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Gratianum filium Valentinianus consentiente exercitu Augustum nuncupat, et puerum purpuram indutum ad fortiter faciendum hortatur, militibusque commendat.

[1] Inter haec Valentiniano magnitudine quassato morborum, agitanteque extrema, colloquio¹ occultiore Gallorum, qui aderant in commilitio principis, ad imperium Rusticus Iulianus, tunc magister memoriae, poscebatur, quasi afflatu quodam furoris, bestiarum more humani sanguinis avidus, ut ostenderat cum proconsulari potestate regeret Africam.

[2] In praefectura enim urbana, quam adhuc administrans exstinctus est, tempus anceps metuens tyrannidis, cuius arbitrio, tamquam inter dignorum inopiam, ad id escenderat² columen,³ lenis videri cogebatur et mollior.

[3] Contra hos nitebantur aliqui studiis altioribus in favorem Severi, magistri tunc tune peditum, ut apti ad hoc impetrandum, qui licet asper esset et formidatus, tolerabilior tamen fuit, et praeferendus modis omnibus ante dicto.

[4] Sed dum haec cogitantur in cassum, imperator remediis multiplicibus recreatus, vixque se mortis periculo contemplans extractum, Gratianum filium suum, adulto iam proximum, insignibus principatus ornare meditabatur.

[5] Et paratis omnibus militeque firmato, ut animis id acciperet promptis, cum Gratianus venisset, progressus in campum, tribunal escendit,⁴ splendoreque nobilium circumdatus potestatum, dextra puerum apprehensum, productumque in medium, oratione contionaria destinatum imperatorem exercitui commendabat.

[6] Faustum⁵ erga me vestri favoris indicium, hunc loci principalis circumferens habitum, quo potior aliis iudicatus sum, multis et claris: consiliorum sociis votorumque auspicibus vobis, pietatis officium aggrediar tempestivum, prospera deo spondente, cuius sempiternis auxiliis stabit Romana res inconcussa.

[7] Accipite igitur, quaeso, placidis mentibus, viri fortissimi, desiderium nostrum, id reputantes, quod haec quae fieri caritatis sanciunt iura, non tantum transire voluimus per conscientiam vestram, verum etiam probata firmari, ut congrua vobis⁶ et profutura.

[8] Gratianum hunc meum adultum, quem diu versatum inter liberos vestros, commune diligitis pignus, undique muniendae tranquillitatis publicae causa, in augustum assumere⁷ commilitium paro, si propitia caelestis numinis vestraeque maiestatis voluntas parentis amorem iuverit praeeuntem: non rigido cultu ab incunabulis ipsis (ut nos) educatum, nec tolerantia rerum coalitum asperarum, nec capacem adhuc Martii pulveris, ut videtis, sed familiae suae laudibus, maiorumque factis praestantibus, concinentem—parcius⁸ invidiae metu dicitur—protinus surrecturum.

[9] Ut enim mihi videri solet mores eius et appetitus, licet nondum maturos, saepe pensanti: ineunte adulescentia, quoniam humanitate et studiis disciplinarum sollertium est⁹ expolitus, librabit suffragiis puris merita recte secusve factorum: faciet, ut sciant se boni intellegi: in pulchra facinora procursabit, signis militaribus et aquilis adhaesurus: solem nivesque et pruinas et sitim perferet et vigilias: castris (si necessitas adegerit aliquotiens) propugnabit: salutem pro periculorum sociis obiectabit: et quod pietatis summum primumque munus est, rem publicam ut domum paternam diligere poterit, et avitam.

[10] Nondum finita oratione, dictis cum assensu laeto auditis, pro suo quisque loco et animo, milites alius alium anteire festinans, tamquam utilitatis et gaudiorum participes, Gratianum declararunt Augustum, clamorum¹⁰ amplissimo sonu blandum fragorem miscentes armorum.

[11] Quo viso maiore fiducia¹¹ Valentinianus exultans, corona indumentisque supremae fortunae ornatum, filium osculatus, iamque fulgore conspicuum, alloquitur advertentem quae dicebantur.

[12] En, inquit, habes, mi Gratiane, amictus, ut speravimus omnes, augustos, meo commilitonumque nostrorum arbitrio, delatos ominibus faustis. Accingere igitur pro rerum urgentium pondere, ut patris patruique collega, et assuesce impavidus penetrare cum agminibus peditum gelu pervios Histrum et Rhenum, armatis tuis proximus stare, sanguinem spiritumque considerate pro his impendere quos regis, nihil alienum putare, quod ad Romani imperii pertinet statum.¹²

[13] Haec pro tempore praecepisse sufficiet, cetera monere non desinam. Nunc reliqui vos estis, rerum maximi defensores, quos rogo et obtestor, ut accrescentem imperatorem fidei vestrae commissum, servetis affectione fundata.

