Titus Livius (Livy), Ab urbe condita, Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor), 3.55

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[1]

Then, through an interrex, they elected to the consulship Lucius Valerius and Marcus Horatius, who at once assumed office. Their administration was favourable to the people, without in any way wronging the patricians, though not without offending them;

[2] for whatever was done to protect the ¹ liberty of the plebs they regarded as a diminution of their own strength.

[3] To begin with, since it was virtually an undecided question whether the patricians were legally bound by plebiscites, they carried a statute in the centuriate comitia enacting that what the plebs should order in the tribal organization should be binding on the people —a law which provided the rogations of the tribunes with a very sharp weapon.

[4] Next they not only restored a consular law about the appeal, the unique defence of liberty, which had been overthrown by the decemviral power, but they also safeguarded it for the future by the solemn enactment of a new law, that no one should declare the

[5] election of any magistrate without appeal, and that he who should so declare might be put to death without offence to law or religion, and that such a homicide should not be held a capital crime.

[6] And having sufficiently strengthened the plebs, by means of the appeal on the one hand and the help of the tribunes on the other, they revived, in the interest of the tribunes themselves, the principle of their sacrosanctity (which was a thing that had now come to be well-nigh forgotten) by restoring certain long-neglected ceremonies;

[7] and they rendered those magistrates inviolate, not merely on the score of religion but also by a statute, solemnly enacting that he who should hurt the tribunes of the plebs, the aediles, ² or the decemviral judges ³ should forfeit his head to Jupiter, and that his possessions should be sold at the temple of Ceres, Liber, and Libera.

[8] Expounders of the law deny that any one is sacrosanct by virtue of this statute, but maintain that the man who has injured any of these officials is ⁴ solemnly forfeited to Jupiter;

[9] hence the aedile may be arrested and imprisoned by the greater magistrates, an act which, though it be unlawful —for he is thereby injured who, according to this statute, may not be injured, —is nevertheless a proof that the aedile is not regarded as sacrosanct;

[10] whereas the tribunes are sacrosanct in consequence of the ancient oath taken by the plebs, when they first created this magistracy. ⁵

[11] There were some who taught that by this same Horatian law the consuls also were protected, and the praetors, inasmuch as they were created under the same auspices as the consuls; for the consul was called

judge.

[12] But this interpretation is refuted by the fact that it was not yet the custom in those days for the consul to be called

judge,

but

praetor.

Such were the consular laws.

[13] The practice was also instituted by the same consuls that the decrees of the senate should be delivered to the aediles of the plebs at the temple of Ceres. Up to that time they were wont to be suppressed or falsified, at the pleasure of the consuls.

[14] Marcus Duillius, the tribune of the plebs, then proposed to the plebs, and they so decreed, that whosoever should leave the plebs without tribunes and whosoever should declare the election of a magistrate without appeal should be scourged and beheaded.

[15] All these measures, though they were passed against the will of the patricians, were yet not opposed by them, since, so far, no one person had been singled out ⁶ for attack.

Ab urbe condita. Titus Livius (Livy). Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor). Medford, MA. .

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The National Endowment for the Humanities.

Current edition Perseus

History of Rome (English) (Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Sage, Evan T.; Schlesinger, Alfred C., translators. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959. (Loeb Classical Library))

Editions (3)

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Pars I-IV, Libri I-XL. Editio Stereotypica. Weissenborn, Wilhelm; Mueller, Moritz, editors. Leipzig: Teubner, 1884-1911.) — 3.55 focus

[1] per interregem deinde consules creati L. Valerius, M. Horatius, qui extemplo magistratum occeperunt. quorum consulatus popularis sine ulla patrum iniuria nec sine offensione fuit;

[2] quidquid enim libertati plebis caveretur, id suis decedere opibus credebant.

[3] omnium primum, cum velut in controverso iure esset, tenerenturne patres plebi scitis, legem centuriatis comitiis tulere, ut, quod tributim plebes iussisset, populum teneret; qua lege tribuniciis rogationibus telum acerrimum datum est.

[4] aliam deinde consularem legem de provocatione, unicum praesidium libertatis, decemvirali potestate eversam, non restituunt modo, sed etiam in posterum muniunt sanciendo novam legem,

[5] ne quis ullum magistratum sine provocatione crearet; qui creasset, eum ius fasque esset occidi, neve ea caedes capitalis noxae haberetur.

[6] et cum plebem hinc provocatione, hinc tribunicio auxilio satis firmassent, ipsis quoque tribunis, ut sacrosancti viderentur, cuius rei prope iam memoria aboleverat,

[7] relatis quibusdam ex magno intervallo caerimoniis renovarunt, et cum religione inviolatos eos tur tum lege etiam fecerunt sanciendo, ut, qui tribunis plebis, aedilibus, iudicibus decemviris nocuisset, eius caput Iovi sacrum esset, familia ad aedem Cereris, Liberi Liberaeque venum iret.

