Plutarch, De sollertia animalium, Harold Cherniss (Translator), William C. Helmbold (Translator), 22

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[22] But that my discourse may add its finishing touch and terminate, let me make the move from the sacred line¹ and say a few words about the divine inspiration and the mantic power of animals. It is, in fact, no small or ignoble division of divination, but a great and very ancient one, which takes its name from birds²; for their quickness of apprehension and their habit of responding to any manifestation, so easily are they diverted, serves as an instrument for the god, who directs their movements, their calls or cries, and their formations which are sometimes contrary, sometimes favouring, as winds are; so that he uses some birds to cut short, others to speed enterprises and inceptions to the destined end. It is for this reason that Euripides³ calls birds in general heralds of the gods; and, in particular, Socrates⁴ says that he considers himself a fellow-slave of the swans. So again, among monarchs Pyrrhus⁵ liked to be called an Eagle and Antiochus⁶ a Hawk. But when we deride, or rail at, stupid and ignorant people we call them fish. Really, we can produce cases by the thousand of signs and portents manifested to us by the gods through creatures of land and air, but not one such can the advocate for aquatic creatures name.⁷ No, they are all deaf and blind⁸ so far as foreseeing anything goes, and so have been cast aside into the godless and titanic⁹ region, as into a Limbo of the Unblessed, where the rational and intelligent part of the soul has been extinguished. Having, however, only a last remnant of sensation that is clogged with mud and deluged with water, they seem to be at their last gasp rather than alive.

De sollertia animalium. Plutarch. Harold Cherniss (Translator), William C. Helmbold (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1957.

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Current edition Perseus

Whether land or sea animals are cleverer (English) (Plutarch. Moralia, Vol. XII. Cherniss, Harold, and Helmbold, William C., translators. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1957 (printing).)

Editions (1)

Πότερα τῶν ζῴων φρονιμώτερα τὰ χερσαῖα ἢ τὰ ἔνυδρα Perseus (Plutarch. Plutarchi Chaeronensis Moralia, Vol. VI. Vernardakēs, Grēgorios N., editor. Leipzig: Teubner, 1895.) — 22 focus

[22]

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ἵνα δὲ κορυφὴν ὁ λόγος ἐπιθεὶς ἑαυτῷ 10 παύσηται, φέρε κινήσαντες τὴν ἀφʼ ἱερᾶς βραχέα περὶ θειότητος αὐτῶν καὶ μαντικῆς εἴπωμεν. οὐ γάρ τι μικρὸν οὐδʼ ἄδοξον, ἀλλὰ πολὺ καὶ παμπάλαιον μαντικῆς μόριον οἰωνιστικὴ κέκληται τὸ γὰρ ὀξὺ καὶ νοερὸν αὐτῶν καὶ διʼ εὐστροφίαν ὑπήκοον 15 ἁπάσης φαντασίας ὥσπερ ὀργάνῳ τῷ θεῷ παρέχει χρῆσθαι καὶ τρέπειν ἐπί τε κίνησιν ἐπί τε φωνὰς καὶ γηρύματα καὶ σχήματα νῦν μὲν ἐνστατικὰ νῦν 975b δὲ φορὰ καθάπερ πνεύματα ταῖς μὲν ἐπικόπτοντα ταῖς δʼ ἐπευθύνοντα πράξεις καὶ ὁρμὰς εἰς τὸ τέλος. 20 διὸ κοινῇ μὲν ὁ Εὐριπίδης θεῶν κήρυκας ὀνομάζει τοὺς ὄρνιθας ἰδίᾳ δέ φησιν ὁ Σωκράτης ὁμόδουλον ἑαυτὸν ποιεῖσθαι τῶν κύκνων· ὥσπερ αὖ καὶ τῶν βασιλέων ἀετὸς μὲν ὁ Πύρρος ἥδετο καλούμενος Ἰέραξ δʼ ὁ Ἀντίοχος· ἰχθῦς; δὲ τοὺς ἀμαθεῖς 25 καὶ ἀνοήτους; λοιδοροῦντες ἢ σκώπτοντες ὀνομάζομεν. ἀλλὰ δὴ μυρίων μυριάκις εἰπεῖν παρόντων, ἃ προδείκνυσιν ἡμῖν καὶ προσημαίνει τὰ πεζὰ καὶ 975c πτηνὰ παρὰ τῶν θεῶν, ἓν οὐκ ἔστι τοιοῦτον ἀποφῆναι τῷ προδικοῦντι τῶν ἐνύδρων, ἀλλὰ κωφὰ πάντα καὶ 5 τυφλὰ τῆς προνοίας εἰς τὸν ἄθεον καὶ τιτανικὸν ἀπέρριπται τόπον ὥσπερ ἀσεβῶν χῶρον, οὗ τὸ λογικὸν καὶ νοερὸν ἐγκατέσβεσται τῆς ψυχῆς, ἐσχάτῳ δέ τινι συμπεφυρμένης καὶ κατακεκλυσμένης αἰσθήσεως μορίῳ, σπαίρουσι μᾶλλον ἢ ζῶσιν ἔοικεν. 10

