M. Annaeus Lucanus, Civil War, ed. Karl Hermann Weise, 10

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Ut primum terras, Pompeii colla secutus,

Adtigit, et diras calcavit Caesar arenas:

Pugnavit Fortuna ducis fatumque nocentis

Aegypti, regnum Lagi Romana sub arma

Iret, an eriperet mundo Memphiticus ensis

Victoria victique caput. Tua profuit umbra,

Magne, tui socerum rapuere a sanguine manes.

Ne populus post te Nilum Romanus amaret.

Inde Paraetoniam fertur securus in urbem

Pignore tam saevi sceleris, sua signa secutus.

Sed fremitu vulgi, fasces et iura querentis

Inferri Romana suis, discordia sensit

Pectora et ancipites animos, Magnumque perisse

Non sibi. Tum vultu semper celante timorem,

Intrepidus superum sedes et templa vetusti

Numinis, antiquas Macetum testantia vires,

Circuit: et, nulla captus dulcedine rerum,

Non auro cultuque deum, non moenibus urbis,

Effossum tumulis cupide descendit in antrum.

Illic Pellaei proles vesana Philippi,

Felix praedo, iacet, terrarum vindice fato

Raptus. Sacratis totum spargenda per orbem

Membra viri posuere adytis. Fortuna pepercit

Manibus, et regni duravit ad ultima fatum.

Nam sibi libertas umquam si redderet orbem,

Ludibrio servatus erat, non utile mundo

Editus exemplum, terras tot posse sub uno

Esse viro. Macetum fines latebrasque suorum

Deseruit, victasque patri despexit Athenas:

Perque Asiae populos fatis urgentibus actus

Humana cum strage ruit, gladiumque per omnes

Exegit gentes: ignotos miscuit amnes,

Persarum Euphraten, Indorum sanguine Gangen:

Terrarum fatale malum, fulmenque, quod omnes

Percuteret pariter populos, et sidus inicum

Gentibus. Oceano classes inferre parabat

Exteriore mari. Non illi flamma, nec undae,

Nec sterilis Libye, nec Syrticus obstitit Ammon.

Isset in occasus, mundi devexa secutus,

Ambissetque polos, Nilumque a fonte bibisset:

Occurrit suprema dies, naturaque solum

Hunc potuit finem vesano ponere regi;

Qui secum invidia, qua totum ceperat orbem,

Abstulit imperium; nulloque herede relicto

Totius fati, lacerandas praebuit urbes.

Sed cecidit, Babylone sua Parthoque verendus.

Pro pudor! Eoi propius timuere sarissas,

Quam nunc pila timent, populi. Licet usque sub Arcton

Regnemus, Zephyrique domos terrasque premamus

Flagrantis post terga Noti: cedemus in ortus

Arsacidum domino. Non felix Parthia Crassis

Exiguae secura fuit provincia Pellae.

Iam, Pelusiaco veniens a gurgite Nili,

Rex puer imbellis populi sedaverat iras;

Obside quo pacis Pellaea tutus in aula

Caesar erat: cum se parva Cleopatra biremi,

Corrupto custode Phari laxare catenas,

Intulit Emathiis, ignaro Caesare, tectis;

Dedecus Aegypti, Latii feralis Erinnys,

Romano non casta malo. Quantum impulit Argos

Iliacasque domos facie Spartana nocenti,

Hesperios auxit tantum Cleopatra furores.

Terruit illa suo, si fas, Capitolia sistro,

Et Romana petit imbelli signa Canopo,

Caesare captivo Pharios ductura triumphos:

Leucadioque fuit dubius sub gurgite casus,

An mundum ne nostra quidem matrona teneret.

Hoc animi nox illa dedit, quae prima cubili

Miscuit incestam ducibus Ptolemaida nostris.

Quis tibi vesani veniam non donet amoris,

Antoni, durum cum Caesaris hauserit ignes

Pectus, et in media rabie, medioque furore,

Et Pompeianis habitata manibus aula,

Sanguine Thessalicae cladis perfusus adulter

Admisit Venerem curis, et miscuit armis

Illicitosque toros, et non ex coniuge partus?

Pro pudor! oblitus Magni, tibi, Iulia, fratres

Obscena de matre dedit: partesque fugatas

Passus in extremis Libyae coalescere regnis,

Tempora Niliaco turpis dependit amori,

Dum donare Pharon, dum non sibi vincere mavult.

Quem, formae confisa suae, Cleopatra sine ullis

Tristis adit lacrimis, simulatum comta dolorem,

Qua decuit, veluti laceros dispersa capillos,

Et sic orsa loqui: Si qua est, o maxime Caesar,

Nobilitas, Pharii proles clarissima Lagi,

Exsul in aeternum, sceptris depulsa paternis,

Si tua restituat veteri me dextera fato,

Complector regina pedes. Tu gentibus aequum

Sidus ades nostris. Non urbes prima tenebo

Femina Niliacas: nullo discrimine sexus

Reginam scit ferre Pharos. Lege summa perempti

Verba patris, qui iura mihi communia regni

Et thalamos cum fratre dedit. Puer ille sororem,

Sit modo liber, amat: sed habet sub iure Pothini

Adfectus ensesque suos. Nil ipsa paterni

Iuris inire peto: culpa tantoque pudore

Solve domum: remove funesta satellitis arma,

Et regem regnare iube. Quantosne tumores

Mente gerit famulus, Magni cervice revulsa!

100

Iam tibi (sed procul hoc avertant fata) minatur.

Sat fuit indignum, Caesar, mundoque tibique,

Pompeiam facinus meritumque fuisse Pothini.

Nequidquam duras tentasset Caesaris aures:

Vultus adest precibus, faciesque incesta perorat.

105

Exigit infandam, corrupto iudice, noctem. 107

Pax ubi parta duci donisque ingentibus emta est,

Excepere epulae tantarum gaudia rerum:

Explicuitque suos magno Cleopatra tumultu

Nondum translatos Romana in saecula luxus.

110

Ipse locus templi, quod vix corruptior aetas

Exstruat, instar erat: laqueataque tecta ferebant

Divitias, crassumque trabes absconderat aurum.

Nec summis crustata domus sectisque nitebat

Marmoribus: stabatque sibi non segnis Achates

115

Purpureusque lapis; totaque effusus in aula

Calcabatur Onyx. Hebenus Meroetica vastos

Non operit postes, sed stat pro robore vili,

Auxilium, non forma, domus. Ebur atria vestit,

Et subfixa manu foribus testudinis Indae

120

Terga sedent, crebro maculas distincta smaragdo.

Fulget gemma toris, et iaspide fulva supellex:

Strata micant: Tyrio quorum pars maxima suco

Cocta diu, virus non uno duxit aheno;

Pars auro plumata nitet; pars ignea cocco,

125

Ut mos est Phariis miscendi licia telis.

Tum famulae numerus turbae, populusque minister;

Discolor hos sanguis, alios distinxerat aetas:

Haec Libycos, pars tam flavos gerit alter crines,

Ut nullis Caesar Rheni se dicat in arvis

130

Tam rutilas vidisse comas; pars sanguinis usti,

Torta caput, refugosque gerens a fronte capillos.

Nec non infelix ferro mollita iuventus

Atque exsecta virum. Stat contra fortior aetas,

Vix ulla fuscante tamen lanugine malas.

