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Iulianus Caesar a militibus Gallicanis, quos Constantius ipsi detrahi et in Orientem adversas Persas transferri iusserat, Lutetiae Parisiorum, ubi hiemabat, per vim Augustus appellatur.

[1] Properantem Constantium Orienti ferre suppetias, turbando prope diem excursibus Persicis, ut perfugae concinentes exploratoribus indicabant, urebant Iuliani virtutes,¹ quas per ora gentium diversarum fama celebrior effundebat, magnorum eius laborum factorumque vehens adoreas celsas, post Alamanniae quaedam regna prostrata, receptaque oppida Gallicana, ante direpta a barbaris et excisa, quos tributarios tributaries ipse fecit et vectigales.

[2] Ob haec et similia percitus, metuensque ne augerentur in maius, stimulante (ut ferebatur) praefecto Florentio, Decentium tribunum et notarium misit, auxiliares milites exinde protinus abstracturum, Aerulos et Batavos, cumque Petulantibus Celtas, et lectos ex numeris aliis trecentenos, hac specie iussos accelerare, ut adesse possint armis primo vere movendis in Parthos.

[3] Et super auxiliariis quidem et trecentenis, cogendis ocius proficisci, Lupicinus conventus est solus, transisse ad Britannias nondum compertus, de Scutariis autem et Gentilibus excerpere quemque promptissimum, et ipse perducere Sintula iubetur, Caesaris stabuli tunc tune tribunus.

[4] Conticuit hisque acquieverat Iulianus, potioris arbitrio cuncta concedens. Illud tamen nec dissimulare potuit nec silere: ut illi nullas paterentur molestias, qui relictis laribus transrhenanis, sub hoc venerant pacto, ne ducerentur ad partes umquam transalpinas, verendum esse affirmans, ne voluntarii barbari militares, saepe sub eius modi legibus assueti transire ad nostra, hoc cognito deinceps arcerentur. Sed loquebatur in cassum.

[5] Tribunus enim parvi querellas Caesaris ducens, Augusti iussis obtemperabat, et lecta expeditiore manu vigore, corporumque levitate praestanti, cum eisdem profectus est, spe potiorum erectis.²

[6] Et quia sollicitus Caesar, quid de residuis mitti praeceptis agi deberet, perque varias curas animum versans, attente negotium tractari oportere censebat, cum hinc barbara feritas, inde iussorum urgeret auctoritas, maximeque absentia magistri equitum augente³ dubietatem, redire ad se praefectum hortatus est, olim Viennam specie annonae parandae digressum, ut se militari eximeret turba.

[7] Perpendebat enim ad relationem suam, quam olim putabatur misisse, abstrahendos e Galliarum defensione pugnaces numeros barbarisque iam formidatos.

[8] Qui cum suscepisset Caesaris litteras, monentis petentisque ut venire acceleraret, rem publicam consiliis iuvaturus, obstinatissime detrectabat, hac⁴ ratione pavore mente confusa, quod aperte⁵ scripta significabant, ab imperatore nusquam diiungi debere praefectum, in ardore terribilium rerum. Adiectumque est quod si procurare⁶ dissimulasset, ipse propria sponte proiceret insignia principatus, gloriosum esse existimans iussa morte oppetere, quam ei⁷ provinciarum interitum assignari. Sed vicit praefecti propositum pertinax, his quae rationabiliter poscebantur, parere, contentione maxima reluctantis.

[9] Inter has tamen moras absentis Lupicini, motusque militares timentis praefecti, Iulianus consiliorum⁸ adminiculo destitutus, ancipitique sententia fluctuans, id optimum factu existimavit: et⁹ sollemniter¹⁰ cunctos e stationibus egressos, in quibus hiemabant, maturare disposuit.

[10] Hocque comperto, apud Petulantium signa famosum quidam libellum humi proiecit occulte, inter alia multa etiam id continentem: Nos quidem ad orbis terrarum extrema ut noxii pellimur et damnati, caritates vero nostrae Alamannis denuo servient, quas captivitate prima post internecivas liberavimus pugnas.

