Titus Livius (Livy), Ab urbe condita, Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor), 28.5

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[1]

At the beginning of the summer in which these ¹events took place ²Publius Sulpicius, the proconsul, and King Attalus, after wintering at Aegina, as has been stated above, ³sailed across to Lemnus with their combined fleets, twenty-five Roman and thirty-five royal quinqueremes.

[2] And Philip, to be prepared for every effort of the enemy, whether he must be met on land or on sea, came down himself to the sea at Demetrias ⁴and appointed a day for the army to assemble at Larisa. From his allies all around deputations gathered at Demetrias on the first report of the king's coming.

[3] For the Aetolians in consequence of their alliance with the Romans, and particularly after the arrival of Attalus,

[4] had been emboldened and were laying waste their neighbours' lands. And not only were the Acarnanians and Boeotians and the

[5] inhabitants of Euboea greatly alarmed but also the Achaeans, who in addition to the Aetolian war were further terrified by Machanidas, ⁵tyrant of Sparta, who had pitched his camp not far from the Argive frontier. All these delegations stated the dangers impending by land and sea for their several cities and were imploring the aid of the king.

[6] Even from his own kingdom the report was of no peaceful conditions: that Scerdilaedus and Pleuratus had taken the field;

[7] also that of the Thracians the Maedi ⁶in particular were ready to invade the nearest part of Macedonia if some distant war should engage the king's attention.

[8] In fact the Boeotians ⁷and inland Greek states reported that the pass of Thermopylae, ⁸where a narrow entrance hems in the road, was being closed with a ditch and an earthwork by the Aetolians, that it might not allow Philip a passage in order to defend the cities of his allies.

[9] Even a general lacking in spirit might have been aroused by so many alarms from all sides. Philip sent the deputations away with a promise that he would lend aid to them all as time and circumstances might permit.

[10] As the urgency of the moment required, he sent to Peparēthus a garrison for the city, ⁹from which had come the news that Attalus, sending his fleet over from Lemnus, had ravaged all the country round the city.

[11] Philip sent Polyphantas with a force of moderate size into Boeotia; also one of his own generals, Menippus, to Chalcis with a thousand peltasts, whose shield is not unlike the caetra.

[12] Five hundred of the Agrianes ¹⁰were added, to enable Menippus to protect all parts of the island. The king himself set out for Scotussa and ordered that the Macedonian troops should march across from Larisa to the same place.

[13] There the report reached him that a council had been appointed for the Aetolians at Heraclēa, ¹¹and that

[14] King Attalus would attend for a consultation on the issues of the war.

[15] To break up this gathering by his sudden arrival Philip led his men by forced marches to Heraclēa. He arrived indeed after the council had been dismissed; but he destroyed crops ¹²which were now almost ripe, especially along the Gulf of the Aenianes, ¹³and led his troops back to Scotussa.

[16] There he left the whole army and with his cohort of guards returned to Demetrias. From there, in order that he might meet every movement of his enemies, he sent men into Phocis and Euboea and to Peparethus, to select heights from which signal fires might be visible.

[17] For himself he placed a watch-tower on Mount Tisaeus, ¹⁴whose peak rises to a great height, so that by fires ¹⁵on distant heights he might in an instant receive a message as to where his enemies were active.

The Roman commander and King Attalus crossed from Peparethus to Nicaea. ¹⁶

[18] From there they sailed over to Euboea in their fleet and to the city of Oreum, ¹⁷which is the first of the cities of Euboea situated on the left as one coming from the Gulf of Demetrias steers towards Chalcis and the Euripus.

[19] Between Attalus and Sulpicius it was agreed that the Romans should attack from the sea, the king's forces from the land.

Ab urbe condita. Titus Livius (Livy). Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor). Medford, MA. .

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The National Endowment for the Humanities.

Current edition Perseus

History of Rome (English) (Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Sage, Evan T.; Schlesinger, Alfred C., translators. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959. (Loeb Classical Library))

Editions (3)

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Pars I-IV, Libri I-XL. Editio Stereotypica. Weissenborn, Wilhelm; Mueller, Moritz, editors. Leipzig: Teubner, 1884-1911.) — 28.5 focus

[1] principio aestatis eius, qua haec sunt gesta, P. Sulpicius proconsul et Attalus rex cum Aeginae, sicut ante dictum est, hibernassent, Lemnum inde classe iuncta — Romanae quinque et viginti quinqueremes, regiae quinque et triginta erant — transmiserunt.

