Titus Livius (Livy), Ab urbe condita, Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor), 28.15

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[1]

et cum ab omni parte haudquaquam par pugna erat, tum quod turba ¹Baliariu tironumqu Hispanoru Roman Latinoqu milit obiect erat e

[2] etprocedent ia di vire etia defice ²e Hasdrubal s exercit m coeperan , oppress s matuti o tumul u coactosq e priusqu m ci o corpo a firmaren , rapt m n aci m exi e.

[3] et ³ad id sed lo d em extraxe at Sci io ut ⁴era p gna es et; na ab sep ima d mum ora ped tum s gna corn bus incucurre u t ⁵; ad

[4] edias acies ali uanto erius pe venit, ugn , ta ut prius e tus a mer dian solela orque tan i sub ar is et simul famessi isque c rpora adfi eren quam man s cum hoste conser rent.

[5] taque ste erunt cutisi nix . iam iam⁶super etera ele hanti, tiam, tumu tuoso enere ugnae e uitum veli um ue et levis arm turae conste n ti, e co ni us in ediam acie sese intul rant.

[6] fessi gitur corp ribusani isque ret ulere, edem, o dines tamen serv ntes haud secu q am si i perio ducis c deret ⁷ntegra aci s. ⁸

[7] ed cum o ipso, cri s, ubi inc inatam ense e rem, v ct res se ndique inve ere t, nec facile mpetus su tineri, osset,

[8] uamquam r tinebat obsis ebatque ce entibus Ha dr bal, b te go ess colles utumquer ce tum,

[9] i odice se re iperent,c amita s, tamen vinc nte metu ver cun iam, cum proximu quisq e hostem cader t, terg ⁹exte plo d ta atqu in ugam ese omnese fu erunt ac primo

[10] aconsis er signa i ¹⁰radici us collium c evocare in ordi es milite coeperant c nc antibus n adve sum col em er gere aci m Roman s; deinde, ut infe ri in igre sign viderunt int gr ta fug in ca tra pavidic mpe luntur nec

[11] necrocul v llo Rom nus aberat, ¹¹cepi setque tantoi petu ca tra, nisi ¹²exv hement sole quali inte grav s imbren bes e ful et, t nta vis aquae de ect e set u ¹³vi in castra su receperi t se vi tores quosda etiam eligio c perit u ¹⁴te ius quicquam

[12] Carthaginienses , quamquam fessos labore ac volneribus nox imberque ad necessariam quietem vocabat,

[13] tamen qui metu e periculu cessand no daba tempus prim luc oppugnaturi hostibu castra saxi undiqu circ e propinqui vallibu congesti augen vallum muniment sese quand i armi paru praesidi foret defensuri Se

[14] Sedtransiti socioru fug u tutio mor videretu fecit principiu principiumdefectioni a Atten regul Turdetanoru factu est is

[15] s c m mag a populari m ma u transfugi ; in e d o muni a oppi a c m praesidi s tradi a a praefect s Roman .

[16] t e lati s inclinat s sem l d defection m anim s serper t re , silent o proxim e noct s Hasdrub l cast a move

Ab urbe condita. Titus Livius (Livy). Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor). Medford, MA. .

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The National Endowment for the Humanities.

Current edition Perseus

Ab urbe condita (Latin) (Livy in Fourteen Volumes. Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Schlesinger, Alfred C., editors. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959 (printing).)

Editions (2)

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Pars I-IV, Libri I-XL. Editio Stereotypica. Weissenborn, Wilhelm; Mueller, Moritz, editors. Leipzig: Teubner, 1884-1911.) — 28.15 focus

[1] et cum ab omni parte haudquaquam par pugna erat, tum quod turba Baliarium tironumque Hispanorum Romano Latinoque militi obiecta erat;

[2] et procedente iam die vires etiam deficere Hasdrubalis exercitum coeperant, oppressos matutino tumultu coactosque, priusquam cibo corpora firmarent, raptim in aciem exire.

