Titus Livius (Livy), Ab urbe condita, Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor), 43.1

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[1]

During the same summer in which this campaign ¹ was fought in Thessaly, the staff-officer . . ., ² sent by the consul into Illyricum, besieged two rich cities.

[2] Ceremia ³ he compelled by force of arms to surrender; and he left to its inhabitants all their possessions, in order by his reputation for clemency ⁴ to entice the dwellers in the walled city of Carnuns.

[3] After he had been unable either to induce them to surrender or to capture them by blockade, in order that his soldiery might not be worn out by two sieges and gain nothing, he plundered the city which he had previously left untouched.

[4] Gaius Cassius the second consul failed to accomplish anything of note in Gaul, ⁵ which had fallen to his lot, and made a vain attempt to lead his legions through Illyricum into Macedonia.

[5] The consul's venture on this journey became known to the senate through an embassy from Aquileia, which complained that their ⁶ colony was new ⁷ and weak and had been as yet insufficiently fortified against the surrounding hostile tribes of Histrians and Illyrians;

[6] on their requesting that the senate should concern itself with means for fortifying this colony, they were asked if they wished this matter to be entrusted to Gaius Cassius the consul, but replied that Cassius, having mustered his army at Aquileia, had set out through Illyricum for Macedonia.

[7] This report seemed unbelievable at first, and the senators each thought to himself that perhaps a campaign against the Carnians or Histrians had been begun.

[8] Then the envoys from Aquileia said that they knew and dared assert nothing more than that thirty days' grain had been issued to the soldiery, and that guides who knew the roads from Italy into Macedonia had been sought out and taken along.

[9] Then indeed the senate was incensed that the consul had such effrontery as to leave his own district, trespass upon his colleague's, lead his army by a dangerous, untried route ⁸ among foreign peoples, and leave open to so many tribes the way into Italy. ⁹

[10] A full senate decreed that the praetor Gaius Sulpicius should name three envoys from among the senators, who should that very day set out from the city and with all possible speed overtake the consul Cassius, wherever he might be;

[11] they were to declare to him that he must not engage in war with any people unless the senate had determined on war against them. ¹⁰

[12] ¹¹ The following envoys set out: Marcus Cornelius Cethegus, Marcus Fulvius, Publius Marcius Rex. Fear for the consul and his army displaced for the present any consideration of fortifying Aquileia.

Ab urbe condita. Titus Livius (Livy). Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor). Medford, MA. .

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The National Endowment for the Humanities.

Current edition Perseus

History of Rome (English) (Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Sage, Evan T.; Schlesinger, Alfred C., translators. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959. (Loeb Classical Library))

Editions (3)

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Pars I-IV, Libri I-XL. Editio Stereotypica. Weissenborn, Wilhelm; Mueller, Moritz, editors. Leipzig: Teubner, 1884-1911.) — 43.1 focus

[1] eadem aestate, qua in Thessalia haec gesta sunt, legatus in Illyricum a consule missus opulenta duo oppida oppugnavit.

[2] Ceremiam vi atque armis coegit in deditionem; omniaque iis sua concessit, ut opinione clementiae eos, qui Carnuntem, munitam urbem, incolebant, adliceret.

[3] postquam nec, ut dederent se, conpellere neque capere obsidendo poterat, ne duabus oppugnationibus nequiquam fatigatus miles esset, quam prius intactam urbem reliquerat, diripuit.

[4] alter consul C. Cassius nec in Gallia, quam sortitus erat, memorabile quicquam gessit et per Illyricum ducere legiones in Macedoniam vano incepto est conatus.

[5] ingressum hoc iter consulem senatus ex Aquileiensium legatis cognovit, qui querentes coloniam suam novam et infirmam necdum satis munitam inter infestas nationes Histrorum et Illyriorum esse,

[6] cum peterent, ut senatus curae haberet, quomodo ea colonia muniretur, interrogati, vellentne eam rem C. Cassio consuli mandari, responderunt Cassium Aquileiam indicto exercitu profectum per Illyricum in Macedoniam esse.

[7] ea res primo incredibilis visa, et pro se quisque credere Carnis forsitan aut Histris bellum inlatum.

