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Profuturus et Traianus ac Richomeres pugnant aequo Marte cum Gothis.

[1] Haec ex Thraciis magno maerore accepta Valentem principem in sollicitudines varias distraxerunt. Et confestim Victore magistro equitum misso ad Persas, ut super Armeniae statu pro captu rerum componeret impendentium, ipse Antiochia protinus egressurus, ut Constantinopolim interim peteret, Profuturum praemisit et Traianum, ambo rectores, anhelantes quidem altius sed imbellis.

[2] Qui cum ad loca venissent, ubi particulatim perque furta magis et latrocinia multitudo multitude minui deberet hostilis, ad id quod erat perniciosum intempestive conversi, legiones ab Armenia ductas opposuere vesanum adhuc spirantibus barbaris, opere quidem Martio saepe recte compertas, sed impares plebi immensae, quae celsorum iuga montium occuparat et campos.

[3] Hi numeri nondum experti, quid cum desperatione rabies valeret indomita, trusos hostes ultra Haemi montis abscisos scopulos faucibus impegere¹ praeruptis, ut in locis desertis et solis² inclusos,³ nusquam reperientes⁴ exitum, diuturna consumeret fames, et opperirentur ipsi Frigeridum ducem, cum Pannonicis et transalpinis auxiliis adventantem, quem petitu Valentis Gratianus ire disposuit in procinctum, laturum suppetias his qui ad ultimum vexabantur exitium.

[4] Post quem Richomeres, domesticorum tunc tune comes, imperatu eiusdem Gratiani motus e Galliis, properavit ad Thracias, ductans cohortes aliquas nomine tenus, quarum pars pleraque deseruerat, ut iactavere quidam, Merobaudis suasu, veriti ne destitutae adminiculis Galliae vastarentur licenter, Rheno perrupto.

[5] Verum articulorum dolore Frigerido praepedito, vel certe (ut obtrectatores finxere malivoli), morbum causante, ne ferventibus proeliis interesset, universos regens ex communi sententia, Richomeres Profuturo sociatur et Traiano, tendentibus prope oppidum Salices: unde haut longo spatio separatum, vulgus inaestimabile barbarorum, ad orbis rotundi figuram multitudine digesta plaustrorum, tamquam intramuranis cohibitum spatiis, otio fruebatur, et ubertate praedarum.

[6] Praevia igitur spe meliorum, Romani duces (si fors copiam attulisset), ausuri aliquid gloriosum, Gothos quicquid molirentur, sagaciter observabant: id scilicet praestruentes, ut si aliorsum castra movissent, quod fecere creberrime, terga ultimorum adorti, plures perfoderent contis,⁵ magnamque spoliorum averterent partem.

[7] Hoc intellecto hostes vel transfugarum indiciis docti, per quos nihil latebat incognitum, in eodem loco diu manserunt: sed oppositi exercitus metu praestricti, aliorumque militum, quos affluere iam sperabant, tessera data gentili, per diversa prope diffusas accivere vastatorias manus, quae iussis⁶ optimatum acceptis, statim ut⁷ incensi malleoli, ad carraginem (quam ita ipsi appellant), aliti velocitate regressae, incentivum audendi maiora popularibus addiderunt.

[8] Nihil post haec inter partes praeter indutias laxatum est breves. Reversis enim his quos necessitas evocarat, plebs omnis intra saeptorum ambitum etiam tum turn contrusa, immaniter fremens, animisque concita truculentis, experiri postrema discrimina, nec principibus gentis, qui aderant, renuentibus, cupiditate raecipiti⁸ festinabat. Et quoniam haec sole agebantur ageantur extremo, noxque adventans ad quietem invitos retinebat et maestos, capto per otium cibo, somni manserunt expertes.

[9] Contra Romani, his cognitis, ipsi quoque exsomnes, verebantur hostes et male sanos eorum ductores, ut rabidas feras: eventum licet ancipitem, ut numero satis inferiores, prosperum tamen ob iustiorem sui causam, mentibus exspectantes impavidis.

[10] Candente itaque protinus die, signo ad arma capienda ex utraque parte per lituos dato, barbari postquam inter eos ex more iuratum est, tumulosos locos appetere temptaverunt, quo exinde per proclive rotarum modo obvios impetu convolverent acriore. Hocque viso, ad suos quisque manipulos properans miles, stabili gradu consistens, nec vagabatur nec relictis ordinibus procursabat.

[11] Ergo ubi utrimque acies cautius incedentes, gressu steterunt immobili, torvitate mutua bellatores luminibus se contuebantur obliquis. Et Romani quidem voce undique Martia concinentes, a minore solita ad maiorem protolli, quam gentilitate appellant barritum, vires validas erigebant. Barbari vero maiorum laudes clamoribus stridebant inconditis, interque varios sermonis dissoni strepitus, leviora proelia temptabantur.

