivalled in worth, will I give thee,

Even a bowl for the mixing of wine, well-fashioned of silver,

615

All of it solid; but finished with gold is the lip of the vessel.

This is a work of Hephaestus that hero Phaedimus gave me,

King of the people of Sidon, who once in his palace received me,

Thither returning, and now I am wishful on thee to bestow it."

Thus long time did they hold such converse one with the other.

620

Meantime banqueters flocked to the house of the godlike monarch

Bringing the sheep for the feast, and wine which gladdens a mortal.

Bread moreover was sent by the fair-tressed wives of the feasters.

Then in the hall of the palace they busily furnished a banquet.

Meantime sported the suitors in front of the home of Odysseus,

625

Taking delight in the hurling of spears and in casting the discus,

Using a levelled ground that was often the scene of their uproars.

Seated was Antinous, and anigh him was sitting the godlike

Eurymachus. These two were bravest and best of the suitors.

Now came Phronius' son, and approached them, the famous Noëmon.

630

Turning to Antinous he addressed him and asked him a question :

"Antinous, do we know in the least—doth none of us know it, —

How soon Telemachus is returning from Pylos the sandy ?

Off he is gone with a vessel of mine, and it happens I need her

Over to spacious Elis to cross, for a dozen of brood-mares

635

There I possess. Hard-labouring mules I am rearing beneath them,

Still unbroken, and one I will take from the mother and train it."

Thus did he speak, and they gazed with amazement, for ne'er had they deemed him

Gone to Neleïan Pylos, but thought he was still in the country,

Somewhere either afield with the flocks or perhaps with the swineherd.

640

Then spake Antinous, Eupeithes' son, and addressed him :

"Tell me the truth! Say, when did he go? What followers took he?

Were they the pick of the Ithacan youths, or a crew of his own men,

Servants and thralls of the farm? He was capable even of this too.

Also relate me the truth of the matter and give me assurance :

645

Took he by force and in spite of thy wishes thy black-hulled vessel ?

Or was it willingly lent him—thy ship—when he asked and entreated?"

Straightway Phronius' son thus answered, the famous Noëmon:

"Willingly lent was my ship. How could one possibly elsewise,

Seeing a man like this, with a mind so full of vexations,

650

Begging a loan? 'Twas truly a difficult thing to refuse him.

Also the noblest youths of the land—we only excepted—

Join'd him as crew; and Mentor I noticed embarking as captain,

Mentor or else an immortal in all points like him exactly.

One thing puzzles me still; for the godlike Mentor I saw here

655

Yester dawn—but the vessel had started already for Pylos."

These words uttered, he left them and went to the house of his father,

While in the valiant spirits of both fierce anger was kindled.

Unto the suitors they called to desist from the games and be seated.

Then spoke Antinous, Eupeithes' son, and addressed them:

660

Wroth was the man, with a heart in the turbulent depths of his bosom

Swelling with rage, and his two eyes blazing as flames of a furnace:

"Heavens! A fine thing now and an impudent too—has accomplished

Telemachus, with this voyage of his that we never believed in.

Gone is the child, and in spite of us all! He has simply defied us—

665

Got them to launch him a ship, and has chosen the best of the rowers!

Now still more of a plague he will prove. Zeus hurl to perdition

Him and his fury before he shall hatch new troubles to vex us.

Come now, give me a good swift vessel and twenty companions,

So shall I lay me an ambush and watch his arrival, and catch him

670

Just 'twixt Ithacan shores and the rock-bound island of Samos.

Doleful enough he'll find these sailings in search of a father!"

Thus did he speak, and they all of them shouted approval and urged it.

Then forthwith uprising they entered the house of Odysseus.

Neither for long thereafter from Penelopeia was hidden

675

All that was said, and the plot so darkly devised by the suitors.

Medon the herald informed her, who oft to the plottings had listened

Standing outside of the court as they wove these counsels within it.

Thorough the palace he hasted to tell it to Penelopeia,

Till, as he stepped from the stone of the door she perceived and addressed him :

680

"Wherefore, herald, I pray, art thou sent by the arrogant suitors?