135

Discubuere illic reges, maiorque potestas

Caesar: et immodice formam fucata nocentem,

Nec sceptris contenta suis, nec fratre marito,

Plena maris rubri spoliis, colloque comisque

Divitias Cleopatra gerit, cultuque laborat.

140

Candida Sidonio perlucent pectora filo,

Quod Nilotis acus compressum pectine Serum

Solvit, et extenso laxavit stamina velo.

Dentibus hic niveis sectos Atlantide silva

Imposuere orbes; quales ad Caesaris ora

145

Nec capto venere Iuba. Pro! caecus et amens

Ambitione furor, civilia bella gerenti

Divitias aperire suas, incendere mentem

Hospitis armati. Non sit licet ille nefando

Marte paratus opes mundi quaesisse ruina:

150

Pone duces priscos et nomina pauperis aevi,

Fabricios Curiosque graves: hic ille recumbat

Sordidus Hetruscis abductus Consul aratris,

Optabit patriae talem duxisse triumphum.

Infudere epulas auro, quod terra, quod aer,

155

Quod pelagus Nilusque dedit, quod luxus inani

Ambitione furens toto quaesivit in orbe,

Non mandante fame. Multas volucresque ferasque

Aegypti posuere deos: manibusque ministrat

Niliacas crystallus aquas: gemmaeque capaces

160

Excepere merum, sed non Mareotidos uvae,

Nobile sed paucis senium cui contulit annis

Indomitum Meroe cogens spumare Falernum.

Accipiunt sertas nardo florente coronas,

Et numquam fugiente rosa: multumque madenti

165

Infudere comae, quod nondum evanuit aura

Cinnamon, externa nec perdidit aera terra:

Advectumque recens vicinae messis amomum.

Discit opes Caesar spoliati perdere mundi,

Et gessisse pudet genero cum paupere bellum,

170

Et caussas Martis Phariis cum gentibus optat.

Postquam epulis Bacchoque modum lassata voluptas

Imposuit, longis Caesar producere noctem

Inchoat adloquiis: summaque in sede iacentem

Linigerum placidis compellat Achorea dictis:

175

O sacris devote senex, quodque arguit aetas,

Non neglecte deis, Phariae primordia gentis,

Terrarumque situm, vulgique edissere mores,

Et ritus formasque deum: quodcumque vetustis

Insculptum est adytis, profer, noscique volentes

180

Prode deos. Si Cecropium sua sacra Platonem

Maiores docuere tui: quis dignior umquam

Hoc fuit auditu, mundique capacior hospes?

Fama quidem generi Pharias me duxit ad urbes,

Sed tamen et vestri. Media inter proelia semper

185

Stellarum coelique plagis superisque vacavi,

Nec meus Eudoxi vincetur Fastibus annus.

Sed cum tanta meo vivat sub pectore virtus,

Tantus amor veri, nihil est quod noscere malim,

Quam fluvii caussas per saecula tanta latentes,

190

Ignotumque caput. Spes sit mihi certa videndi

Niliacos fontes, bellum civile relinquam.

Finierat, contraque sacer sic orsus Achoreus: 194

Fas mihi, magnorum, Caesar, secreta parentum

Prodere, ad hoc aevi populis ignota profanis.

195

Sit pietas aliis, miracula tanta silere:

Ast ego coelicolis gratum reor, ire per omnes

Hoc opus, et sacras populis notescere leges.

Sideribus, quae sola fugam moderantur Olympi,

Occurruntque polo, diversa potentia prima

200

Mundi lege data est. Sol tempora dividit anni,

Mutat nocte diem, radiisque potentibus astra

Ire vetat, cursuque vagos statione moratur.

Luna suis vicibus Tethyn terrenaque miscet.

Frigida Saturno glacies et zona nivalis

205

Cessit. Habet ventos incertaque fulmina Mavors.

Sub Iove temperies et numquam turbidus aer.

At fecunda Venus cunctarum semina rerum

Possidet; immensae Cyllenius arbiter undae est.

Hunc ubi pars coeli tenuit, qua mixta Leonis

210

Sidera sunt Cancro, rapidos qua Sirius ignes

Exerit, et varii mutator circulus anni

Aegoceron Cancrumque tenet, cui subdita Nili

Ora latent: quae cum dominus percussit aquarum

Igne superiecto, tunc Nilus fonte soluto

215

Exit, ut Oceanus lunaribus incrementis

Iussus adest, auctusque suos non ante coarctat,

Quam nos aestivas a sole receperit horas.

Vana fides veterum, Nilo, quo crescat in arva,

Aethiopum prodesse nivis. Non Arctos in illis

220

Montibus, aut Boreas. Testis tibi sole perusti

Ipse color populi, calidique vaporibus Austri.

Adde, quod omne caput fluvii, quodcumque soluta

Praecipitat glaces, ingresso vere tumescit

Prima tabe nivis: Nilus neque suscitat undas

225

Ante Canis radios, nec ripis adligat amnem

Ante parem nocti, Libra sub iudice, Phoebum.

Inde etiam leges aliarum nescit aquarum:

Nec tumet hibernus, quum, longe sole remoto,

Officiis caret unda suis: dare iussus iniquo

230

Temperiem coelo, mediis aestatibus exit.

Sub torrente plaga, ne terras dissipet ignis,

Nilus adest mundo, contraque incensa Leonis

Ora tumet: Cancroque suam torrente Syenen,

Imploratus adest: nec campos liberat undis,

235

Donec in autumnum declinet Phoebus, et umbras

Extendat Meroe. Quis caussas reddere possit

Sic iussit natura parens decurrere Nilum:

Sic opus est mundo. - Zephyros quoque vana vetustas

His adscribit aquis, quorum stata tempora flatus

240

Continuique dies, et in aera longa potestas:

Vel quod ab occiduo pellunt tot nubila coelo

Trans Noton, et fluvio cogunt incumbere nimbos:

Vel quod aquas toties rumpentis litora Nili

Adsiduo feriunt, coguntque resistere fluctus

245

Ille mora cursus adversique obiice ponti

Aestuat in campos. - Sunt, qui spiramina terris

Esse putant, magnosque cavae compagis hiatus.

Commeat hac penitus tacitis discursibus unda,

Frigore ab Arctoo medium revocata sub axem,

250

Cum Phoebus pressit Meroen, tellusque perusta

Illuc duxit aquas. Trahitur Gangesque Padusque

Per tacitum mundi. Tunc omnia flumina Nilus

Uno fonte vomens non uno gurgite perfert.

Rumor, ab Oceano, qui terras adligat omnes,

255

Exundante procul violentum erumpere Nilum,

Aequoreosque sales longo mitescere tractu.

Nec non Oceano pasci Phoebumque polumque

Credimus: hunc, caldi tetigit cum brachia Cancri,

Sol rapit, atque undae plus, quam quod digerat aer,

260

Tolitur. Hoc noctes referunt, Niloque refundunt.

Ast ego, si tantam ius est mihi solvere litem,

Quasdam, Caesar, aquas post mundi sera peracti

Saecula, concussis terrarum erumpere venis,

Non id agente deo, quasdam compage sub ipsa

265

Cum toto coepisse reor, quas ille creator

Atque opifex rerum certo sub iure coercet.

Quae tibi noscendi Nilum, Romane, cupido,

Et Phariis Persisque fuit, Macetumque tyrannis:

Nullaque non aetas voluit conferre futuris

270

Notitiam: sed vincit adhuc natura latendi.

