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Virtutes eius et vitia, forma corporis et statura.

[1] Vir profecto heroicis connumerandus ingeniis, claritudine rerum et coalita maiestate conspicuus. Cum enim sint (ut sapientes definiunt), virtutes quattuor praecipuae, temperantia, prudentia, iustitia, fortitudo, eisque accedentes¹ extrinsecus aliae, scientia rei militaris, auctoritas felicitas atque liberalitas, intento studio coluit omnes ut singulas.

[2] Et primum ita inviolata castitate enituit, ut post amissam coniugem nihil umquam venereum attigisse eum constaret² ; illud advertens, quod apud Platonem legitur, Sophoclem tragoediarum scriptorem, aetate grandaevum, interrogatum ecquid adhuc feminis misceretur, negantem, id adiecisse, quod gauderet harum rerum amorem ut rabiosum quendam effugisse dominum et crudelem.

[3] Item ut hoc propositum validius confirmaret, recolebat saepe dictum lyrici Bacchylidis, quem legebat iucunde, id asserentis, quod ut egregius pictor vultum speciosum effingit, ita pudicitia celsius consurgentem vitam exornat. Quam labem in adulto robore iuventutis, ita caute vitavit, ut ne suspicione quidem tenus libidinis ullius, vel citerioris³ vitae ministris incusaretur, ut saepe contingit.

[4] Hoc autem temperantiae genus crescebat in maius, iuvante parsimonia ciborum et somni, quibus domi forisque tenacius utebatur. Namque in pace victus eius mensarumque⁴ tenuitas erat recte noscentibus admiranda, velut ad pallium mox reversuri, per varios autem procinctus, stans interdum more militiae, cibum brevem vilemque sumere visebatur.

[5] Ubi vero exigua dormiendi quiete, recreasset corpus laboribus induratum, expergefactus, explorabat per semet ipsum vigiliarum vices et stationum, post haec seria ad artes confugiens doctrinarum.

[6] Et si nocturna lumina, inter quae lucubrabat, potuissent voce ulla testari, profecto ostenderant, inter hunc et quosdam principes multum interesse, quem quidem⁵ norant voluptatibus ne ad necessitatem quidem indulsisse naturae.

[7] Dein prudentiae eius indicia fuere vel plurima, e quibus explicari sufficiet pauca. Armatae rei scientissimus et togatae, civilitati admodum studens, tantum sibi arrogans quantum a contemptu et insolentia distare existimabat: virtute senior quam aetate: studiosus cognitionum omnium et indeclinabilis aliquotiens iudex: censor in⁶ moribus regendis acerrimus, placidus opum contemptor, mortalia cuncta despiciens, postremo id praedicabat, turpe esse sapienti, cum habeat animum, captare laudes ex corpore.

[8] Quibus autem iustitiae inclaruit bonis, multa significant, primo quod erat pro rerum et⁷ hominum distinctione, sine crudelitate terribilis, deinde quod paucorum discrimine vitia cohibebat, tum autem quod minabatur ferro potius quam utebatur.

[9] Postremo ut multa praeteream, constat eum in apertos aliquos inimicos insidiatores suos ita consurrexisse mitissime, ut poenarum asperitatem genuina lenitudine castigaret.

[10] Fortitudinem certaminum crebritas ususque bellorum ostendit, et patientia frigorum immanium et fervoris. Cumque⁸ corporis munus a milite, ab imperatore vero animi poscitur, ipse trucem hostem ictu confecit, audacter congressus, ac nostros cedentes obiecto pectore suo, aliquotiens cohibuit solus: regnaque furentium Germanorum exscindens, et in pulvere vaporato Persidis, augebat fiduciam militis, dimicans inter primos.

[11] Castrensium negotiorum scientiam, plura declarant et nota: civitatum oppugnationes et castellorum, inter ipsos discriminum vertices, acies figura multiformi compositae, salubriter et caute castra metata, praetenturae stationesque agrariae, tutis rationibus ordinatae.

