Titus Livius (Livy), Ab urbe condita, Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor), 38.11

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[1] After long agitation the Aetolians finally succeeded in obtaining an agreement on the terms of peace.

[2] These were the conditions:¹

The people of the Aetolians shall uphold the sovereignty and dignity of the Roman people without fraud;² they shall permit no army which is being led against the allies and friends of the Romans to cross their borders and shall aid such an army in no way;

[3]

they shall regard as enemies the same persons whom the Romans so regard, shall take up arms against them and make war upon them in company with the Romans;

[4]

they shall restore deserters, runaways and captives to the Romans and their allies, except such prisoners as were captured a second time after they had returned to their homes, or such as were captured from those who were enemies to the Romans at that time when the Aetolians were associated with the Roman forces,³ and any of the others who shall be discovered within one hundred days to the magistrates⁴ of the Corcyraeans without fraud;

[5]

those who shall not be discovered shall be turned over as soon as each of them is found;

[6]

they shall deliver to the Romans forty hostages, acceptable to the⁵ consul, none younger than twelve years nor older than forty, provided that no hostage shall be a

[7]

praetor, a commander of cavalry, a public secretary, or one who has previously been a hostage at Rome; Cephallania shall be excepted from the terms of peace.

[8] Regarding the sum of money which they were to pay and the instalments thereof, no change was made in the conditions proposed by the consul;

if in place of silver they propose to pay gold, let them do so,

it was agreed,

provided that one gold piece shall be the equivalent of ten pieces of silver.⁶

[9]

Whatever cities, whatever districts, whatever persons have at any time been under the jurisdiction of the Aetolians and have, in the consulship of Titus Quinctius and Gnaeus Domitius or after that consulship,⁷ either been conquered by arms or submitted voluntarily to the control of the Roman people, none of these shall the Aetolians essay to recover; the Oeniadae with their city and lands shall belong to the Acarnanians.

On these conditions the treaty with the Aetolians was concluded.

Ab urbe condita. Titus Livius (Livy). Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor). Medford, MA. .

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The National Endowment for the Humanities.

Current edition Perseus

History of Rome (English) (Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Sage, Evan T.; Schlesinger, Alfred C., translators. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959. (Loeb Classical Library))

Editions (3)

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Pars I-IV, Libri I-XL. Editio Stereotypica. Weissenborn, Wilhelm; Mueller, Moritz, editors. Leipzig: Teubner, 1884-1911.) — 38.11 focus

[1] diu iactati Aetoli tandem, ut condiciones pacis convenirent, effecerunt. fuerunt autem hae:

[2] “imperium maiestatemque populi Romani gens Aetolorum conservato sine dolo malo; ne quem exercitum, qui adversus socios amicosque eorum ducetur, per fines suos transire sinito, neve ulla ope iuvato;

[3] hostis eosdem habeto quos populus Romanus, armaque in eos ferto, bellumque pariter gerito;

[4] perfugas fugitivos captivos reddito Romanis sociisque, praeterquam si qui capti, cum domos redissent, iterum capti sunt, aut si qui eo tempore ex iis capti sunt, qui tur tum hostes erant Romanis, cum intra praesidia Romana Aetoli essent;

[5] aliorum qui comparebunt intra dies centum Corcyraeorum magistratibus sine dolo malo tradantur; qui non comparebunt, quando quisque eorum primum inventus erit, reddatur;

[6] obsides quadraginta arbitratu consulis Romanis dato ne minores duodecim annorum neu maiores quadraginta,

[7] obses ne esto praetor, praefectus equitum, scriba publicus, neu quis, qui ante obses fuit apud Romanos; Cephallania extra pacis leges esto.”

[8] de pecuniae summa, quam penderent, pensionibusque eius nihil ex eo, quod cum consule convenerat, mutatum; pro argento si aurum dare mallent, darent, convenit, dum pro argenteis decem aureus unus valeret.

[9] “quae urbes, qui agri, qui homines Aetolorum iuris aliquando fuerunt, qui eorum T. Quinctio Cn. Domitio consulibus postve eos consules aut armis subacti aut voluntate in dicionem populi Romani venerunt, ne quem eorum Aetoli recepisse velint; Oeniadae cum urbe agrisque Acarnanum sunto.” his legibus foedus ictum cum Aetolis est.

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Livy in Fourteen Volumes. Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Schlesinger, Alfred C., editors. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959 (printing).) — 43.11 focus

[1]

haec et alia haud prospere in Macedonia gesta ¹ ex Sex. digitio tribuno militum, qui sacrificii ² causa Romam venerat, sunt audita.

[2] propter quae veriti patres ne qua maior ³ ignominia acciperetur legatos in Macedoniam M. Fulvium ⁴ Flaccum et M. Caninium Rebilum miserunt, qui comperta ⁵ quae agerentur referrent;

[3] et ut A. Atilius consul comitia consulibus rogandis ita ediceret, uti mense Ianuario confici ⁶ possent, et ut primo quoque tempore in urbem rediret.

