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M. Tulli Ciceroni Actionis in C. Verrem Secundae Liber Quintus

De Suppliciis

[1] 1 nemini video dubium esse, iudices, quin apertissime C. Verres in Sicilia sacra profanaque omnia et privatim et publice spoliarit, versatusque sit sine ulla non modo religione verum etiam dissimulatione in omni genere furandi atque praedandi. sed quaedam mihi magnifica et praeclara eius defensio¹ ostenditur; cui quem ad modum resistam multo mihi ante est, iudices², providendum. ita enim causa constituitur, provinciam Siciliam virtute istius et vigilantia singulari dubiis formidolosisque temporibus a fugitivis atque a belli periculis tutam esse servatam.

[2] quid agam, iudices? quo accusationis meae rationem conferam? quo me vertam? ad omnis enim meos impetus quasi murus quidam boni nomen imperatoris opponitur. Novi locum; video ubi se iactaturus sit Hortensius. Belli pericula, tempora rei publicae, imperatorum penuriam commemorabit; tum deprecabitur a vobis, tum etiam pro suo iure contendet ne patiamini talem imperatorem populo Romano Siculorum testimoniis eripi, ne obteri laudem imperatoriam criminibus avaritiae velitis.

[3] non possum dissimulare, iudices; timeo ne C. Verres propter hanc eximiam virtutem in re militari omnia quae fecit impune fecerit. venit enim mihi in mentem in iudicio M’. Aquili³ quantum auctoritatis, quantum momenti oratio M. Antoni habuisse existimata sit; qui, ut erat in dicendo non solum sapiens sed etiam fortis, causa prope perorata ipse⁴ arripuit M’. Aquilium constituitque in conspectu omnium tunicamque eius a pectore abscidit, ut cicatrices populus Romanus iudicesque aspicerent adverso corpore exceptas; simul et de illo vulnere quod ille in capite ab hostium duce acceperat multa dixit, eoque adduxit eos qui erant iudicaturi vehementer ut vererentur ne, quem virum fortuna ex hostium telis eripuisset, cum sibi ipse non pepercisset, hic non ad populi Romani laudem sed ad iudicum crudelitatem videretur esse servatus.

[4] eadem nunc ab illis defensionis ratio viaque temptatur, idem quaeritur. sit fur, sit sacrilegus, sit flagitiorum omnium vitiorumque princeps; at est bonus imperator, at felix⁵ et ad dubia rei publicae tempora reservandus. 2 non agam summo iure tecum⁶, non dicam id quod debeam forsitan obtinere, cum iudicium certa lege sit,—non quid in re militari fortiter feceris, sed quem ad modum manus ab alienis pecuniis abstinueris abs te doceri oportere; non, inquam, sic agam, sed ita quaeram, quem ad modum te velle intellego, quae tua opera et quanta fuerit in bello.

[5] quid dicis? an bello fugitivorum Siciliam virtute tua liberatam? Magna laus et honesta oratio; sed tamen quo bello? nos enim, post illud bellum quod M’. Aquilius confecit, sic accepimus, nullum in Sicilia fugitivorum bellum fuisse. at in Italia fuit. fateor, et magnum quidem ac vehemens. num igitur ex eo bello partem aliquam laudis appetere conaris? num tibi illius victoriae gloriam cum M. Crasso aut Cn. Pompeio communicatam putas? non arbitror hoc etiam tuae deesse impudentiae, ut quicquam eius modi dicere audeas. obstitisti videlicet ne ex Italia transire in Siciliam fugitivorum copiae possent. Vbi, quando⁷, qua ex parte? cum aut ratibus aut navibus conarentur accedere? nos enim nihil umquam prorsus audivimus, sed⁸ illud audivimus, M. Crassi, fortissimi viri, virtute consilioque factum ne ratibus coniunctis freto fugitivi ad Messanam transire possent, a quo illi conatu non tanto opere prohibendi fuissent, si ulla in Sicilia praesidia ad illorum adventum opposita putarentur.

[6] at cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit. quid mirum? ne cum in Sicilia quidem fuit eodem intervallo, pars eius belli in Italiam ulla pervasit. 3 etenim propinquitas locorum ad utram partem hoc loco profertur? utrum aditum facilem hostibus an contagionem imitandi belli periculosam fuisse? aditus omnis hominibus sine ulla facultate navium non modo disiunctus⁹ sed etiam clausus est, ut illis quibus Siciliam propinquam fuisse dicis facilius fuerit ad Oceanum pervenire quam ad Peloridem accedere.