Cam'st thou to order the women attendants of godlike Odysseus

Laying aside their tasks to prepare these masters a banquet?

Would that without more wooings, without more banquetings either,

Now on the spot they'd sup their last and their latest supper!

685

Ye that as wolves come trooping and wasting the wealth of the homestead,

Riches of Telemachus wise-hearted, I ween that ye never

Heard your fathers in days of the past—you being but children—

Speak of Odysseus and how he was prized by the men that begat you,

How that he never in word or in deed wrought any injustice

690

Unto the people—the wont of a ruler appointed by heaven,

While that he hateth the one of his subjects and favours another.

No! by Odysseus was none e'er treated with pride and presumption,

Whilst for yourselves what spirit is yours, what shameless behaviour,

Plainly appears; and to him that is kind ye are utterly thankless."

695

Then did the sage old Medon, the herald, address her in answer:

"Would, dear lady, that this were the worst of the evils that threaten!

Greater by far is the crime, and fraught more fully with danger,

Now by the suitors devised. God grant that they never fulfil it !

Telemachus with the edge of the sword they are meaning to murder

700

While he is voyaging homeward; for, hoping to hear of his father,

Lately he started for Pylos the fair and divine Lacedaemon."

Thus did he speak, and with knees and with heart all quaking she stood there.

Speechless long she remained, struck mute, while gathering teardrops

Flooded her eyes, and the flow of her clear-voiced utterance failed her,

705

Till at the last she recovered her speech and addressed him in answer:

“Wherefore, herald, I pray, is my son departed? He nowise

Needed to mount on a ship—on a swift-paced vessel that sailors

Ride as a horse and traverse the watery waste of the ocean.

Wills he that even his name no longer remain in remembrance?"

710

Then did the sage old Medon, the herald, in answer address her:

"Whether a deity urged him I know not, or whether within him

Moved was his spirit to journey to Pylos to gain him assurance

Or of his father's return or else of the fate he hath met with."

These words uttered he turned and retraversed the house of Odysseus,

715

While o'erwhelmed with her grief, heartbroken, and wholly unable

Still on a chair to remain of the many that stood in her homestead—

Down by the threshold she sank on the floor of the well-built chamber,

Uttering pitiful wails, and around her lamented her maidens,

All of the women attendants, the young as the old, in the palace.

720

These then addressing with many a groan spake Penelopeia :

"Dear ones, listen for sorrow hath Zeus the Olympian sent me

Passing the sorrows of all of the friends and the mates of my childhood.

Erstwhile lost I a husband—my lord with the heart of a lion—

Foremost of all of the Grecians in every manly perfection,

725

Him whose fame is abroad through Hellas and midmost Argos.

Now is my dearly-belovéd, my son, swept hence by the storm-blasts,

Vanished from hearing and home—nay, e'en of his going I heard not!

Ah, hard-hearted! for none of you, none, took thought to inform me,

Waking me out of my slumbers, and none, though fully ye knew it,

730

Said to me aught when he mounted aboard of the black-hulled vessel.

Had I but known he was making him ready to fare on a journey,

Verily either at home he had stay'd, though bent on departure,

Else he had left me behind him dead in the halls of his homestead.

Nay come, one of you haste and the good old Dolius summon,

735

Even the slave I received, ere hither I came, from my father.

Now to my garden of trees he attends. Go, see that he quickly

Sit by the side of Laertes and tell him of all that has happened.

He peradventure will weave a device in his mind, and in public

Unto the people will proffer his plaint of the men who so fiercely

740

Purpose his seed to destroy and the seed of the godlike Odysseus."

Her did the nurse give answer, the dear old Eurycleia:

“Slay me, my mistress belov'd, with the pitiless blade, or in pity

Leave me to live in thy halls—not a word will I hide of the matter.

All of it, all, did I know; I supplied him with all that he wanted,

745

Even with bread and with sweet strong wine, and I solemnly promised

Nothing to thee to reveal till the twelfth day came to its dawning

(Didst thou not miss him before, and by questioning learn his departure)

Lest thou perchance shouldst weep and thy fair face mar with thy weeping.

