Plutarch, Septem sapientium convivium, Frank Cole Babbitt (Translator), 8

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[8] Periander at this burst out laughing, and said, We are fittingly punished, Aesop, for becoming involved in other subjects before introducing all of those from Amasis, to which we gave precedence. I beg, Neiloxenus, that you will look at the rest of the letter and take advantage of the fact that the men are all here together.

Well, in truth, said Neiloxenus, the demand of the Ethiopian can hardly be called anything but a depressing cryptic dispatch,¹ to borrow a phrase from Archilochus, but your friend Amasis is more civilized and cultivated in proposing such questions; for he bade the king name the oldest thing, the most beautiful, the greatest, the wisest, the most common, and besides these, as I can attest, to name also the most helpful thing and the most harmful, and the strongest and the easiest.

Did the Ethiopian king give an answer and a solution for each of these questions?

Yes, in his way, said Neiloxenus, but you must judge for yourselves when you hear his answers. For my king holds it to be a very important matter not to be caught impugning the answers falsely; and likewise, if the respondent is making any slip in these, he would not have this pass unquestioned. I will read the answers of the Ethiopian as he gave them:

(a) What is the oldest thing? Time.

(b) What is the greatest? The universe.

(d) What is the most beautiful? Light.

(e) What is most common? Death.

(f) What is most helpful? God.

(g) What is most harmful? An evil spirit.

(h) What is strongest? Fortune.

(i) What is easiest? Pleasure.

Septem sapientium convivium. Plutarch. Frank Cole Babbitt (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1928.

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Funding provided by The National Endowment for the Humanities.

Current edition Perseus

The Dinner of the Seven Wise Men (English) (Plutarch. Moralia, Vol. II. Babbitt, Frank Cole, translator. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1928 (printing).)

Editions (1)

Πων επτά σοφών συμπόσιον Perseus (Plutarch. Plutarchi Chaeronensis Moralia, Vol I. Vernardakēs, Grēgorios N,, editor. Leipzig. Teubner, 1888.) — 8 focus

[8] γελάσας οὖν ὁ Περίανδρος, ἔχομεν εἶπεν Αἴσωπε τὴν δίκην προσηκόντως,¹ πρὶν ἢ τοὺς Ἀμάσιδος οὓς προειλόμεθα πάντας εἰσαγαγεῖν λόγους εἰς ἑτέρους ἐμπεσόντες. ὅρα δή, Νειλόξενε, τὰ 20 λοιπὰ τῆς ἐπιστολῆς, καὶ χρῶ παροῦσιν ἐν ταὐτῷ² τοῖς ἀνδράσιν ἀλλὰ μήν ὁ Νειλόξενος ἔφη τὴν μὲν τοῦ Αἰθίοπος ἐπίταξιν οὐδὲν ἄν τις ἄλλο πλὴν ἀχνυμένην³ σκυτάλην προσείποι κατʼ Ἀρχίλοχον, ὁ 152f δὲ σὸς ξένος Ἄμασις ἡμερώτερος ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις 25 προβλήμασι καὶ μουσικώτερος γέγονεν ἐκέλευσε γὰρ αὐτὸν εἰπεῖν τὸ πρεσβύτατον καὶ τὸ κάλλιστον καὶ τὸ μέγιστον καὶ τὸ σοφώτατον καὶ τὸ κοινότατον, καὶ ναὶ μὰ Δία πρὸς τούτοις τὸ ὠφελιμώτατον, καὶ τὸ βλαβερώτατον καὶ τὸ⁴ ἰσχυρότατον καὶ τὸ ῥᾷστον⁵ 5 ἆρʼ οὖν ἀπεκρίνατο καὶ διέλυσε τούτων ἕκαστον; οὕτως ὁ Νειλόξενος ἔφη· κρίνετε δʼ ὑμεῖς ἀκούσαντες. 153a περὶ πολλοῦ γὰρ ὁ βασιλεὺς ποιεῖται μήτε συκοφαντῶν ἁλῶναι τὰς ἀποκρίσεις, εἲ τέ τι σφάλλεται κατὰ ταύτας⁶ ὁ⁷ ἀποκρινάμενος, τοῦτο μὴ διαφυγεῖν 10 ἀνεξέλεγκτον. ἀναγνώσομαι δʼ ὑμῖν ὥσπερ ἀπεκρίνατο. τί πρεσβύτατον; χρόνος. τί μέγιστον; κόσμος. τί σοφώτατον; ἀλήθεια. τί κάλλιστον; φῶς. τί κοινότατον; θάνατος. τί ὠφελιμώτατον; θεός. τί βλαβερώτατον; δαίμων. τί ῥωμαλεώτατον; τύχη. 15 τί ῥᾷστον; ἡδύ.

Translations (1)

The Banquet of the Seven Wise Men Perseus (Plutarch. Plutarch's Morals, Vol. II. Goodwin, William W., editor; Davis, Roger, translator. Boston. Little, Brown, and Company, 1874.) — 8 focus

[8] Periander said laughing: We suffer deservedly, for, before we have perfected our animadversions and remarks upon the letter, we are fallen upon disputes so strangely foreign to the matter under consideration; and therefore I pray, Niloxenus, read out the remainder of your lord’s letter, and slip not this opportunity to receive what satisfaction all that are present shall be able to give you. The command of the king of Ethiopia, says Niloxenus, is no more and no less than (to use Archilochus’s phrase) a broken scytale; that is, the meaning is inscrutable and cannot be found out. But your friend Amasis was more gentle and civil in his queries; for he commanded him only to resolve him what was most ancient, most beautiful, greatest, wisest, most common, and withal, what was most profitable, most pernicious, most strong, and most easy. Did he resolve and answer every one of these questions? He did, quoth Niloxenus, and do you judge of his answers and the soundness thereof: and it is my prince’s purpose not to misrepresent his responses and condemn unjustly what he saith well, so, where he finds him under a mistake, not to suffer that to pass without correction. His answers to the foresaid questions I will read to you.— What is most ancient? Time. What is greatest? The World. What is wisest? Truth. What is most beautiful? The light. What is most common? Death. What is most profitable? God. What is most pernicious? An evil genius. What is strongest? Fortune. What is most easy? That which is pleasant.

Notes on the current edition

The Dinner of the Seven Wise Men

1. Cf. Bergk, Poet. Lyr. Graec. ii. p. 708, Archilochus, No. 89. The reference is to a well-known form of cipher message in use among the Spartans. A narrow leather thong was wrapped around a cylinder, and on the surface thus formed the message was written. When the thong was received it was applied to a duplicate cylinder kept by the recipient, and so the message was read.

Plutarch Septem sapientium convivium 8

Frank Cole Babbitt (Translator)

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