Search the Perseus Catalog for:

View: By Section

← Previous Next →

Sapor domum reducit copias, inhibentibus bellum auspiciis; Constantius A. in Iulianum arma moturus, Hierapoli milites alloquitur.

[1] His ac talibus eo¹ inter spem metumque nova negotia commovente, Constantius apud Edessam exploratorum relationibus variis anxius, in rationes diducebatur ancipites, nunc ad concursatorias pugnas militem struens, nunc si copia patuisset, obsidione gemina Bezabden aggressurus, consultans prudenter, ne mox partes petiturus arctoas, improtectum Mesopotamiae relinqueret latus.

[2] Verum consiliorum ambiguum retinebant multiplices morae, tardante trans Tigridem rege, dum moveri permitterent sacra. Nam si permeate flumine nullum qui resisteret invenisset, absque difficultate penetrarat Euphratem; alioqui ad civilia bella custodiens militem, timebat eum periculis obiectare circummuranis, firmitatem moenium munimenti, defensorumque alacritatem expertus.

[3] Ne quiesceret tamen, neve condemnaretur² inertiae, Arbitionem et Agilonem, equestris pedestrisque³ militiae magistros, cum agminibus maximis properare coegit, non ut lacesserent Persas in proelia, sed praetenturis iuncturos citeriores Tigridis ripas, et speculaturos quonam rex erumperet violentus. Addebatque monendo saepius et scribendo, ut si multitudo multitude transire coepisset hostilis, referrent citius pedem.

[4] Dumque collimitia iussa custodiunt duces, et occulta fallacissimae gentis observantur, agens ipse cum parte validiori exercitus, curabat urgentia (velut pugnaturus) oppidaque tuebatur excursu. Speculatores vero et transfugae subinde venientes, repugnantia prodebant, ideo futurorum incerti, quod apud Persas nemo consiliorum est conscius, praeter optimates taciturnos et fidos, apud quos Silentii quoque colitur numen.

[5] Accersebatur autem a memoratis ducibus imperator assidue, orantibus ferri sibi suppetias. Testabantur enim se non nisi coactis in unum viribus cunctis, posse impetum regis ardentissimi sustinere.

[6] Quae dum aguntur ita sollicite, nuntii percrebuere certissimi, quorum clara fide compertum est, Iulianum Italiam et Illyricum cursu celeri praetergressum, claustra interim occupasse Succorum, accita undique praestolantem auxilia, ut multitudine stipatus armorum pervaderet Thracias.

[7] Quo cognito, maerore offusus Constantius, solacio uno sustentabatur, quod intestinos intestines semper superaverit motus; re tamen magnam ei difficultatem ad capessendum consilium afferente, id elegit potissimum, ut vehiculis publicis impositum paulatim praemitteret militem, imminentis⁴ casus atrocitati velocius occursurum.

[8] Omniumque consensu hac probata⁵ sententia, pergebant (ut praeceptum est), expediti. Eique haec disponenti, luce postera nuntiatur, regem cum omni manu quam duxerat, ad propria revertisse, auspiciis dirimentibus, lenitoque metu, revocatis omnibus praeter eos quos consuetudo praesidio Mesopotamiae destinarat, confestim reversus est Nicopolim urbem.⁶

[9] Summa itaque coeptorum quorsum evaderet ambigens, cum in unum exercitus convenisset, omnes centurias et manipulos et cohortes in contionem vocavit, concinentibus tubis, oppletoque multitudinis campo, ut eam ad firmanda promptius adigeret imperanda, tribunali celso insistens,⁷ stipatusque⁸ solito densius, haec prosecutus est, ad serenitatis speciem et fiduciae vultu formato:

[10] Sollicitus semper nequid re levi vel verbo committam, inculpatae parum congruens honestati, utque cautus navigandi magister, clavos pro fluctuum motibus erigens vel inclinans, compellor nunc apud vos, amantissimi viri, confiteri meos errores, quin potius (si dici liceat verum) humanitatem, quam credidi negotiis communibus profuturam. Proinde ut sciri facilius possit, quae sit huius concilii convocandi materia, accipite quaeso aequis auribus et secundis.

[11] Gallum patruelem meum tempore quo confundendis rebus pertinaciter Magnentius inhaerebat, quem obruere vestrae virtutes, potestate Caesaris sublimatum, ad Orientis praesidium misi. Qui cum a iustitia per multa visu relatuque nefaria defecisset, arbitrio punitus est legum.

[12] Atque utinam hoc contenta fuisset⁹ Invidia, turbarum acerrima concitatrix, ut angat¹⁰ nos una sed secura doloris praeteriti recordatio. At nunc aliud accidit, ausim dicere praeteritis maestius, quod per fortitudinem vobis ingenitam, adiumenta caelestia coercebunt.

