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Imperator, castellis et oppidis allis intentatis, aliis quae deserta erant incensis, Pirisaboram in deditionem accipit succenditque.

[1] Quibus tali casu patratis, ad castra pervenimus nomine Thilutha, in medio fluminis sita, locum immenso quodam vertice tumescentem, et potestate naturae, velut manu circumsaeptum humana, cuius ad deditionem incolae temptati mollius (ut decebat), quoniam asperitas edita vim superabat armorum, intempestivam tunc tune defectionem esse firmabant. Sed hactenus responderunt, quod cum interiora occupaverint protinus gradientes Romani, se quoque utpote regnorum sequellas, victoribus accessuros.

[2] Et post haec praetermeantes moenia ipsa, naves nostras verecunda¹ quiete spectabant immobiles. Quo transito cum ad munimentum aliud Achaiachalam Achaiachala nomine venissemus, fluminis circumitione vallatum, arduumque transcensu, refutati pari responso discessimus. Alia postridie castra ob muros invalidos derelicta, praetereuntur incensa.²

[3] Postera igitur et insequenti die stadiis ducentis emensis, ventum est ad locum Baraxmalcha. Unde amne transito miliario septimo disparata, Diacira invaditur civitas, habitatoribus vacua, frumento et salibus nitidis plena, in qua templum alti culminis arci vidimus superpositum, qua incensa caesisque mulieribus paucis, quae repertae sunt, traiecto fonte scatenti bitumine, Ozogardana occupavimus oppidum, quod formidine advenientis exercitus itidem deseruere cultores. In quo principis Traiani tribunal ostendebatur.

[4] Hac quoque exusta, biduo ad refectionem corporum dato, prope extremum noctis quae secundum diem secuta est, Surena post regem apud Persas promeritae dignitatis, et Malechus Podosacis nomine, phylarchus Saracenorum Assanitarum, famosi nominis latro, omni saevitia per nostros limites diu grassatus, structis Ormizdae insidiis, quem ad speculandum exiturum (incertum unde) praesenserant, ideo sunt temptamento frustrati, quod angusta fluminis interluvies et praealta transiri vado non potuit.

[5] Et primo lucis exordio, cum essent hostes iam in contuitu, visi tune primitus corusci galeis et horrentes indutibus rigidis,³ milites in procinctum impetu veloci tendentes, eos involavere fortissime. Et quamvis arcus validis viribus flecterentur, et splendor ferri intermicans, Romanorum metum augeret, ira tamen acuente virtutem, clipeorum densitate contecti, ne possint emittere, coegerunt.

[6] Animatus his vincendi primitiis, miles ad vicum Macepracta pervenit, in quo semiruta murorum vestigia videbantur, qui priscis temporibus in spatia longa protenti, tueri ab externis incursibus Assyriam dicebantur.

[7] Hinc pars fluminis scinditur, largis aquarum agminibus ducens ad tractus Babylonios Babylonos⁴ interiores, usui agris futura et civitatibus circumiectis, alia Naarmalcha nomine, quod fluvius regum interpretatur, Ctesiphonta praetermeat, cuius in exordio turris in modum Phari celsior surgit. Hanc peditatus omnis pontibus caute digestis, transivit.

[8] Equites vero cum iumentis armati, clementiores gurgites fluminis obliquati transnarunt, pars flumine absumpta interierunt, alia⁵ multitudine subita petiti telorum hostilium. Quos egressi auxiliares ad cursum⁶ levissimi, fugientiumque cervicibus insistentes. laniatu avium prostraverunt.

[9] Quo negotio itidem gloriose perfecto, ad civitatem Pirisaboram ventum est, amplam et populosam, ambitu insulari circumvallatam. Cuius obequitans moenia imperator et situm, obsidium omni cautela coeptabat, quasi sola formidine oppidanos a propugnandi studio summoturus. Quibus per colloquia saepe temptatis, cum nec promissis quisquam flecteretur nec minis, suscipitur oppugnandi exordium, et armatorum triplici corona circumdatis muris, a⁷ die primo ad usque noctis initium, missilibus certabatur.

[10] Tum defensores animo praestantes et viribus, per⁸ propugnacula ciliciis undique laxius pansis, quae telorum impetus cohiberent, obtecti scutis vimine firmissimo textis et crudorum tergorum densitate vestitis, validissime resistebant, ferrea nimirum facie omni: quia lamminae singulis membrorum lineamentis cohaerenter aptatae, fido operimento, totam hominis speciem contegebant.

[11] Et aliquotiens Ormizdae ut⁹ indigenae et regalis colloquia petentes obnixe, propinquantem probris atque conviciis ut male fidum incessebant et desertorem. Hac lenta cavillatione diei maxima parte exempta, tenebrarum silentio primo, multiformes admotae sunt machinae, coeptaque altitudo complanari fossarum.