Nay now, bathe thee with water and throw fresh raiment around thee,

750

Then to thy upper apartment ascending with women attendants

Pray to Athena, the daughter of Zeus who beareth the aegis.

She is a goddess that even from death will be able to save him.

Trouble the old man not! — he hath trouble enough—and believe me,

Ne'er is the race of Arceisius' son by the blesséd immortals

755

Hated so wholly; an heir shall survive and shall hold in possession

High-roof'd homes and the fruitful domains spread widely around them."

Thus did she still her lament and her pitiful tears; and her lady,

After herself she had bathed and cast fresh raiment around her,

Unto her upper apartment ascending with women attendants

760

Placed in a basket the barley for sprinkling and prayed to Athene:

"Daughter of Zeus who beareth the aegis, thou maiden unwearied,

Listen! If ever of yore in his homestead wileful Odysseus

Burnt to thy honour the fat thigh pieces of sheep or of oxen,

This I beseech thee remember, and rescue my son, my beloved !

765

Ward far off the malicious designs of the insolent suitors!"

These prayers uttered, she wailed, and her vows were heard by the goddess,

While from the shadowy hall came sounding the din of the suitors,

All of the insolent youths thus shouting, the one to the other :

"Lo now, truly at last our lady of many a wooer

770

Thinketh of wedding—nor knows that the death of her son is determined."

Thus spake one to the other, nor knew they of what was determined.

Antinous then turned to his fellows, and thus he addressed them :

"See to avoid, good sirs, all language loudly disdainful—

All such boasting—that none to the palace within shall report it.

775

Rather in silence, so far as ye can, let us rise and accomplish

All we bespake, for the thing we decided was fully agreed on."

Thus did he speak, and choosing him twenty, the best of the rowers,

Forthwith went on his way to the ship and the strand of the ocean.

Here did they first draw down to the deep sea water a vessel,

780

Then, on the black-hulled vessel embarking the sails and the mast-tree,

All of the oars to the tholes made fast with the lashings of leather,

Each in its place, and the white sails hoisted aloft on the yardarm.

Weapons also aboard were carried by haughty attendants.

Now when at last she was moor'd high out in the harbour, embarking

785

There on the vessel they supped and awaited the coming of even.

Still in her upper apartment remained wise Penelopeia.

Fasting she lay on her couch, and heedless of thirst and of hunger

Mused on her valiant son—was he yet to escape from destruction,

Or was he doomed as the victim to fall of the arrogant suitors?

790

E'en as a lion that wavers in doubt in the throng of the hunters,

Fearing, as closer they draw the insidious circle around him,

Thus did she waver in doubt till, a deep sleep falling upon her,

Backward softly she sank with her joints all loosened, and slumbered.

Other was now the device of the grey-eyed goddess Athene.

795

First she created a phantom. In form it was like to a woman,

Iphthimé, who was daughter of Icarius great-hearted.

(Her Eumelus had taken to wife, and her home was at Pherae.)

Then did she send it to go to the palace of godlike Odysseus,

Bidding it make the bewailing and sorrowing Penelopeia

800

Cease from her groaning and shedding of tears and her sad lamentation.

Into the room by the hole of the latch-string entered the phantom,

Stood at the head of the queen, and thus it began to address her :

"Sleep'st thou, Penelopeia, outwearied at heart with thy mourning?

Ne'er can it hap that the gods, who live at their ease in the heaven,

805

Wish thee to weep and to sorrow. Again to his home they will bring him,

Even thy son for in nought hath he vexed the immortals by sinning."

Then forthwith gave answer the wise-souled Penelopeia,

Though at the portal of dreams she already was slumbering softly:

"Wherefore now art thou come, O sister? Never aforetime

810

Here to resort was thy wont, since distant far is thy homestead.

Yea and thou biddest me cease from my pain and forget my afflictions,

All those many afflictions that torture my mind and my spirit!

Its-while lost I a husband—my lord with the heart of a lion,

Foremost of all of the Achaeans in every manly perfection,

815

Him whose fame is abroad through Hellas and midmost Argos.

Now is my well-loved son on a hollow vessel departed,

Yet but a child, unskilled in the deeds of a man and in speaking.

