Sophocles Electra 23

Johann Jakob Christian Donner (Translator)

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bester Diener, liebster Mann, wie legst du mir
Der Treue Zeichen gegen uns so deutlich dar!
Denn wie das Noß aus edler Art, obschon betagt,
25
In keiner Schreckniß und Gefahr den Muth verliert,
Nein, stolz das Ohr aufrichtet: also du, der uns
Zum Kampfe treibt und selbst der Ersten Einer folgt.
Drum will ich offenbaren, was ich ausgedacht;
Doch du vergönne meinem Wort ein scharfes Ohr,
30
Und traf ich nicht das Rechte, gib mir andern Rath.
Nachdem ich angekommen war bei'm pythischen
Orakel, dort zu fragen, wie des Vaters Tod
Ich rächen mög' an jenen, die ihn mordeten,
Gebot mir Phöbos also, wie du gleich vernimmst:
35
Den Streich gerechter Rache mit geheimer List
Allein zu führen, nicht bewehrt mit Schild und Heer.
Nun, da mir solcher Gottesspruch verkündet ward,
Tritt du, sobald die Stunde dich gelegen führt,
Zu diesem Haus ein, auszuspäh'n, was hier geschieht,
40
Auf daß du klar uns meldest, was du wohl erforscht.
Unkenntlich schuf dich Alter und die lange Zeit,
Und vor Verdacht bewahrt dich dieser Blumenschmuck. 1
Doch also sprich zu jenen, daß ein Fremdling du,
Ein Phoker seiest, abgesandt von Phanoteus; 2
45
Denn dieser Mann ist ihres Hauses bester Freund.
Mit Eid betheuernd, melde dann, Orestes sei
Dahingeschieden durch ein unerbittlich Loos,
Bei Kämpfen Pytho's aus dem raschhinrollenden 3
Rennwagen stürzend. Also sei der Rede Sinn.
50

Electra. Sophocles. Johann Jakob Christian Donner (Translator). . .

Current edition Experimental

German (J. J. C. Donner, 1875; OCR review) (OCR draft) (German) (German (J. J. C. Donner, 1875; OCR review))

Provisional text from uncorrected OCR; expect errors.