[12] Quae vixdum ambigua luce, defensores intentius contemplati, eo accedente quod angularem turrim ictus foravit arietis violentior, relictis civitatis duplicibus muris, continentem occupant arcem, asperi montis interrupta planitie superpositam, cuius medietas in sublime consurgens, tereti ambitu Argolici scuti speciem ostendebat, nisi quod e¹⁰ septemtrione, id quod¹¹ rotunditati defuerat,¹² in Euphratis fluenta proiectae cautes eminentius tuebantur, in qua excellebant minae murorum, bitumine et coctilibus laterculis fabricatae, quo aedificii genere nihil esse tutius constat.

[13] Iamque ferocior miles, pervasa urbe quam viderat vacuam, adversus oppidanos ab arce multimoda tela fundentes, acri contentione pugnabat. Cum enim idem prohibitores catapultis nostrorum urgerentur atque ballistis, ipsi quoque ex edito arcus erigebant fortiter tensos tenses, quibus panda utrimque surgentia cornua ita lentius flectebantur, ut nervi digitorum acti pulsibus violentis, harundines ferratas emitterent, quae corporibus illisae contrariis, letaliter figebantur.

[14] Dimicabatur nihilo minus utrubique saxorum manualium nimbis, et¹³ neutrubi inclinato momento, proelium atrox a lucis ortu ad initium noctis destinatione magna protractum, pari sorte diremptum est. Proinde die secuto, cum certaretur asperrime, multique funderentur altrinsecus, et aequi vigores¹⁴ gesta librarent, imperator omnes aleae casus inter mutuas clades experiri festinans, cuneatim stipatus, densetisque clipeis ab ictu sagittarum defensus, veloci saltu comitantibus promptis, prope portam venit hostilem, crasso ferro crustatam.

[15] Et licet saxis et glande, ceterisque telis, cum periculi sociis¹⁵ premeretur, fodicare tamen paratos valvarum latera ut aditum patefacerent, vocibus increpans crebris, non ante discessit, quam telorum congerie, quae superiaciebantur, se iam cerneret obruendum.

[16] Evasit cum omnibus tamen, paucis levius vulneratis, ipse innoxius, verecundo rubore suffusus. Legerat enim Aemilianum Scipionem, cum historiarum conditore Polybio, Megalopolitano Arcade, et triginta militibus,¹⁶ portam Carthaginis impetu simili subfodisse. Sed fides recepta scriptorum veterum recens factum defendit.

[17] Aemilianus enim testudine lapidea tectam successerat portam, sub qua tutus et latens, dum moles saxeas detegunt hostes, urbem nudatam irrupit, Iulianus vero locum patentem aggressus, obumbrata caeli facie fragmentis montium et missilibus aegre repulsus, abscessit.

[18] His raptim ac tumultuarie agitatis, cum operositas vinearum et aggerum impeditissima¹⁷ ceteris urgentibus cerneretur, machinam quae cognominatur helepolis, iussit expeditius fabricari, qua (ut supra docuimus) rex¹⁸ usus Demetrius, superatis oppidis pluribus, Poliorcetes appellatus est.

[19] Ad hanc molem ingentem, superaturam celsarum turrium minas, prohibitores oculorum aciem intentius conferentes, itidemque instantiam obsidentium perpensantes, subito vertuntur ad preces, circumfusique per turres ac moenium minas, et fidem Romanam pansis manibus protestantes, vitam cum venia postulabant.

[20] Cumque cessasse opera et munitores nihil temptare viderent ulterius, quod quietis erat indicium certum, copiam sibi dari conferendi sermonis cum Ormizda poscebant.

[21] Hocque impetrato, Mamersidis Mamersides praesidiorum praefectus, demissus per funem, ductusque ad imperatorem (ut obsecravit), vita cum impunitate sibi consortibusque suis firmiter pacta, redire permissus est. Gestisque nuntiatis, plebs omnis utriusque sexus ad sententiam suam cunctis acceptis, pace foederata cum religionum consecrationibus fidis, patefactis egreditur portis, salutarem genium affulsisse sibi clamitans Caesarem, magnum et lenem.

[22] Numerata sunt autem dediticiorum duo milia et quingenti; nam cetera multitudo multitude obsidium ante suspectans, navigiis parvis permeato amne discessit. In hac arce armorum alimentorumque copia reperta est maxima, unde necessariis sumptis, reliqua cum loco ipso exussere victores.

Res Gestae. Ammianus Marcellinus. John C. Rolfe (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1935-1940.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by Tufts University.

Current edition Perseus

Res Gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., editor. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).)