[11] Quo textu ad comitatum perlato lectoque, Iulianus contemplans rationabiles querellas, cum familiis eos ad orientem proficisci praecepit, clabularis clavularis cursus facultate permissa, et cum ambigeretur diutius qua pergerent via, placuit notario suggerente Decentio, per Parisios omnes transire, ubi morabatur adhuc Caesar nusquam motus. Et ita est factum.

[12] Eisdemque adventantibus, in suburbanis princeps occurrit, et¹¹ ex more laudans quos agnoscebat, factorumque fortium singulos monens, animabat lenibus verbis, ut ad Augustum alacri gradu pergerent ire,¹² ubi potestas est ample patens et larga, praemia laborum adepturi dignissima.

[13] Utque honoratius procul abituros tractaret, ad convivium proceribus corrogatis, petere¹³ (siquid in promptu esset) edixit. Qui liberaliter ita suscepti, dolore duplici suspensi discesserunt et maesti, quod eos fortuna quaedam inclemens et moderato rectore et terris genitalibus dispararet. Hocque angore impliciti, ut in stativis solati¹⁴ cessarunt.

[14] Nocte vero coeptante, in apertum erupere discidium, incitatisque animis, ut quemque insperata res afflictabat, ad tela convertuntur et manus, fremituque ingenti omnes petiverunt¹⁵ palatium, et spatiis eius ambitis, ne ad evadendi copiam quisquam perveniret, Augustum Iulianum horrendis clamoribus concrepabant, eum ad se prodire destinatius adigentes, exspectareque coacti, dum lux promicaret, tandem progredi compulerunt. Quo viso iterata magnitudine sonus, Augustum appellavere consensione firmissima.

[15] Et ille mente fundata, universis resistebat et singulis, nunc indignari semet¹⁶ ostendens, nunc manus tendens oransque et obsecrans, ne post multas felicissimasque victorias, agatur aliquid indecorum, neve intempestiva temeritas et prolapsio, discordiarum materias excitaret. Haecque adiciebat, tandem sedatos leniter allocutus:

[16] Cesset ira—quaeso—paulisper: absque dissensione, vel rerum appetitu novarum, impetrabitur facile quod postulatis. Quoniam dulcedo vos patriae retinet, et insueta peregrinaque metuitis loca, redite iam nunc ad sedes nihil visuri (quia displicet) transalpinum. Hocque apud Augustum, capacem rationis et prudentissimum, ego competenti satisfactione purgabo.

[17] Conclamabatur post haec ex omni parte nihilo minus, uno parique ardore nitentibus universis, maximoque contentionis fragore, probrosis¹⁷ conviciis mixto, Caesar assentire coactus est. Impositusque scuto pedestri, et sublatius eminens, nullo silente, Augustus renuntiatus, iubebatur diadema proferre, negansque umquam habuisse, uxoris colli decus¹⁸ vel capitis poscebatur.

[18] Eoque affirmante, primis auspiciis non congruere aptari muliebri mundo, equi phalera¹⁹ quaerebatur,²⁰ uti coronatus speciem saltem obscuram, superioris praetenderet potestatis. Sed cum id quoque turpe esse asseveraret, Maurus nomine quidam, postea comes, qui rem male gessit apud Succorum angustias, Petulantium²¹ tune hastatus, abstractum sibi torquem, quo ut draconarius utebatur, capiti Iuliani imposuit confidenter, qui trusus ad necessitatem extremam, iamque periculum praesens vitare non posse advertens, si reniti perseverasset, quinos omnibus aureos, argentique singula pondo promisit.

[19] Hisque gestis, haut minore quam antea cura constrictus, futuraque celeri providens corde, nec diadema gestavit, nec procedere ausus est usquam, nec agere seria quae nimis urgebant.