[3] et ad id sedulo diem extraxerat Scipio, ut sera pugna esset: nam ab septima demum hora peditum signa a cornibus concurrerunt, ad medias acies aliquanto serius pervenit pugna,

[4] ita ut prius aestus a meridiano sole laborque standi sub armis et simul fames sitisque corpora adficerent, quam manus cum hoste consererent.

[5] itaque steterunt scutis innixi. iam super cetera elephanti etiam, tumultuoso genere pugnae equitum velitumque et levis armaturae consternati, e cornibus in mediam aciem sese intulerant.

[6] fessi igitur corporibus animisque rettulere pedem, ordines tamen servantes, haud secus quam si imperio ducis cederent integra acie.

[7] sed cum eo ipso acrius ub inclinata senser rem victore s undiqu inveherent

[8] facil impetu sustiner posset quamqua retineba obsistebatqu cedentibu Hasdrubal a terg ess colle tutumqu receptum s modic s reciperent

[9] s tame vincent met verecundiam cu proximu quisqu hoste caderet terg extempl data atqu i fuga ses omne effuderunt

[10] prim constituer sign i radicibu colliu a revocar i ordine milite coeperan cunctantibu i adversu colle eriger acie Romanis deinde u inferr inpigr sign viderunt integrat fug i castr pavid compelluntur

[11] procu vall Romanu aberat cepissetqu tant impet castra n s e vehement sole quali inte grave imbr nube effulget tant vi aqua deiecisset u vi i castr su roceperin roceperint receperints victores quosda etia religi ceperi ulteriu quicqua e di conandi

[12] Carthaginienses, quamquam fessos labore ac vulneribus nox imberque ad necessariam quietem vocabat,

[13] tamen, quia metus et periculum cessandi non dabat tempus, prima luce oppugnaturis hostibus castra, saxis undique circa ex propinquis vallibus congestis augent vallum, munimento sese, quando in armis parum praesidii foret, defensuri.

[14] sed transitio sociorum, fuga ut tutior mora videretur, fecit. principium defectionis ab Attene regulo Turdetanorum factum est:

[15] is cum magna popularium manu transfugit; inde duo munita oppida cum praesidiis tradita a praefectis Romano.

[16] et ne latius inclinatis semel ad defectionem animis serperet res, silentio proximae noctis Hasdrubal castra movet.

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Conway, Robert Seymour; Walters, Charles Flamstead; Johnson, Stephen Keymer, editors. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1914-1935. (Oxford Classical Texts)) — 28.15 focus

[1]

e cu a omn part haudquaqua pa pugn erat tu quo turb Baliariu tironumqu Hispanoru Roman Latinoqu milit obiect erat et

[2] t proceden e i m d e uir s eti m defice e Hasdrubal s exercit m coeperan , oppress s matuti o tumul u coactosq e priusqu m ci o corpo a firmare t rapt m n aci m exir ;

[3] et ad id sed lo d em extraxe at Sci io ut s ra pu na ess t; am ab sept ma de um h ra pedi um si na corni us incucurreru t;

[4] ad me ias a ies aliqu nto se ius peru nit pu na, it ut p ius ae t s a merid ano ole labo que st ndi sub a mi et s mul f mes siti que cor ora adfice ent uam m nus cum h ste conserer nt. i

[5] aque stet runt s utis in ixi iam uper c tera elep anti tiam tumul uoso g nere p gnae eq itum uelit mq e et euis arma urae conste n ti e cor ib s in m diam ciem sese intule ant.

[6] fessi gitur corp ribusani isque ret ulere, edem, o dines tamen ser ante haud secu q am si i perio ducis c deret i tegra. cie .

[7] ed cum o ipso acr us ubi inc inatam ens re rem u ct res se ndique inue ere t, nec facile mpetus su tineri posset q amquam re inebat obsist batque ced ntibus Ha dr bal a ter o esse colles t tumque r ce tum si mo ice se rec perent cla itans tamen

[8] ince te metu uer cun iam cum roximus quisqu hostem, edere , terga xtemp o dat , tque n fu am se e omnes eff de unt.