Summus Alexander regum, quos Memphis adorat,

Invidit Nilo, misitque per ultima terrae

Aethiopum lectos: illos rubicunda perusti

Zona poli tenuit; Nilum videre calentem.

275

Venit ad occasus mundique extrema Sesostris,

Et Pharios currus regum cervicibus egit:

Ante tamen, vestros amnes, Rhodanumque Padumque,

Quam Nilum, de fonte bibit. Vesanus in ortus

Cambyses longi populos pervenit ad aevi,

280

Defectusque epulis et pastus caede suorum,

Ignoto te, Nile, redit. Non fabula mendax

Ausa loqui de fonte tuo est. Ubicunque videris,

Quaereris: et nulli contingit gloria genti,

Ut Nilo sit laeta suo. Tua flumina prodam,

285

Qua deus, undarum colator, Nile, tuarum,

Te mihi isse dedit. Medio consurgis ab axe,

Ausus in ardentem ripas adtollere Cancrum:

In Borean is rectus aquis, mediumque Booten:

ursus in occasum flexu torquetur et ortus,

290

Nunc Arabum populis, Libycis nunc aequus arenis:

Teque vident primi, quaerunt tamen hi quoque, Seres,

Aethiopumque feris alieno gurgite campos:

Et te terrarum nescit cui debeat orbis.

Arcanum natura caput non prodidit ulli,

295

Nec licuit populis parvum te, Nile, videre,

Amovitque sinus, et gentes maluit ortus

Mirari, quam nosse, tuos. Consurgere in ipsis

Ius tibi solstitiis, aliena crescere bruma,

Atque hiemes adferre tuas: solique vagari

300

Concessum per utrosque polos. Hic quaeritur ortus,

Illic finis aquae. Late tibi gurgite rupto

Ambitur nigris Meroe fecunda colonis,

Laeta comis ebeni: quae, quamvis arbore multa

Frondeat, aestatem nulla sibi mitigat umbra:

305

Linea tam rectum mundi ferit illa Leonem.

Inde plagas Phoebi, damnum non passus aquarum,

Praeveheris, sterilesque diu metiris arenas,

Nunc omnes unum vires collectus in amnem,

Nunc vagus, et spargens facilem tibi cedere ripam.

310

Rursus multifidas revocat piger alveus undas,

Qua dirimunt Arabum populis Aegyptia rura

Regni claustra Philae. Mox te deserta secantem,

Qua dirimunt nostrum rubro commercia pontum,

Mollis lapsus agit. Quis te tam lene fluentem

315

Moturum tantas violenti gurgitis iras,

Nile, putet? Sed cum lapsus abrupta viarum

Excepere tuos, et praecipites cataractae,

Ac nusquam vetitis ullas obsistere cautes

Indignaris aquis: spuma tunc astra lacessis:

320

Cuncta fremunt undis: ac multo murmure montis

Spumeus invictis canescit fluctibus amnis.

Hinc, Abaton quam nostra vocat veneranda vetustas,

Terra potens, primos sentit percussa tumultus,

Et scopuli, placuit fluvii quos dicere venas,

325

Quod manifesta novi primum dant signa tumoris.

Hinc montes natura vagis circumdedit undis,

Qui Libyae te, Nile, negant: quos inter in alta

It convalle iacens iam molibus unda receptis.

Prima tibi campos permittit apertaque Memphis

330

Rura, modumque vetat crescendi ponere ripas. 332

Sic velut in tuta securi pace trahebant

Noctis iter mediae: sed non vesana Pothini

Mens imbuta semel tam sacra caede, vacabat

A scelerum motu. Magno nihil ille peremto

335

Iam putat esse nefas: habitant sub pectore manes,

Ultricesque deae dant in nova monstra furorem.

Dignatur viles isto quoque sanguine dextras,

Quo Fortuna parat victos perfundere Patres;

Poenaque civilis belli, vindicta senatus

340

Paene data est famulo. Procul hoc avertite, fata,

Crimen, ut haec Bruto cervix absente secetur.

In scelus it Pharium Romani poena tyranni,

Exemplumque perit. Struit audax irrita fatis:

Nec parat occultae caedem committere fraudi,

345

Invictumque ducem detecto Marte lacessit.

Tantum animi delicta dabant, ut colla ferire

Caesaris, et socerum iungi tibi, Magne, iuberet:

Atque haec dicta monet famulos perferre fideles

Ad Pompeianae socium sibi caedis Achillam,

350

Quem puer imbellis cunctis praefecerat armis,

Et dederat ferrum, nullo sibi iure retento,

In cunctos, in seque simul. Tu mollibus, inquit,

Nunc incumbe toris, et pingues exige somnos:

Invasit Cleopatra domum. Nec prodita tantum est,

355

Sed donata Pharos. Cessas accurrere solus

Ad dominae thalamos? Nubit soror impia fratri:

Nam Latio iam nupta duci est: interque maritos

Discurrens Aegypton habet, Romamque meretur.

Expugnare senem potuit Cleopatra venenis:

360

Crede, miser, puero: quem nox si iunxerit una,

Et semel amplexus incesto pectore passus

Hauserit obscoenum titulo pietatis amorem,

Meque tuumque caput per singula forsitan illi

Oscula donabit. Crucibus flammisque luemus,

365

Si fuerit formosa soror. Nil undique restat

Auxilii: rex hinc coniux, hinc Caesar adulter.

Et sumus, ut fatear, tam saeva iudice sontes:

Quem non ex nobis credet Cleopatra nocentem,

A quo casta fuit? Per, te, quod fecimus una

370

Perdidimusque nefas, perque ictum sanguine Magni

Foedus, ades: subito bellum molire tumultu:

Irrue nocturnus: rumpamus funere taedas,

Crudelemque toris dominam mactemus in ipsis

Cum quocumque viro. Nec nos deterreat ausis

375

Hesperii Fortuna ducis. Quae sustulit illum

Imposuitque orbi, communis gloria nobis:

Nos quoque sublimes Magnus facit. Adspice litus,

Spem nostri sceleris: pollutos consule fluctus,

Quid liceat nobis: tumulumque e pulvere parvo

380

Adspice Pompeii non omnia membra tegentem.

Quem metuis, par huius erat. Non sanguine clari:

Quid refert? nec opes populorum ac regna movemus:

Ad scelus ingentis fati sumus. Adtrahit illos

In nostras Fortuna manus. En, altera venit

385

Victima nobilior. Placemus caede secunda

Hesperias gentes. Iugulus mihi Caesaris haustus

Hoc praestare potest, Pompeii caede nocentes

Ut populus Romanus amet. Quid nomina tanta

Horremus, viresque ducis, quibus ille relictis

390

Miles erit? Nox haec peraget civilia bella,

Inferiasque dabit populis, et mittet ad umbras.

Quod debetur adhuc mundo caput. Ite feroces

Caesaris in iugulum: praestet Lagea iuventus

Hoc regi, Romana sibi. Tu parce morari:

395

Plenum epulis, madidumque mero, Venerique paratum

Invenies: aude: superi tot vota Catonum

Brutorumque tibi tribuent. Noli segnis Achillas

Suadenti parere nefas. Haud clara movendis,

Ut mos, signa dedit castris, nec prodidit arma

400

Ullius clangore tubae: temere omnia saevi

Instrumenta rapit belli. Pars maxima turbae

Plebis erat Latiae: sed tanta oblivio mentes

Cepit, in externos corrupto milite mores,

Ut duce sub famulo iussuque satellitis irent,

405

Quos erat indignum Phario parere tyranno.

