Plutarch, Amatorius, ed. Grēgorios N. Vernardakēs, 18

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[18]

ΑΥΤΟΒΟΥΛΟΣ.

ἡσθεὶς οὖν ὁ Ζεύξιππος ὦ Ἡράκλεις εἶπεν 5 ὡς ὀλίγου διελύσατο πρὸς Ἄνυτον τὴν ἀπὸ Σωκράτους; καὶ φιλοσοφίας πατρικὴν ἔχθραν, εἰ πρᾶος ἦν οὕτω περὶ ἔρωτα καὶ γενναῖος. εἶεν εἶπεν ὁ πατήρ· ἐκ δὲ δυσκόλων καὶ σκυθρωπῶν τοῖς συνοῦσιν οὐ¹ ποιεῖ φιλανθρωποτέρους καὶ 10 ἡδίους;

αἰθομένου γὰρ πυρὸς γεραρώτερον οἶκον² ἰδέσθαι

³ καὶ ἄνθρωπον ὡς ἔοικε φαιδρότερον ὑπὸ τῆς ἐρωτικῆς θερμότητος. ἀλλʼ οἱ πολλοὶ παράλογόν τι πεπόνθασιν ἂν μὲν ἐν οἰκίᾳ νύκτωρ σέλας ἴδωσι, 15 762e θεῖον ἡγοῦνται καὶ θαυμάζουσι· ψυχὴν δὲ μικρὰν καὶ ταπεινὴν καὶ ἀγεννῆ ὁρῶντες ἐξαίφνης ὑποπιμπλαμένην φρονήματος, ἐλευθερίας, φιλοτιμίας, χάριτος, ἀφειδίας, οὐκ ἀναγκάζονται λέγειν ὡς ὁ Τηλέμαχος 20

ἦ μάλα τις θεὸς ἔνδον.

⁴ ἐκεῖνο δʼ εἶπεν ὁ Δαφναῖος⁵ πρὸς Χαρίτων οὐ δαιμόνιον; ὅτι τῶν ἄλλων ὁ ἐρωτικὸς ὀλίγου δεῖν ἁπάντων περιφρονῶν, οὐ μόνον ἑταίρων καὶ οἰκείων⁶, ἀλλὰ καὶ νόμων καὶ ἀρχόντων καὶ βασιλέων, φοβούμενος δὲ μηδὲν μηδὲ θαυμάζων μηδὲ θεραπεύων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν αἰχματὰν κεραυνὸν⁷ οἷος ὢν ὑπομένειν, 5 ἅμα τῷ τὸν καλὸν ἰδεῖν 762f

ἔπτηξʼ ἀλέκτωρ δοῦλον ὣς κλίνας πτερόν,

⁸ καὶ τὸ θράσος ἐκκέκλασται καὶ κατακέκοπται οἱ τὸ τῆς ψυχῆς γαῦρον. ἄξιον δὲ Σαπφοῦς⁹ παρὰ ταῖς Μούσαις μνημονεῦσαι· τὸν μὲν γὰρ Ἡφαίστου παῖδα 10 Ῥωμαῖοι Κᾶκον¹⁰ ἱστοροῦσι πῦρ καὶ φλόγας ἀφιέναι διὰ τοῦ στόματος ἔξω ῥεούσας· αὕτη δʼ ἀληθῶς μεμιγμένα πυρὶ φθέγγεται καὶ διὰ τῶν μελῶν ἀναφέρει τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας θερμότητα Μούσαις εὐφώνοις ἰωμένη τὸν ἔρωτα κατὰ Φιλόξενον¹¹. ἀλλʼ 15 763a εἴ τι μὴ διὰ¹² Λύσανδρον, ὦ Δαφναῖε, τῶν παλαιῶν ἐκλέλησαι παιδικῶν¹³, ἀνάμνησον ἡμᾶς, ἐν οἷς ἡ καλὴ Σαπφὼ λέγει τῆς ἐρωμένης ἐπιφανείσης τήν τε φωνὴν ἴσχεσθαι καὶ; φλέγεσθαι¹⁴ τὸ σῶμα καὶ καταλαμβάνειν ὠχρότητα καὶ πλάνον αὐτὴν¹⁵ καὶ ἴλιγγον. 20 λεχθέντων οὖν ὑπὸ τοῦ Δαφναίου τῶν μελῶν ἐκείνων, ὡς ¹⁶ ὑπολαβὼν ὁ πατήρ ταῦτʼ εἶπεν ὦ πρὸς τοῦ Διός, οὐ θεοληψία καταφανής; οὗτος οὐ¹⁷ δαιμόνιος σάλος τῆς ψυχῆς; τί τοσοῦτον ἡ Πυθία πέπονθεν ἁψαμένη τοῦ τρίποδος; τίνα τῶν ἐνθεαζομένων οὕτως ὁ αὐλὸς καὶ τὰ μητρῷα καὶ τὸ 5 763b τύμπανον ἐξίστησιν; ἡμῖν¹⁸ ταὐτὸ¹⁹ σῶμα πολλοὶ καὶ ταὐτὸ²⁰ κάλλος ὁρῶσιν, εἴληπται δʼ εἷς ὁ ἐρωτικός διὰ τίνʼ²¹ αἰτίαν; οὐ γὰρ μανθάνομὲν γέ που τοῦ Μενάνδρου²² λέγοντος οὐδὲ συνίεμεν²³,