[8] hac lege iuris interpretes negant quemquam sacrosanctum esse, sed eum, qui eorum cuiquam nocuerit, Iovi sacrum sanciri;

[9] itaque aedilem prendi ducique a maioribus magistratibus, quod etsi non iure fiat — noceri enim ei, cui hac lege non liceat — , tamen argumentum esse non haberi pro sacrosancto aedilem;

[10] tribunos vetere iure iurando plebis, cum primum earn eam potestatem creavit, sacrosanctos esse.

[11] fuere, qui interpretarentur eadem hac Horatia lege consulibus quoque et praetoribus, quia eisdem auspiciis quibus consules crearentur, cautum esse; iudicem enim consulem appellari.

[12] quae refellitur interpretatio, quod iis temporibus nondum consulem iudicem, sed praetorem appellari mos fuerit.

[13] hae consulares leges fiere. institutum etiam ab iisdem consulibus, ut senatus consulta in aedem Cereris ad aediles plebis deferrentur, quae antea arbitrio consulum supprimebantur vitiabanturque.

[14] M. Duillius deinde tribunus plebis plebem rogavit plebesque scivit, qui plebem sine tribunis reliquisset quique magistratum sine provocatione creasset, tergo ac capite puniretur.

[15] haec omnia ut invitis, ita non adversantibus patriciis transacta, quia nondum in quemquam unum saeviebatur.

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Conway, Robert Seymour; Walters, Charles Flamstead; Johnson, Stephen Keymer, editors. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1914-1935. (Oxford Classical Texts)) — 3.55 focus

[1]

per interregem deinde consules creati L. Valerius M. Horatius, qui extemplo magistratum occeperunt. quorum consulatus popularis sine ulla patrum iniuria nec sine offensione fuit;

[2] quidquid enim libertati plebis caveretur, id suis decedere ¹ opibus credebant.

[3] omnium primum, cum velut in controverso iure esset tenerenturne patres plebi scitis, legem centuriatis comitiis tulere ut quod tributim plebes iussisset populum teneret; qua lege tribuniciis rogationibus telum acerrimum datum est.

[4] aliam deinde consularem legem de provocatione, unicum praesidium libertatis, decemvirali potestate eversam, non restituunt modo, sed etiam in posterum muniunt sanciendo novam legem,

[5] ne quis ullum magistratum sine provocatione crearet; qui creasset, eum ius fasque esset occidi, neve ea caedes capitalis noxae haberetur.

[6] et cum plebem hinc provocatione hinc tribunicio auxilio satis firmassent, ipsis quoque tribunis, ut sacrosancti viderentur, cuius rei prope iam memoria aboleverat, relatis quibusdam ex magno intervallo caerimoniis renovarunt,

[7] et cum religione inviolatos eos tum lege etiam fecerunt, sanciendo ut qui tribunis plebis aedilibus iudicibus decemviris nocuisset, eius caput Iovi sacrum esset, familia ad aedem Cereris Liberi Liberaeque venum iret.

[8] hac lege iuris ² interpretes negant quemquam sacrosanctum esse, sed eum qui eorum cui ³ nocuerit, Iovi ⁴ sacrum ⁵ sanciri;

[9] itaque aedilem prendi ducique a maioribus magistratibus, quod etsi non iure fiat —noceri enim ei cui hac lege non liceat—tamen argumentum esse non haberi pro sacro sanctoque ⁶ aedilem;

[10] tribunos vetere ⁷ iure iurando plebis, cum primum eam potestatem creavit, sacrosanctos esse.

[11] fuere qui interpretarentur eadem hac Horatia lege consulibus quoque et praetoribus, quia eisdem auspiciis quibus consules crearentur, cautum esse: iudicem enim consulem appellari.

[12] quae refellitur interpretatio, quod iis temporibus nondum consulem iudicem sed praetorem appellari mos fuerit.

[13] hae consulares leges fuere. institutum etiam ab iisdem consulibus ut senatus consulta in aedem Cereris ad aediles plebis deferrentur, quae antea arbitrio consulum supprimebantur vitiabanturque.

[14] M. Duillius deinde tribunus plebis plebem rogavit plebesque scivit qui plebem sine tribunis reliquisset, quique magistratum sine provocatione creasset, tergo ac capite puniretur.

[15] haec omnia ut invitis, ita non adversantibus patriciis transacta, quia nondum in ⁸ quemquam unum saeviebatur.

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Livy in Fourteen Volumes. Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Schlesinger, Alfred C., editors. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959 (printing).) — 3.55 focus