Editions (2)
Greek (Lewis Campbell, 1879) (OCR draft) Experimental (Greek (Lewis Campbell, 1879)) — 23 focus
ὦ φίλτατ᾿ ἀνδρῶν προσπόλων, ὥς μοι σαφῆ
σημεῖα φαίνεις ἐσθλὸς εἰς ἡμᾶς γεγώς.
ὥσπερ γὰρ ἵππος εὐγενής, κἂν ᾖ γέρων,
25
ἐν τοῖσι δεινοῖς θυμὸν οὐκ ἀπώλεσεν,
ἀλλ᾽ ὀρθὸν οὖς ἵστησιν, ὡσαύτως ὡσταύτως L. ὡσαύτως C6. δὲ σὺ
ἡμᾶς τ᾽ τ' from y? L. δ΄ Γ. ὀτρύνεις καὐτὸς ἐν πρώτοις ἕπει.
τοιγὰρ τὰ μὲν δόξαντα δηλώσω, σὺ δὲ
ὀξεῖαν ἀκοὴν τοῖς ἐμοῖς λόγοις διδούς,
εἰ μή τι καιροῦ τυγχάνω, μεθάρμοσον.
ἐγὼ γὰρ ἡνίχ᾽ ἱκόμην τὸ Πυθικὸν
μαντεῖον, ὡς μάθοιμ' ὅτῳ τρόπῳ πατρὶ πατρὸς
δίκας ἀροίμην τῶν φονευσάντων πάρα,
35
Greek (F. Storr, 1912) (OCR draft) Experimental (Greek (F. Storr, 1912)) — 1-120 focus
Translations (4)
English (Lewis Campbell, 1906) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (Lewis Campbell, 1906)) — 23 focus
Kind faithful friend, how well thou mak’st appear
Thy constancy in service to our house!
As some good steed, aged, but nobly bred,
Slacks not his spirit in the day of war,
But points his ears to the fray, even so dost thou
Press on and urge thy master in the van.
Hear, then, our purpose, and if aught thy mind,
Keenly attent, discerns of weak or crude
In this I now set forth, admonish me.
I, when I visited the Pythian shrine
25
Oracular, that I might learn whereby
25
To punish home the murderers of my sire,
25
Had word from Phoebus which you straight shall hear:
25
‘No shielded host, but thine own craft, O King!
The righteous death-blow to thine arm shall bring.’
Then, since the will of Heaven is so revealed,
Go thou within, when Opportunity
Shall marshal thee the way, and gathering all
Their business, bring us certain cognizance.
Age and long absence are a safe disguise;
They never will suspect thee who thou art.
And let thy tale be that another land,
Phocis, hath sent thee forth, and Phanoteus,
Than whom they have no mightier help in war.
Then, prefaced with an oath, declare thy news,
Orestes’ death by dire mischance, down-rolled
From wheel-borne chariot in the Pythian course.
So let the fable be devised; while we,
As Phoebus ordered, with luxuriant locks
Shorn from our brows, and fair libations, crown
My father’s sepulchre, and thence return
Bearing aloft the shapely vase of bronze
That’s hidden hard by in brushwood, as thou knowest,
And bring them welcome tidings, that my form
Is fallen ere now to ashes in the fire.
How should this pain me, in pretence being dead,
Really to save myself and win renown?
No saying bodes men ill, that brings them gain.
Oft have I known the wise, dying in word,
Return with glorious salutation home.
So lightened by this rumour shall mine eye
Blaze yet like bale-star on mine enemies.
O native earth! and Gods that hold the land,
Accept me here, and prosper this my way!
Thou, too, paternal hearth! To thee I come,
Justly to cleanse thee by behest from heaven.
Send me not bootless, Gods, but let me found
A wealthy line of fair posterity!
35
I have spoken. To thy charge! and with good heed
35
Perform it. We go forth. The Occasion calls,
35
Great taskmaster of enterprise to men.
35
English (Thomas Francklin, 1758–1759) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (Thomas Francklin, 1758–1759)) — 23 focus
What proofs thou giv'st me of tlie noblest
nature
And true benevolence, thou good old man !
Of servants sure the faithfullest and best
That ever bore the name : the generous steed,
Though worn with years, thus keeps his wonted courage.
And warns his master of approaching danger;
fjike him thou stir'st me up to noble deeds.
And follow'st me undaunted : but attend
25
To what I have resolved, and if I err,
25
^Let thy superior judgment set mfiriglit.
25
When to the Delphic oracle I flew,
25
Eager to know how on my father's foes
J best might satiate my revenge, the god
Enjoined me not by force or open arms
To rush upon them, but with guileful arts
And silent well-conducted fraud betraythem.
Such was his wdll. Thou, therefore, soon as time
Shall lend thee opportunity, unknown
And unsuspected (as thy absence hence
For so long space and hoary age shall make thee)
Must steal upon them, learn their secret counsels,
As soon thou mayst, and quick inform us of them ;
Say thou'rt of Phocis, from Phanoteus sent
By one who is their friend and firm ally ;
Sav, and confirm it with a solemn oath.
Orestes is no more — by a rude shock
Thrown from his chariot at the Pythian games.
Be this thy tale : meantime (for thus the god
His will divine expressed) my father's tomb
With due libations and devoted hair
Ourselves will crown ; and thence returning bring,
From the dark covert where thou knowst 'twas hid,
The brazen urn. Thei-e, we shall tell the tyrant —
Thrice welcome news ! — Orestes' ashes lie.
What should deter me from the pious fraud?
Since my feigned death but gains me real fame,
And I shall wake to better life : the deed
Which brings success and honour, must be good.
Oft times the wisest and the best of men
From death like this have rose with added greatness ;
E'en so thy friend to his deluded foes
Shall soon return unlooked-for, and before them
Shine like a star with more distinguished lustre.
O my loved country ! and its guardian gods,
35
Receive Ore.^tes, and with happy omen
35
Propitious smile ! And thou, paternal seat —
35
For lo ! by Heaven's command I come to purge thee
35
English (Robert Potter, 1788) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (Robert Potter, 1788)) — 23 focus
Loved Pylades, demands your firm resolves :
This hour determine; for the early songs
Of birds call forth the sun's resplendent beams,
And the stars vanish from the dusky night.
Now, ere the foot of man from forth the gates
Shall tread the streets, consult: for from this hour
Th' important time to instant action calls.
O thou most loved of servants, strong the proofs
Thou givest me of thy goodness and firm faith:
For as the generous steed e'en in old age
Of his high courage in the fierce alarm
Abates not, but with pride sustains the charge,
So dost thou urge me forward, and advance
25
E'en in the front of danger: for this cause
25
I will unfold my counsels to my words
25
Give thou attentive heed, and where I judge
25
​Amiss,, thy riper prudence be my guide.
25
When to the fate-foretelling shrine I came
Of Pytho, and inquired by what best way
I on his impious murderers might avenge
My father's blood, this answer Phœbus gave,
" In arms advance not, nor with martial force,
"But steal upon them, and with fraudful hand
"Let thy just fury strike th' avenging blow.""
These mandates known, as time and chance present
A fair occasion, enter thou this house,
And learn what passes there; me much imports
Clear information; thee they will not know
Absent so long, and chang'd by hoary age;
Nor thus attired suspicion wilt thou wake.
Thou art a stranger, so address thy tale,
Of Phocis, sent by Phanoteus, now join'd
In close alliance with them; say, and add
The sanction of an oath, that by the force
Of ruthless fate Orestes is no more,
Hurl'd from his chariot in the Pythian games.
This be the purport of thy tale. Mean time,
Obedient to the god, my father's tomb
We with libations and these sever'd locks.
Will honour. Thence returning, in our hands
The brazen sculptured urn, now, as thou know'st,
Hid in the tangled thicket, we will bring;
That we may thus deceive them with a tale
To them most grateful, that my wretched corse
Already on the funeral pile is burnt,
And my cold ashes in this urn enclosed.
Why should this grieve me, that in words I die,
When I in deed am saved, and by them raised
To glory? Nor ill-omen'd shall I deem
A word which gives the promise of success.
Oft e'en the wise have I observed, by fame:
Reported dead, return, and rise again...!!
To higher honour. Such shall be my boast,
I from this rumour shall be found alive,
And, like a star, to my astonish'd foes
Yet shine. But, O my country, and ye gods
The guardians of my country, to your care
Receive me, and protect me in these ways!
And thou, my father's house! for I am come
With vengeance, at the impulse of the gods,
To purge thy stain away: send me not hence
Dishonour'd, but to wealth, to greatness raised,
Give me thy ancient glories to restore !
35
Of this enough. Be it thy care, old man,
35
The part assign'd thee to discharge. We two
35
Must leave thee now; th' occasion so requires,
35
Whose sovereign power o'er ev'ry work presides.
35
English (Sir Richard Jebb, 1904) (OCR draft) Experimental (English (Sir Richard Jebb, 1904)) — 1-120 focus

