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Persarum duobus millibus et quingentis interfectis, et vix LXX suorum amissis, Iulianus multos coronis pro contione donat.

[1] Ventum est hinc ad fossile¹ flumen, Naarmalcha nomine (quod amnis regum interpretatur), tunc tune aridum. Id antehac Traianus, posteaque Severus, egesto solo fodiri in modum canalis amplissimi, studio curaverat summo, ut aquis illuc ab Euphrate transfusis, naves ad Tigridem commigrarent.

[2] Tutissimumque ad omnia visum est, eadem loca purgari, quae quondam similia Persae timentes, mole saxorum obruere multorum. Hacque valle purgata, avulsis cataractis undarum magnitudine classis secura, stadiis triginta decursis,² in alveum eiecta est Tigridis, et contextis ilico pontibus transgressus exercitus iter Cochen versus promovit.

[3] Utque lassitudini succederet quies opportuna, in agro consedimus opulento, arbustis et vitibus et cupressorum viriditate laetissimo, cuius in medio diversorium opacum opaeum est et amoenum, gentiles picturas per omnes aedium partes ostendens, regis bestias venatione multiplici trucidantis; nec nee enim apud eos pingitur vel fingitur aliud, praeter varias caedes et bella.

[4] Proinde cunctis ex sententia terminatis, Augustus altius iam contra difficultates omnes incedens, tantumque a fortuna sperans nondum afflicta, ut propius temeritatem multa crebro auderet, validiores naves ex his quae alimenta portabant et machinas, deoneratas octogenis implevit armatis, retentoque secum classis robore firmiore, quam in tres diviserat partes, unam cum Victore comite quiete prima noctis emitti disposuit, ut flumine raptim transmisso, ripae occuparentur hostiles.

[5] Quod cum acri metu territi duces, concordi precatu fieri prohibere temptarent, neque destinationem flecterent principis, sublato vexillo, ut iussum est, evolant e conspectu quinque subito naves, et cum ripas iam adventarent, facibus et omni materia, qua alitur ignis, petitae assiduis iactibus, cum militibus iam conflagrassent, ni veloci vigore pectoris excitus imperator, signum sibi datum nostros quod margines iam tenerent (ut mandatum est), erexisse proclamans, classem omnem properare citis remigiis adegisset.

[6] Quo facto et naves incolumes sunt receptae, et residuus miles, quamquam saxis et varietate telorum ex edito vexaretur, post concertationem acerrimam, praealtas ripas et arduas supergressus, stabat immobilis.

[7] Et miratur historia, Rhodanum arma et loricam retinente Sertorio, transnatatum, cum eo momento turbati quidam milites, veritique ne remanerent, post signum erectum, scutis, quae patula sunt et incurva, proni firmius adhaerentes, eaque licet imperite regendo, per voraginosum amnem velocitatem comitati sunt navium.

[8] Contra haec Persae obiecerunt instructas cataphractorum equitum turmas, ita³ confertas, ut lamminis cohaerenter aptati⁴ corporum flexus, splendore praestringerent occursantes obtutus, operimentis scorteis equorum multitudine omni defensa, quorum in subsidiis manipuli locati sunt peditum, contecti scutis oblongis et curvis, quae texta vimine et coriis crudis gestantes densius se commovebant. Post hos elephanti gradientium collium specie, motuque immanium corporum, propinquantibus exitium intentabant, documentis praeteritis formidati.

[9] Hinc imperator catervis peditum infirmis medium⁵ inter acies spatium secundum Homericam dispositionem praestituit, ne locati priores, cedentesque deformiter, cunctos averterent secum, aut postsignani pone omnes reiecti centurias, nullo retinente⁶ licentius verterent terga, ipse cum levis armaturae auxiliis, per prima postremaque discurrens.

[10] Ergo ubi vicissim contiguae se cernerent partes, cristatis galeis corusci Romani, vibrantesque clipeos, velut pedis anapaesti praecinentibus modulis, lenius procedebant, et praepilatis missilibus per procursatores principiis pugnae temptatis, excita undique humus rapido turbine portabatur.

[11] Et cum undique⁷ solito more conclamaretur, virorumque alacritatem sonans classicum⁸ iuvaret, hastis et mucronibus strictis, hinc inde comminus pugnabatur: sagittarum periculo⁹ miles erat immunis, quantum interiora festinatius occupabat. Inter quae Iulianus pulsos fulcire subsidiis, incitareque tardantes, quasi conturmalis strenuus properabat et rector.

[12] Laxata itaque acies prima Persarum, leni ante, dein concito gradu, calefactis armis retrorsus gradiens propinquam urbem petebat, quam sequebatur miles itidem fessus in campis torridis ad usque diei finem a lucis ortu decernens, eiusque occipitiis pertinacius haerens, omnem cum Pigrane et Surena et Narseo, potissimis ducibus, ad usque Ctesiphontis muros egit praecipitem, adversorum feriens suras et terga.