Him I lament more bitterly still than I mourned for his father,

Yea I lament and I tremble in fear lest aught shall befall him

820

Either among those people he visits, or else on the ocean,

Seeing that many a foe plots evil devices against him,

Longing to kill him or ever he win to the land of his fathers."

Then to the queen once more made answer the shadowy phantom:

"Take thou courage, nor feel in thy heart such dread and despondence.

825

She who attendeth and guards him is such that a mortal in peril

Ever will pray her to stand at his side (for to aid she is able),

Pallas Athena, the goddess who pities thee now in thy sorrow;

Yea it is she that hath bidden me come this message to bring thee.”

Then to the phantom again spake wise-souled Penelopeia:

830

"Art thou divine, or hast listened to words by divinity spoken,

Come, I beseech, and the fate of that other unfortunate tell me,

Whether he still is alive on the earth and beholdeth the sunlight,

Or is he dead and already below in the mansion of Hades?"

Then to the queen once more made answer the shadowy phantom:

835

"Touching the fate of thy lord I can say to thee nothing for certain

Whether he lives or is dead; and an evil is idle discussion."

These words uttered it glided away by the bolt of the doorpost

Into the air and the breezes of heaven; and out of her slumbers

Penelopeia awoke, and the heart in her bosom was lightened,

840

Such was the clearness with which had approached her that vision of midnight.

Now had the suitors embarked and had voyaged the paths of the waters

Plotting a violent death in their hearts for the son of Odysseus.

Far from the land there riseth a crag in the midst of the waters,

Just 'twixt Ithacan shores and the rock-bound island of Samos,

845

Asteris; tiny the isle, but within it a harbour for shipping

Twy-mouthed; here the Achaeans awaited him, lying in ambush.

New Alexandria Commentaries

Gregory Nagy

With the continued aid of the goddess Athena, young Telemachus now becomes an ideal guest for his new hosts, Menelaos together with Helen. The identity of Helen as a goddess becomes more evident now that she is back in Sparta. This divine identity will point to the future immortalization of the hero Menelaos by virtue of his winning back Helen as his consort.

draft js image error “The Fair Helen.” Willy Pogany (Hungarian, 1882–1955). Image via.

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This adjective adeukḗs is used in contexts referring to an interrupted sequence. In the present context, for example, adeukḗs describes the ólethros ‘doom’ that destroys a ship. See also O.06.273, O.10.245. The opposite of this adjective adeukḗs ‘discontinuous, interrupting’ can be seen in the adverb endukéōs, which can be interpreted as ‘continuously, uninterruptedly’. See the anchor comment at O.07.256. In terms of this interpretation, the root deuk-/duk- for this adjective/adverb conveys the sense of ‘continue’.

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|512 σὸϲ δέ που ἔκφυγε κῆρας ἀδελφεὸς ἠδ’ ὑπάλυξεν |513 ἐν νηυσὶ γλαφυρῇσι· σάωϲε δὲ πότνια Ἥρη.

|512 But your brother [= Agamemnon] escaped from the forces of destruction, and he slipped away |513 in his hollow ships. Hērā had saved [sōzein] him.

O.4.512–513

Epitome from Nagy 2015§§93–100:

[§93] By contrast with the temporary failure of Menelaos in his homecoming, as narrated by the hero himself at O.04.351–353, Agamemnon had already succeeded in sailing home, and Menelaos himself mentions this detail as he tells his own tale in Odyssey 4. In telling the tale, the explanation that Menelaos gives for his brother’s successful sea voyage is this: because the goddess Hērā had saved Agamemnon. I note here the background: Proteus had told Menelaos about this salvation of Agamemnon from the sea, and that is how Menelaos knows about it. As he retells the tale to Telemachus, Menelaos is quoting here the words of Proteus about the success of Agamemnon at sea, to be contrasted with the temporary failure of Menelaos himself.