[4] interim M. Raecio praetori mandatum, ut edicto senatores omnes ex tota Italia, nisi qui rei publicae causa abessent, Romam revocaret: qui Romae essent,

[5] ne quis ultra mille passuum ab Roma abesset. ea , uti senatus censuit, sunt facta.

[6] comitia consularia ante diem quintum ⁷ kal. febr . ⁸ fuere. creati consules sunt Q. Marcius Philippus iterum et Cn. ⁹ Servilius Caepio.

[7] post diem tertium praetores sunt facti C. ¹⁰ Decimius, M. Claudius Marcellus, C. Sulpicius Gallus, C. Marcius Figulus, Ser. ¹¹

[8] Cornelius Lentulus, P. Fonteius Capito. designatis praetoribus praeter duas urbanas quattuor provinciae sunt decretae: Hispania et Sardinia et ¹² Sicilia et classis.

[9] legati ex Macedonia exacto admodum mense Februario redierunt. hi quas res ea aestate prospere gessisset rex Perseus referebant, quantusque timor socios populi Romani cepisset tot urbibus in potestatem regis redactis.

[10] exercitum consulis infrequentem commeatibus vulgo datis per ambitionem esse; culpam eius rei consulem in tribunos militum, contra illos in consulem ¹³ conferre.

[11] ignominiam Claudi temeritate acceptam elevare eos patres acceperunt, ¹⁴ qui perpaucos Italici generis et magna ex parte ¹⁵ tumultuario dilectu conscriptos ibi milites amissos referebant.

[12] consules designati ubi primum magistratum inissent, de Macedonia referre ad senatum iussi; destinataeque provinciae iis sunt Italia et Macedonia.

[13] hoc anno intercalatum est: tertio die post Terminalia kalendae intercalariae ¹⁶ fuere. sacerdotes intra eum annum mortui sunt ¹⁷ L. Flamininus . .. ¹⁸ pontifices duo decesserunt, L. Furius Philus et C. Livius Salinator. in locum Furii T. Manlium ¹⁹ Torquatum, in Livi M. Servilium pontifices legerunt.

Ab urbe condita libri, erklärt von M. Weissenborn Perseus (Weissenborn, W.; Müller, H. J., editors. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1873-1883.) — 38.11 focus

[1]

diu iactati Aetoli tandem, ut condiciones pacis convenirent, effecerunt. ¹ fuerunt autem hae:

[3] hostis eosdem habeto quos populus Romanus, armaque in eos ferto, bellumque pariter gerito;

[4] perfugas fugitivos captivos reddito Romanis sociisque, praeterquam si qui capti, cum domos redissent, iterum capti sunt, aut si qui eo tempore ex iis capti sunt, qui tum hostes erant Romanis, cum intra praesidia Romana Aetoli essent;

[5] aliorum qui comparebunt intra dies centum Corcyraeorum magistratibus sine dolo malo tradantur; qui non comparebunt, quando quisque eorum primum inventus erit, reddatur;

[6] obsides quadraginta arbitratu consulis ² Romanis dato ne minores duodecim annorum neu maiores quadraginta,

[7] obses ne esto praetor, praefectus equitum, scriba publicus, neu quis, qui ante obses fuit apud Romanos;

[8] Cephallania extra pacis leges esto.” de pecuniae summa, quam penderent, pensionibusque eius nihil ex eo, quod cum consule convenerat, mutatum; pro argento si aurum dare mallent, darent, convenit, dum pro argenteis decem aureus unus valeret.

[9] “quae urbes, qui agri, qui homines Aetolorum iuris aliquando fuerunt, qui eorum T. Quinctio Cn. Domitio consulibus postve eos consules aut armis subacti aut voluntate in dicionem populi Romani venerunt, ne quem eorum Aetoli recepisse velint; Oeniadae cum ³ urbe agrisque Acarnanum sunto.” his legibus foedus ictum cum Aetolis est.

Translations (2)

History of Rome Perseus (Spillan, D.; Edmonds, Cyrus; McDevitte, William A., translators. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1849-1868. (Bohn's Classical Library)) — 38.11 focus

[1]

The Aetolians, after being a long time buffeted about, at length prevailed to have articles of peace concluded.

[2] They were these: —

Let the Aetolian nation, without fraud or deceit, maintain the empire and majesty of the Roman people; let them not suffer to pass through their territories, nor, in any manner whatever, aid or assist any army that shall march against the allies and friends of the Romans;

[3]

let them have the same enemies as the Roman people; let them bear arms against them, and take a share in their wars;

[4]

let them deliver up the deserters, fugitives, and prisoners, to the Romans and their allies, excepting such as were prisoners before, who having returned home, were afterwards captured; and also such as, at the time of their being taken, were enemies to Rome, while the Aetolians were in the Roman army.