Notes on the current edition

Electra

1. [OCR transcription; compare the scan.] Wer eine fröhliche Botschaft zu bringen hatte, erschien mit Blumen bekränzt.. Printed p. 77
2. [OCR transcription; compare the scan.] Pylades war der Sohn des Strophios, Königs von Krisa in Phokis, südlich unter Delphi, in der Nähe einer tiefen Bucht des korinthischen Meeres, in weiter, fruchtbarer Ebene; seine Mutter war Anaxibia, die Schwester Agamemnons. Krisos, der Vater des Strophios, lebte in größter Feindschaft mit seinem Bruder Phanoteus, König in Phanoteus oder Panopeus, nordöstlich von Delphi, und so ist dieser der natürliche Freund von Aegisthos und Klytämnestra, weßhalb er ihnen auch am wahrscheinlichsten die frohe Nachricht von Orestes' Tode schicken kann; seine Asche dagegen sendet der Pflegevater Strophios durch dieselben Männer, durch welche er den Körper hat verbrennen lassen (743). Thudichum. Printed p. 77
3. [OCR transcription; compare the scan.] Pytho, der alte Name von Delphi. Die pythischen Spiele, die in der Nähe von Krisa gefeiert worden, waren dem Apollon heilig. Printed p. 78

Commentary

Commentary (R. C. Jebb) (OCR draft) (Commentary (R. C. Jebb))

mvp-comment-1-1 ὧν 1 πρόθυμος ἦσθ’ 2

mvp-comment-2-1 Coming from Phocis, the travellers have reached Mycenae by the road from Corinth, and are now standing on the high ground of the Mycenaean citadel, in front of the palace.

mvp-comment-2-2 The old man, looking southward, points out the chief features of the landscape. (1) The Argive plain, which lies spread out before them to the south and west. (2) The agora and temple of Apollo Lyceios in the city of Argos, distant about six miles to the south. This temple was the most conspicuous object in the town ( Paus. 2. 19. 3 ); and it may be supposed that a person standing at Mycenae could see the building, or part of it. (3) The Heraeum, correctly described as being on the speaker's left hand. Its site was S. E. of Mycenae, at a distance of somewhat less than two miles.

mvp-comment-2-3 The poet's aim was merely to group these famous places in one view. Neither he nor his Athenian hearers would care whether the topography was minutely accurate. W. G. Clark, in his Peloponnesus (p. 72), illustrates this presumable indifference by a stage direction in Victor Hugo's Marie Tudor:—‘Palais de Richmond: dans le fond à gauche l'Église de Westminster, à droite la Tour de Londres.’ But, in fact, there is only one error of detail. The Heraeum was not visible from Mycenae (v. 8, n.).