Nulla fides pietasque viris, qui castra sequuntur;

Venalesque manus, ubi fas, ubi maxima merces,

Aere merent parvo: iugulumque in Caesaris ire

Non sibi dant. Pro fas! ubi non civilia bella

410

Invenit imperii fatum miserabile nostri?

Thessaliae subducta acies in litore Nili

More furit patrio. Quid te plus, Magne, recepto

Ausa foret Lagea domus? Dat scilicet omnis

Dextera, quod debet superis: nullique vacare

415

Fas est Romano. Latium sic scindere corpus

Dis placitum: non in soceri generique favorem

Discedunt populi: civilia bella satelles

Movit, et in partem Romani venit Achillas.

Et nisi fata manus a sanguine Caesaris arcent,

420

Hae vincent partes. Aderat maturus uterque,

Et districta epulis ad cunctas aula patebat

Insidias, poteratque cruor per regia fundi

Pocula Caesareus, mensaeque incumbere cervix.

Sed metuunt belli trepidos in nocte tumultus,

425

Ne caedes confusa mauu permissaque fatis

Te, Ptolemaee, trahat. Tanta est fiducia ferri.

Non rapuere nefas: summi contemta facultas

Est operis: visum famulis reparabile damnum,

Illam mactandi dimittere Caesaris horam.

430

Servatur poenas in aperta luce daturus.

Donata est nox una duci, vixitque Pothini

Munere Phoebeos Caesar dilatus in ortus. 434

Lucifer a Casia prospexit rupe, diemque

Misit in Aegyptum, primo quoque sole calentem,

435

Cum procul a muris acies non sparsa maniplis

Nec vaga conspicitur, sed iustos qualis ad hostes

Recta fronte venit, Passuri cominus arma,

Laturique ruunt. At Caesar, moenibus urbis

Diffisus, foribus clausae se protegit aulae,

440

Degeneres passus latebras. Nec tota vacabat

Regia compresso; minima collegerat arma

Parte domus: tangunt animos iraeque metusque:

Et timet incursus, indignaturque timere.

Sic fremit in parvis fera nobilis abdita claustris,

445

Et frangit rabidos praemorso carcere dentes;

Nec secus in Siculis fureret tua flamma cavernis,

Obstrueret summam si quis tibi, Mulciber, Aetnam.

Audax Thessalici nuper qui rupe sub Aemi

Hesperiae cunctos proceres aciemque senatus

450

Pompeiumque ducem, caussa spectare vetante,

Non timuit, fatumque sibi promisit iniquum,

Expavit servile nefas, intraque penates

Obruitur telis: quem non violasset Alanus,

Non Scytha, non fixo qui ludit in hospite Maurus;

455

Hic, cui Romani spatium non sufficit orbis,

Parvaque regna putat Tyriis cum Gadibus Indos,

Ceu puer imbellis, ceu captis femina muris,

Quaerit tuta domus: spem vitae in limine clauso

Ponit, et incerto lustrat vagus atria cursu:

460

Non sine rege tamen; quem ducit in omnia secum,

Sumturus poenas et grata piacula morti,

Missurusque tuum, si non sint tela nec ignes,

In famulos, Ptolemaee, caput. Sic barbara Colchis

Creditur, ultorem metuens regnique fugaeque,

465

Ense suo fratrisque simul cervice parata

Exspectasse patrem. Cogunt tamen ultima rerum

Spem pacis tentare ducem: missusque satelles

Regius, ut saevos absentia voce tyranni

Corriperet famulos, quo bellum auctore moverent.

470

Sed neque ius mundi valuit, neque foedera sancta

Gentibus: orator regis pacisque sequester

Aestimat in numero scelerum ponenda tuorum,

Tot monstris Aegypte nocens. Non Thessala tellus,

Vastaque regna Iubae, non Pontus et impia signa

475

Pharnacis, et gelido circumfluus orbis Ibero

Tantum ausus scelerum, non Syrtis barbara, quantum

Deliciae fecere tuae. Premit undique bellum,

Inque domum iam tela cadunt, quassantque penates.

Non aries uno moturus limina pulsu,

480

Fracturusque domum; non ulla est machina belli:

Nec flammis mandatur opus: sed caeca iuventus

Consilii, vastos ambit divulsa penates,

Et nusquam totis incursat viribus agmen.

Fata vetant, murique vicem Fortuna tuetur.

485

Nec non et ratibus tentatur regia, qua se

Protulit in medios audaci margine fluctus

Luxuriosa domus. Sed abest defensor ubique

Caesar, et hos aditu gladiis, hos ignibus arcet:

Obsessusque gerit (tanta est constantia mentis)

490

Expugnantis opus. Piceo iubet unguine tinctas

Lampadas immitti iunctis in vela carinis.

Nec piger ignis erat per stuppea vincula perque

Manantes cera tabulas: et tempore eodem

Transtraque nautarum summique arsere ceruchi.

495

Iam prope semustae merguntur in aequore classes,

Iamque hostes et tela natant. Nec puppibus ignis

Incubuit solis: sed quae vicina fuere

Tecta mari, longis rapuere vaporibus ignem:

Et cladem fovere Noti, percussaque flama

500

Turbine, non alio motu per tecta cucurrit,

Quam solet aetherio lampas discurrere sulco,

Materiaque carens atque ardens aere solo.

Illa lues clausa paullum revocavit ab aula

Urbis in auxilium populos. Nec tempora cladis

505

Perdidit in somnos, sed caeca nocte carinis

Insiluit Caesar, semper feliciter usus

Praecipiti cursu bellorum, et tempore rapto.

Tunc claustrum pelagi cepit Pharon. Insula quondam

In medio stetit illa mari, sub tempore vatis

510

Proteos: at nunc est Pellaeis proxima muris.

Illa duci geminos bellorum praestitit usus:

Abstulit excursus et fauces aequoris hosti;

Caesaris auxiliis aditus et libera ponti

Ostia permisit. Nec poenas inde Pothini

515

Distulit ulterius sed non qua debuit ira,

Non cruce, non flammis, rabido non dente ferarum;

Heu facinus! cervix gladio male caesa pependit:

Magni morte perit! Nec non, subrepta paratis

A famulo Ganymede dolis, pervenit ad hostes

520

Caesaris Arsinoe: quae castra carentia rege,

Ut proles Lagea, tenet, famulumque tyranni

Terribilem iusto transegit Achillea ferro.

Altera, Magne, tuis iam victima mittitur umbris:

Nec satis hoc Fortuna putat. Procul absit, ut ista

525

Vindictae sit summa tuae. Non ipse tyrannus

Sufficit in poenas, non omnis regia Lagi.

Dum patrii veniant in viscera Caesaris enses,

Magnus inultus erit. Sed non auctore furoris

Sublato cecidit rabies: nam rursus in arma

530

Auspiciis Ganymedis eunt: ac multa secundo

Proelia Marte gerunt. Potuit, discrimine summo

Caesaris, illa dies in famam et saecula mitti.

Molis in exiguae spatio stipantibus armis,

Dum parat in vacuus Martem transferre carinas

535

Dux Latius, tota subiti formidine belli

Cingitur: hinc densae praetexunt litora classes,

Hinc tergo insultant pedites: via nulla salutis,

Non fuga, non virtus: vix spes quoque mortis honestae.