[§94] As we learn, then, from the words of Proteus in Odyssey 4, Agamemnon was in fact saved at sea, since his voyage by sea was successful. But then he was killed after he landed near home, ambushed by Aigisthos, and so the rest of his voyage, by land, became a failure O.04.514-537. After treacherously hosting him at a dinner, Aigisthos had slaughtered Agamemnon as if that hero were some sacrificial ox that is being fed in a manger, O.04.535. By contrast, the voyage of Menelaos by sea was ultimately successful, because he finally got around to making a sacrifice of one hundred cattle in Egypt, O.04.581–586. In making this sacrifice, Menelaos was following the instructions of Proteus, O.04.472–480, and, this way, he appeased the anger of the gods, O.04.583. Now Menelaos could at long last sail back to his homeland, safe and sound O.04.584–586. At I.05.714–717, Hērā remarks to Athena that the two of them had promised to Menelaos a safe homecoming after the conquest of Troy.

[§95] We have seen, then, from the narrative of Menelaos in Odyssey 4, that Agamemnon was saved at sea by the goddess Hērā, O.04.512–513. But why had Hērā saved him? It was because, I argue, Agamemnon had at least tried to make a perfect sacrifice of one hundred cattle at Lesbos. By contrast, Menelaos had somehow failed to do his part in the corresponding sacrifice. In terms of my interpretation, based on the wording of Song 17 of Sappho, both Sons of Atreus had made an announcement-in-prayer about performing a sacrifice at Lesbos, but only Agamemnon succeeded in following through on that announcement.

[§96] I have already quoted the passage at O.04.252–254 where Menelaos says that the final phase of his sea voyage as he headed back home was held up by the gods precisely because he had not made a sacrifice of one hundred cattle. From the context, it is clear that this failure that made the gods so angry was a sin of omission, not commission. And his sin, I argue, was that he somehow failed to perform a sacrifice of one hundred cattle at Lesbos. But later on, when Menelaos does finally get around to performing a sacrifice of one hundred cattle in Egypt O.04.581–586, his performance is successful, and thus he finally appeases the anger of the gods, O.04.583.

[§97] The reader’s first impression may be that the sin of omission on the part of Menelaos, that is, his failure to perform a successful sacrifice of one hundred cattle, happens in Egypt: after all, the finding of a solution for the sin happens at this place—when Menelaos finally gets around to performing such a sacrifice. But such a first impression is wrong, I think, since Egypt was merely the last possible place as an occasion for such a sin of omission. There were many other places that Menelaos had visited before he ever reached Egypt, and Egypt had been for him merely the final stopover in the course of a most problematic overall sea voyage back home from Troy. Yes, the gods were in the process of punishing Menelaos in Egypt for his sin of omission when we see them interfering there with his sea voyage. And yes, the gods kept on interfering until Menelaos finally made the sacrifice, in Egypt, which was the place that turned out to be his point of departure in the very last phase of his sea voyage. But, as we will now see, the gods were already interfering with Menelaos in earlier phases of his sea voyage, and so the divine punishment for his sin of omission can be viewed as an ongoing series of misfortunes that kept on interfering with his travels after Troy.

[§98] The first such misfortune is already narrated by Nestor in Odyssey 3, concerning the death, at Cape Sounion, of the hero Phrontis, who had been steering the ship of Menelaos, O.03.276–283. That death, caused by the god Apollo, O.03.279–280, holds back Menelaos from sailing ahead. Only after he conducts a proper funeral for his companion, O.03.284–285, does he recommence his sea voyage. Then, as Menelaos sails past the headlands of Maleiai, his ships are blown off course: some are swept away to Crete, where they run aground and are shattered, O.03.286–299, while five of them reach Egypt, O.03.299–300. (The details here are parallel to what is narrated in the epic Cycle: Nostoi, Proclus summary p. 108 lines 20–23 ed. Allen 1912). In sharp contrast, the hero Nestor has a safe and swift sea voyage back home to Pylos, O.03.182–183, having evidently rounded successfully the headlands of Maleiai (I follow here the analysis of Frame 2009:184n79.) Meanwhile, once he reaches Egypt, Menelaos takes to plundering and looting there, and he amasses vast treasures, O.03.301, as ‘he was wandering around with his ships’, O.03.302 (ἠλᾶτο ξὺν νηυϲί). Later, in Odyssey 4, we learn from the narrative of Menelaos that his sea voyage had reached not only Egypt but also other exotic places, including Cyprus and Phoenicia, O.04.083, even Libya, O.04.085. After experiencing all these adventures, he was still just ‘wandering around’ in an aimless way, O.04.081 and O.04.083 (ἐπαληθείϲ), O.04.091 (ἠλώμην). As Menelaos himself remarks, he spent eight years just wandering around, O.04.082.