[13] Perrupissetque civitatis aditus lapsorum agminibus mixtus, ni dux Victor nomine manibus erectis prohibuisset et vocibus, et¹⁰ ipse umerum sagitta praestrictus, et timens ne intra moenium ambitus rapidus miles inconsulte repertus nullosque inveniens exitus, multitudinis pondere circumveniretur.

[14] Sonent Hectoreas poetae veteres pugnas, fortitudinem Thessali ducis extollant, longae loquantur aetates Sophanem et Aminiam et Callimachum et Cynaegirum, Medicorum egregia¹¹ culmina¹² illa bellorum: non minus illo die quorundam ex nostris inclaruisse virtutem, omnium confessione monstratur.

[15] Post timorem depositum, calcatasque ruinas hostilium corporum, iusto sanguine miles etiam tum cruentus, ad imperatoris tentoria congregatus, laudes ei perhibebat et gratias, quod ignoratus ubique dux esset an miles, magis aliorum quam suum respiciens commodum,¹³ ita rem prospere gesserat ut caesis Persarum plus minusve duobus milibus et quingentis, septuaginta caderent soli nostrorum.

[16] Qui appellans plerosque nominatim, quos stabili mente aliquid clarum fecisse, ipse arbiter perspexit, navalibus donavit coronis et civicis et castrensibus.

[17] Abunde ratus post haec prosperitates similis adventare, complures hostias Marti parabat ultori, et ex tauris pulcherrimis decem ad hoc perductis, nondum aris admoti, voluntate sua novem procubuere tristissimi, decimus vero, qui diffractis vinculis lapsus aegre reductus est, mactatus ominosa signa monstravit. Quibus visis, exclamavit indignatus acriter Iulianus Iovemque testatus est, nulla Marti iam sacra facturum: nec resecravit, celeri morte praereptus.

Res Gestae. Ammianus Marcellinus. John C. Rolfe (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1935-1940.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by Tufts University.

Current edition Perseus

Res Gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., editor. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).)

Translations (1)

History Perseus (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., translator. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).) — 24.6 focus

[1] Then we came to an artificial river, by name Naarmalcha, meaning the kings’ river,¹ which at that time was dried up. Here in days gone by Trajan, and after him Severus, had with immense effort caused the accumulated earth to be dug out, and had made a great canal, in order to let in the water from the Euphrates and give boats and ships access to the Tigris.²

[2] It seemed to Julian in all respects safest to clean out that same canal, which formerly the Persians, when in fear of a similar invasion, had blocked with a huge dam of stones. As soon as the canal was cleared, the dams were swept away by the great flow of water, and the fleet in safety covered thirty stadia and was carried into the channel of the Tigris. Thereupon bridges were at once made, and the army crossed and pushed on towards Coche.

[3] Then, so that a timely rest might follow the wearisome toil, we encamped in a rich territory, abounding in orchards, vineyards, and green cypress groves. In its midst is a pleasant and shady dwelling, displaying in every part of the house, after the custom of that nation, paintings representing the king killing wild beasts in various kinds of hunting; for nothing in their country is painted or sculptured except slaughter in divers forms and scenes of war.

[4] Since thus far everything had resulted as he desired, the Augustus now with greater confidence strode on to meet all dangers, hoping for so much from a fortune which had never failed him that he often dared many enterprises bordering upon rashness. He unloaded the stronger ships of those which carried provisions and artillery, and manned them each with eight hundred armed soldiers; then keeping by him the stronger part of the fleet, which he had formed into three divisions, in the first quiet of night he sent one part under Count Victor with orders speedily to cross the river and take possession of the enemy’s side of the stream.

[5] His generals in great alarm with unanimous entreaties tried to prevent him from taking this step, but could not shake the emperor’s determination. The flag was raised according to his orders, and five ships immediately vanished from sight. But no sooner had they reached the opposite bank than they were assailed so persistently with firebrands and every kind of inflammable material, that ships and soldiers would have been consumed, had not the emperor, carried away by the keen vigour of his spirit, cried out that our soldiers had, as directed, raised the signal that they were already in possession of the shore, and ordered the entire fleet to hasten to the spot with all the speed of their oars.

[6] The result was that the ships were saved uninjured, and the surviving soldiers, although assailed from above with stones and every kind of missiles, after a fierce struggle scaled the high, precipitous banks and held their position unyieldingly.

[7] History acclaims Sertorius³ for swimming across the Rhone with arms and cuirass; but on this occasion⁴ some panic-stricken soldiers, fearing to remain behind after the signal had been given, lying on their shields, which are broad and curved, and clinging fast to them, though they showed little skill in guiding them, kept up with the swift ships across the eddying stream.