Non acie fusa, nec magnae stragis acervo

540

Vincendus tunc Caesar erat, sed sanguine nullo,

Captus sorte loci. Pendet, dubiusne timeret,

Optaretne mori. Respexit in agmine denso

Scaevam, perpetuae meritum iam nomina famae

Ad campos, Epidamne, tuos, ubi solus apertis

545

Obsedit muris calcantem moenia Magnum.

Civil War. M. Annaeus Lucanus. ed. Karl Hermann Weise. Leipzig. 1835.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by NSF, NEH: Digital Libraries Initiative, Phase 2.

Current edition Perseus

Pharsalia (Lucan. M.Annaei Lucani Pharsaliae Libri X. Weisse, Karl Hermann, editor. Leipzig: G. Bassus, 1835.)

Translations (1)

Civil War Perseus (Lucan. The Pharsalia of Lucan. Ridley, Edward, Sir, translator. New York: Longman, Green, and Company, 1905.) — 10 focus

WHEN Caesar, following those who bore the head,

First trod the shore accursed, with Egypt 's fates

His fortunes battled, whether Rome should pass

In crimson conquest o'er the guilty land,

Or Memphis ' arms should ravish from the world

Victor and vanquished: and the warning shade

Of Magnus saved his kinsman from the sword.

By that dread crime assured, his standards borne

Before, he marched upon the Pharian town;

But when the people, jealous of their laws,

Murmured against the fasces, Caesar knew

Their minds were adverse, and that not for him

Was Magnus' murder wrought. And yet with brow

Dissembling fear, intrepid, through the shrines

Of Egypt 's gods he strode, and round the fane

Of ancient Isis; bearing witness all

To Macedon 's vigour in the days of old.

Yet did nor gold nor ornament restrain

His hasting steps, nor worship of the gods,

Nor city ramparts: but in greed of gain

He sought the cave dug out amid the tombs.¹

The madman offspring there of Philip lies,

The famed Pellaean robber, Fortune's friend,

Snatched off by fate, in vengeance for the world.

In sacred sepulchre the hero's limbs,

Which should be scattered o'er the earth, repose,

Still spared by Fortune to these tyrant days:

For in a world to freedom once recalled,

All men had mocked the dust of him who set

The baneful lesson that so many lands

Can serve one master. Macedon he left

His home obscure; Athena he despised,

The conquest of his sire, and spurred by fate

Through Asia rushed with havoc of mankind,

Plunging his sword through peoples; red with blood

Unknown² to them Euphrates , Ganges ran.

Curse of all earth, fell star of evil fate

To every nation! On the outer sea

He launched his fleet to sail the ocean wave:

Nor flame nor flood nor sterile Libyan sands

Stayed back his course, nor Hammon's pathless shoals;

Far to the west, where downward slopes the world

He would have led his armies, and the poles

Had compassed, and had drunk the fount of Nile :

But came his latest day; such end alone

Could nature place upon the madman king,

Who jealous in death as when he won the world

His empire with him took, nor left an heir.

Thus every city to the spoiler's hand

Was victim made. Yet in his fall was his

Babylon ; and Parthia feared him. Shame on us

That Eastern nations dreaded more the lance

Of Macedon than now the Roman spear.

True that we rule beyond where takes its rise

The burning southern breeze, beyond the homes

Of western winds, and to the northern star;

But towards the rising of the sun, we yield

To him who kept the Arsacids in awe;

And puny Pella held as province sure

The Parthia fatal to our Roman arms.

Now from the stream Pelusian of the Nile ,

Was come the boyish king, taming the rage

Of his effeminate people: pledge of peace;

And Caesar safely trod Pellean halls;

When Cleopatra bribed her guard to break

The harbour chains, and borne in little boat

Within the Macedonian palace gates,

Caesar unknowing, entered: Egypt 's shame;

Fury of Latium ; to the bane of Rome

Unchaste. For as the Spartan queen of yore

By fatal beauty Argos urged to strife

And Ilium 's homes, so Cleopatra roused

Italia 's frenzy. By her drum ³ she called

Down on the Capitol terror (if to speak

Such word be lawful); mixed with Roman arms

Coward Canopus , hoping she might lead

A Pharian triumph, Caesar in her train;

And 'twas in doubt upon Leucadian ⁴ waves

Whether a woman, not of Roman blood,

Should hold the world in awe. Such lofty thoughts

Seized on her soul upon that night in which

The wanton daughter of Pellean kings

First shared our leaders' couches. Who shall blame

Antonius for the madness of his love,

When Caesar's haughty breast drew in the flame?

Who red with carnage, 'mid the clash of arms,

In palace haunted by Pompeius' shade,

Gave place to love; and in adulterous bed,

Magnus forgotten, from the Queen impure,

To Julia gave a brother: on the bounds

Of furthest Libya permitting thus

His foe to gather: while in dalliance base

He waited on his mistress, and to her

Pharos would give; for her would conquer all.

Then Cleopatra, trusting to her charms,

Tearless approached him, though in form of grief;

Her tresses loose as though in sorrow torn,

So best becoming her; and thus began:

'If, mighty Caesar, aught to noble birth

' Be due, give ear. Of Lagian race am I

' Offspring illustrious; from my father's throne

'Cast forth to banishment; unless thy hand

'Restore to me the sceptre: then a Queen

' Falls at thy feet embracing. To our race

' Bright star of justice thou Nor first shall I

' As woman rule the cities of the Nile ;

' For, neither sex preferring, Pharos bows

'To queenly governance. Of my parted sire

' Read the last words, by which 'tis mine to share

' With equal rights the kingdom and the bed.

'And the boy loves his sister, were he free;

' But his affections and his sword alike

' Pothinus orders. Nor wish I myself

' To wield my father's power; but this my prayer:

' Save from this foul disgrace our royal house,

' Bid that the king shall reign, and from the court

'Remove this hateful varlet, and his arms.

'How swells his bosom for that his the hand

'That shore Pompeius' head! And now he threats

Thee, Caesar, also; which the Fates avert!

Shame on the earth and thee that Magnus' death

Should be Pothinus' triumph or his guilt.'

Her words were nothing to his stubborn ear;

Her face achieved the prayer, her wanton smile,

The long voluptuous night of shame untold:

So did she bribe her judge; so Caesar fell. 107

When she had purchased at so vast a price

Peace from the chief,⁵ the joys of such a peace

A feast proclaimed. There in full pomp the Queen

Displayed her luxuries, as yet unknown

To Roman manners. Spacious rose the hall

Like to such fane as this corrupted age

Shall scarcely rear: the lofty ceiling shone

With richest tracery, the beams were bound

In golden coverings; no scant veneer

Lay on its walls, but built in solid blocks

Of marble, gleamed the palace. Agate stood

In sturdy columns, bearing up the roof;

Onyx and porphyry on the spacious floor

Were trodden 'neath the foot; the mighty gates

Of Maroe's ebony throughout were formed,

No mere adornment; ivory clothed the hall,

Studded with emerald spots; upon the doors

Gleamed polished tortoise shells from Indian seas:

And gems of price and yellow jasper shone

On couch and coverlet, whose greater part

Dipped more than once within the vats of Tyre

Had drunk their juice; and part were feathered gold;

Part crimson dyed, in manner as are passed

Through Pharian leash the threads. There waited slaves

In number as a people, some in ranks

By different blood distinguished, some by age;

This band with Libyan, that with auburn hair

Red so that Caesar on the banks of Rhine

None such had witnessed; some with features scorched

By torrid suns, their locks in twisted coils

Drawn from their foreheads. Eunuchs too were there,

Unhappy race; and on the other side

Men of full age whose cheeks with growth of hair

Were hardly darkened.