[5]

Let such of the others as can be found be delivered up, without reserve, to the magistrates of Corcyra, within one hundred days; and such as cannot now be found, as soon as they shall be discovered.

[6]

Let them give forty hostages at the discretion of the Roman consul, none younger than twelve years nor older than forty; let neither the praetor, nor the general of the horse, nor the public secretary, be a hostage; nor any person who has before been a hostage in the hands of the Romans.

[7]

Let Cephallenia be excluded from these articles.

[8] With respect to the sum of money which they were to pay, and the mode of payment, no alteration was made in the arrangement which had been made by the consul. If they chose to give gold instead of silver, it was agreed that they might do so, provided that one piece of gold should be deemed equivalent to ten of silver of the same weight.

[9]

Whatever cities, whatever lands, whatever men have been formerly under the jurisdiction of the Aetolians, and have, either in the consulate of Titus Quintius and Publius Aelius, or since their consulate, been subdued by the arms of the Roman people, or have made a voluntary submission to them, the Aetolians are not to reclaim. The Œnians, with their city and lands, are to belong to the Acarnanians.

On these conditions was the treaty concluded with the Aetolians.

History of Rome Perseus (Volumes 1-2. Roberts, Canon, Rev, translator. London, New York: J. M. Dent and Sons; E. P. Dutton and Co., 1912.) — 38.11 focus

[1]

After a good deal of rough-handling the Aetolians at last succeeded in getting the terms of peace settled.

[2] They were as follows: "The nation of the Aetolians shall uphold sincerely and honestly the majesty and dominion of the Roman people; they shall not suffer to pass through their territories or in any way assist any army which may be led against the friends and allies of Rome;

[3] they shall count the enemies of Rome as their enemies and bear arms against them and wage war against them equally with Rome;

[4] they shall restore to the Romans and their allies the deserters, the refugees and the prisoners, save and except any who have escaped from captivity and returned to their homes and then been taken captive a second time, and any prisoners from amongst those who were fighting against Rome at the time when the Aetolians formed a part of the Roman forces.

[5] Of the others, all who are known shall be handed over without reserve or subterfuge to the magistrates at Corcyra within 100 days; those who have not then been discovered shall be delivered up as soon as they are found.

[6] The Aetolians shall surrender forty hostages, such as the consul in his discretion shall choose, not less than twelve or more than forty years of age.

[7] No magistrate or commander of cavalry or public secretary shall be taken as a hostage, nor any one who has been previously held as a hostage by the Romans. Cephallania shall be excluded from the terms of peace."

[8] As to the indemnity which they were to pay and the method of payment, the understanding with the consul held good. If they preferred to pay it in silver rather than in gold, they might do so provided that ten silver pieces were taken as the equivalent of one gold piece.

[9] "Concerning the cities, the territories, the populations, which have at any time been incorporated in the Aetolian League-those of them which have either been subjugated or voluntarily surrendered to Rome during the consulships of T. Quinctius, Cneius Domitius, or the consuls which followed them, none of these must the Aetolians seek to recover. The Oeniadae with the city and the soil shall belong to the Acarnanians." Such were the terms upon which peace was concluded with the Aetolians.

Notes on the current edition

Ab Urbe Condita With An English Translation, books 1-10, 21-45, with periochae 11-20

1. The terms here given are in essence those given by Polybius (XXII. xv). The formal beginning appears to be that regularly employed in foedera non aequa, i.e. treaties between a politically superior and a politically inferior state. It is thus interpreted by Cicero ( Balb. 35).

2. Dolus malus is technical and legal; its implication is the intent to injure or deceive another.

3. The second class of exceptions apparently includes citizens of Rome and allied states who were in arms against their native cities during the period of the active Aetolian alliance with Rome in the Second Macedonian War. But neither the meaning nor the purpose of the clause is entirely clear.

4. Polybius ( l.c.) says merely tw=| a)/rxonti, meaning, probably, a Roman prefect in Corcyra. Livy seems to misunderstand, and there seems to be no point in the demand that these persons be handed over to native magistrates in Corcyra.

5. B.C. 189

6. Polybius ( l.c.) states the equivalence in terms of minae, preserving the ratio of 10:1, and adds certain details as to the financial settlement.

7. Livy and Polybius ( l.c.) agree on these names, but one or the other name is nevertheless wrong. The colleague of T. Flamininus in the consulship was Sex. Aelius Paetus (XXXII. viii. 1), while Domitius was consul in 192 B.C. with L. Flamininus (XXXV. x. 10). Titus was named in the corresponding section of the consul's proposals (ix. 10 above), but it is possible that the senate made this particular condition easier by changing the date from 198 B.C. to 192 B.C.

Titus Livius (Livy) Ab urbe condita 38.11

Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor)

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