[12] Auctoritas adeo valuit, ut dilectus artissime, dum timetur, ac si periculorum socius et laborum, et inter concertationes acerrimas, animadverti iuberet in desides, et Caesar adhuc sine stipendio regeret militem, feris oppositum⁹ gentibus, ut dudum est dictum; allocutusque tumentes armatos, discessurum ad vitam minaretur privatam, ni tumultuare desisterent.

[13] Denique id pro multis nosse sufficiet: exhortatum eum simplici contione militem Gallicanum, pruinis assuetum et Rheno, peragratis spatiis regionum extentis, per tepentem Assyriam ad usque confinia traxisse Medorum.

[14] Felicitas ita eminuit, ut ipsis quodammodo cervicibus Fortunae aliquamdiu bonae gubernatricis evectus,¹⁰ victoriosis cursibus difficultates superstaret immensas. Et postquam ex occidua plaga digressus est, quoad fuit in terris, quievere nationes omnes immobiles, ac si quodam caduceo leniente mundano.

[15] Liberalitatis eius testimonia plurima sunt et verissima, inter quae indicta sunt tributorum admodum levia, coronarium indultum, remissa debita multa, diuturnitate congesta, aequata fisci iurgia cum privatis, vectigalia civitatibus restituta cum fundis, absque his quos velut iure vendidere praeteritae potestates, quodque numquam augendae pecuniae cupidus fuit, quam cautius apud dominos servari existimabat, id aliquotiens praedicans, Alexandrum Magnum, ubi haberet thesauros interrogatum, apud amicos benivole respondisse.

[16] Digestis bonis quae scire potuimus, nunc ad explicanda eius vitia veniamus, licet dicta sint carptim. Levioris¹¹ ingenii, verum hoc institute rectissimo temperabat, emendari se cum deviaret a fruge bona permittens.

[17] Linguae fusioris, et admodum raro silentis, praesagiorum sciscitationi nimium¹² deditus, ut aequiperare videretur in hac parte principem Hadrianum, superstitiosus magis quam sacrorum legitimus observator, innumeras sine parsimonia pecudes mactans, ut aestimaretur (si revertisset de Parthis), boves iam defuturos, Marci illius similis Caesaris, in quem id accipimus dictum:

οἱ βόες οἱ λευκοὶ Μάρκῳ τῷ Καίσαρι χαίρειν.

ἄν πάλι νικήσῃς, ἄμμες ἀπωλόμεθα.

[18] Vulgi plausibus laetus, laudum etiam ex minimis rebus intemperans appetitor, popularitatis cupiditate, cum indignis loqui saepe affectans.

[19] Verum tamen cum haec ita¹³ essent, aestimari poterat (ut ipse aiebat), vetus illa Iustitia lustitia, quam offensam vitiis hominum, Aratus extollit in caelum, eo imperante redisse rursus ad terras, ni quaedam ad arbitrium agens, interdum ostenderet se dissimilem sui.

[20] Namque et iura condidit non molesta, absolute quaedam iubentia fieri vel arcentia, praeter pauca. Inter quae erat illud inclemens, quod docere vetuit magistros rhetoricos et grammaticos Christianos, ni¹⁴ transissent ad¹⁵ numinum cultum.

[21] Illud quoque itidem parum ferendum, quod municipalium ordinum coetibus, patiebatur iniuste quosdam annecti vel peregrinos, vel ab his consortiis privilegiis aut origine longe discretos.

[22] Figura tali¹⁶ situque¹⁷ membrorum. Mediocris erat staturae, capillis tamquam pexis et mollibus, hirsuta barba in acutum desinente vestitus, venustate oculorum micantium flagrans, qui mentis eius argutias¹⁸ indicabant, superciliis decoris, et naso rectissimo, ore paulo maiore, labro inferiore demisso, opima et incurva cervice, umeris vastis et latis, ab ipso capite usque unguium summitates, liniamentorum recta compage, unde viribus valebat et cursu.