Upon either hand

Lay kings, and Caesar in the midst supreme.

There in her fatal beauty lay the Queen

Thick daubed with unguents, nor with throne content

Nor with her brother spouse; laden she lay

On neck and hair with all the Red Sea spoils,

And faint beneath the weight of gems and gold.

Her snowy breast shone through Sidonian lawn

Which woven close by shuttles of the East

The art of Nile had loosened. Ivory feet

Bore citron tables brought from woods that wave⁶

On Atlas, such as Caesar never saw

When Juba was his captive. Blind in soul

By madness of ambition, thus to fire

By such profusion of her wealth, the mind

Of Caesar armed, her guest in civil war!

Not though he aimed with pitiless hand to grasp

The riches of a world; not though were here

Those ancient leaders of the simple age,

Fabricius or Curius stern of soul,

Or he who, Consul, left in sordid garb

His Tuscan plough, could all their several hopes

Have risen to such spoil. On plates of gold

They piled the banquet sought in earth and air

And from the deepest seas and Nilus' waves,

Through all the world; in craving for display,

No hunger urging. Frequent birds and beasts,

Egypt 's high gods, they placed upon the board:

In crystal goblets water of the Nile

They handed, and in massive cups of price

Was poured the wine; no juice of Mareot grape,⁷

But noble vintage of Falernian growth

Which seasons few in Meroe 's famous vats

Had mellowed as with age. Upon their brows

Chaplets were placed of roses ever young

With glistening nard entwined; and in their locks

Was cinnamon infused, not yet in air

Its fragrance perished, nor in foreign climes;

And rich amomum from the neighbouring fields.

Thus Caesar learned the booty of a world

To lavish, and his breast was shamed of war

Waged with his son-in-law, from whose defeat

His spoils were meagre, and he longed to find

A cause of battle with the Pharian realm.

When of the banquet and of wine and feast

They wearied and their pleasure found an end,

Caesar drew out in colloquy the night

Thus with Achoreus, on the highest couch

With linen ephod as a priest begirt:

'O thou devoted to all sacred rites,

'Loved by the gods, as proves thy length of days,

'Tell, if thou wilt, whence sprang the Pharian race;

'How lie their lands, the manners of their tribes,

'The form and worship of their deities.

'Expound the sculptures on your ancient fanes:

'Reveal your gods if willing to be known:

'If to th' Athenian sage your fathers taught

'Their mysteries, who worthier than I

' To bear in trust the secrets of the world?

' True, by the rumour of my kinsman's flight

' Here was I drawn; yet also by your fame:

' And even in the midst of war's alarms

' The stars and heavenly spaces have I conned;

'Nor shall Eudoxus' year ⁸ excel mine own.

' But though such ardour burns within my breast,

' Such zeal to know the truth, yet my chief wish

' To learn the source of your mysterious flood

' Through ages hidden : give me certain hope

' To see the fount of Nile-and civil war

' I quit for ever.' He spake, and then the priest: 194

' The secrets, Caesar, of our mighty sires ⁹

' Kept from the common people until now

' I hold it right to utter. Some may deem

' That silence on these wonders of the earth

' Were greater piety. But to the gods

' I hold it grateful that their handiwork

' And sacred edicts should be known to men.

' A different power by the primal law,

' Each star possesses: ¹⁰ these alone control

' The movement of the sky, with adverse force

' Opposing: while the sun divides the year,

' And day from night, and by his potent rays

' Forbids the stars to pass their stated course.

' The moon by her alternate phases sets

' The varying limits of the sea and shore.

' Neath Saturn's sway the zone of ice and snow

' Has passed; while Mars in lightning's fitful flames

' And winds abounds: beneath high Jupiter

' Unvexed by storms abides a temperate air;

' And fruitful Venus' star contains the seeds

' Of all things. Ruler of the boundless deep

' The god ¹¹ Cyllenian : whene'er he holds

' That part of heaven where the Lion dwells

' With neighbouring Cancer joined, and Sirius star

' Flames in its fury; where the circular path

' (Which marks the changes of the varying year)

' Gives to hot Cancer and to Capricorn

' Their several stations, under which doth lie

' The fount of Nile , he, master of the waves,

' Strikes with his beam the waters. Forth the stream

' Brims from his fount, as Ocean when the moon

' Commands an increase; nor shall curb his flow

' Till night wins back her losses from the sun.¹²

' Vain is the ancient faith that Ethiop snows ¹³

' Send Nile abundant forth upon the lands.

' Those mountains know nor northern wind nor star.

' Of this are proof the breezes of the South,

' Fraught with warm vapours, and the people's hue

' Burned dark by suns: and 'tis in time of spring,

' When first are thawed the snows, that ice-fed streams

' In swollen torrents tumble; but the Nile

' Nor lifts his wave before the Dog star burns;

' Nor seeks again his banks, until the sun

' In equal balance measures night and day.

' Nor are the laws that govern other streams

' Obeyed by Nile. For in the wintry year

'Were he in flood, when distant far the sun,

' His waters lacked their office; but he leaves

' His channel when the summer is at height,

' Tempering the torrid heat of Egypt 's clime.

' Such is the task of Nile ; thus in the world

' He finds his purpose, lest exceeding heat

' Consume the lands: and rising thus to meet

' Enkindled Lion, to Syene 's prayers

' By Cancer burnt gives ear; nor curbs his wave

' Till the slant sun and Meroe 's lengthening shades

' Proclaim the autumn. Who shall give the cause?

' 'Twas Parent Nature's self which gave command

' Thus for the needs of earth should flow the Nile .

' Vain too the fable that the western winds ¹⁴

' Control his current, in continuous course

' At stated seasons governing the air;

' Or hurrying from Occident to South

' Clouds without number which in misty folds

' Press on the waters; or by constant blast,

' Forcing his current back whose several mouths

' Burst on the sea;-so, forced by seas and wind,

'Men say, his billows pour upon the land.

' Some speak of hollow caverns, breathing holes

' Deep in the earth, within whose mighty jaws

' Waters in noiseless current underneath

' From northern cold to southern climes are drawn;

'And when hot Meroe pants beneath the sun,

' Then, say they, Ganges through the silent depths

' And Padus pass: and from a single fount

' The Nile arising not in single streams

' Pours all the rivers forth. And rumour says

' That when the sea which girdles in the world¹⁵

' O'erflows, thence rushes Nile , by lengthy course,

' Softening his saltness. More, if it be true

' That ocean feeds the sun and heavenly fires,

' Then Phoebus journeying by the burning Crab

' Sucks from its waters more than air can hold

' Upon his passage-this the cool of night

' Pours on the Nile . If, Caesar, 'tis my part

' To judge such difference, 'twould seem that since

' Creation's age has passed, earth's veins by chance

' Some waters hold, and shaken cast them forth:

' But others took when first the globe was formed

' A sure abode; by Him who framed the world

' Fixed with the Universe. And, Roman, thou,

' In thirsting thus to know the source of Nile,

' Dost as the Pharian and Persian kings

' And those of Macedon ; nor any age

' Refused the secret, but the place prevailed

' Remote by nature. Greatest of the kings

' By Memphis worshipped, Alexander grudged ¹⁶

' To Nile its mystery, and to furthest earth

' Sent chosen Ethiops whom the crimson zone

' Stayed in their further march, while flowed his stream

' Warm at their feet. Sesostris ¹⁷ westward far

' Reached, to the ends of earth; and necks of kings

' Bent 'neath his chariot yoke: but of the springs

' Which fill your rivers, Rhone and Po, he drank,

'Not of the fount of Nile . Cambyses king

'In madman quest led forth his host to where

'The long-lived races dwell: then famine struck,

'Ate of his dead ¹⁸ and, Nile unknown, returned.