[9] ac primo c nsist re signa in adicibu c llium ac re ocare i ordine militem oeperant cun ta tibus in aduers m colle erig re aciem Romani ; einde u inferr impi re signa, iderunt, nteg at fuga n cast a pauidi comp llu tur.

[10] ec pr cul ual o Roman s aberat; c pisse que ta to imp tu c st a nisi ex uehem nti so e, qu lis in er gr ues i bre nubes efful et, tanta uis aqu e dei ct es et ut uix in astra sua ec perint se uictore , quo dam eti m relig o ceperi ulteriu q icq am eo di

[11] Carthaginienses quamqua fesso labor a uolneribu no imberqu a necessaria quiete uocabat tam

[12] n qu a met s t pericul m cessan i n n dab t temp s pri a lu e oppugnatur s hostib s castr , sax s undiq e cir a x propinqu s uallib s congest s auge t uallu , munimen o se e quan o n arm s par m praesid i for t defensur ;

[13] ed transi io socio um f ga ut tut or m ra uidere ur fec t. princip um defectio is ab Att ne reg lo Turdetano um fac ume t;

[14] is cum m gna popula ium anu transfu it; nde duo mu ita op ida cum praesi iis tra i a a praefe tis Rom no ne

[15] t ne l tius incli atis em l ad defect onem a imis ser eret res, sil ntio pro imae n ctis Hasd ubal c stram

Translations (3)

History of Rome Perseus (Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Sage, Evan T.; Schlesinger, Alfred C., translators. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959. (Loeb Classical Library)) — 28.15 focus

[2] ¹of infantry and three troops of cavalry on each wing, and with skirmishers in addition, they led at a rapid pace against the enemy, while the rest followed them obliquely.

In the centre was a curve where the Spanish units were more slowly advancing.

[3] By this time the wings were already engaged, while the main strength of the enemy's line, the veteran Carthaginians and Africans, had not yet come within range, and did not dare to dash towards the wings to help the combatants, for fear of exposing the centre to the enemy directly advancing.

[4] The wings were being hard pressed by a double attack; cavalry and light-armed and skirmishers with enclosing wings were charging into their flanks, while the cohorts were pressing them in front, endeavouring to cut off the wings from the rest of the battle-line. XV. And not only was the battle in general far from being evenly matched, but especially because the horde of Baliares and Spanish recruits had been made to face Roman and Latin soldiers.

[5] Besides, as the day now wore on their strength also began to fail Hasdrubal's soldiers, who had been surprised by an early morning onslaught and compelled to go out into line in haste before they could take food to sustain them.

[6] And Scipio had ²deliberately dragged out the day, in order that the battle might be belated. For it was not until the seventh hour that the infantry units ³charged the wings.

[7] The battle reached the centre of the lines considerably later, so that the heat of the midday sun and the strain of standing under arms, and at the same time hunger and thirst, weakened their bodies before they engaged the enemy. Accordingly they stood resting on their shields. By this time, in addition to everything else, the elephants also took fright at the skirmishing tactics of cavalry and skirmishers and light-armed and had shifted from the wings into the centre.

[8] Weakened therefore in body

[9] and spirit the men retreated, keeping their ranks nevertheless, just as if by order of the general the line was giving way intact.

[10] But when the victors, on seeing that the tide of battle had turned, for that reason charged with more spirit from all sides, and it was not easy to withstand their attack, although Hasdrubal tried to hold his men back and confronted them as they gave way, shouting to them again and again that in the rear there were hills and a safe refuge if they retired slowly.

[11] Nevertheless, as fear overcame their respect for him and those nearest to the enemy were falling, at once they faced about and all took to flight. And at first the standard-bearers began to halt at the foot of the hills and to call the soldiers back into their ranks, while the Romans hesitated to advance their line up the hill. Then when the enemy saw the standards coming bravely on, they resumed their flight and were driven panic-stricken into camp.