[23] Et quoniam eum obtrectatores novos bellorum tumultus, ad perniciem rei communis, insimulant concitasse, sciant docente veritate perspicue, non Iulianum, sed Constantinum ardores Parthicos succendisse, cum Metrodori mendaciis avidius acquiescit, ut dudum rettulimus plene.

[24] Unde caesi¹⁹ ad internecionem²⁰ exercitus nostri, capti militares aliquotiens numeri, urbes excisae, rapta munimenta vel diruta, provinciae gravibus impensis exhaustae, et ad effectum tendentibus minis, cuncta petebantur a Persis, ad usque Bithynos et litora Propontidis.

[25] At in Galliis barbarico tumore²¹ gliscente, diffusis per nostra Germanis, iamque Alpibus ad vastandam Italiam perrumpendis nihil (multa et nefanda perpessis hominibus), praeter lacrimas supererat et terrores, ubi et praeteritorum recordatio erat acerba, et expectatio tristior impendentium. Quae omnia iuvenis iste, ad occiduam plagam specie Caesaris missus, regesque pro mancipiis agitans ignobilibus, cuncta paene mira dictu celeritate correxit.

[26] Itaque ut²² Orientem pari studio recrearet, adortus est Persas, triumphum exinde relaturus, et cognomentum, si consiliis eius et factis illustribus decreta caelestia congruissent.

[27] Et cum sciamus adeo experimenta²³ quosdam ridere²⁴ improvidos, ut bella interdum victi, et naufragi repetant maria, et ad difficultates redeant quibus succubuere saepissime, sunt qui reprehendant paria repetisse principem ubique victorem.

Res Gestae. Ammianus Marcellinus. John C. Rolfe (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1935-1940.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by Tufts University.

Current edition Perseus

Res Gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., editor. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).)

Translations (1)

History Perseus (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., translator. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).) — 25.4 focus

[1] He was a man truly to be numbered with the heroic spirits, distinguished for his illustrious deeds and his inborn majesty. For since there are, in the opinion of the philosophers, four principal virtues,¹ moderation, wisdom, justice, and courage and corresponding to these also some external characteristics, such as knowledge of the art of war, authority, good fortune, and liberality, these as a whole and separately Julian cultivated with constant zeal.

[2] In the first place, he was so conspicuous for inviolate chastity that after the loss of his wife² it is well known that he never gave a thought to love: bearing in mind what we read in Plato,³ that Sophocles, the tragic poet, when he was asked, at a great age, whether he still had congress with women, said no, adding that he was glad that he had escaped from this passion as from some mad and cruel master.

[3] Also, to give greater strength to this principle, Julian often repeated the saying of the lyric poet Bacchylides, whom he delighted to read, who declares that as a skilful painter gives a face beauty, just so chastity gives charm to a life of high aims. This blemish in the mature strength of manhood he avoided with such care, that even his most confidential attendants never (as often happens) accused him even of a suspicion of any lustfulness.

[4] Moreover, this kind of self-restraint was made still greater through his moderation in eating and sleeping, which he strictly observed at home and abroad. For in time of peace the frugality of his living and his table excited the wonder of those who could judge aright, as if he intended soon to resume the philosopher’s cloak. And on his various campaigns, he was often seen partaking of common and scanty food, sometimes standing up like a common soldier.

[5] As soon as he had refreshed his body, which was inured to toil, by a brief rest in sleep, he awoke and in person attended to the changing of the guards and pickets, and after these serious duties took refuge in the pursuit of learning.

[6] And if the nightly lamps amid which he worked could have given oral testimony, they would certainly have borne witness that there was a great difference between him and some other princes, since they knew that he did not indulge in pleasure, even to the extent which nature demanded.

[7] Then there were very many proofs of his wisdom, of which it will suffice to mention a few. He was thoroughly skilled in the arts of war and peace, greatly inclined to courtesy, and claiming for himself only so much deference as he thought preserved him from contempt and insolence. He was older in virtue than in years. He gave great attention to the administration of justice, and was sometimes an unbending judge; also a very strict censor in regulating conduct, with a calm contempt for riches, scorning everything mortal; in short, he often used to declare that it was shameful for a wise man, since he possessed a soul, to seek honour from bodily gifts.