No lying rumour of thy hidden source

'Has e'er made mention; wheresoe'er thou art

'Yet art thou sought, nor yet has nation claimed

'In pride of place thy river as its own.

' Yet shall I tell, so far as has the god,

' Who veils thy fountain, given me to know,

'Thy progress. Daring to upraise thy banks

''Gainst fiery Cancer's heat, thou tak'st thy rise

'Beneath the zenith: straight towards the north

'And mid Bootes flowing; to the couch

'Bending, or to the risings, of the sun

'In sinuous bends alternate; just alike

'To Araby's peoples and to Libyan sands.

'By Seres ¹⁹ first beheld, yet know they not

Whence art thou come; and with no native stream

Strik'st thou the Ethiop fields. Nor knows the world

'To whom it owes thee. Nature ne'er revealed

'Thy secret origin, removed afar.

'Nor did she wish thee to be seen of men

' While still a tiny rivulet, but preferred

' Their wonder to their knowledge. Where the sun

' Stays at his limit, dost thou rise in flood

' Untimely; such thy right: to other lands

' Bearing thy winter: and by both the poles

' Thou only wanderest. Here men ask thy rise

' And there thine ending. Meroe rich in soil

'And tilled by swarthy husbandmen divides

'Thy broad expanse, rejoicing in the leaves

'Of groves of ebony, which though spreading far

'Their branching foliage, by no breadth of shade

'Soften the summer sun-whose rays direct

'Pass from the Lion to the fervid earth.²⁰

'Next dost thou journey onwards past the realm

'Of burning Phoebus, and the sterile sands,

'With equal volume; now with all thy strength

'Gathered in one, and now in devious streams

'Parting the bank that crumbles at thy touch.

'Then by our kingdom's gates, where Philae parts

'Arabian peoples from Egyptian fields

' The sluggish bosom of thy flood recalls

' Thy wandering currents, which through desert wastes

' Flow gently on to where the merchant track

' Divides the Red Sea waters from our own.

' Who, gazing, Nile , upon thy tranquil flow,

' Could picture how in wild array of foam

' (Where shelves the earth) thy billows shall be plunged

' Down the steep cataracts, in fuming wrath

' That rocks should bar the passage of thy stream

' Free from its source? For whirled on high the spray

' Aims at the stars, and trembles all the air

With rush of waters; and with sounding roar

The foaming mass down from the summit pours

In hoary waves victorious. Next an isle

In all our ancient lore "untrodden" named

Stems firm thy torrent; and the rocks we call

Springs of the river, for that here are marked

The earliest tokens of the coming flood.

With mountain shores now nature hems thee in

And shuts thy waves from Libya ; in the midst

Hence do thy waters run, till Memphis first

Forbids the barrier placed upon thy stream

And gives thee access to the open fields.' 332

Thus did they pass, as though in peace profound,

The nightly watches. But Pothinus' mind,

Once with accursed butchery imbued,

Was frenzied still; since great Pompeius fell

No deed to him was crime; his rabid soul

Th' avenging goddesses and Magnus' shade

Stirred to fresh horrors; and a Pharian hand

No less was worthy, as he deemed, to shed

That blood which Fortune purposed should bedew

The conquered fathers: and the fell revenge

Due to the senate for the civil war

This hireling almost snatched. Avert, ye fates,

Far hence the shame that not by Brutus' hand

This blow be struck! Shall thus the tyrant's fall,

Just at our hands, become a Pharian crime.

Reft of example? To prepare a plan

(Fated to fail) he dares; nor veils in fraud

A plot for murder, but with open war

Attacks th' unconquered chieftain : from his crimes

He gained such courage as to send command

To lop the head of Caesar, and to join

In death the kinsmen chiefs. These words by night

His faithful servants to Achillas bear,

His foul associate, whom the boy had made

Chief of his armies, and who ruled alone

O'er Egypt's land and o'er himself her king:

' Now lay thy limbs upon the sumptuous couch

' And sleep in luxury, for the Queen hath seized

'The palace; nor alone by her betrayed,

' But Caesar's gift, is Pharos. Dost delay

' Nor hasten to the chamber of thy Queen?

' Thou only? Married to the Latian chief,

'The impious sister now her brother weds

' And hurrying from rival spouse to spouse

' Hath Egypt won, and plays the bawd for Rome .

' By amorous potions she has won the man:

' Then trust the boy! Yet give him but a night

' In her enfondling arms, and drunk with love

' Thy life and mine he'll barter for a kiss.

' We for his sister's charms by cross and flame

' Shall pay the penalty: nor hope of aid;

' Here stands adulterous Caesar, here the King

' Her spouse: how hope we from so stern a judge

' To gain acquittal? Shall she not condemn

'Those who ne'er sought her favours? By the deed

We dared together and lost, by Magnus' blood

' Which wrought the bond between us, be thou swift

' With hasty tumult to arouse the war:

' Dash in with nightly band, and mar with death

' Their shameless nuptials: on the very bed

With either lover smite the ruthless Queen.

' Nor let the fortunes of the Western chief

' Make pause our enterprise. We share with him

' The glory of his empire o'er the world.

' Pompeius fallen makes us too sublime,

There lies the shore that bids us hope success:

Ask of our power from the polluted wave,

And gaze upon the scanty tomb which holds

Not all Pompeius' ashes. Peer to him

Was he whom now thou fearest. Noble blood,

' True, is not ours: what boots it? Nor are realms

' Nor wealth of peoples given to our command.

'Yet have we risen to a height of power

For deeds of blood, and Fortune to our hands

Attracts her victims. Lo! a nobler now

Lies in our compass, and a second death

Hesperia shall appease; for Caesar's blood,

Shed by these hands, shall give us this, that Rome

Shall love us, guilty of Pompeius' fall.

Why fear these titles, why this chieftain's strength?

For shorn of these, before your swords he lies

A common soldier. To the civil war

This night shall bring completion, and shall give

To peoples slain fit offerings, and send

That life the world demands beneath the shades.

Rise then in all your hardihood and smite

This Caesar down, and let the Roman youths

Strike for themselves, and Lagos for its King.

No do thou tarry: full of wine and feast

Thou'lt fall upon him in the lists of love;

Then dare the venture, and the heavenly gods

Shall grant of Cato's and of Brutus' prayers

To thee fulfilment.'

Nor was Achillas slow

To hear the voice that counselled him to crime.

No sounding clarion summoned, as is wont,

His troops to arms; nor trumpet blare betrayed

Their nightly march: but rapidly he seized

All needed instruments of blood and war.