Translations (1)

History Perseus (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., translator. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).) — 24.2 focus

[1] After these successful operations we reached a fortress called Thilutha, situated in the middle of the river, a place rising in a lofty peak and fortified by nature’s power as if by the hand of man. Since the difficulty and the height of the place made it impregnable, an attempt was made with friendly words (as was fitting) to induce the inhabitants to surrender; but they insisted that such defection then would be untimely. But they went so far as to reply, that as soon as the Romans by further advance had got possession of the interior, they also would go over to the victors, as appendages of the kingdom.

[2] After this, as our ships went by under their very walls, they looked on in respectful silence without making any move. After passing this place we came to another fortress, Achaiachala by name, also protected by the encircling river, and difficult of ascent; there too we received a similar refusal and went on. The next day another castle, which because of the weakness of its walls had been abandoned, was burned in passing.

[3] Then during the following two days we covered 200 stadia and arrived at a place called Baraxmalcha. From there we crossed the river and entered the city of Diacira,¹ seven miles distant. This place was without inhabitants, but rich in grain and fine white salt; there we saw a temple, standing on a lofty citadel. After burning the city, and killing a few women whom we found, we passed over a spring bubbling with bitumen and took possession of the town of Ozogardana, which the inhabitants had likewise deserted through fear of the approaching army. Here a tribunal of the emperor Trajan was to be seen.²

[4] After burning this city also, and taking two days’ rest, towards the end of the night which followed the second day, the Surena,³ who among the Persians has won the highest rank after the king, and the Malechus,⁴ Podosaces by name, phylarch of the Assanitic Saracens, a notorious brigand, who with every kind of cruelty had long raided our territories,⁵ laid an ambuscade for Ormizda, who, as they had learned (one knew not from what source), was on the point of setting out to reconnoitre. But their attempt failed, because the river at that point is narrow and very deep, and hence could not be forded.

[5] At daybreak the enemy were already in sight, and we then saw them for the first time in their gleaming helmets and bristling with stiff coats of mail; but our soldiers rushed to battle at quick step, and fell upon them most valiantly. And although the bows were bent with strong hand and the flashing gleam of steel added to the fear of the Romans, yet anger whetted their valour, and covered with a close array of shields they pressed the enemy so hard that they could not use their bows.

[6] Inspired by these first-fruits of victory, our soldiers came to the village of Macepracta, where the half-destroyed traces of walls⁶ were seen; these in early times had a wide extent, it was said, and protected Assyria from hostile inroads.

[7] Here a part of the river is drawn off by large canals which take the water into the interior parts of Babylonia, for the use of the fields and the neighbouring cities; another part, Naarmalcha⁷ by name, which being interpreted means the kings’ river, flows past Ctesiphon. Where it begins, a tower of considerable height rises, like the Pharos.⁸ Over this arm of the river all the infantry crossed on carefully constructed bridges.

[8] But the cavalry with the pack-animals swam across in full armour where a bend in the river made it less deep and rapid; some of them were carried off by the current and drowned, others were assailed by the enemy with a sudden shower of arrows; but a troop of auxiliaries, very lightly equipped for running, sallied forth, followed hard on the backs of the flying foe, and like so many birds of prey, struck them down.

[9] When this undertaking also had been accomplished with glory, we came to the large and populous city of Pirisabora, surrounded on all sides by the river. The emperor, after riding up and inspecting the walls and the situation, began the siege with all caution, as if he wished by mere terror to take from the townsmen the desire for defence. But after they had been tried by many conferences, and not one could be moved either by promises or by threats, the siege was begun. The walls were surrounded by a triple line of armed men, and from dawn until nightfall they fought with missiles.

[10] Then the defenders, who were strong and full of courage, spread over the ramparts everywhere loose strips of haircloth to check the force of the missiles, and themselves protected by shields firmly woven of osier and covered with thick layers of rawhide, resisted most resolutely. They looked as if they were entirely of iron; for the plates exactly fitted the various parts of their bodies and fully protecting them, covered them from head to foot.

[11] And again and again they earnestly demanded an interview with Ormizda, as a fellow countryman and of royal rank, but when he came near they assailed him with insults and abuse, as a traitor and a deserter. This tedious raillery used up the greater part of the day, but in the first stillness of night many kinds of siege-engines were brought to bear and the deep trenches began to be filled up.

[12] When the defenders, who were watching intently, made this out by the still uncertain light, and besides, that a mighty blow of the ram had breached a corner tower, they abandoned the double walls of the city and took possession of the citadel connected with them, which stood on a precipitous plateau at the top of a rough mountain. The middle of this mountain rose to a lofty height, and its rounded circuit had the form of an Argolic shield,⁹ except that on the north side, where its roundness was broken, cliffs which descended into the current of the Euphrates still more strongly protected it. On this stronghold, battlements of walls rose high, and were built of bitumen and baked brick, a kind of structure (as is well known) than which nothing is safer.