[12] Not far from the ⁴earthwork were the Romans; and by such momentum they would have captured the camp if, after a blazing sun, such as shines out in the midst of clouds heavy with rain, there had not been so extraordinary a downpour that the victors with difficulty retired to their camp, and had not some been beset by scruples also against any further attempt that day.

[13] The Carthaginians, although night and pouring rain invited them to needed rest, being weak from exertion and wounds, nevertheless, because fear and danger gave them no time to be idle when the enemy would attack the camp at daybreak,

[14] raised their earthwork by gathering stones from near-by valleys all round, intending to defend themselves by a fortification, since in their arms they would have no sufficient protection. But the desertion of their allies made flight seem safer than delay.

[15] Defection began with Attenes, prince of the Turdetani, who deserted with a large force of his tribesmen. Then two fortified towns were handed over with their garrisons to the Roman by their commanders.

[16] And for fear the mischief might spread farther, now that men were once disposed to change sides, Hasdrubal moved his camp in the silence of the following night.

History of Rome Perseus (Spillan, D.; Edmonds, Cyrus; McDevitte, William A., translators. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1849-1868. (Bohn's Classical Library)) — 28.15 focus

[1]

The battle was now extremely unequal in every part, both because an irregular band of Balearians and raw Spaniards were opposed to Roman and Latin soldiers, and further, because, as

[2] the day was now getting on, Hasdrubal's troops began to grow languid, having been dispirited by the alarm in the morning, and compelled to go out hastily into the field, without refreshing themselves with food.

[3] Scipio had designedly spun out the day, in order that the battle might take place at a late hour; for it was not until the seventh hour that the battalions of infantry charged the wings.

[4] It was considerably later before the battle reached the centres, so that the heat from the meridian sun, and the fatigue of standing under arms, together with hunger and thirst, enfeebled their bodies before they engaged the enemy. Thus they stood still, supporting themselves upon their shields.

[5] In addition to their other misfortunes, the elephants too, ter- rified at the tumultuous kind of attack of the cavalry, the skirmishers, and the light-armed, had transferred themselves from the wings to the centre.

[6] Fatigued therefore in mind and body, they gave ground, preserving their ranks, however, just as though the army were retreating entire at the command of their general. But when the victors, perceiving that the enemy had given way, charged them on all sides

[7] with increased vehemence on that very account, so that the shock could hardly be sustained, though Hasdrubal endeavoured to stop them and hinder them from retiring, vociferating,

that there were hills on their rear, and a safe refuge if they would retreat without precipitation;

[8] yet, fear getting the better of their sense of shame, and all those who

[9] were nearest the enemy giving way, they immediately turned their backs, and all gave themselves up to disorderly flight.

[10] The first place they halted at was the foot of the hills, where they endeavoured to recall the soldiers to their ranks, the Romans hesitating to advance their line up the opposite steep; but afterwards, when they saw them push on briskly, renewing their flight, they were driven into their camp in extreme alarm.

[11] Nor were the Romans far from the rampart; and such was their impetuosity, that they would have taken their camp had not so violent a shower of rain suddenly poured down, while, as is usually the case, the solar rays darted with the greatest intensity between the clouds surcharged with water, that the victors with difficulty returned to their camp. Some were even deterred, by superstition, from making any further attempts that day.

[12] Though night and the rain invited the Carthaginians to take necessary rest, yet, as their fears and the danger would not allow them to

[13] delay, as it was expected that the enemy would assault their camp as soon as it was light, they raised their rampart by stones collected from the neighbouring valleys around them on all sides, with the determination to defend themselves by works, since there was but little protection in their arms.

[14] But the desertion of their allies made it appear safer to fly than stay. Attanes, prince of the Turdetani, began this revolt; he deserted at the head of a numerous band of his countrymen.

[15] Then two fortified towns, together with their garrisons, were delivered up by their praefects to the Romans.

[16] And, lest the evil should spread more widely, now that the disposition to revolt from the Carthaginians had evinced itself in one instance, Hasdrubal decamped during the silence of the ensuing night.

