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Iulianus A., aucta ornataque Constantinopoli, Antiochiam petit, ac in itinere Nicomediensibus ad reparandas urbis ruinas pecunias tribuit, Ancyrae iuris dictionibus vacat.

[1] At prosperis Iulianus elatior, ultra homines iam spirabat, periclis expertus assiduis, quod ei orbem Romanum placide iam regenti, velut mundanam cornucopiam Fortuna gestans propitia, cuncta gloriosa deferebat et prospera, antegressis victoriarum titulis haec quoque adiciens, quod, dum teneret imperium solus, nec motibus internis est concitus, nec barbarorum quisquam ultra suos exsiluit fines: et populi omnes, aviditate semper insectari praeterita, ut damnosa et noxia, in laudes eius studiis miris accendebantur.

[2] Omnibus igitur, quae res diversae poscebant et tempora, perpensa deliberatione dispositis, et militibus orationibus crebris,¹ stipendioque competenti, ad expedienda incidentia promptius animatis, cunctorum favore sublimis, Antiochiam ire contendens, reliquit Constantinopolim incrementis maximis fultam: natus enim illic, diligebat eam ut genitalem patriam et colebat.

[3] Transgressus itaque fretum, praetercursa Chalcedone² et Libyssa, ubi sepultus est Hannibal Poenus, Nicomediam venit, urbem antehac inclytam, ita magnis retro principum amplificatam impensis, ut aedium multitudine privatarum et publicarum, recte noscentibus regio quaedam urbis aestimaretur aeternae.

[4] Cuius moenia cum vidisset in favillas miserabiles consedisse, angorem animi tacitis fletibus indicans, pigriore gradu pergebat ad regiam, hoc maxime aerumnis eius illacrimans, quod ordo squalens occurrit et³ populus nimium quantum antehac florentissimus; et agnoscebat quosdam, ibidem ab Eusebio educatus episcopo, quem genere longius contingebat.

[5] Hic quoque pari modo ad reparanda, quae terrae subverterat tremor, abunde praestitis plurimis, per Nicaeam venit ad Gallograeciae fines, unde dextrorsus itinere declinato, Pessinunta convertit, visurus vetusta Matris magnae delubra, a quo oppido bello Punico secundo, carmine Cumano monente, per Scipionem Nasicam simulacrum translatum est Romam.

[6] Cuius super adventu in Italiam pauca cum aliis huic materiae congruentibus, in actibus Commodi principis digessimus per excessum. Quam autem ob rem hoc nomine oppidum sit appellatum, variant rerum scriptores:

[7] quidam enim figmento deae caelitus lapso ἀπὸ τοῦ πεσεῖν (quod cadere nos dicimus) urbem asseruere cognominatam. Alii memorant Ilum, Trois filium Dardaniae regem,⁴ locum sic appellasse. At⁵ Theopompus non Ilum id egisse, sed Midam affirmat, Phrygiae quondam potentissimum regem.

[8] Venerato igitur numine, hostiisque litato et votis, Ancyram rediit⁶ : eumque exinde progredientem ulterius, multitudo inquietabat, pars violenter erepta reddi sibi poscentium, alii querentes consortiis se curialium⁷ addictos iniuste, non nulli sine respectu periculi agentes ad usque rabiem, ut adversarios suos laesae maiestatis criminibus illigarent.

[9] Verum ille iudicibus Cassiis tristior et Lycurgis, causarum momenta aequo iure perpendens, suum cuique tribuebat, nusquam a vero abductus, acrius in calumniatores exsurgens, quos oderat, multorum huius modi petulantem saepe dementiam, ad usque discrimen expertus, dum esset adhuc humilis et privatus.

[10] Exemplumque patientiae eius in tali negotio, licet sint alia plurima, id unum sufficiet poni. Inimicum quidam suum, cum quo discordabat asperrime, commisisse in maiestatem turbulentius deferebat, imperatoreque dissimulante, eadem diebus continuis replicans, interrogatus ad ultimum, qui esset quem argueret, respondit municipem locupletem Quo audito princeps renidens Quibus indiciis ait ad hoc pervenisti?

[11] Et ille Purpureum sibi inquit inquid indumentum ex serico pallio parat, iussusque post haec ut vilis arduae rei vilem incusans, abire tacitus et innoxius, nihilo minus instabat. Quo taedio Iulianus defetigatus ad largitionum comitem visum propius Iube inquit periculoso⁸ garrulo pedum tegmina dari purpurea, ad adversarium perferenda, quem (ut datur intellegi), chlamydem huius coloris memorat sibi consarcinasse, ut sciri possit sine viribus maximis quid pannuli proficiant leves.