[8] By what high qualities he was distinguished in his administration of justice is clear from many indications: first, because taking into account circumstances and persons, he was awe-inspiring but free from cruelty. Secondly, because he checked vice by making examples of a few, and also because he more frequently threatened men with the sword than actually used it.

[9] Finally, to be brief, it is well known that he was so merciful towards some open enemies who plotted against him, that he corrected the severity of their punishment by his inborn mildness.

[10] His fortitude is shown by the great number of his battles and by his conduct of wars, as well as by his endurance of excessive cold and heat. And although bodily duty is demanded from a soldier, but mental duty from a general, yet he once boldly met a savage enemy in battle and struck him down,⁴ and when our men gave ground, he several times alone checked their flight⁵ by opposing his breast to them. When destroying the king- doms of the raging Germans and on the burning sands of Persia he added to the confidence of his soldiers by fighting among the foremost.

[11] There are many notable evidences of his knowledge of military affairs: the sieges of cities and fortresses, undertaken amid the extremest dangers, the varied forms in which he arranged his lines of battle, the choice of safe and healthful places for camps, the wisely planned posting of frontier guards and field pickets.

[12] His authority was so well established that, being feared as well as deeply loved as one who shared in the dangers and hardships of his men, he both in the heat of fierce battles condemned cowards to punishment, and, while he was still only a Caesar,⁶ he controlled his men even without pay, when they were fighting with savage tribes, as I have long ago said. And when they were armed and mutinous, he did not fear to address them and threaten to return to private life, if they continued to be insubordinate.

[13] Finally, one thing it will be enough to know in token of many, namely, that merely by a speech he induced his Gallic troops, accustomed to snow and to the Rhine, to traverse long stretches of country and follow him through torrid Assyria to the very frontiers of the Medes.

[14] His success was so conspicuous that for a long time he seemed to ride on the shoulders of Fortune herself, his faithful guide as he in victorious career surmounted enormous difficulties. And after he left the western region, so long as he was on earth all nations preserved perfect quiet, as if a kind of earthly wand of Mercury were pacifying them.

[15] There are many undoubted tokens of his generosity. Among these are his very light imposition of tribute, his remission of the crown-money,⁷ the cancellation of many debts made great by long standing,⁸ the impartial treatment of disputes between the privy purse and private persons, the restoration of the revenues from taxes to various states along with their lands, except such as previous high officials⁹ had alienated by a kind of legal sale; furthermore, that he was never eager to increase his wealth, which he thought was better secured in the hands of its possessors; and he often remarked that Alexander the Great, when asked where his treasures were, gave the kindly answer, in the hands of my friends.

[16] Having set down his good qualities, so many as I could know, let me now come to an account of his faults, although they can be summed up briefly. In disposition ho was somewhat inconsistent, but he controlled this by the excellent habit of submitting, when he went wrong, to correction.

[17] He was somewhat talkative, and very seldom silent; also too much given to the consideration of omens and portents, so that in this respect he seemed to equal the emperor Hadrian. Superstitious rather than truly religious, he sacrificed innumerable victims without regard to cost, so that one might believe that if he had returned from the Parthians, there would soon have been a scarcity of cattle; like the Caesar Marcus,¹⁰ of whom (as we learn) the following Greek distich was written:

We the white steers do Marcus Caesar greet.

Win once again, and death we all must meet.

[18] He delighted in the applause of the mob, and desired beyond measure praise for the slightest matters, and the desire for popularity often led him to converse with unworthy men.

[19] But yet, in spite of this, his own saying might be regarded as sound, namely, that the ancient goddess of Justice, whom Aratus¹¹ raised to heaven because of her impatience with men’s sins, returned to earth again during his rule, were it not that sometimes he acted arbitrarily, and now and then seemed unlike himself.

[20] For the laws which he enacted were not oppressive, but stated exactly what was to be done or left undone, with a few exceptions, For example, it was a harsh law that forbade Christian¹² rhetoricians and grammarians to teach, unless they consented to worship the pagan deities.