[14] His dictis sollemnitate omni firmatis, Eupraxius (Caesariensis Maurus) magister ea tempestate memoriae, primus omnium exclamavit: Familia Gratiani hoc meretur statimque promotus quaestor multa et prudentibus aemulanda bonae fiduciae reliquit exempla, nusquam a statu naturae discedens intrepidae, sed constans semper legumque similis, quas omnibus una eademque voce loqui in multiplicibus advertimus causis: qui tunc magis in suscepta parte iustitiae permanebat, cum eum recta monentem, exagitaret minax imperator et nimius.

[15] Consurrectum est post haec in laudes maioris principis et novelli, maximeque pueri, quem oculorum flagrantior lux commendabat, vultusque et reliqui corporis iucundissimus nitor, et egregia pectoris indoles: quae imperatorem implesset cum veterum lectissimis comparandum, si per fata proximosque licuisset, qui virtutem eius etiam tum instabilem obnubilarunt¹³ actibus pravis.

[16] In hoc tamen negotio, Valentinianus morem institutum antiquitus supergressus, non Caesares sed Augustos germanum nuncupavit et filium, benevole satis. Nec enim quisquam antehac adscivit sibi pari potestate collegam, praeter principem Marcum, qui Verum, adoptivum fratrem, absque diminutione aliqua maiestatis imperatoriae, socium fecit.

Res Gestae. Ammianus Marcellinus. John C. Rolfe (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1935-1940.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by Tufts University.

Current edition Perseus

Res Gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., editor. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).)

Translations (1)

History Perseus (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., translator. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).) — 27.6 focus

[1] Meanwhile, when Valentinian was attacked by a severe illness and was at the point of death, the Gauls who were at court in the emperor’s service, at a secret conference demanded that Rusticus Julianus, then master of the rolls, should be made emperor: a man who, as if smitten by a blast of madness, was as greedy for human blood as a wild beast, as he showed when governing Africa with proconsular power.

[2] For as prefect of the city,¹ in the administration of which office he died, through fear of the precarious situation of the tyrant,² through whose choice he had risen to that high position as if for the lack of worthy men, he was compelled to assume the appearance of mildness and clemency.

[3] Against these Gauls some with higher aims strove in the cause of Severus, then commander of the infantry, as a man fitted for attaining that rank; and, although he was strict and feared, yet he was more endurable and in every way to be preferred to the aforenamed aspirant.

[4] But while these designs were being agitated to no purpose, the emperor was restored with the help of numerous remedies; and observing that he was hardly yet rescued from the danger of death,³ he purposed to bestow the imperial insignia upon his son Gratianus, who had by this time nearly reached the age of puberty.⁴

[5] And when everything was ready, when the soldiers had been won over to accept this with willing minds, and Gratianus had appeared, the emperor advanced into the plain and mounted the tribunal; then, surrounded by a brilliant assemblage of men of high rank, he took the boy by the hand, led him into their midst, and commended the future emperor to the army in the following public address:—

[6] It is a propitious sign of your devotion to me that I parade this robe of imperial rank, by which I have been judged preferable to other men, many and distinguished; so taking you as partners in my plans and favourers of my wishes, I shall proceed to an act of dutiful affection, which is timely since the god, through whose eternal aid the Roman state will endure unshaken, now promises success.

[7] Therefore, my valiant men, accept I pray you with friendly minds my heart’s desire, convinced that we have wished this action, which the duties of affection sanction, not only to be brought to your knowledge, but also to be confirmed by your approval as agreeable to you and likely to be advantageous.

[8] This son of mine, Gratianus, now become a man, has long lived among your children, and you love him as a tie between you and me; therefore, in order to secure the public peace on all sides, I plan to take him as my associate in the imperial power, if the propitious will of the god of heaven and of your dignity shall support what a father’s love suggests. He has not been, as we have been, brought up in a severe school from his very cradle, nor trained in the endurance of adversity, and (as you see) he is not yet able to endure the dust of Mars; but, in harmony with the glory of his family and the great deeds of his forefathers, he will forthwith rise (I speak with moderation, in fear of Nemesis) to greater heights.