[2] et Philippus, ut, seu terra seu maria obviam eundum hosti foret, paratus ad omnes conatus esset, ipse Demetriadem ad mare descendit, Larisam diem ad conveniendum exercitui edixit.

[3] undique ab sociis legationes Demetriadem ad famam regis convenerunt.

[4] sustulerant enim animos Aetoli cum ab Romana societate tum post Attali adventum, finitimosque depopulabantur. nec Acarnanes solum Boeotique

[5] et qui Euboeam incolunt in magno metu erant, sed Achaei quoque, quos super Aetolicum bellum Machanidas etiam Lacedaemonius tyrannus haud procul Argivorum fine positis castris terrebat.

[6] hi omnes, suis quisque urbibus, quae pericula terra marique portenderentur, memorantes auxilia regem orabant.

[7] ne ex regno quidem ipsius tranquillae nuntiabantur res: et Scerdilaedum Pleuratumque motos esse, et Thracum maxime Maedos, si quod longinquum bellum regem occupasset, proxima Macedoniae incursuros.

[8] Boeoti quidem et interiores Graeciae populi Thermopylarum saltum, ubi angustae fauces coartant iter, fossa valloque intercludi ab Aetolis nuntiabant, ne transitum ad sociorum urbes tuendas Philippo darent.

[9] vel segnem ducem tot excitare tumultus circumfusi poterant. legationes dimittit pollicitus, prou tempu a re sineret omnibu laturu s auxilium

[10] praesentia qua maxim urgeba res peparethu peparethum Peparethumpraesidiu urb mittit und allatu era Attalu a Lemn class transmiss omne circu urbe agru depopulatum

[11] cu modic man i Boeotiam Menippu ite quenda e regii ducibu cu mill peltasti — pelt caetra bau baud hauddissimili es — Chalcide mittit

[12] quingent Agrianum u omne insula parte tuer posset ips Scotussa es profectus eodemqu a Laris Macedonu copia traduc iussit

[13] eo nuntiatum est concilium Aetolis Heracleam indictum regemque Attalum ad consultandum de summa belli venturum.

[14] hunc conventum ut turbaret subito adventu, magnis itineribus Heracleam duxit.

[15] et concilio quidem dimisso iam venit; segetibus tamen, quae iam prope maturitatem erant, maxime in sinu Aenianum evastatis Scotussam copias reducit. ibi exercitu omni relicto cum cohorte regia Demetriadem sese recipit.

[16] inde ut ad omnes hostium motus posset occurrere, in Phocidem atque Euboeam et Peparethum mittit, qui loca alta eligerent, unde editi ignes apparerent;

[17] ipse in Tisaeo — mons est in altitudinem ingentem cacuminis editi — speculam posuit, ut ignibus procul sublatis signum, ubi quid molirentur hostes, momento temporis acciperet. Romanus imperator

[18] et Attalus rex a Peparetho Nicaeam traiecerunt; inde classem in Euboeam ad urbem Oreum tramittunt, quae ab Demetriaco sinu Chalcidem et Euripum petenti ad laevam prima urbium Euboeae posita est.

[19] ita inter Attalum ac Sulpicium convenit, ut Romani a mari, regii a terra oppugnarent.

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Conway, Robert Seymour; Walters, Charles Flamstead; Johnson, Stephen Keymer, editors. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1914-1935. (Oxford Classical Texts)) — 28.5 focus

[1]

principi aestati eiu qu hae sun gest P P. Sulpiciusproconsu e Attalu re cu Aegina sicu ant dictu es hibernassent Lemnu ind class iuncta—Romana quinqu e uigint quinqueremes regia quinqu e trigint — transmiseru

[2] n . t Philipp su , s u ter a s u ma i obui m eund m hos i fore , parat s d omn s conat s esse , ip e Demetriad m d ma e descendi , Laris m di m d conueniend m exercit i edixi . undi

[3] ue ab soc is legatio es Demetria em ad fa am re is conueneru t. sustule

[4] ant nim an mos Ae oli cu ab Ro ana socie ate tum ost At ali adue tum finitimo que depopulaban ur;

[5] nec Acar anes olum Boeo iq e e qui Eu oeam inc lu t in agno metue ant sed A haei qu que, quos uper Aeto icum b llum Macha idas tiam Lacedaem nius tyr nnus haud p ocul Argi orum fine po itis ca tris terr ba . hi

[6] omne suis q isque u bibu quae pe icula terra m rique portende entur memo antes a xilia regem or ba t.