mvp-comment-2-4 Ἄργος 3

mvp-comment-2-5 παλαιὸν 4

mvp-comment-3-1 τῆς οἰστροπλ … Ἰνάχου κόρης 5

mvp-comment-3-2 His daughter Io, the first priestess of Hera, was loved by Zeus, and changed by the jealous goddess into a cow. The hundred-eyed Argus, charged by Hera to watch her, bound her to an olive-tree in the temenos of the Heraeum ( Apollod. 2. 1. 3 ). Hermes slew Argus; and Hera then sent the gad-fly which drove Io forth from Argolis on her wanderings. Cp. Aesch. P. V. 681

οἰστροπλὴξ δ’ ἐγὼ
|
μάστιγι θείᾳ γῆν πρὸ γῆς ἐλαύνομαι
. Io, the horned wanderer, was originally, like Hera herself, a moon-goddess.

mvp-comment-3-3 ἄλσος 6

mvp-comment-4-1 The ἀγορὰ Λύκειος 7

mvp-comment-4-2 Λύκειος 8 λυκοκτόνος 9

mvp-comment-5-1 Ἥρας … ναός 10

mvp-comment-5-2 This oldest and greatest of Argive shrines is fitly mentioned here; for within its walls Agamemnon was said to have taken the oaths of the chiefs whom he led to Troy (Dictys Cretensis, 1. 15. 6). Here, too, the Spartan Cleomenes received the omen which caused him to retire from Argolis ( c. 496 B.C.: Her. 6. 81 ).

mvp-comment-5-3 The ancient temple was burnt down in 423 B.C. ( Thuc. 4. 133 ). A new Heraeum was built on a lower terrace of the same hill; and could boast among its treasures a chryselephantine statue of Hera by Polycleitus ( Paus. 2. 17. 4 ). The site of this later Heraeum has recently been excavated by members of the American School at Athens (1892).

mvp-comment-6-1 φάσκειν 11

mvp-comment-6-2 Μυκήνας 12

mvp-comment-6-3 The site of Mycenae is in a deep recess of the Argive plain, at its northern end,—

μυχῷ Ἄργεος ἱπποβότοιο
( Od. 3. 263 ). Between two peaks of Mount Euboea, a narrow glen runs out towards the plain, terminating in a rocky platform. This acropolis, naturally impregnable on three sides, was surrounded by Cyclopean walls, from 13 to 35 feet high, with an average thickness of 16 feet. Mycenae was to the plain of Argos much what Deceleia was to the plain of Athens,—a stronghold withdrawn from observation, but commanding the country below it.

mvp-comment-6-4 τὰς πολυχρύσους 13

mvp-comment-6-5 Thucydides (1. 9) notices the old tradition that Pelops had gained his power by means of the wealth (

πλήθει χρημάτων
) which he had brought from Asia to a poor country. Helbig ( Das hom. Epos aus den Denkm. erläutert, p. 50) thinks it certain that the precious metals became scarcer in the Peloponnesus after the Dorian conquest. When the Spartans, in the first half of the sixth century, required gold for a statue of Apollo, they had to procure it from Sardis ( Her. 1. 69 ).

mvp-comment-7-1 πολύφθορον 14

mvp-comment-8-1 πατρὸς ἐκ φόνων 15

mvp-comment-8-2 ἐκ 16

mvp-comment-9-1 ὁμαίμου 17 κασιγνήτης 18

mvp-comment-10-1 ἤνεγκα 19

mvp-comment-10-2 κἀξεθρεψάμην 20

mvp-comment-10-3 τοσόνδ’ ἐς ἥβης 21

mvp-comment-11-1 The vocative σὺ 22 βουλεύετον 23

mvp-comment-12-1 ἡμὶν 24

mvp-comment-12-2 ἑῷα 25

mvp-comment-12-3 κινεῖ … σαφῆ 26

mvp-comment-13-1 ἄστρων εὐφρόνη 27

mvp-comment-13-2 ἐκλέλοιπεν 28

mvp-comment-14-1 ἐξοδοιπορεῖν 29

mvp-comment-15-1 ξυνάπτετον 30 λόγοισιν 31

mvp-comment-15-2 ὡς ἐνταῦθ’ 32

mvp-comment-15-3 (1) ἐμὲν 33

mvp-comment-15-4 (2) Is, then, ἐνταῦθ’ 34

mvp-comment-15-5 (3) Supposing that

ἐνταῦθ’
is genuine —as seems most likely—no account of the passage is more probable than that the poet wrote
ὡς ἐνταῦθ’ ἵνα
|
οὐκ ἔστ’ ἔτ’ ὀκνεῖν καιρός
, and that
ἔστ’
dropped out before
ἔτ’
precisely as in Ph. 23 the words
τόνδ’ ἔτ’, εἴτ’
have shrunk to
τόνδ’ ἤτ’
in L. Then, Ph. v. 22 being defective,
ἵνα
was shifted to it from the end of v. 21 (cp. O. T. 1264 f., cr. n.); and the gap after
ἐνταῦθ’
was filled with
ἐμέν
,—a form which the later grammarians, at least, accepted, as will be seen in the Appendix.