[13] Iulianus, quem dum circumfrementes Illyricum nationes exteras oppugnatis, tuendis praefecimus Galliis, levium confidentia proeliorum, quae cum Germanis gessit semermibus, ut vecors elatus, adscitis in societatem superbam auxiliaribus paucis, feritate speque postrema, ad perniciosam audaciam promptis, in noxam publicam conspiravit, aequitate calcata, parente nutriceque orbis Romani, quam tumentes spiritus tamquam favillas reflaturam vindicaturamque, deinde¹¹ ut sceleste factorum¹² ultricem, et ipse expertus, et docente antiquitate facile credo.

[14] Quid igitur superest, nisi ut turbinibus excitis occurramus, subcrescentis rabiem belli, antequam pubescat validius, celeritatis remediis oppressuri? Nec enim dubium, favore numinis summi praesente, cuius perenni suffragio damnantur ingrati, ferrum impie praeparatum ad eorum interitum esse vertendum, qui non lacessiti, sed aucti beneficiis pluribus, ad insontium pericula surrexerunt.

[15] Ut enim mea mens augurat¹³ Iustitiaque rectis consiliis adfutura promittit, spondeo quod, si ventum fuerit comminus, ita pavore torpescent, ut nec oculorum vestrorum vibratae lucis ardorem, nec barritus sonum perferant primum.

[16] Omnes post haec dicta in sententiam ducti¹⁴ suam hastasque vibrantes irati, post multa quae benivole responderant, petebant duci se protinus in rebellem. Qua gratia in laetitiam imperator versus ex metu, contione mox absoluta, Arbitionem ante alios faustum ad intestina bella sedanda, ex ante actis iam sciens, iter suum praeire cum Lanceariis et Mattiariis, et catervis expeditorum praecepit, et cum Laetis itidem Gomoarium, venturis in Succorum angustiis¹⁵ opponendum, ea re aliis antelatum, quod ut contemptus in Galliis erat Iuliano infestus.

Res Gestae. Ammianus Marcellinus. John C. Rolfe (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1935-1940.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by Tufts University.

Current edition Perseus

Res Gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., editor. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).)

Translations (1)

History Perseus (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., translator. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).) — 21.13 focus

[1] While by these and similar means Julian, wavering between hope and fear, was planning new measures, Constantius at Edessa, troubled by the varying reports of his scouts, was hesitating between two different courses, now preparing his soldiers for battle in the field, now, if opportunity should offer, planning a second siege of Bezabde, with the prudent design of not leaving the flank of Mesopotamia unprotected when he was presently about to march to the north.

[2] But in this state of indecision he was kept back by many delays, since the Persian king was waiting on the other side of the Tigris until the signs from heaven should warrant a move; for if Sapor had crossed the river and found no one to oppose him, he could easily have penetrated to the Euphrates; besides this, since he was keeping his soldiers in condition for civil war, he feared to expose them to the dangers of an attack upon a walled city, knowing by experience the strength of its fortifications and the energy of its defenders.

[3] However, in order not to be wholly inactive, nor be criticised for slackness, he ordered Arbitio and Agilo, commanders of the cavalry and of the infantry, to sally forth promptly with strong forces, not with a view of provoking the Persians to battle, but to draw a cordon on our bank of the Tigris and be on the watch to see where the impetuous king might break through. Moreover, he often warned them by word of mouth and in writing that if the enemy’s horde should begin to cross, they were to retreat quickly.

[4] Now, while these generals were guarding the frontiers assigned them, and the hidden purposes of that most deceitful nation were being observed, he himself with the stronger part of his army was attending to urgent affairs (getting ready for battle) and now and then sallying forth to protect the towns.¹ But the scouts and deserters who appeared from time to time brought conflicting accounts, being uncertain what would happen, because among the Persians plans are communicated to none save the grandees, who are reticent and loyal, and with whom among their other gods Silence is honoured.²

[5] Moreover, the aforesaid generals kept sending for the emperor and begging that reinforcements be sent to them. For they declared that the attack of a most energetic king could not be met, unless all the forces were united at one point.

[6] During these anxious proceedings frequent and trusty messengers arrived, from whose clear and faithful reports it was learned that Julian, having in swift course passed through Italy and Illyricum, had meanwhile seized the pass of Succi, where he was awaiting auxiliaries summoned from every quarter, in order to invade Thrace attended by a great force of soldiers.

[7] When this was known, Constantius, though overwhelmed with sorrow, was sustained by the one comforting thought, that in civil strife he had always come off victor; but while the present situation made it most difficult to decide upon a plan, he resolved, as the best course, gradually to send his soldiers on in advance in the public conveyances, in order the sooner to meet the dread and imminent peril.

[8] This plan met with general approval and the troops set out lightly equipped, as was ordered. But as he was carrying out this arrangement, word came next morning that the king with the entire force under his command had returned home, since the auspices put an end to his enterprise; relieved therefore of fear, Constantius recalled all the troops, except those that formed the usual defence of Mesopotamia, and quickly returned to the city of Nicopolis.