[7] ne e regno quidem ipsius tran uillae nunti bant r es: et Scerd laedum Pleur tumqu moto e se, et hracum maxime, ae os, i quod lon inquum bellu regem occu asset, roxima Mac doniae incu suros.

[8] Boeot q idem et in eriores raecia populi Therm pylarum sal um, ubi ngusta fauces oarta t ite , fossa alloque in er ludi ab Aetolis nu ti bant ne t an itum ad ocior m urbes tuendas hilippo dar nt. u

[9] l seg em ucem tot excitare tumultus c rcumfusi. oterant. l gationes dimittit p llici us pro t emp s ac re sinere omnibu laturum. ux lium. in

[10] raes ntia q ae maxi e ur ebat res, eparethum raes dium ur i mi tit, un e al atum er t ttalu ab Le no classe ransm ssa om em ci cum u bem agrum de opulatum.

[11] oly hantam cum od ca manui Boeotia , Me ippum i em quenda ex reg is ucibu cum mille pel atis—pe ta c etrae haud dissimilis es —Chalci em mit it; addi

[12] i quinge ti Agria um ut o nes in ulae artest eri osset. ip e S otussam e t profec us eodemq e ab Lari a Mace onum co ias tra

[13] e nuntiatu es conciliu Aetoli Heraclea indictu regemqu Attalu a consultandu d summ bell uenturum hu

[14] c conuent m t turbar t subi o aduent , magn s itinerib s Heracle m duxi .

[15] et conci io qui em dimi so [i m] uen t; segeti us tam n, q ae am pr pe maturita em era t, max me in s nu Aenia um euasta is Scotus am cop as reduc t. bi exerc tu o ni relic o, um coho te re ia Demetria em s se recep t.

[16] nd u ad o nes hos ium m tus po set occurr re in Phoc dem a que Eub ea et Pepare hum mi tit qui oca lta elige ent nde e iti i nes apparer nt:

[17] ip e in T saeo mon e t in altitu inem ing ntem cacu inisediti—spe ulam p su t ut ig ibus p ocul sub atis si num ubi quid molir ntur ho tes, mo ento tem oris accip ret. Ro anus impe at r et At alu a ex a Pepa etho Ni aeam traiece unt;

[18] inde c as em in E bo am ad urbem Oreum trami tunt q ae ab Deme riac sinu Cha ci em et E ripum p te ti ad aeuam prima rbium E boeae osit es . it

[19] inter tt lum ac Su picium c nu nit ut R mani, mari a egii terra oppug

Ab urbe condita Perseus (Livy in Fourteen Volumes. Foster, Benjamin Oliver; Moore, Frank Gardener; Schlesinger, Alfred C., editors. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1919-1959 (printing).) — 28.5 focus

[1]

principio aestatis eius qua haec sunt gesta ¹P Sulpiciu proconsu e Attalu re cu Aeginae sicu ant dictu est hibernassent Lemnu ind class iuncta—Romana quinqu e vigint quinqueremes regia quinqu e trigint —²—transmiserun .

[2] t Philipp su , s u ter a s u ma i obvi m eund m hos i fore , parat s d omn s conat s esse , ip e Demetriad m d ma e descendi , Laris m di m d conveniend m exercit i edixi . undiq

[3] e b soci s legation s Demetriad m d fam m reg s convenerun . sustulera

[4] t en m anim s Aeto i c m b Roma a societa e t m po t Atta i adventu , finitimosq e depopulabantu . n

[5] c Acarnan s sol m Boeotiq e t q i Euboe m incolu t n mag o me u eran , s d Acha i quoqu , qu s sup r Aetolic m bell m Machanid s eti m Lacedaemoni s tyrann s ha d proc l Argivor m fi e posit s castr s terreba .