καιρός ἐστιν ἡ νόσος 10

ψυχῆς, ὁ πληγεὶς δʼ εἴσω δὴ²⁴ τιτρώσκεται.

ἀλλʼ ὁ θεὸς αἴτιος τοῦ μὲν καθαψάμενος τὸν δʼ ἐάσας. ὃ τοίνυν ἐν ἀρχῇ καιρὸν εἶχε ῥηθῆναι μᾶλλον οὐδὲ νῦν ὅτι²⁵ νῦν²⁶ ἦλθεν ἐπὶ στόμα αʼ κατʼ Αἰσχύλον ἄρρητον²⁷ ἐάσειν μοι δοκῶ· καὶ γάρ ἐστι 15 παμμέγεθες. ἴσως μὲν γάρ, ὦ ἑταῖρε, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων, ὅσα μὴ διʼ αἰσθήσεως ἡμῖν εἰς 763c ἔννοιαν ἥκει²⁸, τὰ μὲν μύθῳ τὰ δὲ νόμῳ τὰ δὲ λόγῳ πίστιν ἐξ ἀρχῆς²⁹ ἔσχηκε· τῆς δʼ οὖν περὶ θεῶν δόξης καὶ³⁰ παντάπασιν ἡγεμόνες καὶ διδάσκαλοι γεγόνασιν ἡμῖν οἵ τε ποιηταὶ καὶ οἱ νομοθέται καὶ τρίτον οἱ φιλόσοφοι, τὸ μὲν³¹ εἶναι θεοὺς ὁμοίως τιθέμενοι, 5 πλήθους δὲ πέρι καὶ τάξεως αὐτῶν οὐσίας τε καὶ δυνάμεως μεγάλα διαφερόμενοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους. ἐκεῖνοι μὲν γὰρ οἱ τῶν φιλοσόφων