mvp-comment-15-6 ἔργων ἀκμή 35

mvp-comment-16-1 ὦ φίλτατ’ ἀνδρῶν 36

mvp-comment-16-2 σημεῖα φαίνεις 37 γεγώς 38

mvp-comment-17-1 ὥσπερ γὰρ ἵππος εὐγενὴς 39

mvp-comment-18-1 ἐν τοῖσι δεινοῖς 40

mvp-comment-18-2 ἀπώλεσεν 41 ἵστησιν 42

mvp-comment-18-3 ὡσαύτως δὲ 43

mvp-comment-19-1 ἐν πρώτοις ἕπει 44

mvp-comment-20-1 εἰ μή τι 45

mvp-comment-20-2 καιροῦ τυγχάνω 46

mvp-comment-20-3 μεθάρμοσον 47

mvp-comment-21-1 γὰρ 48

mvp-comment-21-2 ἱκόμην 49

mvp-comment-21-3 μάθοιμ’ 50

mvp-comment-21-4 ἀροίμην 51

mvp-comment-22-1 χρῇ 52 τοιαῦθ’ 53 ὧν 54

mvp-comment-22-2 ὁ Φοῖβος 55

mvp-comment-22-3 πεύσει 56

mvp-comment-22-4 This verse might seem the preface to some longer recital (cp. Ph. 1418 n.). But in fact it is merely an emphatic prelude to the oracle: τάχα 57

mvp-comment-23-1 αὐτὸν 58 ἀσπίδων 59

mvp-comment-23-2 ἀσπίδων τε καὶ στρατοῦ 60 δόλοισι 61

mvp-comment-23-3 χειρὸς 62 σφαγάς 63

mvp-comment-23-4 κλέψαι 64

mvp-comment-24-1 ὅτε 65

mvp-comment-24-2 σὺ μὲν μολὼν 66

mvp-comment-24-3 καιρὸς 67

mvp-comment-24-4 ἴσθι 68

mvp-comment-25-1 γήρᾳ 69 χρόνῳ μακρῷ 70

mvp-comment-25-2 οὐδ’ ὑποπτεύσουσιν 71 οὐ μὴ γνῶσι 72

mvp-comment-25-3 ὧδ’ ἠνθισμένον 73

mvp-comment-26-1 Φωκεύς 74

mvp-comment-26-2

ἀνδρὸς Φανοτέως. ἀνήρ
, thus prefixed to a proper name, serves either: ( a) to introduce a person not previously men tioned,—being more respectful than
τις
, as Il. 11. 92
ἄνδρα Βιήνορα
, Her. 8. 82
ἀνὴρ Παναίτιος
: or ( b) adds something of solemnity or pathos to the mention of a familiar name, as Soph. O. C. 109
ἀνδρὸς Οἰδίπου
, Soph. Ai. 817
ἀνδρὸς Ἕκτορος
.

mvp-comment-26-3 Phanoteus was the eponymous hero of the town Phanoteus ( Thuc. 4. 89 ), or Panopeus ( Il. 2. 520 etc., Paus. , Strabo), in Phocis, close to the Boeotian frontier, —about three miles west of Chaeroneia, and as many east of Daulis. He was the brother of Crisus, from whom the town of Crisa in Phocis (about two miles w. s. w. of Delphi) took its name. Between these brothers, said the legend, there was a deadly feud; before birth they had struggled in the womb (Tzetzes, Lycophr. 939: cp. Preller, Griechische Mythologie, 2. p. 54 n. 5). Now Crisus was the father of Strophius, that king of Crisa who was the ally of Agamemnon, and with whom the young Orestes found a home. Hence Phanoteus, the foe of Crisus, is represented as the friend of Aegisthus and Clytaemnestra. He is the first to send them the glad tidings that Orestes is dead. On the other hand it is Strophius who is described as paying the last honours to the corpse, and sending the ashes to Mycenae (1111).

mvp-comment-26-4 ὁ γὰρ 75

mvp-comment-27-1 μέγιστος 76

mvp-comment-27-2 τυγχάνει 77

mvp-comment-27-3 δορυξένων 78

mvp-comment-28-1 ὅρκον 79 ὅρκῳ 80

mvp-comment-28-2 On the other hand, the phrase

προστιθέναι ὅρκον
has the authority of Sophocles himself: fr. 431
ὅρκου δὲ προστεθέντος ἐπιμελεστέρα
|
ψυχὴ κατέστη
. Cp. too Tr. 255
ὅρκον αὑτῷ προσβαλών
.

mvp-comment-28-3 The false oath would be regarded as excused by the

δόλοι
which Apollo had prescribed (v. 37); but in fact the Paedagogus takes no such oath.

mvp-comment-29-1 ἀναγκαίας τύχης 81

mvp-comment-29-2 ἄθλοισι 82 Πυθικοῖσιν 83

mvp-comment-29-3 τροχηλάτων 84

mvp-comment-29-4 ἑστάτω 85

Commentary (Lewis Campbell, 1879) (OCR draft) (Commentary (Lewis Campbell, 1879)) focus

1. mvp-comment-1-1 στρατήγησαντος] γρ. τυραννήσαντος C2.

