Homer Iliad 15.343

ed. Robert Southey

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Iliad. Homer. ed. Robert Southey. London. 1847.

Sponsored by Tufts University.

Current edition Experimental

English (William Cowper, 1791, ed. Southey) (OCR draft) (English) (English (William Cowper, 1791, ed. Southey))

Provisional text from uncorrected OCR; expect errors.

Editions (1)
Ἰλιάς Perseus (Homer. Homeri Opera, Volumes 1-2. Monro, D. B. (David Binning), editor; Allen, Thomas W. (Thomas William), editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908-1920.) — 15.343 focus
Translations (8)
Iliad Perseus (Homer. The Iliad, Volume 1-2. Murray, A. T. (Augustus Taber), translator. London: William Heinmann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1924-1925.) — 15.343 focus
Iliad Perseus (Homer. The Iliad of Homer, rendered into English prose for the use of those who cannot read the original. Butler, Samuel, 1835-1902, translator. London: Longmans, Green, and Co, 1898.) — 15.377 focus
English (Butler, rev. Nagy et al., 2020) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (Butler, rev. Nagy et al., 2020)) — 15.343 focus
While they were despoiling these heroes of their armor, the Achaeans were fleeing in confusion to the trench and the set stakes, [345] and were forced back within their wall. Hector then cried out to the Trojans, “Forward to the ships, and let the spoils be. If I see any man keeping back on the other side the wall away from the ships I will have him killed: [350] his kinsmen and kinswomen shall not give him his dues of fire, but dogs shall tear him in pieces in front of our city.”
English (William Cullen Bryant, 1870) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (William Cullen Bryant, 1870)) — 15.343 focus
English (Alexander Pope, 1720, ed. Watson, 1857) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (Alexander Pope, 1720, ed. Watson, 1857)) — 15.343 focus
The Greeks dismay'd, confus'd, disperse or fall,
390
Some seek the trench, some skulk behind the wall;
While these fly trembling, others pant for breath,
And o'er the slaughter stalks gigantic death.
On rush'd bold Hector, gloomy as the night,
Forbids to plunder, animates the fight,
395
Points to the fleet: 'For, by the gods, who flies,
'Who dares but linger, by this hand he dies;
'No weeping sister his cold eye shall close,
'No friendly hand his funeral pyre compose.
English (Thomas Hobbes, 1667, ed. Molesworth 1843) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (Thomas Hobbes, 1667, ed. Molesworth 1843)) — 15.343 focus
English (George Chapman, 1611, ed. Hooper 1857) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (George Chapman, 1611, ed. Hooper 1857)) — 15.343 focus
English (F. W. Newman, 1856) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (F. W. Newman, 1856)) — 15 focus

Notes on the current edition

Iliad

1. This abruptness of transition from the third person to the first, follows the original.

New Alexandria Commentaries

Douglas Frame

comment on the connection of noos with speed

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analysis of simile describing Hera’s speed as she returns to Olympus

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example of laos as referring to one’s own in contexts where there is a contrast between “leader(s)” and those who “follow”

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comment on the employment of the Achaean wall and its breach to mark a stage in the development of the story in Book 12 and here, and its illustrating the separate development of the story in the two segments

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analysis of Nestor’s perceiving and interpreting signs in answer to prayers, here with regard to prayers for nostos from Troy

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analysis of Nestor’s perceiving and interpreting signs in answer to prayers, here with regard to prayers for nostos from Troy

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analysis of Nestor’s perceiving and interpreting signs in answer to prayers, here Trojans’ misunderstanding of the sign as favorable to their attack

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parallelism between Nestor and Patroclus in scenes where they both leave their patients, and, in this passage, Patroclus’ repeating Nestor’s advice

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Gregory Nagy

The climax of the fighting in the Iliad is now approaching. Patroklos is about to enter the war, and the Will of Zeus is about to be fulfilled.

draft js image errorAjax defending the ships of the Greeks. After a drawing by John Flaxman. Image via Wikimedia Commons.