[9] For as I am wont to think, when I consider, as I often do, his character and his inclinations, although they are not yet fully developed: when he enters on the years of youth, since he has been instructed in the liberal arts and in the pursuit of skilful accomplishments, he will weigh with impartial justice the value of right and wrong actions; he will so conduct himself that good men will know that he understands them; he will rush forward to noble deeds and cling close to the military standards and eagles; he will endure sun and snow, frost and thirst, and wakeful hours; he will defend his camp, if necessity ever requires it; he will risk his life for the companions of his dangers; and, what is the first and highest duty of loyalty, he will know how to love his country as he loves the home of his father and grandfather.

[10] The emperor had not yet ended his address when his words were received with joyful acclaim, and the soldiers, each according to his rank and feeling, striving to outdo the others, as though sharers in this prosperity and joy, hailed Gratianus as Augustus, with loud shouts mingled with the favouring clash of arms.

[11] On perceiving this, Valentinian, filled with greater joy and confidence, adorned his son with the crown and the robes of supreme rank, and kissed him; then, resplendent as Gratianus was and listening attentively to his father’s words, Valentinian addressed him as follows:—

[12] Behold, my dear Gratian, you now wear, as we have all hoped, the imperial robes, bestowed upon you under favourable auspices by my will and that of our fellow-soldiers. Therefore prepare yourself, considering the weight of your urgent duties, to be the colleague of your father and your uncle and accustom yourself fearlessly to make your way with the infantry over the ice of the Danube and the Rhine, to keep your place close beside your soldiers, to give your life’s blood, with all thoughtfulness, for those under your command, and to think nothing alien to your duty, which affects the interests of the Roman empire.

[13] This will suffice for the present by way of admonition; for the future I shall not cease to advise you. Now for the rest I turn to you, great defenders of our country, whom I beg and implore with firm affection to watch over your emperor, not yet grown up, thus entrusted to your loyalty.

[14] After these words had been ratified with all solemnity, Eupraxius, a Moor of Caesariensis, then master of the rolls, was the first of all to cry out: The house of Gratianus is worthy of this; whereupon he was at once advanced to the quaestorship. He was a man who left many proofs of noble self-confidence worthy of imitation by sensible men, one who never deviated from the principles of a fearless nature, but was always firm andresembled the laws, which, as we know, in the manifold cases in court speak with one and the same voice;⁵ and he then remained truer to the side of justice which he had espoused, even when the emperor, becoming arbitrary, assailed him with threats when he gave him good advice.

[15] After this, all rose up to praise the elder and the younger emperor, and especially the boy, who was recommended by the fierier gleam of his eyes, the delightful charm of his face and his whole body, and the noble nature of his heart; these qualities would have completed an emperor fit to be compared with the choicest rulers of the olden time, had this been allowed by the fates and by his intimates, who, by evil actions, cast a cloud over his virtue, which was even then not firmly steadfast.

[16] However, in this affair Valentinian overstepped the usage established of old, in that he named his brother and his son, not Caesar, but Augustus, generously enough. For before that no one had appointed a colleague of equal power with himself except the emperor Marcus,⁶ who made his adopted brother Verus his partner, but without any impairment of his own imperial majesty.

Notes on the current edition

Res Gestae

1. conloquio, T, Hadr. Val.; consilio, Val.; conuiuio, G; conuii, V.

2. escenderat, vulgo; adscenderat W 2G ( asc-, G); discenderat, V.

3. columen, VEA, restored by Pet.; culmen, W 2G.

4. escendit, Gronov; ascendit, EAG; tribunale se condit, V.

5. faustum, C, vulgo; augustum, Corn.; austum, V.

6. uobis, Bent.; nobis, V.

7. adsumere, Her.; sumere, W 2G; sumeret, V.

8. parcius, Madvig; paucioribus, EAG; cautius, Pet.; paucibus, V.

9. est, add. vulgo, V omits; sollertium expolitus librauit, Pighius, with VP.

10. clamorum, Pet.; classicorum, EAG; clarimorum, V.

11. maiore fiducia, G; more fiduciae, Pet.; more fiducia, V.

12. statum, Her.; salutem, Haupt; latus, V.

13. obnubilarunt, C, vulgo; adnubilarunt, N; adnubilabant, EAG; alinubilarunt, V.

Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae 27.6

John C. Rolfe (Translator)

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Gratianum filium Valentinianus consentiente exercitu Augustum nuncupat, et puerum purpuram indutum ad fortiter faciendum hortatur, militibusque commendat.

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Notes on the current edition

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