[9] There, being still uncertain as to the outcome of his main enterprise, as soon as the army had come together he summoned all the centuries, maniples, and cohorts to an assembly; and when the trumpets sounded and the plain was filled with the multitude, in order to make them the more inclined to carry out his orders, he took his place upon a high tribunal with a larger retinue than common, and assuming an expression of calm confidence, addressed them as follows:

[10] Being always careful by no act or word, however slight, to allow myself to do anything inconsistent with faultless honour, and like a cautious steersman putting my helm up or down according to the movements of the waves, I am now constrained, dearly beloved soldiers, to confess to you my mistake, or rather (if I may be allowed to use the right word) my kindheartedness, which I believed would be profitable to the interests of all. Therefore, that you may the more readily know the ground for convoking this assembly, hear me, I pray you, with unprejudiced and favourable ears.

[11] At the time when Magnentius, whom your valorous deeds overthrew, was obstinately bent upon making general confusion in the state, I raised my cousin Gallus to the high rank of Caesar and sent him to defend the Orient. When he by many deeds abominable to witness and to rehearse had forsaken the path of justice, he was punished by the laws’ decree.

[12] And would to Heaven that Envy, that busiest inciter of trouble, had been content with that, in order that only this one recollection of grief now past, but unaccompanied by dangers, might disquiet me. But now another blow has fallen, more to be lamented, I might venture to say, than those that went before, which the aid of Heaven through your native valour will make harmless.

[13] Julian, to whom we entrusted the defence of Gaul while you were fighting the foreign nations that raged around Illyricum, presuming upon some trivial battles which he fought with the half-armed Germans, exulting like a madman, has involved in his ambitious cabal a few auxiliaries, whom their savagery and hopeless condition made ready for a destructive act of recklessness; and he has conspired for the hurt of the state, treading under foot Justice, the mother and nurse of the Roman world, who, as I readily believe from experience and from the lessons of the past, will in the end, as the punisher of evil deeds, take vengeance on them, and will blow away their proud spirits like ashes.

[14] What, then, remains but to meet the storms that have been raised, with the purpose of crushing by the remedies of speed the madness of the growing war before it attains greater strength? For there is no doubt that through the present help of the most high Deity, by whose eternal verdict the ungrateful are condemned, the sword that has impiously been whetted must inevitably be turned to the destruction of those who, not provoked, but made greater by many favours, have risen to endanger the guiltless.

[15] For, as my mind presages, and as Justice promises, who will aid right purposes, I give you my word that, when we come hand to hand, they will be so benumbed with terror as to be able to endure neither the flashing light of your eyes nor the first sound of your battle-cry.

[16] After these words all were led to his opinion, and brandishing their spears in anger they first replied with many expressions of good will, and then asked to be led at once against the rebel. This mark of favour turned the emperor’s fear into joy; he at once dissolved the assembly and ordered Arbitio, whom he already knew from former experiences to be successful before all others in quelling civil wars, to go before him on his march with the lancers, the mattiarii,³ and the companies of light armed troops; also Gomoarius with the Laeti,⁴ to oppose the coming advance of the enemy in the pass of Succi, a man chosen before others because he was a bitter enemy of Julian, who had treated him with contempt in Gaul.

Notes on the current edition

Res Gestae

1. eo, Pet.; et, V.

2. condemnaretur, Lind.; con. temneretur, HBG; contemptaretur, V, contempnaretur, V 2.

3. pedestris, added by Val. before equestris; after eq., Momm., Clark.

4. imminentis, Bent.; inminenti, V.

5. hac probata, Her.; approbata, EBG; ac probata, V.

6. Nicopolim, B, Pighius (adding confestim and urbem); Hierapolim, G; est (lac. 8 letters) capolim (lac. 4 letters), V.

7. insistens, Bent.; sistens, V.

8. stipatusque, Bent. Novák, Momm.; stipatoque, V.

9. fuisset, Eyssen.; extitisset, EW 2A; contemptatisset, V; contempta extitisset, V 3.

10. ut angat, Pet.; et angebat, V

11. reflaturam deinde, Nová k; tamquam favillas flaturam fracturamque deo iubente, et, Pighius; favillas se facturamque dei inde, V.

12. factorum, Bent., Eyssen.; laetorum, VG.

13. inaugurat, Eyssen.; iam augurat, Günther, Pet.; mensam auguratio stitia que (quae, V 2), V.

14. ducti, Clark; tracti, Bent.; ibant, Haupt; flexerat, Novák; no lac. in V.

15. angustiis, EB; angustias, G; angus. tus, V.

Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae 21.13

John C. Rolfe (Translator)

Search the Perseus Catalog for:

Sapor domum reducit copias, inhibentibus bellum auspiciis; Constantius A. in Iulianum arma moturus, Hierapoli milites alloquitur.

Current edition Perseus

Notes on the current edition

Stable identifiers