[12] Iamque verrutis et missilibus⁹ aliis, utrimque semet eminus lacessentes, ad conferendas coiere minaciter manus, et scutis in testudinum formam coagmentatis, pes cum pede collatus est. Barbarique ut reparabiles semper et celeres, ingentes clavas in nostros conicientes ambustas, mucronesque acrius resistentium pectoribus illidentes, sinistrum cornu perrumpunt: quod inclinatum subsidialis robustissimus globus, e propinquo latere fortiter excitus, haerente iam morte cervicibus sustentavit.

[13] Fervente igitur densis caedibus proelio, in confertos quisque promptior ruens, ritu grandinis undique volitantibus telis oppetebat et gladiis; et sequebantur equites hinc inde fugientium occipitia lacertis ingentibus¹⁰ praecidentes et terga, itidemque altrinsecus pedites, lapsorum timore impeditorum secando suffragines.

[14] Et cum omnia caesorum corporibus opplerentur, iacebant inter eos quidam semianimes, spem vitae inaniter usurpando, alii glande fundis excussa, vel harundinibus armatis ferro confixi, quorundam capita per medium frontis et verticis mucrone distincta, in utrumque humerum magno cum horrore pendebant.

[15] Et pertinaci concertatione nondum lassatae, aequo Marte partes semet altrinsecus afflictabant, nec de rigore genuine quidquam¹¹ remittebant, dum vires animorum alacritas excitaret. Diremit tamen interneciva certamina cedens vespero dies, et cunctis, qua quisque potuit, incomposite discedentibus, residui omnes repetunt tentoria tristiores.

[16] Humatis denique, pro locorum et temporis ratione, honoratis quibusdam inter defunctos, reliqua peremptorum corpora dirae volucres consumpserunt, assuetae illo tempore cadaveribus pasci, ut indicant nunc usque albentes ossibus campi. Constat tamen in numero longe minores Romanos, cum¹² copiosa multitudine colluctatos, funerea multa perpessos: non tamen sine deflendis aerumnis exagitasse barbaram plebem.

Res Gestae. Ammianus Marcellinus. John C. Rolfe (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1935-1940.

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Funding provided by Tufts University.

Current edition Perseus

Res Gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., editor. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).)

Translations (1)

History Perseus (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., translator. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).) — 31.7 focus

[1] This news, received from Thrace with great sorrow, distracted the emperor Valens with manifold cares. He quickly sent Victor, commander of the cavalry, to Persia, that he might, in view of great impending dangers, arrange about the status of Armenia¹ ; he himself, planning to leave Antioch at once and go to Constantinople in the meantime, sent on in advance Profuturus and Trajanus, both generals who had high aspirations, but were unfit for war.

[2] When these men had come to places where it was more fitting in small divisions to diminish the enemy’s numbers by stealthy and guerilla warfare, they turned to the ruinous and untimely plan of opposing to the barbarians, who were still breathing out madness, the legions brought from Armenia; these had indeed often given a good account of themselves in warfare, but were no match for the countless horde that had taken possession of the mountain heights as well as the plains.

[3] These troops, who had not yet learned the power of unbridled madness combined with desperation, drove the enemy beyond the precipitous crags of Mount Haemus and forced them into the steep defiles, in order that shut up in deserted and solitary places, and finding nowhere an outlet, they might be worn out by long continued hunger; they themselves in the meantime would await the coming of the general Frigeridus, who was on his way with the Pannonian and the transalpine auxiliaries, since Gratian, at Valens’ request, had directed him to take the field and bear aid to those who were harassed to the point of utter destruction.

[4] After him Richomeres,² then commander of the household troops, who had been moved from Gaul, also at the order of Gratian, hastened to Thrace at the head of some so-called cohorts,³ of which the greater part had deserted,⁴ induced (as some maintained) by Merobaudes, who feared that if Gaul should be deprived of its defences, it would be laid waste at will by raids from across the Rhine.

[5] But since Frigeridus was disabled by an attack of gout, or at any rate, as his envious detractors alleged, feigned illness in order to avoid taking part in the hot contests, Richomeres by common consent took command of the whole force, and was joined by Profuturus and Trajanus, who were encamped near the town of Salices.⁵ Not far from there a countless mass of the barbarians had arranged their numerous wagons in the form of a circle, and as if enclosed in a space between city-walls, were enjoying their rich booty at their ease.

[6] The Roman leaders, therefore, led by hopes for a more favourable turn of affairs, and intending to dare some glorious deed when chance brought the opportunity, were keenly watching for any movement that the Goths might attempt; making ready of course for this, that in case the enemy moved their camp to any other place, as they very frequently did, they might attack the hindermost in the rear, kill many of them with their pikes, and appropriate a great part of their spoils.

