Plutarch, De sollertia animalium, Harold Cherniss (Translator), William C. Helmbold (Translator), 28

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[28] We have, to be sure, heard Aristotimus¹ telling us about the hedgehog’s foreknowledge of the winds; and our friend also admired the V-shaped flight of cranes.² I can produce no hedgehog of Cyzicus or Byzantium,³ but instead the whole body of sea-hedgehogs,⁴ which, when they perceive that storm and surf are coming, ballast themselves with little stones⁵ in order that they may not be capsized by reason of their lightness or be swept away by the swell, but may remain fixed in position through the weight of their little rocks.

Again, the cranes’ change of flight against the wind⁶ is not merely the action of one species: all fish generally have the same notion and always swim against wave and current, taking care that a blast from the rear does not fold back their scales and expose and roughen their bodies. For this reason they always present the prow of their bodies to the waves, for in that way head first they cleave the sea, which depresses their gills and, flowing smoothly over the surface, keeps down, instead of ruffling up, the bristling skin. Now this, as I have said, is common to all fish except the sturgeon,⁷ which, they say, swims with wind and tide and does not fear the harrowing of its scales since the overlaps are not in the direction of the tail.

De sollertia animalium. Plutarch. Harold Cherniss (Translator), William C. Helmbold (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1957.

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Current edition Perseus

Whether land or sea animals are cleverer (English) (Plutarch. Moralia, Vol. XII. Cherniss, Harold, and Helmbold, William C., translators. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1957 (printing).)

Editions (1)

Πότερα τῶν ζῴων φρονιμώτερα τὰ χερσαῖα ἢ τὰ ἔνυδρα Perseus (Plutarch. Plutarchi Chaeronensis Moralia, Vol. VI. Vernardakēs, Grēgorios N., editor. Leipzig: Teubner, 1895.) — 28 focus

[28]

ΦΑΙΔΙΜΟΣ.

ἀλλὰ μὴν ἐχίνου γέ τινα χερσαίου διηγήσατο πρόγνωσιν Ἀριστοτέλης πνευμάτων, ὃς ἐθαύμαζε 979b καὶ γεράνων τὴν ἐν τριγώνῳ πτῆσιν. ἐγὼ δʼ ἐχῖνον μὲν οὐδένα Κυζικηνὸν ἢ Βυζάντιον, ἀλλὰ 15 πάντας ὁμοῦ παρέχομαι τοὺς θαλαττίους, ὅταν αἴσθωνται μέλλοντα χειμῶνα καὶ σάλον, ἑρματιζομένους λιθιδίοις, ὅπως μὴ περιτρέπωνται διὰ κουφότητα μηδʼ ἀποσύρωνται γενομένου κλύδωνος, ἀλλʼ ἐπιμένωσιν ἀραρότως τοῖς πετριδίοις. ἡ δὲ γεράνων 20 μεταβολὴ τῆς πτήσεως πρὸς ἄνεμον οὐχ ἑνὸς γένους ἐστὶν ἀλλὰ τοῦτο κοινῇ πάντες; ἰχθύες νοοῦντες ἀεὶ πρὸς κῦμα καὶ ῥοῦν ἀντινήχονται καὶ παραφυλάττουσιν ὅπως; μή, κατʼ οὐρὰν προσφερομένου τοῦ πνεύματος, ἡ λεπὶς ἀναπτυσσομένη λυπῇ τὸ 25 979c σῶμα γυμνούμενον καὶ διατραχυνόμενον ὅθεν ἀεὶ συνέχουσιν ἑαυτοὺς ἀντιπρῴρους· σχιζομένη γὰρ οὕτω κατὰ κορυφὴν ἡ θάλασσα τά τε βράγχια καταστέλλει καὶ κατὰ τῆς ἐπιφανείας ῥέουσα λείως πιέζει καὶ οὐκ ἀνίστησι τὸ φρικῶδες. τοῦτο μὲν οὖν, ὥσπερ ἔφην, κοινόν ἐστι τῶν ἰχθύων, πλὴν 5 τοῦ ἔλλοπος· τοῦτον δέ φασι κατʼἄνεμον καὶ ῥοῦν νήχεσθαι, μὴ φοβούμενον τὴν ἀναχάραξιν τῆς λεπίδος, ἅτε δὴ μὴ πρὸς οὐρὰν τὰς ἐπιπτυχὰς ἐχούσης.

Translations (1)

Which are the most crafty, water-animals or those creatures that breed upon the land? Perseus (Plutarch. Plutarch's Morals, Vol. V. Goodwin, William W., editor; Philips, John, translator. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1874.) — 28 focus

[28] Then again we have heard Aristotimus relating how the land hedge-hog had a perception of the rising of the wind, and praising the trigonal flight of cranes. But for my part, I produce no particular hedge-hog of Cyzicus or Byzantium, but all the sea hedge-hogs in general; who, when they perceive a storm coming, ballast themselves with little stones, lest they should be overturned by reason of their lightness or carried away by the rolling of the waves, which they prevent by the weight of their little stones.

On the other side, the cranes’ order in their flight against the wind is not of one sort. But this is a general notion among all fish, that they always swim against the waves and the tide, and always take care lest the wind being in their tails should force their fins from their backs, and leave their naked bodies exposed to the cold and other inconveniences; and therefore they still oppose the prows of their bodies against the waves. For that while they thus cleave the waves at the top, the sea keeps their fins close, and lightly flowing over the superficies of their bodies, becomes less burdensome, besides that it suffers not their scales to rise.

This, I say, is common to all fish, except that fish which is called ellops; which, as they report, always swims with the wind and tide, not minding the erection or opening of the scales, which do not lie towards the tail, as in other fish.

Notes on the current edition

Whether land or sea animals are cleverer

1. Cf. 972 a supra. Valentine Rose, curiously enough, emended to Aristotle (see Historia Animal. ix. 6, 612 b 4) and included this passage in Frag. 342. See further Mair on Oppian, Hal. ii. 226.

2. Cf. 967 b supra.

3. Perhaps he is learnedly confuting Aristotimus (972 a supra) by drawing on Aristotle.

4. i.e. the sea-urchin, regarded by the ancients as a sort of marine counterpart of the hedgehog because of the similar spines.

5. Cf. 967 b supra, of bees.

6. Cf. 967 b supra.

7. Probably usually the common sturgeon, Acipenser sturio: see Thompson, Glossary, pp. 62 f.; Aelian, De Natura Animal. viii. 28, speaks of it as a rare and sacred fish; see 981 d infra. Cf. Milton’s Ellops drear ( P.L. x. 525).

Plutarch De sollertia animalium 28

Harold Cherniss (Translator), William C. Helmbold (Translator)

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