[12] Sed ut haec laudanda et bonis moderatoribus aemulanda, ita illud amarum et notabile fuit, quod aegre sub eo a curialibus quisquam appetitus, licet privilegiis et stipendiorum numero et originis penitus alienae firmitudine communitus, ius⁹ obtinebat aequissimum, adeo ut plerique territi emercarentur molestias pretiis clandestinis et magnis.¹⁰

[13] Itineribus itaque emensis cum ad Pylas venisset, qui locus Cappadocas discernit et Cilicas, osculo susceptum rectorem provinciae, nomine Celsum, iam inde a studiis cognitum Atticis, asscitumque in consessum vehiculi, Tarsum secum induxit.

[14] At hinc videre properans Antiochiam, orientis apicem pulcrum, usus itineribus solitis venit, urbique propinquans, in speciem alicuius numinis votis excipitur publicis, miratus voces¹¹ multitudinis magnae, salutare sidus illuxisse eois partibus acclamantis.

[15] Evenerat autem eisdem diebus, annuo cursu completo, Adonea ritu veteri celebrari, amato Veneris (ut fabulae fingunt), apri dente ferali deleto, quod in adulto flore sectarum est indicium frugum. Et visum est triste, quod amplam urbem principumque domicilium introeunte imperatore tunc¹² primum, ululabiles undique planctus et lugubres sonus audiebantur.

[16] Hic patientiae eius et lenitudinis documentum leve quidem apparuit, sed mirandum. Thalassium quendam ex proximo libellorum, insidiatorem fratris oderat Galli, quo adorare adesseque officio inter honoratos prohibito, adversarii, cum quibus litigabat in foro, postridie turba congregata superflua, adito imperatore Thalassius clamitabant, inimicus pietatis tuae nostra violenter eripuit.

[17] Et ille hac occasione hominem opprimi posse coniciens, Agnosco respondit, quem dicitis offendisse me iusta de causa, sed silere vos interim consentaneum est, dum mihi inimico potiori faciat satis. Mandavitque assidenti praefecto, ne audiretur eorum negotium, antequam ipse cum oum Thalassio rediret in gratiam, quod brevi evenit.

Res Gestae. Ammianus Marcellinus. John C. Rolfe (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1935-1940.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by Tufts University.

Current edition Perseus

Res Gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., editor. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).)

Translations (1)

History Perseus (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., translator. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).) — 22.9 focus

[1] But Julian, elated by his success, now felt more than mortal aspirations,¹ since he had been tried by so many dangers and now upon him, the undisputed ruler of the Roman world, propitious Fortune, as if bearing an earthly horn of plenty,² was bestowing all glory and prosperity; also adding this to the records of his former victories, that so long as he was sole ruler he was disturbed by no internal strife and no barbarians crossed his frontiers; but all nations, laying aside their former eagerness for repeated attacks, as ruinous and liable to punishment, were fired with a wonderful desire of sounding his praises.

[2] Therefore, after everything that the times and the changed circumstances demanded had been arranged with careful deliberation, and the soldiers had by numerous addresses and by adequate pay been roused to greater readiness for carrying out the coming enterprises, exulting in the favour of all men, he hastened to go to Antioch, leaving Constantinople supported by great increase of strength; for it was there that he was born, and he loved and cherished the city as his natal place.

[3] Accordingly, having crossed the strait,³ and passed by Chalcedon and Libyssa, where Hannibal the Carthaginian was buried, he came to Nicomedia, a city famed of old and so enlarged at the great expense of earlier emperors,⁴ that because of the great number of its private and public buildings it was regarded by good judges as one of the regions, so to speak, of the Eternal City.⁵

[4] When he saw that its walls⁶ had sunk into a pitiful heap of ashes, showing his distress by silent tears he went with lagging step to the palace: and in particular he wept over the wretched state of the city because the senate and the people, who had formerly been in a most flourishing condition, met him in mourning garb. And certain of them he recognised, since he had been brought up there under the bishop Eusebius,⁷ whose distant relative he was.

[5] Having here also in a similar way generously furnished many things that were necessary for repairing the damage done by the earthquake, he went on past Nicaea to the borders of Gallograecia.⁸ From there he made a detour to the right and turned to Pessinus, in order to visit the ancient shrine of the Great Mother. It was from that town, in the second Punic war, that at the direction of the Cumaean verses⁹ her image was brought to Rome by Scipio Nasica.¹⁰

[6] Of its arrival in Italy, along with other matters relating to the subject, I have given a brief account by way of digression in telling of the acts of the emperor Commodus.¹¹ But why the town was called by that name writers of history are not in agreement;

[7] for some have maintained that since the image of the goddess fell from heaven, the city was named from πεσεῖν, which is the Greek word meaning to fall. Others say that Ilus, son of Tros, king of Dardania,¹² gave the place that name. But Theopompus¹³ asserts that it was not Ilus who did it, but Midas,¹⁴ the once mighty king of Phrygia.