[7] When the Goths perceived this, or were informed by the reports of deserters, through whom everything was made known to them, they remained for a long time in the same position. But overwhelmed with fear of the opposing army, and of the additional soldiers that they now expected to flock to it, by means of the message used by their race⁶ they summoned the predatory bands scattered over various places near by; these at once, in obedience to the orders of their chiefs, like fire-darts,⁷ returned with winged speed to their wagon city (as they themselves call it)⁸ and gave their countrymen an incentive to greater deeds of daring.

[8] After this there was no rest for either side except for a short armistice. For upon the return of those whom necessity had called forth, the whole multitude, even then crowded within the ring of their defences, with frightful outcries and roused by their furious mood were all in haste with headlong eagerness to try the extremest dangers; and the chiefs of the nation who were present were in accord with them. But since these things took place when it was nearly sundown, and the coming of night kept them quiet against their wills and in sorrow, they took food at leisure, but remained sleepless.

[9] For their part the Romans, on learning this, also spent the night without sleep, because they feared the enemy and their insane leaders as they might fear madly raging beasts; and although the outcome was doubtful, since they were considerably fewer in number, yet because of the greater justice of their cause they looked for success with unterrified minds.

[10] Therefore the light of day had hardly appeared, when the trumpets on both sides sounded the call to take up arms, and the barbarians, after taking oath together according to their custom, tried to reach the heights, in order that from there by a swift rush down the slope like so many rollers they might overwhelm all before them. On seeing this, our soldiers hastened each to his own company, where they stood fast without moving about or leaving the ranks and rushing forward.

[11] So, when both armies after advancing cautiously remained unmoved, the opposing warriors stared at each other with savage and sidelong glances. The Romans in unison sounded their war-cry, as usual rising from a low to a louder tone, of which the national name is barritus,⁹ and thus roused themselves to mighty strength. But the barbarians sounded the glories of their forefathers with wild shouts, and amid this discordant clamour of different languages skirmishes were first tried.

[12] And now, after attacking each other from a distance with javelins and other missiles, they came together menacingly for a hand-to-hand conflict; the shields were fixed side to side in the form of a tortoise-shed, and they stood foot to foot. The barbarians, who are always alert and nimble, threw at our men huge clubs, hardened in the fire,¹⁰ and ran their swords through the breasts of those who showed most resistance; thus they broke through the left wing. When this gave way, a strong troop of reserves bravely hastened to their aid from near at hand, and rallied them when death already sat upon their necks.

[13] Then the battle grew hot and the slaughter was great; all the more active rushed into the thick of the fray and met their death from the arrows that flew like hail, or from the swords. Those who fled were pursued on this side and on that by troops of cavalry, who with mighty strength slashed at their heads and backs; and likewise on both sides by foot soldiers, hamstringing those who were in the toils of fear¹¹ and had fallen.

[14] And while the whole battlefield was covered with corpses, some were lying among them who were mortally wounded, and cherished a vain hope of life; some were smitten with a bullet from a sling or pierced with arrows tipped with iron; the heads of others were split through mid forehead and crown with swords and hung down on both shoulders, a most horrible sight.

[15] But not yet wearied bythe obstinate struggle, both sides continued to assail each other without a decision, and felt no diminution at all of their native hardihood, so long as eager courage kept up their strength. But at last day gave way to evening and ended the murderous contests, and withdrawing in disorder wherever each one could, all the survivors returned in sorrow to their tents.

[16] Finally, some of the dead, who were men of distinction, were buried in such manner as the present circumstances allowed; the bodies of the rest of the slain were devoured by the foul birds that are wont at such a time to feed upon corpses, as is shown by the plains even now white with bones.¹² However, while it is a fact that the Romans, who, far fewer in number, struggled with that vast multitude, suffered great losses, yet lamentable was the distress with which they afflicted the barbarian horde.

Notes on the current edition

Res Gestae

1. inpegere, Her.; inclusere, Momm.; infudere, Novák; insidere, V.

2. in locis desertis et solis, Kiess.; ut in barbaros in barbaros locis et in solis, V.

3. inclusos, added by Lind.

4. reperientes, Val., Momm.: repperiens, V, Clark.

5. contis, Corn.; confisi, V (tr. after hostes in next line, Her., cf. xviii. 3, 4).

6. iussis, added by Hadr. Val.; mandatis (after acceptis) by Her.; optimatum acceptis, V.

7. statim ut, Val., Her.; s. quasi, Pet., statimque, V.

8. cupiditate praecipiti Her. c.c.; cruditate incohibili> Novák; concitate, Pet.; cruditate, V.

9. missilibus, Gardt.; similibus, V.

10. ingentibus, V; uigentibus, Gardt.

11. quidquam, Giinther (cf. xvi. 12, 18); quisquam, V.

12. cum ea, E 2A ( eo del. Her. as dittogr.); adeo, Val.; cum eo, V.

Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae 31.7

John C. Rolfe (Translator)

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