[6] i omn s su s quisq e urbib s qu e pericu a ter a mariq e portenderent r memoran ³es auxi ia re em oraba t.

[7] ne ex re no qui em ips us tranquil ae nuntiaban urr s: et Scerdilae um Pleuratum ue mo os es e, et Thra um max me Maed s, si q od longinq um bel um re em occupass t, prox ma Macedon ae incursu os. bo

[8] oti qu de et interi res Grae iae p ⁴puli Thermopy arum sa tum ubi an ⁵ustae auces co rtant iter, fossava loque inte cl di ab A tolis nunti ba t, ne tra si um ad so iorum urbes t endas Ph lippod ren . vel

[9] velegnem duc m tot ex itare tu ultus circ mfusi pot rant. lega iones di ittit polli itus, prout em us c res si eret, o nibus l tu um se aux li m. In prae

[10] Inenti quae axime u geba res, Pepa ethum prae idiu urbim ttit unde a latu erat A ta um ab Lemno lasse tran missa omnem ircum urbem agrum depopu atum. polyp

[11] ant m cum odic m nu in Boe tiam, Me ippu item q en am ex egiis d cib s cum mille pe tatis ⁶—pelta aetr e haud di

[12] similis est-C alcidem mittit additi q ingenti⁷, gr anum, ut omne insul e par es tuer pos et. ipse ipsecot ssam estp ofectus, eo emque b Larisa acedon m copia traduc

[13] eo nuntiatum est concilium Aetolis Heracleam indictum regemque Attalum ad consultandum de summa belli venturum.

[14] hunc conventum ut turbaret subito adventu, ⁸magni itineribu Heraclea duxit e

[15] etconcili quide dimiss ven⁹i ; segetib s tame , q ¹⁰ae am p ¹¹ope maturit tem er nt, ma im in inu Aeni num evast tis Scotu sam co ias redu it. Ibi exer itu mni reli to, cum coh rte r gia Demetri dem ese reci it. ¹²

[16] nd u ad o nes hos ium m tus po set occurr re in Phoc dem a que Eub ea et Pepare hum mi tit qui oca lta elige ent nde e iti i nes apparer nt;

[17] ip e in Tisaeo mon e t in altitu inem ing ntem cacu inisediti—spe ulam po ui , ut ig ibus p ocul sub atis si num ubi quid molir ntur ho tes, mo ento tem oris accip ret. Ro

[18] anus impe at r et At alu a ex a Pepa etho Ni aeam traiece unt; inde cl ss m in Eu oe m ad rbem reum tramit unt, qu e ab Demet iaco sinu Chal id m et Eu ipum pe en i ad l evam rima u bium Eu oeae p sita est ita

[19] itanter At al m ac Sulp cium conv ni , ut R m ni a, ari, e ii a erra oppugna

Translations (2)

History of Rome Perseus (Spillan, D.; Edmonds, Cyrus; McDevitte, William A., translators. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1849-1868. (Bohn's Classical Library)) — 28.5 focus

[1]

In the beginning of the summer in which these events occurred, Publius Sulpicius, proconsul, and king Attalus, having passed the winter at Aegina, as before observed, united their fleets, consisting of twenty-three Roman quinqueremes and thirty-five belonging to the king, and proceeded to Lemnos.

[2] Philip also, that he might be prepared for every kind of measure, whether it should be necessary to meet the enemy on land or sea, came down to the coast of Demetrias and appointed to his army a day on which to meet him at Larissa.

[3] On the news of the king's arrival, ambassadors from his allies came to Demetrias from all sides. For the Aetolians, inspirited both by their

[4] alliance with the Romans and the approach of king Attalus, were ravaging the neighbouring states;

[5] not only the Acarnanians, Bœotians, and Eubœans were very much alarmed, but the Achaeans also were kept in a state of terror, both by the hostile proceedings of the Aetolians, and also by Machanidas, tyrant of Lacedaemon, who had encamped at a short distance from the borders of the Argives.

[6] All of these stating the dangers which threatened their possessions, both by land and sea, entreated succour from the king.

[7] Philip received accounts even from his own kingdom, that things were not in a state of tranquillity; that both Scerdiledus and Pleuratus were in motion, and that some of the Thracians, and particularly the Maedians, would certainly make incursions on the contiguous provinces of Macedonia, should the king be occupied with a distant war.