[8] tum Aquileienses: nihil se ultra scire nec audere adfirmare, quam triginta dierum frumentum militi datum et duces, qui ex Italia itinera in Macedoniam nossent, conquisitos abductosque.

[9] enimvero senatus indignari tantum consulem ausum, ut suam provinciam relinqueret, in alienam transiret, exercitum novo periculosoque itinere inter exteras gentes duceret, viam tot nationibus in Italiam aperiret.

[10] decernunt frequentes, ut C. Sulpicius praetor tris ex senatu nominet legatos, qui eo die proficiscantur ex urbe et, quantum adcelerare possint, Cassium consulem, ubicumque sit, persequantur;

[11] nuntient, ne bellum cum ulla gente moveat, nisi cum qua senatus gerendum censuerit.

[12] legati hi profecti M. Cornelius Cethegus, M. Fulvius, P. Marcius Rex. metus de consule atque exercitu distulit eo tempore muniendae Aquileiae curam.

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Livy in Fourteen Volumes. Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Schlesinger, Alfred C., editors. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959 (printing).) — 43.1 focus

[1]

eadem aestate qua in Thessalia haec gesta sunt ¹² ..., ³ legatus in Illyricum a consule missus ⁴ opulenta duo oppida oppugnavit.

[2] ceremiam vi atque ⁵ armis coegit in deditionem; omniaque iis sua concessit, ut opinione clementiae eos, qui Carnuntem, munitam urbem, incolebant, adliceret.

[3] postquam nec ut dederent se compellere neque capere obsidendo poterat, ne duabus oppugnationibus nequiquam fatigatus miles esset, quam prius intactam urbem reliquerat diripuit.

[4] alter consul C. Cassius nec in Gallia, quam sortitus erat, memorabile quicquam gessit et per Illyricum ducere legiones in Macedoniam vano incepto est conatus.

[5] ingressum hoc iter consulem senatus ex Aquileiensium legatis cognovit, qui querentes coloniam ⁶ suam novam et infirmam necdum satis munitam inter infestas nationes Histrorum et Illyriorum esse,

[6] cum peterent ut senatus curae haberet quomodo ea colonia muniretur, interrogati, vellentne eam rem C. Cassio consuli mandari,

[7] responderunt Cassium Aquileiam indicto exercitu profectum per Illyricum in Macedoniam esse. ⁷ ea res primo incredibilis visa, et pro se quisque credere Carnis forsitan aut Histris bellum illatum.

[8] tum Aquileienses: nihil se ultra scire nec audere adfirmare, quam triginta dierum frumentum militi datum et duces qui ex Italia itinera in Macedoniam nossent conquisitos abductosque.

[9] enimvero senatus indignari tantum consulem ausum, ut suam provinciam relinqueret, in alienam transiret, exercitum novo periculoso itinere inter exteras gentes ⁸ duceret, viam tot nationibus in Italiam aperiret. ⁹

[10] decernunt frequentes ut C. Sulpicius praetor tris ex senatu nominet legatos, qui eo die proficiscantur ex urbe et, quantum adcelerare possint, ¹⁰ Cassium consulem, ubicumque sit, persequantur;

[11] nuntient ne bellum cum ulla gente moveat, nisi cum qua senatus gerendum censuerit. ¹¹

[12] legati hi profecti M. Cornelius ¹² Cethegus , M. Fulvius, P. Marcius Rex. metus de consule atque exercitu distulit eo tempore muniendae Aquileiae curam.

Ab urbe condita libri, erklärt von M. Weissenborn Perseus (Weissenborn, W.; Müller, H. J., editors. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1873-1883.) — 43.1 focus

eadem aestate, qua in Thessalia haec gesta sunt, legatus in Illyricum a consule missus opulenta duo oppida oppugnavit;

[2] Ceremiam vi atque armis coegit in deditionem omniaque iis sua concessit, ut opinione clementiae eos, qui Carnuntem, munitam urbem, incolebant, adliceret. postquam nec, ut dederent se, conpellere neque capere obsidendo poterat,

[3] ne duabus oppugnationibus nequiquam fatigatus miles esset, quam prius intactam urbem reliquerat, diripuit. ¹

[4] alter consul C. Cassius nec in Gallia, quam sortitus erat, memorabile quicquam gessit et per Illyricum ducere legiones in Macedoniam vano incepto est conatus.

