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Procopius Thracias sine sanguine in suam potestatem redigit, et equites peditesque per Thraciam iter facientes, promissis in verba sua adigit, necnon Iovios et Victores, a Valente adversus se missos, sibi oratione iungit.

[1] Igitur cuppediarum vilium mercatores, et qui intra regiam apparebant, aut apparere¹ desierant, quique coetu militarium nexi, ad pacatiora iam vitae discesserant, in insoliti casus ambigua, partim inviti, alii volentes, adsciscebantur, non nulli omnia tutiora praesentibus rati, e civitate occulte dilapsi, imperatoris castra petivere, itineribus festinatis.

[2] Hos omnes Sophronias vivacissimo cursu praegressus ( tunc tune notarius) praefectus postea Constantinopoleos, Valentem a Caesarea Cappadocum iam profecturum, ut vaporatis aestibus Ciliciae iam lenitis, ad Antiochiae percurreret sedes, textu narrato gestorum, spe dubia (ut in talibus) percitum et stupentem, avertit Galatiam, res adhuc trepidas arrepturum.

[3] Qui dum itineribus properat magnis, attentissima cura Procopius in dies agitabatur et² noctes, subditivos quosdam ostentans, qui astutia confidenti, partim ab Oriente, alii e Gallis se venisse et Valentinianum obisse fingentes, cuncta patere novo et favorabili principi, memorabant.

[4] Et quia res novae petulanter arreptae, celeritate muniri solent interdum, nequid formidandum omitteretur, confestim Nebridius, in locum Saluti praefectus praetorio, factione Petronii recens promotus, et Caesarius Constantinopolitanae urbis praefectus, in vincula compinguntur, et iubetur civitatem curare solita potestate Phronemius Phronimius,³ esseque magister officiorum Euphrasius, ambo Galli institutis bonarum artium spectatissimi, et administratio negotiorum castrensium, Gomoario et Agiloni revocatis in sacramentum, committitur inconsulte, ut docuit rerum exitus proditarum.⁴

[5] Quia igitur Iulius comes, per Thracias copiis militaribus praesidens, oppressurus rebelles, si comperisset conata, ex propinquis stationibus timebatur, commentum excogitatum est validum, et quasi iussu Valentis, seria super barbaricis motibus tractaturus, Nebridii litteris adhuc clausi violenter expressis, accitus Constantinopolim, strictius tenebatur. Hacque callida fraude bellatrices Thraciae gentes sine cruore adquisitae acquisitae, adminicula ausis tumultuariis maxima compararunt.

[6] Post quae ita eventu laetiore completa, Araxius exambita regia praetorio praefectus accessit, velut Agilone genero suffragante, aliique plures ad aulae varios actus et administrandas provincias sunt admissi, quidam inviti, alii ultro semet offerentes cum praemiis.

[7] Utique in certaminibus intestinis usu venire contingit, emergebant ex vulgari faece non nulli, desperatione consiliisque ductantibus caecis, contraque quidam orti splendide a culminibus summis ad usque mortes et exsilia corruebant.

[8] Ubi per haec et similia factio firmiter videbatur esse composita, restabat ut abundans cogeretur militum manus, et impetratum est facile, id quod in publicis turbamentis, aliquotiens ausa ingentia, vel iustis exorsa primordiis impedivit.

[9] Transeuntes ad expeditionem per Thracias, concitatae equitum peditumque turmae, blandeque acceptae et liberaliter, cum essent omnes in unum quaesitae⁵ iamque exercitus species apparebat, promissis uberrimis inhiantes, sub exsecrationibus diris in verba iuravere Procopii, hanc polliciti pertinaciam, quod eum suis animis defensabunt.

[10] Inventa est enim occasio ad illiciendos⁶ eos perquam opportuna, quod Constanti filiam parvulam, cuius recordatio colebatur, sinu ipse circumferens necessitudinem praetendebat eiusdem.⁷ Adeptusque est aliud tempori congruum, quod Faustina matre puellae, casu praesente, quaedam acceperat habitus insignia principalis.

[11] Adiungit his aliud veloci diligentia maturandum, et electi quidam stoliditate praecipites, ad capessendum Illyricum missi sunt, nullo praeter petulantiam adiumento confisi, aureos scilicet nummos, effigiatos in vultum novi principis, aliaque ad illecebras aptantes,⁸ quos correptos Aequitius, per eas regiones militum rector, exstinxit genere diverso poenarum.

[12] Pariaque deinde metuens, obstruxit tres aditus angustissimos, per quos provinciae temptantur arctoae, unum per Daciam ripensem,⁹ alterum per Succos notissimum, tertium per Macedonas, quem appellant Acontisma. Hacque cautela vana persuasione rapiendi Illyrici destitutus usurpator indebitae potestatis magna perdidit instrumenta bellorum.