[8] The Persians opposed to us serried bands of mail-clad horsemen in such close order that the gleam of moving bodies covered with closely fitting plates of iron dazzled the eyes of those who looked upon them, while the whole throng of horses was protected by coverings of leather. The calvalry was backed up by companies of infantry, who, protected by oblong, curved shields covered with wickerwork and raw hides, advanced in very close order. Behind these were elephants, looking like walking hills, and, by the movements of their enormous bodies, they threatened destruction to all who came near them, dreaded as they were from past experience.

[9] Hereupon the emperor, following Homeric tactics,⁵ filled the space between the lines with the weakest of the infantry, fearing that if they formed part of the van and shamefully gave way, they might carry off the rest with them; or if they were posted in the rear behind the centuries, they might run off at will with no one to check them. He himself with the light-armed auxiliaries hastened now to the front, and now to the rear.

[10] So, when both sides were near enough to look each other in the face, the Romans, gleaming in their crested helmets and swinging their shields as if to the rhythm of the anapaestic foot,⁶ advanced slowly; and the light-armed skirmishers opened the battle by hurling their javelins, while the earth everywhere was turned to dust and swept away in a swift whirlwind.

[11] And when the battle-cry was raised in the usual manner by both sides and the trumpets’ blare increased the ardour of the men, here and there they fought hand-to-hand with spears and drawn swords; and the soldiers were freer from the danger of the arrows the more quickly they forced their way into the enemy’s ranks. Meanwhile Julian was busily engaged in giving support to those who gave way and in spurring on the laggards, playing the part both of a valiant fellow-soldier and of a commander.

[12] Finally, the first battle-line of the Persians began to waver, and at first slowly, then at quick step, turned back and made for the neighbouring city with their armour well heated up.⁷ Our soldiers pursued them, wearied though they also were after fighting on the scorching plains from sunrise to the end of the day, and following close at their heels and hacking at their legs and backs, drove the whole force with Pigranes, the Surena, and Narseus, their most distinguished generals, in headlong flight to the very walls of Ctesiphon.

[13] And they would have pressed in through the gates of the city, mingled with the throng of fugitives, had not the general called Victor, who had himself received a flesh-wound in the shoulder from an arrow, raising his hand and shouting, restrained them; for he feared that the excited soldiers, if they rashly entered the circuit of the walls and could find no way out, might be overcome by weight of numbers.

[14] Let the poets of old sing of Hector’s battles and extol the valour of the Thessalian leader;⁸ let long ages tell of Sophanes, Aminias, Callimachus, Cynaegirus,⁹ those glorious high lights of the Medic wars: but not less distinguished was the valour of some of our soldiers on that day, as is shown by the admission of all men.

[15] After their fear was past, trampling on the overthrown bodies of their foes, our soldiers, still dripping with blood righteously shed, gathered at their emperor’s tent, rendering him praise and thanks because he had won so glorious a victory, everywhere without recognition whether he was leader or soldier, and considering the welfare of others rather than his own. For as many as 2500 Persians had been slain, with the loss of only seventy of our men.¹⁰

[16] Julian addressed many of them by name, whose heroic deeds performed with unshaken courage he himself had witnessed, and rewarded them with naval, civic, and camp crowns.¹¹

[17] Fully convinced that similar successes would follow these, he prepared to offer many victims to Mars the Avenger; but of ten fine bulls that were brought for this purpose nine, even before they were brought to the altar, of their own accord sank in sadness to the ground; but the tenth broke his bonds and escaped, and after he had been with difficulty brought back and sacrificed, showed ominous signs. Upon seeing these, Julian in deep indignation cried out, and called Jove to witness, that he would make no more offerings to Mars; and he did not sacrifice again, since he was carried off by a speedy death.

Notes on the current edition

Res Gestae

1. ad fossile, EG ( -osi—, E); protinus ad, Her.; pro (ad, V 3 fosile, V.

2. decursis, Val.; depulsa, EBG; depulsis (-sa, V 3, V, def. by Pet.

3. turmas ita, Clark; turmas sic, EBG; turma sit (- as sic, V 3), V.

4. cohaerenter aptati, Clark; coaptati, vulgo; quae aptati, V.

5. infirmis medium, Lind.; firmis inmedium, V.

6. retinente, P, Lind.; renitente, BG; recinente, V.

7. humus undique, added by G; V omits.

8. sonantia classica, G; sonans c., B; classicum iam iuvaret, Bent.; iam deleted by Clark; classica iam, V.

9. periculo, V; periculis, vulgo.

10. et, put before ipse by Kellerbauer; G omits; after umerum, V.

11. egregia, Her., Novák; in Graecia, WBG; ingentia, E, Haupt; ingraeci (-genci, V 3, V.

12. aculmina, V; fulmina, Lind.

13. aliorum . commodum, added by Novák; cf. xvii. 1, 2; xxiii. 5, 24; xxv. 3, 18; etc.

Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae 24.6

John C. Rolfe (Translator)

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Persarum duobus millibus et quingentis interfectis, et vix LXX suorum amissis, Iulianus multos coronis pro contione donat.

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