[21] And also it was almost unbearable that in the municipal towns he unjustly allowed persons to be made members of the councils, who, either as foreigners, or because of personal privileges or birth, were wholly Exempt from such assemblies.¹³

[22] The figure and proportion of his body were as follows. He was of medium stature. His hair lay smooth as if it had been combed, his beard was shaggy and trimmed so as to end in a point, his eyes were fine and full of fire, an indication of the acuteness of his mind. His eyebrows were handsome, his nose very straight, his mouth somewhat large with a pendulous lower lip. His neck was thick and somewhat bent, his shoulders large and broad. Moreover, right from top to toe he was a man of straight well-proportioned bodily frame and as a result was strong and a good runner.

[23] And since his detractors alleged that he had stirred up the storms of war anew, to the ruin of his country, they should know clearly through the teachings of truth, that it was not Julian, but Constantine, who kindled the Parthian fires, when he confided too greedily in the lies of Metrodorus,¹⁴ as I explained fully some time ago.¹⁵

[24] This it was that caused the annihilation of our armies, the capture so often of whole companies of soldiers, the destruction of cities, the seizure or overthrow of fortresses, the exhaustion of our provinces by heavy expenses, and the threats of the Persians which were soon brought into effect, as they claimed everything as far as Bithynia and the shores of the Propontis.

[25] But in Gaul, where barbarian arrogance grew apace, as the Germans swarmed through our territories, and the Alps were on the point of being forced with the resulting devastation of Italy, after the inhabitants had suffered many unspeakable woes, nothing was left save tears and fears, since the recollection of the past was bitter and the anticipation of what threatened was sadder still: all this that young man, sent to the western region, a Caesar in name only,¹⁶ wholly corrected with almost incredible speed, driving kings before him like common slaves.

[26] And in order to restore the Orient with similar energy, he attacked the Persians, and he would have won from them a triumph and a surname, if the decrees of heaven had been in accord with his plans and his splendid deeds.

[27] And although we know that some men thoughtlessly laugh at experience to such an extent that they sometimes renew wars when defeated, and go to sea again after shipwreck,¹⁷ and return to meet difficulties to which they have often yielded, there are some who blame a prince who had been everywhere victorious for trying to equal his past exploits.

Notes on the current edition

Res Gestae

1. accedentes, Bent., Wagner; eiusque accidentes, V.

2. attigisse constaret, Her.; agitaret, vulgo; augis larens, V.

3. citerioris, W, Lind.; ceteriores, V.

4. mensarumque, Lind.; mensuram que, V.

5. quem quidem, Löfstedt; quem, W 2G; quemquer, V.

6. censor in, C. F. W. M.; censoriis, V.

7. et, vulgo; V omits.

8. cumque, Pet.; quamquam, Kellerbauer; quoque, V.

9. oppositum, V; appositum, vulgo.

10. evectus, G; vectus, Bent.; event, V.

11. levioris, Lind.; lenitores, V ( lenioris, V 2.

12. nimium, Clark; nimiae, EBG; nimia, V.

13. ita, added by Her.; V omits.

14. ni, Lind.; ne, V.

15. ad, added by Rittershus, Val.; a, G; VEB omit.

16. tali, Lind., Bent.; lis utque, V ( ta- added by m. 1)

17. situque, Lind., Bent.; utique, BG; for V see note 4.

18. argutias, Lind.; angustias, V.

19. unde caesi, Val.; vindictae siti, BG ( si, B); vindictae si, V.

20. ad internecionem, Val.; ad indignationem, V.

21. barbarico, Clark; tumore, Her.; vervorum tenore, V.

22. itaque ut (ut added by AG); utque, vulgo.

23. adeo experimenta, V, restored by Pet.; experimento ades, tr. by BG.

24. ridere, Myer Spir.; ruere V 2G; respuere, Pet.; reuere V; ruere, V 2.

Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae 25.4

John C. Rolfe (Translator)

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