[20] Sed cum ad latebras secessisset occultas, accidentium varietate perterritus Iulianus, aliqui palatii decurio, qui ordo est dignitatis, pleniore gradu signa Petulantium ingressus atque Celtarum, facinus indignum turbulente exclamat, pridie Augustum eorum arbitrio declaratum, clam interemptum.

[21] Hocque comperto, milites quos ignota pari sollicitudine movebant et nota, pars crispantes missilia, alii minitantes nudatis gladiis, diverso vagoque (ut in repentino solet) excursu, occupavere volucriter regiam,²² strepituque immani excubitores perculsi, et tribuni et domesticorum comes Excubitor nomine, veritique versabilis perfidiam militis, evanuere metu mortis subitae dispalati.

[22] Viso tamen otio summo, quieti stetere paulisper armati, et interrogati, quae causa esset inconsulti motus et repentini, diu tacendo haesitantes super salute principis novi,²³ non antea discesserunt, quam adsciti in consistorium, fulgentem eum augusto habitu conspexissent.

Res Gestae. Ammianus Marcellinus. John C. Rolfe (Translator). Cambridge, MA. 1935-1940.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by Tufts University.

Current edition Perseus

Res Gestae (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., editor. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).)

Translations (1)

History Perseus (Ammianus Marcellinus. Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation, Vols. I-III. Rolfe, John C., translator. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann, 1935-1940 (printing).) — 20.4 focus

[1] When Constantius was hastening to lend aid to the Orient, which was likely soon to be disturbed by the inroads of the Persians, as deserters reported in agreement with our scouts, he was tormented¹ by the valorous deeds of Julian, which increasingly frequent report was spreading abroad through the mouths of divers nations, carrying the great glory² of his mighty toils and achievements after the overthrow of several kingdoms of the Alamanni, and the recovery of the Gallic towns, which before had been destroyed and plundered by the savages whom he himself had made tributaries and subjects.

[2] Excited by these and similar exploits, and fearing that their fame would grow greater, urged on besides, as was reported, by the prefect Florentius,³ he sent Decentius, the tribune and secretary, at once to take from Julian his auxiliaries, namely, the Aeruli and Batavi⁴ and the Celts with the Petulantes,⁵ as well as three hundred picked men from each of the other divisions⁶ of the army; and he ordered him to hasten their march under the pretext that they might be able to be on hand for an attack on the Parthians early in the spring.⁷

[3] for speeding the departure of the auxiliaries and the divisions of three hundred Lupicinus alone was called upon (for that he had crossed over to Britain was not yet known at court); but the order to select the most active of the targeteers and the gentiles⁸ and personally lead them to the emperor was given to Sintula, then Julian’s chief stable-master.

[4] Julian kept silence and submitted to this, leaving everything to the will of his more powerful associate. One thing, however, he could neither overlook nor pass over in silence, namely, that those men should suffer no inconvenience who had left their abodes beyond the Rhine and come to him under promise that they should never be led to regions beyond the Alps; for he declared that it was to be feared that the barbarian volunteer soldiers, who were often accustomed to come over to our side under conditions of that kind, might on having knowledge of this thereafter be kept from so doing. But his words were to no purpose.

[5] For the tribune, considering Caesar’s remonstrances of little moment, carried out the orders of Augustus, chose the strongest and most active of the light-armed troops, and made off with them, while they were filled with hope of better fortunes.⁹

[6] And because Julian was anxious as to what ought to be done about the remaining troops which he had been ordered to send, and turned over many plans in his mind, he decided that the business ought to be managed with circumspection, pressed as he was on one side by savage barbarians and on the other by the authority of the emperor’s orders; and since the absence of his commander of the cavalry¹⁰ in particular increased his uncertainty, he urged the prefect¹¹ to return to him; the latter had gone some time before to Vienne, ostensibly to get supplies, but actually to escape troubles in the camp.

[7] For he bore in mind that it was in accordance with his own report, which he was thought to have sent some time before, that warlike troops, already formidable to the barbarians, were to be withdrawn from the defence of Gaul.