[13] Dum haec ita aguntur, atrocitate nuntii Valens perculsus iamque revertens per Gallograeciam, auditis apud Constantinopolim gestis, diffidenter incedebat et trepide, ac repentino pavore vias providendi turbante, eo usque desponderat animum, ut augustos amictus abicere tamquam gravem sarcinam cogitaret, fecissetque profecto, ni vetantibus proximis, detractus a deformi proposito, firmatusque meliorum sententiis, agmina duo praeire iussisset, quibus nomina sunt Iovii atque Victores, castra perduellium irrupturos.

[14] His iam propinquantibus, ipse Procopius a Nicaea regressus, quo nuper advenerat, cum Divitensibus desertorumque plebe promiscua, quam dierum brevi¹⁰ spatio congregarat, Mydgum Mygdum acceleravit, qui locus Sangario alluitur flumine.

[15] Ubi cum legiones iam pugnaturae congrederentur, inter reciprocantes missilia quasi procursatione hostem lacessens, solus prorupit in medium. Et secundioris ductu fortunae, ex contraria acie velut agnitum quendam Vitalianum, quem si norat ambigitur, Latine salute data blande produxit, eumque porrecta dextera saviatus omnibus hinc inde attonitis.

[16] En inquit cana Romanorum exercituum fides et religionibus firmis iuramenta constricta! Placet, fortissimi viri, pro ignotis tot suorum¹¹ consurrexisse mucrones, utque Pannonius degener, labefactans cuncta¹² et proterens, imperio quod ne votis quidem concipere ausus est umquam, potiatur, ingemiscere nos vestris nostrisque vulneribus! Quin potius sequimini culminis summi prosapiam, non ut rapiat aliena, sed in integrum maiestatis avitae¹³ restituatur, arma iustissima commoventem.

[17] Hac sermonis placiditate molliti omnes, qui acriter venerant pugnaturi, signorum apicibus aquilisque summissis descivere libentes ad eum, et pro terrifico¹⁴ fremitu, quem barbari dicunt barritum, nuncupatum imperatorem, stipatumque de more,¹⁵ consentientes in unum, reduxerunt ad castra, testati more militiae Iovem, invictum Procopium fore.

Res Gestae. Ammianus Marcellinus. John C. Rolfe (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1935-1940.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by Tufts University.

Current edition Perseus

Res Gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., editor. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).)

Translations (1)

History Perseus (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., translator. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).) — 26.7 focus

[1] Thus the dealers in cheap dainties, the palace attendants, or those who had once been such, and former soldiers who had now retired to a more peaceful mode of life, a part unwillingly, others voluntarily, were induced to participate in the uncertainties of this unusual enterprise.¹ But some, thinking that anything was safer than the present condition, secretly left the city and went at rapid pace to the emperor’s camp.

[2] All these were outstripped by the swift course of Sophronias, at that time a secretary and later city-prefect in Constantinople. He met Valens just as he was on the point of leaving Caesarea in Cappadocia, in order to go to his residence at Antioch, since the oppressive heat in Cilicia was already somewhat diminished, and after telling him what had happened, induced him, discouraged by this event and amazed, as was natural at such a crisis, to go to Galatia, in order to take hold of affairs while they were still unsettled.

[3] While Valens was hastening on by forced marches, Procopius with strictest attention was busy day and night, and brought forward certain emissaries, who with crafty assurance pretended that they had come, some from the Orient, others from Gaul, and falsely announced that Valentinian was dead and that everything was open to the new and beloved emperor.

[4] And because attempts at revolution, even though audaciously begun, are sometimes wont to be strengthened by quick action, accordingly, that nothing might be neglected which could arouse fear, Nebridius, recently promoted to be praetorian prefect in place of Salutius by the party of Petronius, and Caesarius, prefect of the city of Constantinople, were thrown into chains. Phronimius² was ordered to take charge of the city with the usual powers, and Euphrasius was made chief-marshal of the court; both were Gauls, distinguished for their training in the noble arts. The direction of military affairs was entrusted to Gomoarius and Agilo, who were recalled to service —being an unwise appointment, as the result of their treachery revealed.³

[5] Therefore because it was feared that Count Julius,⁴ who commanded the military forces in Thrace, if he should hear of the attempt, would march from the neighbouring posts to crush the rebels, an effective plan was devised. For a letter was extorted by violence from Nebridius, who was still in prison, in which it was pretended that by Valens’ order Julius was to discuss serious measures relating to the disturbances among the barbarians; and so he was summonedto Constantinople and there held in strict confinement. Through this clever trick the warlike nations of Thrace were now won over without bloodshed, and this powerful support was gained by the rebellious venture.

[6] After this had been effected with such happy success, Araxius by soliciting the favour of the court became praetorian prefect, under pretext that he was supported by his son-in-law Agilo; and many others were employed in various services at court or in administrative posts in the provinces, some against their will, others because they offered themselves and paid for the positions.

[7] And as commonly happens in times of civil strife, some rose from the dregs of the people, led by desperation or by blind ambitions, while on the other hand some men of distinguished origin fell from their high estate even to death and exile.