ἄνοσοι καὶ ἀγήραοι

³²

πόνων τʼ ἄπειροι, βαρυβόαν 10

πορθμὸν πεφευγότες Ἀχέροντος·

ὅθεν οὐ³³ προσίενται ποιητικὰς Ἔριδας οὐ Λιτάς, 763d οὐ Δεῖμον οὐδὲ Φόβον ἐθέλουσι θεοὺς εἶναι καὶ³⁴ παῖδας Ἄρεος ὁμολογεῖν μάχονται δὲ περὶ πολλῶν καὶ τοῖς νομοθέταις, ὥσπερ,Ξενοφάνης Αἰγυπτίους 15 ἐκέλευσε τὸν Ὄσιριν, εἰ θνητὸν νομίζουσι, μὴ τιμᾶν ὡς θεόν, εἰ δὲ θεὸν ἡγοῦνται μὴ θρηνεῖν. αὖθις δὲ ποιηταὶ καὶ νομοθέται, φιλοσόφων ἰδέας τινὰς καὶ ἀριθμοὺς μονάδας τε καὶ πνεύματα θεοὺς ποιουμένων, οὔτʼ ἀκούειν ὑπομένουσιν οὔτε συνιέναι 20 δύνανται. πολλὴν δʼ ὅλως ἀνωμαλίαν ἔχουσιν αἱ δόξαι καὶ διαφοράν. ὥσπερ οὖν ἦσάν ποτε τρεῖς στάσεις Ἀθήνησι, Παράλων Ἐπακρίων³⁵ Πεδιέων, χαλεπῶς ἔχουσαι καὶ διαφερόμεναι πρὸς ἀλλήλας· 763e ἔπειτα³⁶ δὲ πάντες ἐν ταὐτῷ γενόμενοι καὶ τὰς ψήφους λαβόντες ἤνεγκαν πάσας Σόλωνι, καὶ τοῦτον εἵλοντο κοινῇ διαλλακτὴν καὶ ἄρχοντα καὶ νομοθέτην, ὃς ἔδοξε τῆς ἀρετῆς ἔχειν ἀδηρίτως τὸ πρωτεῖον· οὕτως αἱ τρεῖς στάσεις αἱ περὶ θεῶν διχοφρονοῦσαι 5 καὶ ψῆφον ἄλλην ἄλλη φέρουσαι, καὶ μὴ δεχόμεναι ῥᾳδίως τὸν ἐξ ἑτέρας περὶ ἑνὸς βεβαίως ὁμογνωμονοῦσι, καὶ κοινῇ τὸν Ἔρωτα συνεγγράφουσιν εἰς θεοὺς ποιητῶν οἱ κράτιστοι καὶ νομοθετῶν καὶ φιλοσόφων ἀθρόᾳ φωνᾷ³⁷ μέγʼ ἐπαινέοντες ὥσπερ 10 ἔφη τὸν Πιττακὸν ὁ Ἀλκαῖος αἱρεῖσθαι τοὺς Μυτιληναίους³⁸ 763f τύραννον. ἡμῖν δὲ βασιλεὺς καὶ ἄρχων καὶ ἁρμοστὴς ὁ Ἔρως ὑφʼ Ἡσιόδου καὶ Πλάτωνος καὶ Σόλωνος ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἑλικῶνος εἰς τὴν Ἀκαδήμειαν³⁹ ἐστεφανωμένος κατάγεται καὶ κεκοσμημένος 15 εἰσελαύνει πολλαῖς συνωρίσι φιλίας καὶ κοινωνίας, οὐχ οἵαν Εὐριπίδης φησὶν

ἀχαλκεύτοισιν ἐζεῦχθαι πέδαις,

⁴⁰ ψυχρὰν οὗτός γε καὶ βαρεῖαν ἐν χρείᾳ περιβαλὼν ὑπʼ αἰσχύνης ἀνάγκην, ἀλλʼ ὑποπτέρου⁴¹ φερομένης 20 ἐπὶ τὰ κάλλιστα τῶν ὄντων καὶ θειότατα⁴², περὶ ὧν ἑτέροις εἴρηται βέλτιον.

Amatorius. Plutarch. ed. Grēgorios N. Vernardakēs. Leipzig. 1892.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The National Endowment for the Humanities.

Current edition Perseus

Ἐρωτικός (Greek) (Plutarch. Plutarchi Chaeronensis Moralia, Vol. IV. Vernardakēs, Grēgorios N., editor. Leipzig: Teubner, 1892.)

Translations (1)

Of Love. Perseus (Plutarch. Plutarch's Morals, Vol. IV. Goodwin, William W., editor; Philips, John, translator. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company; Cambridge: Press of John Wilson and Son, 1874.) — 18 focus

[18]

AUTOB.

Pleased with this story, O Hercules, quoth Zeuxippus, how have you almost raced out of mind that hereditary hatred which I had conceived against Anytus, for his ill opinion of Socrates and philosophy, since he was become so gentle and generous in his amours. Be it so, said my father; but let us proceed. Love is of that nature, that it renders those that were severe and morose before both affable and pleasant in their humor. For as

The burning tapers make the house more light,

And all things look more glorious to the sight;

AUTOB.

so the heat of love renders the soul of man more lively and cheerful. But most men go quite contrary to reason in this particular. For when they behold a glittering light in a house by night, they admire and look upon it as something celestial; but when they see a narrow, pitiful, abject soul of a sudden replenished with understanding, generosity, sense of honor, courtesy, and liberality, they do not believe themselves constrained to say, as Telemachus in Homer,

Surely some God within this house resides.¹

AUTOB.