[8] So when he received Julian’s letter, urging and begging him to hasten to come and aid his country by his counsels, he most emphatically refused; for his mind was disturbed with fear for the reason that Julian’s letter plainly indicated that the prefect¹² ought never to be separated from his commander in the stress of dangerous times. And Julian added that if Florentius hesitated to do his duty, he would himself of his own accord lay down the emblems of princely power, thinking it more glorious to meet death by order, than that the ruin of the provinces should be attributed to him. But the obstinate resolution of the prefect prevailed, and with the greatest emphasis he refused to obey these reasonable demands.

[9] However, amid this delay of the absent Lupicinus and of the prefect, who feared mutinies of the soldiers, Julian, deprived of the aid of counsellors and wavering in anxious hesitation, thought the following plan the best: he called out all the soldiers in the usual manner from the posts in which they were passing the winter, and arranged to hasten them on their way.

[10] Scarcely was this known, when someone in the camp of the Petulantes secretly threw on the ground a libellous letter, which among many other things contained the following: We verily are driven to the ends of the earth like condemned criminals, and our dear ones, whom we freed from their former captivity after mortal battles, will again be slaves to the Alamanni.

[11] When this note was brought to headquarters and read, Julian, although he found the complaints reasonable, nevertheless ordered them to set out with their families for the Orient, giving them the privilege of using the wagons of the courier-service.¹³ And when there was considerable hesitation as to what route they should take, it was decided, at the suggestion of the secretary Decentius, that they should all go by way of Paris, where Julian still lingered, having as yet made no move. And it was so done.

[12] And when the soldiers arrived Caesar met them in the suburbs, and, in his usual manner praising those whom he personally knew, and reminding each one of his valiant deeds, with mild words he encouraged them to go with cheerful step to Augustus, where there was great and extensive power, and they would get worthy rewards for their toil.

[13] And in order to treat with greater honour those who were going far away, he invited their officers to dinner and bade them make any request that was in their minds. And since they were so liberally entertained, they departed anxious and filled with twofold sorrow: because an unkindly fortune was depriving them both of a mild ruler and of the lands of their birth. But though possessed by this sorrow, they were apparently consoled and remained quiet in their quarters.

[14] But no sooner had night come on than they broke out in open revolt, and, with their minds excited to the extent that each was distressed by the unexpected occurrence, they turned to arms and action; with mighty tumult they all made for the palace,¹⁴ and wholly surrounding it, so that no one could possibly get out, with terrifying outcries they hailed Julian as Augustus, urgently demanding that he should show himself to them. They were compelled to wait for the appearance of daylight, but finally forced him to come out; and as soon as they saw him, they redoubled their shouts and with determined unanimity hailed him as Augustus.

[15] He, however, with unyielding resolution, opposed them one and all, now showing evident displeasure, again begging and entreating them with outstretched hands that after many happy victories nothing unseemly should be done, and that ill timed rashness and folly should not stir up material for discord. And when he had at last quieted them, with mild words he addressed them as follows:

[16] Let your anger, I pray you, cease for a time. Without dissension or attempts at revolution what you demand shall easily be obtained. And since it is the charm of your native land that holds you back and you dread strange places with which you are unacquainted, return at once to your homes; you shall see nothing beyond the Alps, since that is displeasing to you, and this I will justify to Augustus to his entire satisfaction, since he is willing to listen to reason and is most discreet.

[17] After this the shouts continued none the less on every side, and since all insisted with one and the same ardour and with loud and urgent outcries mingled with abuse and insults, Caesar was compelled to consent. Then, being placed upon an infantryman’s shield¹⁵ and raised on high, he was hailed by all as Augustus and bidden to bring out a diadem. And when he declared that he had never had one, they called for an ornament from his wife’s neck or head.