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Zeus here reaffirms what he wishes or wills, that is, he reaffirms his plan. And this Plan of Zeus, which is the wish or Will of Zeus, will be coextensive with the plot or narrative arc of the Iliad, starting with the original promise of Zeus to Thetis at the beginning of the epic, at I.01.524–530. What the god had then promised, that he will honor Achilles by letting the Achaeans lose until the fire of Hector reaches their beached ships, had been signaled when Zeus originally nodded his head at I.01.524–530. Now at I.15.075 Zeus refers again to this nodding of his head as he briefly retells the plot or narrative arc extending from the time of inception, which was the time when he had originally nodded. That narrative arc now extends not only to the present time of his retelling but also into a future time that has not yet been narrated in the Iliad: within this time-frame of future events, Poseidon will stop interfering on behalf of the Achaeans, I.15.056–058, and then Hector will be re-energized by Apollo and will thus stop the present momentum of the Achaeans, chasing them back to their beached ships, I.15.059–064, and then Achilles will send out Patroklos to stop the Trojans, I.15.064–065, and then Patroklos will be killed by Hector, I.15.065—but not before Patroklos himself kills many heroes fighting on the Trojan side, I.15.066–067, and among those killed heroes will be Sarpedon, who is the son of Zeus himself, I.15.067—and then, to top it all off, Achilles will experience anger [kholos] over the killing of Patroklos by Hector and will kill Hector, I.15.068. In the course of this almost breathlessly rapid retelling of the plot by Zeus, the foretelling of events yet to happen touches on the upcoming drama of the god’s personal loss of Sarpedon, who is his own human son. But the drama of this divine loss is still being elided for the moment, since Zeus at present is saying only that Sarpedon will be killed by Patroklos. The god is not yet saying that Sarpedon is his own beloved son. But that is not all. All has not yet been retold, even at this point, at I.15.068, which signals the killing of Hector by Achilles. The god’s retelling of the plot in the form of a foretelling is not yet completed at this point. The retelling by Zeus continues even further, starting with I.15.069: after Achilles kills Hector, Zeus will plan to bring about a reversal for the Trojans, who will now be driven back from the beached ships that they had threatened to destroy under Hector’s leadership, and the story of this paliōxis ‘driving back’, I.15.069, is described in the god’s wording as if it were some kind of an artifact that Zeus himself has fashioned in the mode of an artisan: the key word is teukhein ‘make-as-an-artisan’ (τεύχοιμι), I.15.070, which takes the noun paliōxis ‘driving back’ as its direct object, I.15.069. After this story of the paliōxis ‘driving back’, fashioned by Zeus in the mode of some divine artisan who creates the story by narrating the story, there will be a relentlessly consequential narrative that will lead all the way to the very end, which is, the destruction of Troy, I.15.070–071. This ending, however, extends beyond the time-frame that will be narrated in the Iliad. And such an ending, perhaps surprisingly, is said by Zeus to result from the boulai ‘plans’ of the god’s divine daughter, the goddess Athena, I.15.071 (Ἀθηναίης διὰ βουλάς). Why does Zeus speak here about the plans of Athena, as if they were not his own plans? It is because the plans of the goddess are by implication coextensive with the plans of her divine father as well. But Zeus is not yet finished with the announcement of his plan. Having indicated the outer limit of the epic plotline, which is the destruction of Troy at I.15.071, Zeus now returns to the present, indicating how it will extend into the immediate future of the Iliad. I will not cease my anger [kholos] against the Achaeans, the god declares at I.15.072, and I will not let any other god intervene on their behalf, I.15.073, until the wish of Achilles is fulfilled, I.15.074. That wish, as we already know, is that the Achaeans will keep losing until the fire of Hector reaches their beached ships. But Zeus here does not repeat the wording of that wish, even though he has promised to make the wish happen. Instead, he simply declares that he had made for Achilles a promise by way of nodding his divine head, I.15.075, and that this promise had been formulated for him by Thetis, the mother of Achilles, I.15.076–077. What Zeus had promised, the god says, was that Achilles should be ‘given honor’, as expressed by the verb tīmân, I.15.077 (τιμῆσαι).

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The three-way division of the cosmos among the sons of Kronos is an example of various models of tripartition as studied in later comments.

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The ships of the Achaeans are beached along the shores of the bay of the Hellespont. See especially the comment on I.08.220–227.