[8] When through these and like conditions the party seemed firmly established, it remained to muster a sufficient force of soldiers, and a thing which in public disturbances has often times hampered bold enterprises even when their origin was justified, was managed with ease.

[9] For some divisions of cavalry and infantry which had been raised for the campaign in Thrace passed that way; they were received courteously and generously, and when they were all united in one body,⁵ there was already the appearance of an army. Eager for the riches that were promised, they swore allegiance to Procopius with dire penalties for disloyalty, promising to stand by him and protect him with their lives.

[10] There was found, besides, a very favourable means of winning them over, namely, that Procopius took in his arms the little daughter of Constantius, whose memory they honoured, and carried her about, claiming kinship with the former emperor. And he gained another timely advantage in that Faustina, the girl’s mother, happened to be present when he had received some insignia forming a part of the imperial adornment.

[11] Also he added another stroke which was to be hastened with swift energy; for certain men chosen for their foolhardy daring were sent to take possession of Illyricum; these set out relying on no other aid than their impudence, using for their purpose goldpieces bearing the image of the new emperor and trying other devices for enticement; but Aequitius, the military commander in those regions, seized them and put them to death in various ways.

[12] Then, through fear of similar attempts, Aequitius blockaded the three narrow passes leading to the northern provinces, one through Dacia Ripensis,⁶ a second, the best known, through Succi,⁷ the third through Macedonia, and called Acontisma.⁸ And in consequence of these prudent measures, the usurper of illegitimate power was disappointed in his vain hope of seizing Illyricum and lost a great source of material for the war.

[13] While these things were thus going on, Valens, shocked by the terrible news and already returning through Galatia, on hearing what had happened at Constantinople advanced with distrust and fear. His sudden terror made him unfit for all ways of precaution, and his spirit had sunk so low that he even thought of casting aside his imperial robes as a heavy burden; and he would actually have done so, had he not been kept by the remonstrances of his intimates from the shameful intention and given courage by the advice of better men; accordingly, he ordered two legions, named the Jovii and the Victores, to go on ahead and attack the rebels in their camp.

[14] When these were already approaching, Procopius himself, having returned from Nicaea, to which place he had gone shortly before, with the Divitenses and a promiscuous rabble of deserters which he had got together in a brief space of time, hastened to Mygdus, a place laved by the river Sangarius.

[15] There the legions were already advancing upon each other, ready for battle, when Procopius rushed alone between them, while they were exchanging volleys, as if he wished to challenge the enemy. And by a stroke of good fortune as if he recognised in the enemy’s lines a certain Vitalianus—whether he actually knew him is a matter of doubt—he saluted him courteously in Latin, and called him forward in a friendly fashion. Then he held out his hand to him and kissed him, to the amazement of all on both sides, and cried out:

[16] So this is the old loyalty of Roman armies and their oaths bound by firm religious rites! Is this your pleasure, my brave men? All this mass of Roman swords uplifted for strangers! That a base Pannonian should shake and trample upon the world, to gain a throne which he never so much as dared to pray for, we groan over your wounds and ours! No, no—follow rather the house of your own royal line, one who has taken up arms with the greatest justice, not in order to seize what is another’s, but to restore himself to the possession of his ancestral majesty.

[17] Through these calm words, all the men who had come to fight hotly against him were pacified, and willingly went over to his side with the eagles and the tips of their standards lowered; and in place of terrible shouts that the barbarians call barritus⁹ he was hailed as emperor; all crowded about him in the customary manner, and in harmony escorted him back to the camp, swearing, in the soldiers’ manner, by Jupiter that Procopius would be invincible.

Notes on the current edition

Res Gestae

1. apparere, suggested by Gardt.; parere, V.

2. agita- batur et, Günther; agitabat et, Val.; agitabat noctes, V.

3. Fronimius, Her.; fronemus, V.

4. proditarum Corn.; proditor, PBG; proditar, V.

5. quaesitae, Kellerbauer ( quae from omnesque, Günther); omnesque in unum sitae, V.

6. illiciendos, V ( alic-, V 2, restored by Clark; alliciendos, WAG.

7. eiusdem, Her.; et Iuliani, G; et iul (nil, V 3), V.

8. apta temptantes, Her. c.c.; aptantes, V.

9. ripensem Daciam, tr. by Clark, c.c.

10. brevi, WA; fere sex, G; urebi, V.

11. suorum, V; signorum, Corn.; potiorum, Pet.

12. labefactans cuncta, G; alienas res labefactans cunctas, Pighius; alien factas cunctas, V.

13. ut avitae, added by G; V omits.

14. propere terrifico, Pet.; perterrifico, Her., Novák; lac. indic. by Clark; pro, without lac., V.

15. -que de more, A; -que idem, Gardt.; -que decore, Novák; quidem core, V.

Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae 26.7

John C. Rolfe (Translator)

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Procopius Thracias sine sanguine in suam potestatem redigit, et equites peditesque per Thraciam iter facientes, promissis in verba sua adigit, necnon Iovios et Victores, a Valente adversus se missos, sibi oratione iungit.

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