3. mvp-comment-2-1 λεύσσειν] λεύσειν ΑΓΕΙ, λεύσσειν Ας.

3. mvp-comment-2-2 ὧν πρόθυμος ἦσθ᾽ ἀεί] Cp. Od. 1. 40, 1, ἐκ γὰρ᾿ Ορέσταο τίσις ἔσσεται... ὁππότ᾽ ἂν ἡβήσῃ τε καὶ ἧς ἱμείρεται αἴης.

4. mvp-comment-3-1 οὑπόθεις] οὗ retouched L. οὗ ἐπόθεις Α.

7. mvp-comment-4-1 οὐξ] δύξ Α.

7. mvp-comment-4-2 ἀγορὰ Λύκειος] The temple of Apollo in the agora seems to have been the most sacred place in Argos. See Thuc. 5. 47, where it is enacted that the terms of the treaty shall be inscribed by the Argives ἐν στήλῃ λιθίνῃ . . ἐν ἀγορᾷ ἐν τοῦ ᾿Απόλλωνος τῷ ἱερῷ.

1-2. mvp-comment-5-1 The old man who has taken charge of Orestes since the time of his father's murder ( infr. 11 foll., cp. 1348 foll.) now does for him what Achilles hoped that Patroclus would have done for Neoptolemus, Il. 19. 328-333, πρὶν μὲν γάρ μοι θυμὸς ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν ἐώλπειν | οἷον ἐμὲ φθίσεσθαι ἀπ᾿ ᾿Αργεος ἱπποβότοιο | αὐτοῦ ἐνὶ Τροίῃ, σὲ δε τε Φθίηνδε νέεσθαι, | ὡς ἄν μοι τὸν παῖδα θοῇ ἐνὶ νηὶ μελαίνῃ | Σκυρόθεν ἐξαγάγοις, καί οἱ δείξειας ἕκαστα, | κτῆσιν ἐμὴν δμῶάς τε καὶ ὑψερεφὲς μέγα δῶμα. Cp. also Od. 13. 344 foll. where Athena points out the features of Ithaca to Odysseus. ὦ τοῦ.. παῖ] The heroic achievements of his father afford the chief incentive to the mind of Orestes. Cp. infr. 694, 5, ὄνομα δ᾽ Ορέστης, τοῦ τὸ κλεινὸν Ἑλλάδος | ᾿Αγαμέμνονος στράτευμ᾽ ἀγείραντός ποτε.

4-7. mvp-comment-6-1 The description passes from what is general and remote to what is nearest to the eye. 'Argos' here includes the plain of Argos (as even in Thuc. 6. 105, ἐς τὸ ᾿Αργος ἐσέβαλον). Mycenae is the seat of government, and the site of the future city of Argos, supposed at this time to be still inhabited village-wise,' is marked by the ἀγορὰ Λύκειος. It is not necessary to suppose that all the objects mentioned here could really be taken into one view. But the site of Mycenae commands the whole plain. The Heraeum, according to Pausanias, would really be on the left hand of those approaching Mycenae by way of Corinth. See Mr. Paley's note. Apollo Lyceius is here the wolf-slayer, i. e. the protector of the flock, perhaps with reference to Aegisthus, who is called a wolf in Aesch. Ag. 1259. Aeschylus (S. c. T. 145) connects Λύκειος with λύκος in a different way (Λύκει' ἄναξ, Λύκειος γενοῦ στρατῷ δαΐῳ).

5. mvp-comment-7-1 ἄλσος] 'The sacred ground,' i. e. the place consecrated by her first wanderings when her father sent her ἄφετον ἀλᾶσθαι (Aesch. Prom. 666). Cp. Aesch. Suppl. 50, ἐν ποιονόμοις ματρὸς ἀρχαίας τόποις, Ant. 845, Θήβας εὐαρμάτου ἄλσος.

8. mvp-comment-8-1 οἱ δ' ἱκάνομεν] The antecedent to the relative of is lost in the expansion of the sentence in l. 9.

