ἄρχεται
—not
historic, but
primary and connected with
γέγραπται below. Thuc. means to say ‘what preceded (
i.e. book I.) was an introduction: now begins (my account of) the war itself.’ Cf.
ἀρξάμενος,
I.
1,
1: Diod. XII. 37
τὴν ἱστορίαν ἐντεῦθεν ἀρξάμενος. Ullrich first rightly explained this passage.
ὁ πόλεμος
—
i.e. the Archidamian War, 431-421; not the whole war to 404.
ἐνθένδε ἤδη
—cf.
Aristoph.
Ach. 539
κἀντεῦθεν ἤδη πάταγος ἦν τῶν ἀσπίδων, referring to the outbreak of the war.
ἐνθένδε refers back to
I.
146,
i.e. the account of the
αἰτίαι καὶ διαφοραὶ is now concluded. (The other explanation, referring
ἐνθένδε to the attack on Plataea, is less satisfactory, as
ἐνθένδε is so far from the account of the attempt.)
τῶν ἑκατέροις ξ.
—when
ξύμμαχος is in the gen. plu., it is generally constructed as an adj., following that of
ξυμμαχεῖν. Thus cacophony is avoided. Contrast
I.
18
τοῖς ἑαυτῶν ξυμμάχοις,
IV.
81
τοῖς Ἀθηναίων ξ.
ἐν ᾧ—neut. Cf. c.
11,
6,
35, 2, =
quo tempore. It expresses not merely time, but includes
circumstances.
ἐν ᾧ=‘during which period.’
οὔτε...τε
—cf. c.
5,
5.
ἐπεμείγνυντο παρ’ ἀλλήλους
—the
ἐπι-expresses reciprocity, as in
ἐπιχρῆσθαι. During the period of suspicion which preceded war,
ἐπεμείγνυντο καὶ παρ’ ἀλλήλους ἐφοίτων ἀκηρύκτως μέν, ἀνυπόπτως δ’ οὔ,
1.146
.
καταστάντες
—sc.
ἐς πόλεμον ,
when once they had definitely started. Cf. c.
9,
1 and
I.
49,
3. This refers to the interval between the attempt at Plataea and the invasion of Attica.
ξυνεχῶς
—down to the truce that preceded the Peace of Nicias. Cf.
v.
24
ταῦτα τὰ δέκα ἔτη ὁ πρῶτος πόλεμος ξυνεχῶς γενόμενος ,
VI.
26
ἄρτι δ’ ἀνειλήφει ἡ πόλις ἑαυτὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ ξυνεχοῦς πολέμου.
γέγραπται
—sc.
μοι.—This resumes
ἄρχεται, but
γέγραπται is probably
impersonal, Thuc. meaning
γέγραφα. Attic prose shows a marked preference for
perf. pass. over
perf. act. forms in 3rd sing. Thus
ἃ πέπρακταί μοι is far commoner than
ἃ πέπραχα, which is quite rare.
γέγραφα occurs once in Thuc.,
γέγραπται ἐγέγραπτο or partic. nine times.
ἑξῆς
—explained by
κατὰ θ. καὶ χειμῶνα. Distinguish between
τάξις, the
arrangement of the subject matter as a whole,
διαίρεσις, the
divisions in which the separate events are grouped,
ἐξεργασία, the
treatment of the separate events. It is to the
διαίρεσις that Thuc. refers.
ὡς ἕκαστα ἐγίγνετο
—neut. plu. is used of the several events, just as Thuc. uses
αὐτὰ constantly of the details of the subject he is dealing with.
κατὰ θ. καὶ χειμῶνα
—as Thuc. begins his account of each summer with the first event of the new campaign, the summer in his history does not always begin exactly at the same time. Thus in 429, the account of summer begins with the Peloponnesian expedition against Plataea, which took place
ἀκμάζοντος τοῦ σίτου,
i.e. 80 days after the opening of spring (
II.
71,
1;
79, 1; cf. c.
19,
1 and
2, 1). In 428 the account of the summer only begins
ἅμα τῷ ἦρι ἀκμάζοντι (
III.
1,
1). Phormio's arrival at Piraeus did not occur till spring had opened; but, for the sake of convenience, that event is tacked on to the preceding winter (
II.
103
). But usually the opening of spring is reckoned with summer. Autumn also is counted with summer. Though Steup maintains that summer and winter are of equal length in Thuc., Poppo's view, that the summer consists of eight months (Elaphebolion to Pyanepsion) is probably correct. Thus the winter is from Maemacterion to Anthesterion.