[5] ingressum hoc iter consulem senatus ex Aquileiensium legatis cognovit, qui querentes coloniam suam novam et infirmam necdum satis munitam inter infestas nationes Histrorum et Illyriorum esse,

[6] cum peterent, ut senatus curae haberet, quomodo ea colonia muniretur, interrogati, vellentne eam rem C. Cassio consuli mandari,

[7] responderunt Cassium Aquileiam indicto exercitu profectum per Illyricum in Macedoniam esse. ea res primo incredibilis visa, et pro se quisque credere Carnis forsitan aut Histris bellum inlatum.

[8] tum Aquileienses: nihil se ultra scire nec audere adfirmare, quam triginta dierum frumentum militi datum et duces, qui ex Italia itinera in Macedoniam nossent, conquisitos abductosque.

[9] enimvero senatus indignari tantum consulem ausum, ut suam provinciam relinqueret, in alienam transiret, exercitum novo periculoso itinere inter ² exteras gentes duceret, viam tot nationibus in Italiam aperiret.

[10] decernunt frequentes, ut C. Sulpicius praetor tris ex senatu nominet legatos, qui eo die proficiscantur ex urbe et, quantum adcelerare possint, Cassium consulem, ubicumque sit, persequantur;

[11] nuntient, ne bellum cum ulla gente moveat, nisi cum qua senatus gerendum censuerit.

[12] legati hi profecti: M. Cornelius Cethegus , M. Fulvius , P. Marcius Rex . metus de consule atque exercitu distulit eo tempore muniendae Aquileiae curam.

Translations (2)

History of Rome Perseus (Spillan, D.; Edmonds, Cyrus; McDevitte, William A., translators. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1849-1868. (Bohn's Classical Library)) — 43.1 focus

[1]

In the same summer in which the Romans were conquerors in the cavalry action in Thessaly, the lieutenant- general, sent by the consul to Illyricum, compelled, by

[2] force of arms, two opulent cities to surrender, and gave the inhabitants all their effects, in hopes, by the reputation of his clemency, to allure to submission the inhabitants of Carnus, a city strongly fortified.

[3] But after he could neither induce them to surrender, nor take their city by a siege; that his soldiers might not be fatigued by the two sieges without reaping any advantage, he sacked those cities which he had spared before.

[4] The other consul, Caius Cassius, performed nothing memorable in Gaul, the province that fell to his lot; but made an ill-judged attempt to lead his army through Illyricum to Macedon.

[5] The senate learned his having undertaken that march from deputies from Aquileia, who complained that their colony, which was new, weak, and but indifferently fortified, lay in the midst of hostile states, Istrians and Illyrians; and begged the senate to take into consideration some method of strengthening it.

[6] These, being asked whether they wished that matter to be given in charge to the consul Caius Cassius, replied, that Cassius, after assembling his forces at Aquileia, had set out on a march through Illyricum into Macedon. The fact was at first deemed incredible, and each individual was under the impression that he had gone on an expedition against the Carnians, or perhaps the Istrians.

[7] The Aquileians then said, that all that they knew, or could take upon them to affirm, was that corn

[8] for thirty days had been given to the soldiers, and that guides, who knew the roads from Italy to Macedon, had been sought for and carried with him.

[9] The senate were highly displeased that the consul should presume to act so improperly as to leave his own province, and remove into that of another; and lead his army by a new and dangerous route through foreign states, and thereby open for so many nations a passage into Italy.

[10] Assembled in great numbers, they decreed that the praetor, Caius Sulpicius, should nominate out of the senate three deputies, who should set out from the city on that very day, make all possible haste to overtake the consul, Cassius, wherever he might be, and tell him not to engage in a war with any nation,

[11] unless that against which the senate voted that such war should be waged. These deputies left the city; Marcus Cornelius Cethegus, Marcus Fulvius, and Publius Marcius Rex.