[§99] Already in the narrative of Nestor in Odyssey 3, the aimlessness of the sea voyage of Menelaos is anticipated: whereas Agamemnon got back home from Troy relatively soon, only to get killed by Aigisthos, Menelaos kept on wandering from one place to the next in his many sea voyages, and the word for his directionless maritime wanderings is plazeto ‘he was veering’, O.03.254 (πλάζετ’). Comparable, of course, are the even more extensive veerings of Odysseus in the overall Odyssey, as expressed by the same word plazesthai ‘veering’ already at the beginning of the epic: Odysseus is a hero ‘who veered [plangthē] in very many ways’, O.01.001–002 (ὃς μάλα πολλὰ | πλάγχθη).

[§100] So, where did all the veering begin for Menelaos? Where did his sea voyage start to go off course? According to one version of the myth about this hero’s travels by sea after Troy, as I will now argue, the veering can be traced all the way back to something that happened at Lesbos. I focus here on a detail we find in the tale told by Nestor in Odyssey 3. In that tale, Menelaos was late in arriving at Lesbos. See the comment on O.03.168–169.

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Epitome from Nagy 2015§79:

Narrated here in O.04.512–522 is the final phase of the sea voyage of Agamemnon as he sails his way back home after the Trojan War. At first, the winds carry him around the headlands of Maleiai, bringing him toward Spartan territory, but then, before he can land there, the winds correct themselves, as it were, and they now carry him in a different direction, toward Argive territory, which is where he finally lands. This way, the Spartan myth that localizes the home of Agamemnon at Amyklai in Spartan territory is recognized—before it is overruled by the rival Argive myth that localizes his home at Mycenae in Argive territory. In Homeric poetry, the Argive version of the myth is dominant, while the Spartan version is recessive.

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Leonard Muellner

the exception to the rule that those hearing speeches denoted by audēsantos/audēsasēs are men (here Poseidon), in the context of analyzing the substitution of audēsantos/audēsasēs for eukhomenoio/euxamenoio as verifying the sacral-semantic split in eukhesthai as against kluein

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comment on megal’ in this verse, attested with eukhesthai but nowhere else with audan, suggesting the presence of eukhesthai formulas in the poet’s mind

source

demonstrating that kluein has no sacral connotations while eukhomenoio/euxamenoio does, in the context of the analyzing kluein + eukhesthai formulas

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Homer Odyssey 4.481

Samuel Butler (Translator)

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PROTEUS

'Press not too far, (replied the god :) but cease

'To know, what known will violate thy peace:

'Too curious of their doom! with friendly woe

'Thy breast will heave, and tears eternal flow.

'Part live; the rest, a lamentable train!
665

'Range the dark bounds of Pluto's dreary reign..

ODYSSEY BOOK IV

PATTEN WILSON,
THE STRUGGLE WITH PROTEUS

New Alexandria Commentaries

Stable identifiers

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Current edition Perseus

PROTEUS 'Press not too far, (replied the god :) but cease 'To know, what known will violate thy peace: 'Too curious of their doom! with friendly woe 'Thy breast will heave, and tears eternal flow. 'Part live; the rest, a lamentable train! 665 'Range the dark bounds of Pluto's dreary reign..

ODYSSEY BOOK IV

PATTEN WILSON, THE STRUGGLE WITH PROTEUS

New Alexandria Commentaries

Stable identifiers

PROTEUS

'Press not too far, (replied the god :) but cease

'To know, what known will violate thy peace:

'Too curious of their doom! with friendly woe

'Thy breast will heave, and tears eternal flow.

'Part live; the rest, a lamentable train!
665

'Range the dark bounds of Pluto's dreary reign..

PATTEN WILSON,
THE STRUGGLE WITH PROTEUS