[8] The Bœotians, indeed, and the people inhabiting the inland parts of Greece, told him that the Aetolians had obstructed by a ditch and rampart the straits of Thermopylae, where the road is very narrow and confined, in order to prevent their passing to the assistance of the allied states.

[9] So many disturbances arising on all hands were sufficient to awaken an inactive general. He dismissed the ambassadors, promising to assist them all according as opportunity and circum- stances allowed.

[10] For the present, he sent to Peparethus a body of troops to garrison the city, for this was the most urgent business, as information had been received thence that Attalus, crossing over to Lemnos, was devastating all the neighbouring country.

[11] He sent Polyphantas with a small detachment to Bœotia, and also Menippus, one of his guards, with one thousand targeteers (the target is not unlike the ordinary buckler) to Chalcis.

[12] Five hundred Agrianians were added, that every part of the island might be secured. He went himself to Scotussa, and ordered the Macedonian soldiers to be removed thither from Larissa.

[13] Here he heard that the Aetolians had been summoned to an assembly at Heraclea, and that king

[14] Attalus was to come and advise with them as to the conduct of the war.

[15] Determining to interrupt this meeting by his sudden approach, he led his troops by forced marches to Heraclea, where he arrived just after the assembly had broken up. However, he destroyed the crops, which were nearly ripe, particularly those round the Aenian bay.

[16] He then marched back to Scotussa, and leaving there the main army, retired to Demetrias with the royal guards. In order to be prepared against every attempt of the enemy, he sent persons hence to Phocis, Eubœa, and Peparethus, to select elevated situations, from which fires lighted upon them might be seen from a distance.

[17] He fixed a watchtower on Tisaeum, a mountain whose summit is prodigiously high, in order that when the enemy made any attempt he might instantly receive intimation of it by means of fires lighted up at a distance.

[18] The Roman general and king Attalus then passed over from Peparethus to Nicaea, and thence sailed to Orcus, the first city of Eubœa, on the left as you proceed to Chalcis and the Euripus from the bay of Demetrias.

[19] It was agreed upon between Attalus and Sulpicius, that the Romans should attack the town on the side neat the sea, and the king's forces on the land side.

History of Rome Perseus (Volumes 1-2. Roberts, Canon, Rev, translator. London, New York: J. M. Dent and Sons; E. P. Dutton and Co., 1912.) — 28.5 focus

[1]

It was in the beginning of this summer that the proconsul P. Sulpicius and King Attalus who, as already stated, had wintered at Aegina, sailed for Lemnos with their combined fleets, the Roman vessels numbering twenty-five and the king's ships, thirty-five.

[2] In order to be in readiness to meet his enemies by land or sea, Philip went down to Demetrias on the coast and

[3] issued orders for his army to assemble at Larissa by a given day. When they heard of the king's arrival at Demetrias, deputations from all his allies visited him there.

[4] The Aetolians, emboldened by their alliance with Rome and the arrival of Attalus, were ravaging their neighbours' lands.

[5] Great alarm was created amongst the Acarnanians, the Boeotians and the inhabitants of Euboea, and the Achaeans had further cause for apprehension, for, in addition to their war with

[6] the Aetolians, they were threatened by Machanidas the tyrant of Lacedaemon, who had encamped not far from the Argive frontiers.

[7] The deputations informed the king of the state of things, and one and all begged him to render them assistance against the dangers which were threatening by land and sea.

[8] The condition of his own kingdom was far from tranquil; reports were brought to him announcing that Scerdilaedus and Pleuratus were again active and that Thracian tribes, especially the Maedi, were prepared to invade Macedonia as soon as the king was involved in a distant war.

[9] The Boeotians and the States in the interior of Greece reported that the Aetolians had closed the pass of Thermopylae at its narrowest part with

[10] a fosse and rampart to prevent him from carrying succour to the cities of his allies. Even a lethargic leader would have been roused to activity by all these disturbances round him.

[11] He dismissed the deputations with a definite promise that he would furnish assistance to them all as time and circumstances allowed. For the moment the most pressing care was the city of Peparethos, as King Attalus, who had sailed thither from Lemnos, was reported to be plundering and destroying all the country round.