For the love of the Graces, tell me, said Daphnaeus, is it not a thing altogether as much savoring of divinity, that a man who contemns all other things, not only his friends and familiar acquaintance, but also the laws, the magistrates, even kings and princes themselves, who fears nothing, is astonished at nothing, cares for nothing, but thinks himself able to defy the barbed lightning,² yet, so soon as he beholds the object of his burning love,

As dunghill cravens, by a sudden blow,

Hang their loose wings with little list to crow,

AUTOB.

should presently lose all his prowess, and that all his bravery should fail him, as if his heart were quite sunk to the bottom of his body? And it were not impertinent to make mention of Sappho here among the Muses. For the Romans report in their stories that Cacus, the son of Vulcan, vomited fire and flames out of his mouth. And indeed Sappho speaks as if her words were mixed with fire, and in her verses plainly discovers the violent heat of her heart, according to that of Philoxenus,

Seeking for cure of love-inflicted wounds,

From pleasing numbers and melodious sounds.

AUTOB.

And here, Daphnaeus, if the love of Lysandra have not buried in oblivion your former sportive dalliances, I would desire you to call to mind and oblige us with the repetition of those elegant raptures of Sappho, wherein she tells us how that, when the person beloved by her appeared, her speech forsook her, her body was all over in a sweat; how she grew pale and wan, and was surprised with a sudden trembling and dizziness. To this Daphnaeus consented; and so soon as he had recited the verses, said my father: So Jupiter help me, is not this an apparent seizure of something more than human upon the soul? Can this be other than some celestial rapture of the mind? What do we find equal to it in the Pythian prophetess, when she sits upon the tripod? Where do we find the flutes which are used in the Bacchanalian orgies, or the tabors played upon in the ceremonies of the Mother of the Gods, rouse up such noble transports among that fanatic sort of enthusiasts? Many there are that behold the same body and the same beauty, but the lover only admires and is ravished with it. And what is the reason, do ye think? For we do not perceive or understand it from Menander, when he says:

’Tis the occasion that infects the heart,

For only he that’s wounded feels the smart.

AUTOB.

But it is the God of Love that gives the occasion, seizing upon some, and letting others go free. What therefore had been more seasonable for me to have spoken before, since it is now chopped into my mouth (as Aeschylus says), I think I will not even now let go, as being a matter of great importance. For it may be, my dear friend, there is not any thing in the world which was not made perceptible by sense, but what gained credit and authority at the first either from fables, or from the law, or else from rational discourse. And therefore poets, lawgivers, and in the third place philosophers, were all along the first that instructed and confirmed us in our opinion of the Gods. For all agree that there are Gods; but concerning their number, their order, their essence and power, they vastly differ one among another. For the philosophers’ Deities are subject neither to age nor diseases, neither do they undergo any labor or pain,

Exempted from the noise and hurry

Of busy Acherontic ferry.

AUTOB.

And therefore they will not admit poetical Deities, like Strife and Prayers;³ nor will they acknowledge Fear and Terror to be Gods or the sons of Mars. They also differ from the lawgivers in many things. Thus Xenophanes told the Egyptians not to worship Osiris as a God if they thought him to be mortal, and if they thought him to be a God not to bewail him. Then again, the poets and lawgivers vary from the philosophers, and will not so much as hear them, while they deify certain ideas, numbers, unities, and spirits; such is the wild variety and vast difference of opinions among this sort of people. Therefore, as there were at Athens the three factions of the Parali, Epacrii, and Pedieis, that could never agree but were always at variance one with another, yet when they were assembled, gave their suffrages unanimously for Solon, and chose him with one consent for their peacemaker, governor, and lawgiver, as to whom the highest reward of virtue was, without all doubt or question, due; so the three different sects or factions in reference to the Gods, in giving their opinions some for one and some for another, as being by no means willing to subscribe one to another, are all positive in their consent as to the God of Love. Him the most famous of the poets, and the numerous acclamations of the philosophers and lawgivers, have enrolled in the catalogue of the Gods with loud praises and harmonious acclaim, as Alcaeus says of the Mitylenaeans when they chose Pittacus for their prince. So Hesiod, Plato, and Solon bring forth Cupid out of Helicon, and conduct him in pomp and state into the Academy, to be our king, governor, and director, drawn in by friendship and intercourse with all their pairs of horses, — not the friendship which, as Euripides says, is

With fetters bound, but not of brass,⁴

AUTOB.

as if the bonds of love were only the cold and ponderous chains of necessity, made use of as a colorable pretence to excuse and qualify shame, but such friendship as is carried upon winged chariots to the most lovely objects that exist, and to sights more divine than this earth affords. But on this point others have better discoursed.