[18] But since he insisted that at the time of his first auspices it was not fitting for him to wear a woman’s adornment, they looked about for a horse’s trapping, so that being crowned with it he might display at least some obscure token of a loftier station. But when he declared that this also was shameful, a man called Maurus, afterwards a count and defeated at the pass of Succi,¹⁶ but then a standard-bearer¹⁷ of the Petulantes, took off the neck-chain which he wore as carrier of the dragon¹⁸ and boldly placed it on Julian’s head. He, driven to the extremity of compulsion, and perceiving that he could not avoid imminent danger if he persisted in his resistance, promised each man five gold pieces¹⁹ and a pound of silver.

[19] When this was done, troubled with no less anxiety than before and with quick intuition foreseeing the future, he neither wore a diadem, nor dared to appear anywhere or attend to any of the serious matters that were most pressing.

[20] But when he had withdrawn to seclusion and retirement, alarmed by the change in his fortunes, one of the decurions of the palace, which is a position of dignity,²⁰ hastened at rapid pace to the camp of the Petulantes and Celts, and wildly cried that a shameful crime had been committed, in that the man whom the day before their choice had proclaimed Augustus had been secretly done to death.

[21] Upon hearing this the soldiers, who were equally excited by all news, known to be true or not, some brandishing darts, others with naked swords and uttering threats, rushing forth from different sides and in disorder (as is usual in a sudden commotion) quickly filled the palace. The fearful uproar alarmed the guards, the tribunes, and the count in command of the household troops, Excubitor by name, and in fear of treachery from the fickle soldiers they scattered in dread of sudden death and vanished from sight.

[22] The armed men, however, seeing the perfect quiet, stood motionless for a time, and on being asked what was the cause of the ill-advised and sudden commotion, they kept silence for a long time, being in doubt as to the new emperor’s safety; and they would not leave until they were admitted to the council chamber and had seen him resplendent in the imperial garb. These preserved order and acted as adjutants to the emperor.

Notes on the current edition

Res Gestae

1. exploratoribus uirtutes, added by V 2 in margin; Iuliani, EW 2AG; Iulianum, V.

2. erectis, Bent.; erectus, V.

3. augente, vulgo; sugente, V 1; sugerente, V 3.

4. hac, Novák; ea, RBG; ae, V.

5. aperte, Gardt.; aperta, V.

6. procurare V; procurrere, N, Val.; procursare, Gardt.; properare, Günther; pop. Rom. or provinciam procurare, sugg. by Clark; id procurare, Novák.

7. ei, Val.; B and G omit; et, V.

8. consiliorum, V; consiliatorum, Gardt.

9. et, Her. ( uit deleted as dittogr.); via, G; tessera, Val.; lac. after existimauit, Momm.; existimauit vita sollemni, V.

10. sollemniter, Clark; sollemni, V.

11. et, added by Her.; V omits.

12. ire, added by Her. from iure (§ 13, line 2).

13. petere iure, V; secure, Corn.; iure del. Her. (cf. note 4).

14. ut in statiuis, A, Momm., Her. utinstativi, V; solati, Her.; solet, Momm.; solita, V.

15. petiuerunt, Clark, c.c.; petiuerant, TBG; petiuerat, V.

16. semet, CG; sed metum, B; nec metum, Pighius; setmet, V.

17. probrosis, Clark; probros, V.

18. decus, added by Her. (cf. Aen. x. 135), Pet.; V omits without lac.

19. falera, V 2EBG; phalerae, V, Gardt., Novák.

20. quaerebatur, V; quaerebantur, Gardt., Novák.

21. Petulantium, Lind.; speculantium, V.

22. regiam, EAG; regem, B; regum, V.

23. novi, added by Clark, c.c.

Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae 20.4

John C. Rolfe (Translator)

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Iulianus Caesar a militibus Gallicanis, quos Constantius ipsi detrahi et in Orientem adversas Persas transferri iusserat, Lutetiae Parisiorum, ubi hiemabat, per vim Augustus appellatur.

Current edition Perseus

Notes on the current edition

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