[7] contagio autem ista servilis belli cur abs te potius quam ab iis¹⁰ omnibus qui ceteras provincias obtinuerunt praedicatur? an quod in Sicilia iam antea bella fugitivorum fuerunt? at ea ipsa causa est cur ista provincia minimo in periculo sit et fuerit. nam posteaquam illinc M’. Aquilius decessit, omnium instituta atque edicta praetorum fuerunt eius modi ut ne quis cum telo servus esset. vetus est quod dicam, et propter severitatem exempli nemini fortasse vestrum inauditum, L. Domitium praetorem in Sicilia, cum aper ingens ad eum adlatus esset, admiratum requisisse quis eum percussisset; cum audisset pastorem cuiusdam fuisse, eum vocari ad se iussisse; illum cupide ad praetorem quasi ad laudem atque ad praemium accucurrisse; quaesisse Domitium qui tantam bestiam percussisset; illum respondisse, venabulo; statim deinde iussu praetoris in crucem esse sublatum. durum hoc fortasse videatur, neque ego ullam in partem disputo: tantum intellego, maluisse Domitium crudelem in animadvertendo quam in praetermittendo dissolutum videri.

[8] 4 ergo his institutis provinciae iam tum, cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus nec fortissimus, C. Norbanus, in summo otio fuit: perfacile enim sese Sicilia iam tuebatur, ut ne quod ex ipsa bellum posset exsistere. etenim cum nihil tam coniunctum sit quam negotiatores nostri cum Siculis usu, re, ratione, concordia, et cum ipsi Siculi res suas ita constitutas habeant ut iis¹¹ pacem expediat esse, imperium autem populi Romani sic diligant ut id imminui aut commutari minime velint, cumque haec a¹² servorum bello pericula et praetorum institutis et dominorum disciplina provisa sint, nullum est malum domesticum quod ex ipsa provincia nasci possit.

[9] quid igitur? nulline motus in Sicilia servorum Verre praetore, nullaene consensiones factae esse dicuntur? nihil sane quod ad senatum populumque Romanum pervenerit, nihil quod iste publice Romam scripserit; et tamen coeptum esse in Sicilia moveri aliquot locis servitium suspicor. id adeo non tam ex re quam ex istius factis decretisque cognosco. ac¹³ videte quam non inimico animo sim acturus: ego ipse haec quae ille quaerit, quae adhuc numquam audistis, commemorabo et proferam.

[10] in Triocalino, quem locum fugitivi iam ante tenuerunt¹⁴, Leonidae cuiusdam Siculi familia in suspicionem est vocata coniurationis. res delata ad istum. statim, ut par fuit, iussu eius homines qui fuerant¹⁵ nominati comprehensi sunt adductique Lilybaeum; domino denuntiatum est, causa dicta, damnati. 5 quid deinde? quid censetis? furtum fortasse aut praedam exspectatis¹⁶ aliquam. nolite usque quaque idem quaerere. in metu belli furandi locus qui potest esse? etiam si qua fuit in hac re occasio praetermissa est. tum potuit a Leonida nummorum aliquid auferre, cum denuntiavit ut adesset; fuit nundinatio aliqua, et isti non nova, ne causam dicerent¹⁷; etiam alter locus, ut absolverentur: damnatis quidem servis quae praedandi potest¹⁸ esse ratio? produci ad supplicium necesse est. testes enim sunt qui in consilio fuerunt, testes publicae tabulae, testis splendidissima civitas Lilybitana¹⁹, testis honestissimus maximusque conventus civium Romanorum: fieri nihil potest, producendi sunt. itaque producuntur et ad palum alligantur.

[11] etiam nunc mihi exspectare videmini, iudices, quid deinde factum sit, quod iste nihil umquam fecit sine aliquo quaestu atque praeda. quid in eius modi re fieri potuit? quod commodum est, exspectate facinus quam vultis improbum; vincam tamen exspectationem omnium. homines sceleris coniurationisque damnati, ad supplicium traditi, ad palum alligati, repente multis milibus hominum inspectantibus soluti sunt et Triocalino illi domino redditi.

quid hoc loco potes dicere, homo amentissime, nisi id quod ego non quaero, quod denique in re tam nefaria, tametsi dubitari non potest, tamen ne si dubitetur quidem quaeri oporteat, quid aut quantum aut quo modo acceperis? remitto tibi hoc totum atque ista te cura libero; neque enim metuo ne hoc cuiquam persuadeatur, ut, ad quod facinus nemo praeter te ulla pecunia adduci potuerit, id tu²⁰ gratis suscipere conatus sis. verum de ista furandi praedandique ratione nihil dico, de hac imperatoria iam tua laude disputo.