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As foretold at I.15.059–060, the god Apollo is engaged here in the act of en-pneîn ‘breathing into’ the hero Hector something called menos ‘mental power’, I.15.262. To be compared is the intervention of the goddess Athena, earlier at I.10.482. Now too, at I.15.262, such ‘mental power’ makes the hero aware of his physical power and thus energizes him to perform heroic deeds.

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As the divine artisan or craftsman, the god Hephaistos is conventionally called a khalkeus ‘bronze-smith’, as here. It will become clear from later contexts, like I.18.474–475, that this appelation of the god does not restrict him to work in bronze: he works in other metals as well. See the comment on I.18.468–613.

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This noun īs ‘force, violence, strength’ is a synonym of the noun biē. Here, as elsewhere, it refers to the elemental force or violence of a storm.

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As we see here, the sterns of the beached ships are contiguous with the Achaean Wall. See also the comment at I.14.027–036.

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A nameless therapōn is mentioned here in passing: he happens to be the ‘attendant’ of the hero Eurypylos.

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Even though the attacking Trojans here are fewer in number than the defending Achaeans, they are evenly matched in strength. This detail is relevant to the taunt of Sthenelos when he insults Agamemnon at I.04.407. See the comment on I.04.368–410.

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Hector and Ajax are struggling one-on-one with each other here: Hector is trying to set on fire the ship that Ajax is protecting from the fire. No clear outcome of the struggle is as yet visible.

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The ships of the Achaeans, as a sum total of all the ships, are pictured here as an agōn in the sense of ‘coming together’. See the comment on I.23.257–258.

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Hector is throwing his spear at the hero Ajax but misses, and the flying spear hits instead the hero Lykophron, described here as the therapōn of Ajax, I.15.431. So, Lykophron as therapōn is not only the ‘attendant’ of Ajax but also his ‘ritual substitute’. When Lykophron “takes the hit” for Ajax, he is standing right next to him, as if the two of them were standing side by side on the platform of a chariot. It is the physical reality of thus standing side by side that makes the chariot driver the prime alternative target for “taking the hit” in place of the chariot fighter. The chariot driver is thus the perfect substitute for the chariot fighter. In this case, however, Ajax and Lykophron are standing side by side not on the platform of a chariot but on the deck of the beached ship that the two of them are defending from the fire of Hector. The venue for ritual substitution is different, but the ritual pose, as it were, of standing side by side remains the same.

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Leonard Muellner

analysis of different interpretations of I.16.060-065 (whether Achilles is giving up his mēnis or not, etc.), and Achilles’ recommitment to the human domain and its rewards he had abandoned in favor of timē from Zeus

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analysis of the passage for reconstruction of the meaning of mēnis

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in a list of instances where phanai substitutes for eukhesthai where it is combined with comparative/superlative

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in a list of examples of the functional relationship between eukhesthai and phanai (in the context of analyzing secular eukhesthai)

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analysis of the variant prologue to the Iliad connecting the mēnis of Achilles and of Apollo and the parallels in its diction to this line

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on the grammatical constraints, here regarding the use of the second person and fathers eukhomenoi about their sons, in the context of analyzing genos eukhesthai einai formulas

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analysis of the passage for reconstruction of the meaning of mēnis

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Athena’s calming of Ares to avoid an even greater mēnis from Zeus

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interpretation of kathaptein as “get hold of, grab” and so “restrain”

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comment on persons incurring mēnis as said to lack noos in the context of analyzing I.03.132-136

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Athena’s calming of Ares to avoid an even greater mēnis from Zeus

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mēnis and hierarchy – here between Zeus and Poseidon

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mēnis and hierarchy – here between Zeus and Poseidon

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comparison of Zeus’ threat to Poseidon with Agamemnon’s to Achilles in terms of similarity of language (in the context of analyzing Agamemnon’s basing his mēnis on Apollo’s and Zeus’)

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in a list of instances where phanai substitutes for eukhesthai where it is combined with comparative/superlative

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comparison of Agamemnon’s and Zeus’ claims to superiority vis-à-vis Achilles and Poseidon (being older in birth)

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mēnis and hierarchy – here between Zeus and Poseidon

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mēnis and hierarchy – here between Zeus and Poseidon