Translations (1)

Which are the most crafty, water-animals or those creatures that breed upon the land? Perseus (Plutarch. Plutarch's Morals, Vol. V. Goodwin, William W., editor; Philips, John, translator. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1874.) — 22 focus

[22] But that my discourse may draw to a conclusion, let us (as the saying is) move the stone over the sacred line, and add something concerning the divinity and prophetic nature with which our terrestrial creatures are endued. Which when we consider, we shall find that that part of soothsaying which is founded upon the observation of birds is not the meanest or most ignoble, but very ancient and in great esteem. For the smartness and intelligible faculty of birds, together with their capability to receive all impressions of fancy, afford the Deity a convenience to make use of those faculties as instruments, that he may turn them into motion, sounds, chirpings, and forms, now to stop and stay, anon to drive forward like the winds; by means of some of these stopping short, by the means of others directing to their end, the actions and impetuous impulses of men. Therefore Euripides in general calls birds the criers of the Gods; and particularly Socrates styles himself a fellow-servant with the swans. As among princes, Pyrrhus was pleased with the surname of Eagle; and Antiochus loved to be called Antiochus the Falcon. But they who deride men as insipid and void of ingenuity call them by the names of fish. And whereas we can produce millions of things and accidents which are foretold us by land and flying creatures, there is not any one such example that the patrons of water-animals call produce in their behalf; but being all void of hearing, perfectly sottish, and without any sight, discerning, or providence, they are all thrown apart into that same place, unblest and hideous, called the sea, as it were into the region of the ungodly, where the rational and intellectual part of the soul is extinguished; being animated with only some diminutive portion, the lowest that may be imagined, of a confused and overwhelmed sense, so that they rather seem to palpitate than breathe.

Notes on the current edition

Whether land or sea animals are cleverer

1. See Mor. 783 b with Fowler’s note; also 1116 e; Plato, Laws, 739 a; and Gow on Theocritus, vi. 18. The meaning is probably something like let me play my last trump, or commit my last reserve.

2. Ornithoscopy or ornithomancy ( Cf. Leviticus xix. 26); Latin augurium, auspicium. See also Plato, Phaedrus, 244 d, Phaedo, 85 b.

3. Perhaps Ion, 159; Cf. also Mor. 405 d for the phrase.

4. Plato, Phaedo, 85 b.

5. Cf. Mor. 184 d; Life of Pyrrhus, x. 1 (388 a-b); Life of Aristides, vi. 2 (322 a); Aelian, De Natura Animal. vii. 45.

6. Cf. Mor. 184 a. This Antiochus was not, strictly speaking, a king, but the younger son of Antiochus II.

7. This charge is answered in 976 c infra.

8. Cf. the fragment of Epicharmus cited above in 961 a.

9. Cf. Plato, Laws, 701 b-c (and Shorey, What Plato Said, p. 629); 942 a supra and Cherniss’ note ( Class. Phil. xlvi, 1951, p. 157, n. 95); see also 996 c c infra with the note.

Plutarch De sollertia animalium 22

Harold Cherniss (Translator), William C. Helmbold (Translator)

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