[12] 6 quid ais, bone custos defensorque provinciae? tu quos servos arma capere et bellum facere in Sicilia voluisse cognoras et de consili sententia iudicaras, hos ad supplicium iam more maiorum traditos²¹ ex media morte eripere ac liberare ausus es, ut, quam damnatis crucem servis fixeras, hanc indemnatis videlicet civibus Romanis reservares? perditae civitates desperatis iam omnibus rebus hos solent exitus exitialis habere, ut damnati in integrum restituantur, vincti solvantur, exsules reducantur, res iudicatae rescindantur. quae cum accidunt, nemo est quin intellegat ruere illam rem publicam haec ubi eveniant²²; nemo est qui ullam spem salutis reliquam esse arbitretur.

[13] atque haec sicubi facta sunt²³ ita facta sunt ut homines populares aut nobiles supplicio aut²⁴ exsilio levarentur, at non ab iis ipsis qui iudicassent, at non statim, at non²⁵ eorum facinorum damnati quae ad vitam et ad²⁶ fortunas omnium pertinerent. hoc vero novum et eius modi est ut magis propter reum quam propter rem ipsam credibile videatur, ut homines servos, ut ipse qui iudicarat, ut statim e medio supplicio dimiserit, ut eius facinoris damnatos servos²⁷ quod ad omnium liberorum caput et sanguinem pertineret.

[14] O praeclarum imperatorem nec iam cum M’. Aquilio, fortissimo viro, sed vero cum Paulis, Scipionibus, Mariis conferendum! tantumne vidisse in metu periculoque provinciae! cum servitiorum animos in Sicilia suspensos propter bellum Italiae fugitivorum videret, ne quis se commovere auderet, quantum terroris iniecit! comprendi²⁸ iussit; quis non pertimescat? causam dicere dominos; quid servo tam formidolosum?

fecisse videri

pronuntiat; exortam videtur flammam paucorum dolore ac morte restinxisse. quid deinde sequitur? verbera atque ignes et illa extrema ad supplicium damnatorum, metum ceterorum, cruciatus²⁹ et crux. hisce omnibus suppliciis sunt liberati. quis dubitet quin servorum animos summa formidine oppresserit, cum viderent ea facilitate praetorem ut ab eo servorum sceleris coniurationisque damnatorum vita vel ipso carnifice internuntio redimeretur?

[15] 7 quid? hoc in Apolloniensi Aristodamo, quid? in Leonte Imacharensi³⁰ non idem fecisti? quid? iste motus servitiorum bellique subita suspicio utrum tibi tandem diligentiam custodiendae provinciae an novam rationem improbissimi quaestus attulit? Halicyensis Eumenidae, nobilis hominis et honesti, magnae pecuniae vilicus cum impulsu tuo insimulatus esset, HS lx a domino accepisti, quod nuper ipse iuratus docuit quem ad modum gestum esset. ab equite Romano C. Matrinio absente, cum is esset Romae, quod eius vilicos pastoresque tibi in suspicionem venisse dixeras, HS dc³¹ abstulisti. dixit hoc L. Flavius, qui tibi eam pecuniam numeravit, procurator C. Matrini, dixit ipse Matrinius, dicit³² vir clarissimus, Cn. Lentulus censor, qui Matrini honoris causa recenti negotio ad te litteras misit mittendasque curavit.

[16] quid? de Apollonio, Diocli³³ filio, Panhormitano, cui gemino cognomen est, praeteriri potest? ecquid hoc tota Sicilia clarius, ecquid indignius, ecquid manifestius proferri potest? quem, ut Panhormum venit, ad se vocari et de tribunali citari iussit concursu magno frequentiaque conventus. homines statim loqui: mirabar quod Apollonius, homo pecuniosus, tam diu ab isto maneret integer; excogitavit nescio quid, nescio quid³⁴ attulit; profecto homo dives repente a Verre non sine causa citatur. exspectatio summa omnium³⁵ quidnam id esset, cum exanimatus subito ipse accurrit cum adulescente filio; nam pater grandis natu iam diu lecto tenebatur.

[17] nominat iste servum, quem magistrum pecoris esse diceret³⁶; eum dicit coniurasse et familias concitasse, —is omnino servus in familia non erat,—eum statim exhiberi iubet. Apollonius adfirmare se omnino nomine illo servum habere neminem: iste hominem abripi a tribunali et in carcerem conici iubet. clamare ille, cum raperetur, nihil se miserum fecisse, nihil commisisse, pecuniam sibi esse in nominibus, numeratam in praesentia non habere. haec cum maxime summa hominum frequentia testificaretur, ut quivis intellegere posset eum, quod pecuniam non dedisset, idcirco illa tam acerba iniuria adfici—cum maxime, ut dico, hoc de pecunia clamaret, in vincla coniectus est.