10. mvp-comment-9-1 δῶμα.. τόδε] These words are coordinate with Μυκήνας and governed by ὁρᾶν, as is shown by the conjunction τε.

11. mvp-comment-10-1 πατρὸς ἐκ φόνων] Either (1) 'Immediately after thy father's murder,' cp. Thuc. 5. 20, ἐκ Διονυσίων, or (2) Out of the way of thy father's murder,' i.e. Away from the dangers consequent on it. For the latter (2), cp. Pind. Pyth. 11. 25 foll., τὸν δὴ φονευομένου πατρὸς ᾿Αρσινόα Κλυταιμνήστρας | χειρῶν ὕπο κρατερᾶν | ἐκ δόλου τροφὸς ἄνελε δυσπενθέος. In either case the plural, for which cp. O. C. 962, ὅστις φόνους μοι, κ.τ.λ., includes the attendant circumstances. φόνων is better than φονῶν (gen. plur. of φονή), which would suggest only the scene of blood.

12. mvp-comment-11-1 σῆς ὁμαίμου καὶ κασιγνήτης] ‘Thine own sister.' Cp. infr. 325, 6, τὴν σὴν ὅμαιμον, ἐκ πατρὸς ταὐτοῦ φύσιν, | Χρυσόθεμιν, ἔκ τε μητρός. The Electra, like the Antigone, lays great stress on the force of fraternal affection; and a peculiar tenderness seems to have been attached to the word κασίγνητος. Cp. infr. 1164, Ant. 915, ὦ κασίγνητον κάρα.

14. mvp-comment-12-1 τοσόνδ᾽ ἐς ήβης] 'To this strength of youthful manhood that thou showest.' So Phoenix says to Achilles, ΙΙ. 9. 485, καί σε τοσοῦτον ἔθηκα, θεοῖς ἐπιείκελ᾽ ᾿Αχιλλεῦ. For the position of ἐς, cp. O. C. 126, 7, ἀστιβὲς ἄλσος ἐς | τᾶνδ᾽ ἀμαιμακετᾶν κορᾶν. πατρί] For the dative, see E. on L. § 13. р. 19 с.

16. mvp-comment-13-1 Pylades, who is a silent person in the Electra, is only mentioned once again, infr. 1373. Orestes has no scruples, as in the Choephori, and therefore needs not the advice but only the active assistance of his friend. Pylades is present in every scene in which Orestes appears.

17-18. mvp-comment-14-1 ὡς ἡμὶν.. σαφῆ] 'Since we have already the sunshine in full brilliance awakening there unmistakably into song the early voice of birds.' λαμπρόν and σαφή both form part of the predication. σαφή, i. e. not a doubtful twitter here and there, but the unanimous warbling which tells that the morning is really come: - Milton's 'charm of earliest birds,' not Tennyson's 'earliest pipe of half-awakened birds.'

19. mvp-comment-15-1 (1) And dark Night is vanished with her stars,' ἄστρων εὐφρόνη = νὺξ ἀστερόεσσα. E. on L. § 9. p. 12, 1 a. Or (2), 'And dark Night, the region of the stars, has disappeared - Night being regarded as a world possessed by the stars. Others join άστρων ἐκλέλοιπε, 'Night has lost her stars':-i.e. The night is yet dark but the stars are waning in the coming light.' (Paley.) But this can hardly be reconciled with ll. 16, 17, and rather presupposes a Northern twilight.

20. mvp-comment-16-1 ἐξοδοιπορεῖν στέγης] Come out of doors.' ἐξοδοιπορεῖν, although a special word, has here only the general meaning of ἐξέρχεσθαι. See E. on L. § 52. p. 97.

21. mvp-comment-17-1 ξυνάπτετον λόγοισιν] ‘Join ye in counsel.' For this use of the dative with a transitive verb, cp. infr. 710, κλήροις ἔπηλαν, and note; and see Riddell's Digest of Idioms, in his edition of the Apology of Plato. For a similar idiom in English, cp. Shakespeare, Hamlet, 1. 2. 112: 'And with no less nobility of love Than that which dearest father bears his son, Do I impart toward you.' ὡς ἐνταῦθ᾽ *ἴμεν] 'Since we are thereabouts,' lit. 'moving there,'-i. е. ἐνταῦθά ἐσμεν τῆς ὁδοῦ: we are arrived at such a point in our enterprise. ἐμέν, for ἐσμέν, which occurs only once in Callimachus, can hardly be retained, and no valid objection has been made to Dawes' emendation, as above explained.

26-27. mvp-comment-18-1 ἀπώλεσεν.. ἵστησιν] The description passes from the gnomic aorist to the vivid present. For the verb, cp. Hdt. 4. 129, οἱ ἵπποι ἐν θαύματι ἔσκον, ὀρθὰ ἱστάντες τὰ ὦτα.