Of Latian race the most part of his train,

Yet to barbarian customs were their minds

By long forgetfulness of Rome debased:

Else had it shamed to serve the Pharian King;

But now his vassal and his minion's word

Compel obedience. Those who serve in camps

Lose faith and love of kin: their pittance earned²¹

Makes just the deed: and for their sordid pay,

Not for themselves, they threaten Caesar's life.

Where finds the piteous destiny of the realm

Rome with herself at peace? The host withdrawn

From dread Thessalia raves on Nilus' banks

As all the race of Rome . What more had dared,

With Magnus welcomed, the Lagean house?

Each hand must render to the gods their due,

Nor son of Rome may cease from civil war;

By Heaven's command our state was rent in twain;

Nor love for husband nor regard for sire

Parted our peoples. 'Twas a slave who stirred

Afresh the conflict, and Achillas grasped

In turn the sword of Rome : nay more, had won,

Had not the fates adverse restrained his hand

From Caesar's slaughter.

For the murderous pair

Ripe for their plot were met; the spacious hall

Still busied with the feast. So might have flowed

Into the kingly cups a stream of gore,

And in mid banquet fallen Caesar's head.

Yet did they fear lest in the nightly strife

(The fates permitting) some incautious hand-

So did they trust the sword-might slay the King.

Thus stayed the deed, for in the minds of slaves

The chance of doing Caesar to the death

Might bear postponement: when the day arose

Then should he suffer; and a night of life

Thus by Pothinus was to Caesar given. 434

Now from the Casian rock looked forth the Sun

Flooding the land of Egypt with a day

Warm from its earliest dawn, when from the walls

Not wandering in disorder are they seen,

But drawn in close array, as though to meet

A foe opposing; ready to receive

Or give the battle. Caesar, in the town

Placing no trust, within the palace courts

Lay in ignoble hiding place, the gates

Close barred : nor all the kingly rooms possessed,

But in the narrowest portion of the space

He drew his band together. There in arms

They stood, with dread and fury in their souls.

He feared attack, indignant at his fear.

Thus will a noble beast in little cage

Imprisoned, fume, and break upon the bars

His teeth in frenzied wrath; nor more would rage

The flames of Vulcan in Sicilian depths

Should Etna 's top be closed. He who but now

By Haemus ' mount against Pompeius chief,

Italia 's leaders and the Senate line,

His cause forbidding hope, looked at the fates

He knew were hostile, with unfaltering gaze,

Now fears before the crime of hireling slaves,

And in mid palace trembles at the blow:

He whom nor Scythian nor Alaun had dared

To violate, nor the Moor who aims the dart

Upon his victim slain, to prove his skill.

The Roman world but now did not suffice

To hold him, nor the realms from furthest Ind

To Tyrian Gades. Now, as puny boy,

Or woman, trembling when a town is sacked,

Within the narrow corners of a house

He seeks for safety; on the portals closed

His hope of life: and with uncertain gait

He treads the halls; yet not without the King;

In purpose, Ptolemaeus, that thy life

For his shall give atonement; and to hurl

Thy severed head among the servant throng

Should darts and torches fail. So story tells

The Colchian princess ²² with sword in hand,

And with her brother's neck bared to the blow,

Waited her sire, avenger of his realm

Despoiled, and of her flight. In the imminent risk

Caesar, in hopes of peace, an envoy sent

To the fierce vassals, from their absent lord

Bearing a message, thus : ' At whose command

Wage ye the war?' But not the laws which bind

All nations upon earth, nor sacred rights,

Availed to save or messenger of peace,

Or King's ambassador; or thee from crime

Such as befitted thee, thou land of Nile

Fruitful in monstrous deeds: not Juba's realm,

Vast though it be, nor Pontus , nor the land

Thessalian, nor the arms of Pharnaces,

Nor yet the tracts which chill Iberus girds,

Nor Libyan coasts such wickedness have dared,

As thou, and all thy minions. Closer now

War hemmed them in, and weapons in the courts,

Shaking the innermost recesses, fell.

Yet did no ram, fatal with single stroke,

Assail the portal, nor machine of war;

Nor flame they called in aid; but blind of plan

They wander purposeless, in separate bands

Around the circuit, nor at any spot

With strength combined attempt to breach the wall.

The fates forbad, and Fortune from their hands

Held fast the palace as a battlement.

Nor failed they to attack from ships of war

The regal dwelling, where its frontage bold

Made stand apart the waters of the deep :

There, too, was Caesar's all-protecting arm;

For these at point of sword, and those with fire

He forces back, and though besieged he dares

To storm th' assailants: and as lay the ships

Joined rank to rank, bids drop upon their sides

Lamps drenched with reeking tar. Nor slow the fire

To seize the hempen cables and the decks

Oozing with melting pitch; the oarsman's bench

All in one moment, and the topmost yards

Burst into flame: half merged the vessels lay

While swam the foemen, all in arms, the wave;

Nor fell the blaze upon the ships alone,

But seized with writhing tongues the neighbouring homes,²³

And fanned to fury by the Southern breeze

Tempestuous, it leaped from roof to roof;

Not otherwise than on its heavenly track,

Unfed by matter, glides the ball of light,

By air alone aflame.

This pest recalled

Some of the forces to the city's aid

From the besieged halls. Nor Caesar gave

To sleep its season; swifter than all else

To seize the crucial moment of the war.

Quick in the darkest watches of the night

He leaped upon his ships, and Pharos ²⁴ seized,

Gate of the main; an island in the days

Of Proteus seer, now bordering the walls

Of Alexander's city. Thus he gained

A double vantage, for his foes were pent

Within the narrow entrance, which for him

And for his aids gave access to the sea.

Nor longer was Pothinus' doom delayed,

Yet not with cross or flame, nor with the wrath

His crime demanded; nor by savage beasts

Torn, did he suffer; but by Magnus' death,

Alas the shame! he fell; his head by sword

Hacked from his shoulders. Next by frauds prepared

By Ganymede her base attendant, fled

Arsinoe ²⁵ from the Court to Caesar's foes;

There in the absence of the King she ruled

As of Lagean blood: there at her hands,

The savage minion of the tyrant boy,

Achillas, fell by just avenging sword.

Thus did another victim to thy shade

Atone, Pompeius; but the gods forbid

That this be all thy vengeance! Not the King

Nor all the stock of Lagos for thy death

Would make fit sacrifice! So Fortune deemed;

And not till patriot swords shall drink the blood

Of Caesar, Magnus, shalt thou be appeased.

Still, though was slain the author of the strife,

Sank not their rage: with Ganymede for chief

Again they rush to arms; in deeds of fight

Again they conquer. So might that one day

Have witnessed Caesar's fate; so might its fame

Have lived through ages.

As the Roman Chief,

Crushed on the narrow surface of the mole,

Prepared to throw his troops upon the ships,

Sudden upon him the surrounding foes

With all their terrors came. In dense array

Their navy lined the shores, while on the rear

The footmen ceaseless charged. No hope was left,

For flight was not, nor could the brave man's arm

Achieve or safety or a glorious death.

Not now were needed for great Caesar's fall,

Caught in the toils of nature, routed host

Or mighty heaps of slain: his only doubt

To fear or hope for death: while on his brain

Brave Scaeva's image flashed, now vainly sought,

Who on the wall by Epidamnus ' fields

Earned fame immortal, and with single arm

Drove back Pompeius as he trod the breach.

M. Annaeus Lucanus Civil War 10

ed. Karl Hermann Weise

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