History of Rome Perseus (Volumes 1-2. Roberts, Canon, Rev, translator. London, New York: J. M. Dent and Sons; E. P. Dutton and Co., 1912.) — 28.15 focus

[1]

The struggle had now become a very one-sided one in all parts of the field.

[2] Not only were untrained Balearics and raw Spanish levies face to face with the Roman and Latin legionaries but as the day went on, the physical strength of Hasdrubal's army began to give way.

[3] Surprised by the sudden attack in the early morning they had been compelled to go into battle before they could strengthen themselves with food.

[4] It was with this view that Scipio had deliberately delayed the fight till late in the day, for it was not until the seventh hour that the attack began on the wings, and it was some time after that before the battle reached the

[5] centre, so that, what with the heat of the day, the fatigue of standing under arms, and the hunger and thirst from which

[6] they were suffering, they were worn out before they closed with the enemy. Thus exhausted they leaned on their shields as they stood.

[7] To complete their discomfiture the elephants, scared by the sudden onsets of the cavalry and the rapid movements of the light infantry, rushed from the wings into the centre of the line.

[8] Wearied and depressed, the enemy began to retreat, keeping their ranks however, just as if they had been ordered to retire.

[9] But when the victors saw that matters were going in their favour they made still more furious attacks in all parts of the field, which the enemy were almost powerless to withstand, though Hasdrubal tried

[10] to rally them and keep them from giving way by calling out that the hill in their rear would afford them a safe retreat if they would retire in good order.

[11] Their fears, however, got the better of their sense of shame, and when those nearest to the enemy gave way, their example was suddenly followed by all and there was a universal flight.

[12] Their first halt was on the lower slope of the hill, and as the Romans hesitated about mounting the hill, they began to re-form their ranks, but when they saw them steadily advancing they again fled and were driven back in disorder to their camp.

[13] The Romans were not far from the rampart and would have carried the camp in their onset had not the brilliant sunshine which often glows between heavy showers been succeeded

[14] by such a storm that the victors could hardly get back to their camp, and some were even deterred by superstitious fears from attempting anything further for the day.

[15] Although the night and the storm invited the Carthaginians, exhausted as they were by their toil and many of them by their wounds, to take the rest they so sorely needed, yet their fears and the danger they were in allowed them no respite.

[16] Fully expecting an attack on their camp as soon as it was light they strengthened their rampart with large stones collected from all the valleys round, hoping to find in their intrenchments the defence which their arms had failed to afford them.

[17] The desertion of their allies, however, decided them to seek safety in flight rather than risk another battle.

[18] The first to abandon them was Attenes, chief of the Turdetani; he went over with a considerable body of his countrymen, and this was followed by the surrender of two fortified towns with their garrisons to the Romans.

[19] For fear of the evil spreading and the spirit of disaffection becoming general, Hasdrubal shifted his camp the following night.

Notes on the current edition

Ab urbe condita

1. turba JK Aldus, Froben: pugna P (1) N.

2. die vires etiam A3 N3 JK Eds.: om. P (1) N.

3. Et N3 x: om. P (1) NJK Aldus, Froben.

4. A.U.C. 548

5. incucurrerunt P (3) N: incur- b Aldus: concur- Sp ?JK Froben 2.

6. Iam Weissenborn : nam P (1) NJK.

7. cederet JK Aldus, Froben, Conway: cederent P (1) n Eds.

8. acies P (1) NJK Aldus, Conway: acie Weissenborn , Eds.

9. caderet Madvig , Luchs, Riemann: cederet P (3) A3 N3 JK Weissenborn , Conway.

10. consistere P (1) NJK Weissenborn, Conway: constituere duker , Eds.

11. A.U.C. 548

12. nisi P 4 RA3 N 2 or N3 JK Aldus, Conway: ni se P (3) Eds .

13. deiecta esset N3 JK Aldus, Froben, Conway: deiecisset P(1)N Eds.

14. ceperit P (3) NJ Aldus: ceperat Sp Froben 2: cepit K: coeperit CRB.

Titus Livius (Livy) Ab urbe condita 28.15

Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor)

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