[12] The fears entertained for the consul and his army caused the business of fortifying Aquileia to be postponed for that time.

History of Rome Perseus (Volumes 1-2. Roberts, Canon, Rev, translator. London, New York: J. M. Dent and Sons; E. P. Dutton and Co., 1912.) — 43.1 focus

[1]

During this summer the commander whom the consul had sent into Illyria attacked two wealthy and prosperous towns.

[2] Cerenia was forced into surrender and he allowed the inhabitants to retain their possessions, hoping by this example of his clemency to induce the people of the strongly fortified city Carnuns to go over to him.

[3] He was unable, however, either to compel them to surrender or to take the place by siege, and in order that the fatigues which his men had undergone in the two sieges might bring them some return, he sacked the city which he had previously left unmolested.

[4] The other consul, who had had Gaul assigned to him, C. Cassius, did nothing worth mentioning there and tried, unsuccessfully however, to lead his legions through Illyria into Macedonia.

[5] The senate heard of his proposed expedition through a deputation sent from Aquileia. They explained that theirs was a new colony and not yet in a satisfactory state of defence, lying as it did between two hostile nations, the Histri and the Illyrians. They asked the senate to consider how the colony could be protected.

[6] On the question being put to them whether they would like that matter to be entrusted to the consul C. Cassius, they replied that he had ordered his army to Aquileia and had started through Illyria for Macedonia,-the thing was at first thought

[7] incredible, and the senators all supposed that he had probably commenced hostilities against the Carni or the Histri.

[8] Then the Aquileians observed that they knew nothing further and would not venture to assert anything more than that corn for thirty days had been given to the soldiers and that guides who knew the routes from Italy to Macedonia had been found and taken with the army.

[9] The senate were intensely indignant at the consul's having dared to take so much upon him as to abandon his own province and trespass upon that of another, leading his army by an unknown and perilous route through strange tribes, and opening up the way for so many nations into Italy.

[10] They made a decree in a crowded House that the praetor C. Sulpicius should select three members of the senate who were to start that very day and, making their way as speedily as possible, find the consul wherever he was, and warn him not

[11] to make a hostile move against any nation without the authorisation of the senate. The commissioners selected were M. Cornelius Cethegus, M. Fulvius and P. Marcius Rex.

[12] Fears for the consul and the army prevented for the time any attention being given to the fortification of Aquileia.

Notes on the current edition

Ab Urbe Condita With An English Translation, books 1-10, 21-45, with periochae 11-20

1. B.C. 171

2. The name is lost; perhaps it was the ex-consul Gaius Claudius (cf. XLII. xlix. 9), since the other ex-consul, Mucius, was made a legatus (XLII. lxvii. 9, cf. also lviii. 13).

3. The name is uncertain, and is not mentioned elsewhere; the location of the town can only be conjectured.

4. The usual practice was to plunder a city which had been stormed, and spare one which surrendered (XXXVII. xxxii. 12).

5. The active sector of his province of Italy (XLII. xxxii. 4).

6. B.C. 171

7. It had been founded ten years before, cf. XL. xxxiv. 2.

8. Cassius would either have had to traverse uninterruptedly mountainous country, as he followed the coast, or to go far inland, approximately to the line of the modern railway to Saloniki, as Philip planned for the Bastarnae; but these would have been aided by friendly tribes, whereas Cassius would have been beyond aid. The Romans had always used the short sea-route from Brundisium to Illyricum and Greece, little as they liked seafaring.

9. The most recent threat from this direction had been in 186- 183 B.C. , cf. XXXIX. xxii. 6, xlv. 6-7, liv, though the Transalpine Gauls who had moved in near Aquileia had acted peaceably enough. Cf. the plans of Philip for an invasion of Italy by the Bastarnae, XL. lvii.

10. Strictly speaking, both the senate and the people had to approve the undertaking of a war; cf. the condemnations of similar unauthorized forays in XXXVIII. xlv. 5 and XLI. vii. 7-8.

11. B.C. 171

Titus Livius (Livy) Ab urbe condita 43.1

Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor)

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