27. mvp-comment-19-1 δέ] In apodosi.

29. mvp-comment-20-1 τὰ . . δόξαντα] Sc. ἐμοί τε καὶ Πυλάδῃ τῷδε. Their plans are already formed.

31. mvp-comment-21-1 εἰ μή τι καιροῦ τυγχάνω] 'If anywhere I miss the mark,'-εἴ τι ἁμαρτάνω. Ε. on L. § 41. p. 78.

33. mvp-comment-22-1 πατρί is more expressive than πατρός. Cp. supr. 14.

34. mvp-comment-23-1 ἀροίμην is probably aorist (not future) optative, being indirect for (τίνι τρόπῳ) ἄρωμαι;

36. mvp-comment-24-1 Myself alone, unsupported by armed men.' Cp. Pind. Nem. 3. 59, δε καὶ Ἰωλκὸν εἶλε μόνος ἄνευ στρατιᾶς.

37. mvp-comment-25-1 By craft to steal the righteous deathblow which my hand should give.' χειρός marks the directly personal nature of the act. Cp. O. T. 811, ἐκ τῆσδε χειρός, and note. For the genitive, cp. infr. 206, θανάτους αἰκεῖς διδύμαιν χειροῖν.

38. mvp-comment-26-1 τοιόνδε, like τοιαῦτα in supr. 35, points to the remarkable nature of the oracle (cp. O. Τ. 95, οἱ ἤκουσα, and note), but with greater vividness. E. on L. § 22. p. 34.

39. mvp-comment-27-1 καιρός is personified, as infr. 75.

42-43. mvp-comment-28-1 (1) For thine age, and the long lapse of time, that has so altered thee, will surely prevent their recognizing or suspecting thee.' Or (2) taking οὐδ᾽ ἠνθισμένον separately, as referring to the Phocian costume, For thine age and the lapse of time will prevent their knowing you, nor will they once suspect you under this disguise.' Or (3) supposing ὧδ' ήνθισμένον to be an afterthought and the causal datives to be resumed with it, 'After so many years in which you have grown old they will not know or suspect you, altered as you are by age.' Cp. Shak. Cymb. 4. 4. 31-4 (Guiderius): 'Pray, sir, to the army: I and my brother are not known; yourself So out of thought, and thereto so o'ergrown, Cannot be questioned.' For the combination of aorist subj. and fut. ind., cp. Ο. C. 450, 1, ἀλλ᾽ οὗ τι μὴ λάχωσι τοῦδε συμμάχου, | οὔτε σφιν ἀρχῆς . . | ὄνησις ἥξει.

45. mvp-comment-29-1 Phanoteus had quarrelled with his brother Crisus, the father of Strophius and uncle of Pylades, and therefore was likely to send information of a fact which told against them. (Dind.). Whether this be the precise version of the legend as understood by Sophocles or not, some such relation between Strophius and Phanoteus is intended by him. Strophius is, in Sophocles also, the guardian of Orestes, - infr. 1111.

47. mvp-comment-30-1 ὅρκῳ προστιθείς] (1) Sc. τὰ ἀγγελλόμενα. With the preface of an oath.' Hermann objects to this: 'At ita res primaria in secundariam converteretur.' But such inversions are not infrequent. Cp. Aristoph. Av. 1004. See E. on L. § 42. p. 80, and Schmidt's Shak. Lex., Grammatical Observations, § 14. p. 1423. The correction ὅρκον προστιθείς (for which cp. Fr. 428, ὅρκου δὲ προστεθέντος ἐπιμελεστέρα | ψυχὴ κατέστη) is therefore unnecessary. Or (2) ὅρκῳ is a dative of manner, 'With an oath,' to which προστιθείς, sc. ὅρκον, is added epexegetically. Cp. Essay on L. § 14. p. 21; ib. § 36. p. 63 (5) a.

48. mvp-comment-31-1 ἐξ ἀναγκαίας τύχης] 'Through a fatal accident.' ἀναγκαία τύχη is here a misfortune that cannot be avoided. The same phrase is used with slightly different shades of meaning in Aj. 485, 803.

49. mvp-comment-32-1 ἄθλοισι Πυθικοῖσιν] ‘At the Pythian games.' Dat. of the occasion. E. on L. § 11. p. 18. The Delphic contest is said to have been instituted in the 48th Olympiad, but is here ideally carried back into the heroic age. Cp. Aj. 596 and note.

51. mvp-comment-33-1 ὡς ἐφίετο] Sc. ὁ Λοξίας ( infr. 82, 3). Cp. Ο. Τ. 110, ἐν τῇδ᾽ ἔφασκε γῇ.