[8] Then, after Julian had worshipped the deity and propitiated her with victims and vows, he returned to Ancyra.¹⁵ And as he continued his journey from there, the multitude annoyed him, some demanding the return of what had been wrested from them by violence, others complaining that they had unjustly been forced onto the boards of senators,¹⁶ while some, without regard to their own danger, exerted themselves to the point of madness to involve their opponents in charges of high treason.

[9] But he, a judge more severe than a Cassius,¹⁷ or a Lycurgus,¹⁸ weighed the evidence in the cases with impartial justice and gave every man his due, never deviating from the truth, and showing particular severity towards calumniators, whom he hated because he had experienced the impudent madness of many such folk even to the peril of his life, while he was still a humble private citizen.

[10] Of his patience in such matters it will suffice to give this single example, although there are many others. A certain man with great vehemence charged an enemy of his, with whom he was at bitter odds, of being guilty of high treason; and when the emperor ignored it, he repeated the same charge day after day. At last, on being asked who it was that he accused, he replied that it was a wealthy citizen. On hearing this, the emperor said with a smile: On what evidence have you come to this conclusion?

[11] And the man answered: He is making himself a purple robe out of a silk cloak;¹⁹ and when after this he was bidden to depart in silence, but unpunished, as a low fellow making a serious charge against another of the same sort, he was none the less insistent. Whereupon Julian, wearied and disgusted with the man’s conduct, seeing his treasurer nearby, said to him: Have a pair of purple shoes given to this dangerous chatterbox, to take to his enemy (who he says, so far as I can understand, has had a cloak of that colour sewn for him), in order that he may be able to learn what insignificant rags amount to without great power.

[12] But, although such conduct was laudable and worthy of imitation by good rulers, it was on the contrary hard and censurable that under his rule anyone who was sought by the curiales,²⁰ even though protected by special privileges, by length of service in the army, or by proof that he was wholly ineligible by birth for such a position, could with difficulty obtain full justice; so that many of them through fear bought immunity from annoyance by secret and heavy bribes.

[13] Thus proceeding on his way and arriving at the Gates,²¹ a place which separates the Cappadocians from the Cilicians, he received with a kiss the governor of the province, Celsus by name,²² whom he had known since his student days in Athens, gave him a seat in his carriage, and took him with him into Tarsus.

[14] But hastening from there to visit Antioch, fair crown of the Orient, he reached it by the usual roads; and as he neared the city, he was received with public prayers, as if he were some deity, and he wondered at the cries of the great throng, who shouted that a lucky star had risen over the East.

[15] Now, it chanced that at that same time the annual cycle was completed and they were celebrating, in the ancient fashion, the festival of Adonis (beloved by Venus, as the poet’s tales say), who was slain by the death-dealing tusk of a boar-a festival which is symbolic of the reaping of the ripe fruits of the field.²³ And it seemed a gloomy omen, as the emperor now for the first time entered the great city, the residence of princes, that on all sides melancholy wailing was heard and cries of grief.

[16] It was here that he gave a proof of his patience and mildness, slight, it is true, but surprising. He hated a certain Thalassius,²⁴ a former assistant master of petitions, who had plotted against his brother Gallus. When this man had been prohibited from greeting the emperor and attending at court among the other dignitaries,²⁵ some enemies of his, with whom he had a suit in the forum, gathered together next day a huge throng of his remaining foes and approaching the emperor, shouted: Thalas- sius, your majesty’s²⁶ enemy, has lawlesslyrobbed us of our goods.

[17] But, although Julian believed that this was an opportunity to ruin the man, he replied: I know that the person to whom you refer has given me just cause for offence, but it is proper for you to keep silence until he gives satisfaction to me, his opponent of higher rank. And he ordered the prefect who was sitting in judgement not to listen to their charge until he himself was reconciled with Thalassius, which shortly happened.

Notes on the current edition

Res Gestae

1. crebris, EBG; crebrius, Bent.; crebriis suspendioque, V.

2. Chalcedone, Bent.; calcedona, V.

3. et, add. Val.; V omits.

4. V has bello cum after regem, followed by uel locu m; Giinther suggested for the lac. plurimis ibi concidissent, inde.

5. at, add. Clark; set, Her. ( t from appellasset, of V).

6. rediit, Clark; redit, EBG; reddit, V.

7. curialium, vulgo; curiarum, BG; curiarium, V.

8. pediculoso, Reinesius, Bent.; perridiculoso, Her.; peri. culoso, V.

9. ius obtinebat, Pet.; subobtinebat, V 3 (from suboptinebat, V).

10. et magnis, Novák in lac. of 7 letters; no lac. in BG.

11. os (for voces) adclamans, Momm.; addamans, V.

12. tunc, W 2, Clark; nunc, G; et nunc, B; imperator et nunc, V.

Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae 22.9

John C. Rolfe (Translator)

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Iulianus A., aucta ornataque Constantinopoli, Antiochiam petit, ac in itinere Nicomediensibus ad reparandas urbis ruinas pecunias tribuit, Ancyrae iuris dictionibus vacat.

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