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mēnis and hierarchy – here between Zeus and Poseidon

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in the discussion of the rationale of the classification of the attestations of eukhesthai + dative

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mēnis and hierarchy – here between Zeus and Poseidon

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comparison of Poseidon and Achilles in the first giving in and the second not giving in to Zeus and Agamemnon, respectively (hupeikein)

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mēnis and hierarchy – here between Zeus, Poseidon and Hades (timē)

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mēnis and hierarchy – here between Zeus, Poseidon and Hades (timē)

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mēnis and hierarchy – here between Zeus, Poseidon and Hades (timē)

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the grief (akhos) of Poseidon and Achilles at the disregard of their equal status in the community and the abuse of the communal division as analogous

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mēnis and hierarchy, here between Zeus, Poseidon and Hades (timē) vs. between Zeus and his own children

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the grief (akhos) of Poseidon and Achilles at the disregard of their equal status in the community and the abuse of the communal division as analogous

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comparison of Poseidon and Achilles in the first giving in and the second not giving in to Zeus and Agamemnon, respectively (hupeikein)

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comparison of Poseidon and Achilles in the first giving in and the second not giving in to Zeus and Agamemnon, respectively (hupeikein)

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the diction used to express the mēnis theme in the relationship between Zeus and Poseidon (in the context of analyzing the parallelism of Poseidon and Achilles)

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the grief (akhos) of Poseidon and Achilles at the disregard of their equal status in the community and the abuse of the communal division as analogous

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the diction used to express the mēnis theme in the relationship between Zeus and Poseidon (in the context of analyzing the parallelism of Poseidon and Achilles)

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comparison of Greek formulas for asking a person’s identity with Avestan and Indic parallels, as well as genos eukhesthai einai formulas

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comparison of Greek formulas for asking a person’s identity with Avestan and Indic parallels, as well as genos eukhesthai einai formulas

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in a list of examples of eukhesthai einai + comparative/superlative (secular contexts)

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analysis of philotēs and timē going together with this passage as an example

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analysis of the attestations of eukhesthai + aorist infinitive (and the series to which I.15.374 belongs)

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analysis of the versatility of poetic technique to report prayers (invocation, grant of favor, request of favor)

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in a list of passages with eukhesthai + infinitive (aorist)

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analysis of the formula (A), in which there is a series of variations in the verse as a totality, rather than its segments occurring as independent formulas

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analysis of interconnections of themis and mēnis, which protects the former

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in a list of passages exemplifying the complementary metrical distribution of eukhos and kudos

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examples of the identical contexts in which eukhos and kudos occur

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Richard Martin

Iris tells Poseidon she will bring his declaration of status (muthos, 15.202) back to Zeus, then asks whether he will not reconsider, adding a gnomic caution: "Pliable are the minds of fine people. You know how the Erinyes always follow elders" (15.203-4). Poseidon replies, "Iris, you have in proportion (kata moiran) spoken this epos"—he refers to the gnomic utterance, not to the description of what Iris intends, as becomes clear from his next line, a capping gnomic verse: "It is also fine when a messenger knows suitable things (aisima)." Many of the discourses labeled with the term epos center around a gnomic one- or two-line utterance (Martin 1993:42).

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Along with his excellence at the javelin, Thoas excels in speech: "Few of the Achaeans would beat him at speaking, whenever they used to engage in strife concerning muthoi" (15.283-84). The word for this style of speech connected with muthoi here is also used precisely for a place—the public arena of speech (Martin 1993:37).

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At 15.284-85, Thoas is described as a good speaker "whenever young men engage in strife (erisseian) concerning speech-acts (muthoi)." This narrative phrase alludes to the agonistic quality of muthoi directly: such muthoi are not only the various proposals brought forward by potential commanders but also the counterarguments that denigrate others' commands. One can "engage in strife" about them not only in terms of content but in the matter of their style. The difference between a muthos command and a flyting speech may at times be minimal, since every instance of the former, even those by Zeus, is open to challenge. The two genres thus complement one another (Martin 1993:68-69).

For the broader analysis of the flyting genre, see the comment on Iliad 4.336-421.

References

Martin, R. P. 1993. The Language of Heroes: Speech and Performance in the Iliad. Ithaca.

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