Notes on the current edition

Ἐρωτικός

1. εὖ] οὐ Winckelmannus

2. οἶκον] ut accusativus a ποιεῖ pendeat, quod Winck. voluerat, γὰρ particula in τε aut quidem in δὲ mutanda est et signum interrogationis post θερμότητος transponendum

3. Versus est Homericus. cf. Vit. Herodotea p. 16 ed. Westermann. Certam. Hom. et Hes. vs. 274 ed. Rzach.

4. Hom. τ 40

5. εἰπὲ ὧ Δαφναῖε Patzigius sed corrig. vid. ὃ εἴπεν ὁ Δαφναῖος

6. οἰκείων *: οἰκετῶν

7. Pindar. Pyth. 1, 5

8. Nauck. p. 724

9. σαφῶς

10. Κᾶκον Goettlingius: κακὸν

11. Φιλόξενον] Bergk. 3 p. 611

12. διὰ Madvigius

13. παιδικῶν X: παιδίων

14. φλέγεσθαι idem: φθέγγεσθαι

15. αὐτὴν] αὐτη 1 E 3-4 B

16. lac. 109 E 43 B. Fort supplendi sunt versus:

ὡς γὰρ εὔιδον βροχέως σε, φώνας

οὐδὲν ἔτʼ εἴκει·

ἀλλὰ καμ μὲν γλῶσσα ἔαγε λέπτον δʼ

αὔτικα χρῷ πῦρ ὑπαδεδρόμακεν.

χλωροτέρα δὲ ποίας

ἔμμι, τεθνάκην δʼ ὁλίγω πιδεύης

φαίνομαι

qui soli versus et lacunae magnitudi et argumento praegresso plane conveniunt. Vid. Bergk. 3 p. 88 sq.

17. οὐ M

18. ἡμῖν] καὶ μὴν W

19. *: τὸ αὐτὸ

20. *: τὸ αὐτὸ

21. τίνα W: τὴν

22. Μενάνδρου] Kock. 3 p. 163

23. idem: σύνιμεν

24. εἴσω δὴ Stobaeus (63, 34): lac. 6 E 7 B. Corrigunt εἰσβολῇ Bentleius. εἰς ὃ δεῖ W. εἶς ὁδὶ G. Hermannus. ἐνδοθεν Dorvillius, ut alios omittam. Ad locum sanandum maxime adiuvat Plut. paraphrasis (vid. Fragm. 25, 1): τοῦτο δ’ εὐστοχίας ἐστὶ καιροῦ τῷ παθεῖν ἑτοίμῳ (ita optime W: ἐμοί γε πως aut ἐμοί πως) συνάπτοντος ἐν ἀκμῇ τὸ ποιεῖν πεφυκός. Unde corr. vid. εἰσόδῳ (sc. τῆς νόσου) i.e. homo amatorius qui ictus est, vulnus facile accipit eo quod in eius animum morbo aditus patet, eo quod animus eius ad telum amoris ( τὸ ποιεῖν πεφυκός) recipiendum paratus dispositusque est ( παθεῖν ἕτοιμος). Si meum εἰσόδῳ non placet, in promptu est Bentleianum εἰσβολῇ ut eodem modo quo εχπλιξετυρ. οπτιο δατυρ

25. ὅτι Nauckius (p. 105): ἐπὶ

26. νῦν Winckelmannus: νοῦν

27. M: ἄριστον

28. ἥκει X: στήκει. Malim ἐξήκει

29. ἐξαρχῆς BE

30. καὶ del. R praeter necessitatem

31. μὲν R: μὲν οὒν

32. cf. Bergk. 1 p. 432

33. ὅθεν οὐ Basileensis: ὅθεν Fort. tamen οὐ omisso scrib. προϊενται et distinguendum post Ἐριδας

34. καὶ *

35. X: ἐπάκρων

36. ἔπειτα Madvigius: ἐπεὶ

37. R: ἀθρόαι φωναὶ quod tamen glossema esse potest vocis ἀόλλεες quam post ἐπαινέοντες ( ἐπαίνεντες Ahrens) dat Aristot. p. 1285, 1b. cf Bergk. 3 p. 162; aut ἀόλλεις supplendum est, ut etiam ἀθρόᾳ Alcaei sint verba ab Aristotele omissa. Res dubia est

38. *: μιτυληναίους

39. *: ἀκαδημίαν

40. ita scripsi ex p. 482a. 533a: ἀχαλκευ 5E ἀχαλκεύτοις B cf. Nauck. p. 549

41. W: ὑπὸ πτεροῦ

42. R: θειότερα

Plutarch Amatorius 18

ed. Grēgorios N. Vernardakēs

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