[12] Philip sent a detachment to protect the place.

[13] He also sent Polyphantas with a small force into Boeotia, and Menippus, one of his generals, with 1000 peltasts to Chalcis.

[14] This force was supplemented by 500 Agrianians, in order that the whole of the island might be protected. Philip himself proceeded to Scotusa and ordered the Macedonian troops at Larissa to march there.

[15] Information was brought to him here that the national council of the Aetolians had been summoned to meet at Heraclea and that Attalus would be present to consult with them as to the conduct of the war.

[16] Philip accordingly proceeded thither by forced marches, but did not reach the place till the council was broken up. He destroyed the crops, however, which were almost ripe, especially round the gulf of the Aenianes, and then led his army back to Scotusa. Leaving the bulk of his forces there he returned to Demetrias with his household troops.

[17] With the view of meeting any movement on the part of the enemy, he sent men into Phocis, Euboea and Peparethos to select elevated positions on which beacon fires might be lighted, and himself fixed an observation post on Tisaeos, a peak of immense height.

[18] In this way he hoped to receive instant notice from the distant fires of any movement on the part of the enemy. The Roman general and Attalus sailed from Peparethos to Nicaea, and from there to the city of Oreus in Euboea.

[19] This is the first city in Euboea which you pass on your left hand as you leave the Gulf of Demetrias for Chalcis and the Euripus. It was arranged between Attalus and Sulpicius that the Romans should attack by sea and the king's troops by land.

Notes on the current edition

Ab Urbe Condita With An English Translation, books 1-10, 21-45, with periochae 11-20

1. B.C. 207

2. Since Roman progress in Greece had been slow Livy is summarizing events of 208 and 207 B.C. in that theatre under the latter year. Cf. XXVII. xxix. 9 ff. (Vol. VII. p. 330, n. 2). Polybius is the source (X. xli. f.) for the events which follow.

3. I.e. XXVII. xxxiii. 5.

4. At the north end of the Sinus Pagasaeus (Demetriacus in §18), it was the chief trade centre of Thessaly; cf. Vol. VII. p. 342, n. 2.

5. Cf. XXVII. xxix. 9; below, vii. 17.

6. Between Thrace and Paeonia, in the upper valley of the Strymon and eastward; XXVI. xxv. 6, 8.

7. B.C. 207

8. Cf. vii. 3; Strabo IX. iv. 12 ff.

9. Of the same name as the island, and destroyed by Philip; XXXI. xxviii. 6.

10. Paeonian auxiliaries (archers) of the Macedonians; XXXIII. xviii. 9; Thucydides II. 96; Polybius II. lxv; X. xlii. 3; Strabo VII. fr. 36 f.

11. Above Thermopylae, to the west of the pass and commanding the road to it; XXXVI. xvi. 4 f.; xxii. 1, 4 f.; Thuc. III. 92; Strabo IX. iv. 13; Polybius X. xlii. 4. From Scotussa, in eastern Thessaly, to Thermopylae the distance was about 50 Roman miles; cf. vii. 3.

12. B.C. 207

13. I.e. the Sinus Maliacus (XXVII. xxx. 3), for the Aenianes lay to the west of that gulf.

14. Plainly visible from Demetrias across the gulf. The height of the mountain is 2112 ft. Cf. Polybius X. xlii. 7.

15. For signalling by fires cf. XXIX. vi. 8, 10. Polybius has an excursus of several pages on the subject, including improvements he had himself made; l.c. xliii-xlvii. The Romans seem to have made no use of so elaborate a system; cf. Riepl, Das Nachrichtenwesen des Altertums 61 f., 74 ff., 91 ff.

16. A stronghold of the Eastern Locrians and a seaport 2 1/2 miles east of Thermopylae; XXXII. xxxii. 9; xxxv. 2; Polybius X. xlii. 4; XVIII. vii. 8; Strabo IX. iv. 13.

17. Cf. XXXI. xlvi. 6 if.; Strabo X. i. 3 if. Earlier it had been called Histiaea.

Titus Livius (Livy) Ab urbe condita 28.5

Benjamin Oliver Foster, Ph.D. (Editor), Frank Gardener Moore (Editor), Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. (Editor), Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D. (Editor)

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