[13] And now the soldiers with greater confidence rushed through the city, seeing it deserted, and fought fiercely with the inhabitants, who from the citadel showered upon them missiles of many kinds. For although those same defenders were hard pressed by our catapults and ballistae, they in turn set up on the height strongly stretched bows, whose wide curves extending on both sides were bent so pliably that when the strings were let go by the fingers, the iron- tipped arrows which they sent forth in violent thrusts crashed into the bodies exposed to them and transfixed them with deadly effect.

[14] Nevertheless both armies fought with clouds of stones thrown by hand; neither side gave way, but the hot fight continued with great determination from dawn until nightfall, and ended indecisively. Then, on the following day, they continued the battle most fiercely, many fell on both sides, and their equal strength held the victory in balance. Whereupon the emperor, hastening to try every lucky throw amid the mutual slaughter, surrounded by a band in wedge-formation, and protected from the fall of arrows by shields held closely together, in swift assault with a company of vigorous warriors, came near the enemy’s gate, which was heavily overlaid with iron.

[15] And although he and those who shared in his peril were assailed with rocks, bullets from slings, and other missiles, nevertheless he often cheered on his men as they tried to break in the leaves of the folding gates, in order to affect an entrance, and he did not withdraw until he saw that he must soon be overwhelmed by the volleys that were being hurled down upon him.

[16] After all, he got back with all his men; a few were slightly wounded, he himself was unhurt, but bore a blush of shame upon his face. For he had read that Scipio Aemilianus, accompanied by the historian Polybius¹⁰ of Megalopolis in Arcadia and thirty soldiers, had undermined a gate of Carthage in a like attack. But the admitted credibility of the writers of old upholds the recent exploit.¹¹

[17] For Aemilianus had come close up to the gate, and it was protected by an arch of masonry, under which he was safely hidden while the enemy were trying to lift off the masses of stone¹² ; and he broke into the city when it was stripped of its defenders. But Julian attacked an exposed place, and was forced to retreat only when the face of heaven was darkened by fragments of mountains and other missiles showered upon him; and then with difficulty.

[18] These actions went on in haste and confusion, and since it was evident that the construction of mantlet-sheds and mounds was greatly interfered with by other pressing matters, Julian gave orders that the engine called helepolis¹³ should quickly be built, by the use of which, as I have said above, King Demetrius overcame many cities and won the name of Poliorcetes.¹⁴

[19] To this huge mass, which would rise above the battlements of the lofty towers, the defenders turned an attentive eye, and at the same time considering the resolution of the besiegers, they suddenly fell to their prayers, and standing on the towers and battlements, and with outstretched hands imploring the protection of the Romans, they craved pardon and life.

[20] And when they saw that the works were discontinued, and that those who were constructing them were attempting nothing further, which was a sure sign of peace, they asked that an opportunity be given them of conferring with Ormizda.

[21] When this was granted, and Mamersides, commander of the garrison, was let down on a rope and taken to the emperor, he obtained (as he besought) a sure promise of life and impunity for himself and his followers, and was allowed to return. When he reported what he had accomplished, all the people of both sexes, since everything that they desired had been accepted, made peace with trustworthy religious rites. Then the gates were thrown open and they came out, shouting that a potent protecting angel had appeared to them in the person of a Caesar great and merciful.

[22] The prisoners numbered only 2500; for the rest of the population, in anticipation of a siege, had crossed the river in small boats and made off. In this citadel there was found a great abundance of arms and provisions; of these the victors took what they needed and burned the rest along with the place itself.

Notes on the current edition

Res Gestae

1. verecunda, Haupt; cum verecundia, BG; nostra uasere cundia, V.

2. incensa, EG; a nobis inoffensa, Novák censa, V.

3. rigidis, W 2G; perrigidis Eyssen.; praer-, Pet.; aere rigidis, Her.; rerigidis, V.

4. Babylonos, V, restored by Clark; Babilonios, EBG ( -byl-, BG).

5. pars alia, Her.; alia, without lac., V.

6. cursum, Clark; cursuram, BG; cursurum, V.

7. a, added by Gunther; V omits.

8. per, added by G; V omits.

9. ut, C. F. W. M.; indigenae, G; omni zadae et indignae, V.

10. e, Clark; a, EG; aeseptem trioni, V.

11. quod, added in G; V omits.

12. defuerat, Clark; deerat, G; idem erat, V.

13. et, added by G; V omits.

14. vigores, Corn.; vires, G; viores, V.

15. periculi sociia, Clark; periculo salutis, G; periculis acus ( acrius, V 3, V.

16. militibus, Lind.; milibus, V.

17. inpaeditissima a, V; a omitted by G.

18. rex, G; est, WB (deleted by Novák); ex, V ( est, V 3.

Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae 24.2

John C. Rolfe (Translator)

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Imperator, castellis et oppidis allis intentatis, aliis quae deserta erant incensis, Pirisaboram in deditionem accipit succenditque.

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