[18] 8 videte constantiam praetoris, et eius praetoris³⁷ qui in his³⁸ rebus non ita defendatur ut mediocris praetor, sed ita laudetur ut optimus imperator. cum servorum bellum metueretur, quo supplicio dominos indemnatos adficiebat, hoc servos damnatos liberabat: Apollonium, hominem locupletissimum, qui, si fugitivi bellum in Sicilia facerent, amplissimas fortunas amitteret, belli fugitivorum nomine indicta causa in vincla coniecit: servos, quos ipse de consili sententia³⁹ belli faciendi causa consensisse iudicavit, eos sine consili sententia sua sponte omni supplicio liberavit.

[19] quid? si aliquid ab Apollonio commissum est quam ob rem in eum iure animadverteretur, tamenne hanc rem sic agemus ut crimini aut invidiae reo putemus esse oportere si quo de homine severius iudicaverit? non agam tam acerbe, non utar ista accusatoria consuetudine, si quid est factum clementer, ut dissolute factum criminer, si quid vindicatum est severe, ut ex eo crudelitatis invidiam colligam. non agam ista ratione; tua sequar iudicia, tuam defendam auctoritatem, quoad tu voles; simul ac tute coeperis tua iudicia rescindere, mihi suscensere desinito; meo iure enim contendam eum qui suo iudicio damnatus sit iuratorum iudicum sententiis damnari oportere.

[20] non defendam Apolloni causam, amici atque hospitis mei, ne tuum iudicium videar rescindere; nihil de hominis frugalitate, virtute, diligentia dicam; praetermittam illud etiam de quo ante⁴⁰ dixi, fortunas eius ita constitutas fuisse familia, pecore, villis, pecuniis creditis ut nemini minus expediret ullum in Sicilia tumultum aut bellum commoveri; non dicam ne illud quidem, si maxime in culpa fuerit Apollonius, tamen in hominem honestissimae⁴¹ civitatis honestissimum tam graviter animadverti causa indicta non oportuisse.

[21] nullam in te invidiam ne ex illis quidem rebus concitabo, cum esset talis vir in carcere, in tenebris, in squalore, in sordibus, tyrannicis interdictis tuis patri exacta aetate et adulescenti filio adeundi ad illum miserum potestatem numquam esse factam. etiam illud praeteribo, quotienscumque Panhormum veneris illo anno et sex mensibus— nam tam diu fuit Apollonius in carcere—totiens⁴² te senatum Panhormitanum adisse supplicem, cum magistratibus sacerdotibusque publicis⁴³, orantem atque obsecrantem ut aliquando ille miser atque innocens calamitate illa liberaretur. relinquo⁴⁴ haec omnia; quae si velim persequi, facile ostendam tua crudelitate in alios omnis tibi aditus misericordiae iudicum iam pridem esse praeclusos.

[22] 9 omnia tibi ista concedam et remittam; provideo enim quid sit defensurus Hortensius; fatebitur apud istum neque senectutem patris neque adulescentiam fili neque lacrimas utriusque plus s valuisse quam utilitatem salutemque provinciae; dicet rem publicam administrari sine metu ac severitate non posse; quaeret quam ob rem fasces praetoribus praeferantur, cur secures datae, cur carcer aedificatus, cur tot supplicia sint in improbos more maiorum constituta. quae cum omnia graviter severeque dixerit, quaeram cur hunc eundem Apollonium Verres idem repente nulla re nova adlata, nulla defensione, sine causa de carcere emitti iusserit; tantumque in hoc crimine suspicionis esse adfirmabo ut iam ipsis iudicibus sine mea argumentatione coniecturam facere permittam quod hoc genus praedandi, quam improbum, quam indignum, quamque ad magnitudinem quaestus immensum infinitumque esse videatur.

[23] nam quae iste in Apollonio fecit, ea primum breviter cognoscite⁴⁵ quot et quanta sint, deinde haec expendite atque aestimate pecunia: reperietis idcirco haec in uno homine pecunioso tot constituta ut ceteris formidines similium incommodorum atque exempla periculorum proponeret⁴⁶. primum insimulatio est repentina capitalis atque invidiosi criminis,—statuite quanti hoc putetis et quam multos redemisse; deinde crimen sine accusatore, sententia sine consilio, damnatio sine defensione, —aestimate harum omnium rerum pretia et cogitate in his iniquitatibus unum haesisse Apollonium, ceteros profecto multos ex his incommodis pecunia se liberasse; postremo tenebrae, vincla, carcer, inclusum supplicium atque a conspectu⁴⁷ parentium⁴⁸ ac liberum, denique a libero spiritu atque a⁴⁹ communi luce seclusum,—haec vero, quae vel vita redimi recte possunt, aestimare pecunia non queo.

[24] haec omnia sero redemit Apollonius iam maerore ac miseriis perditus, sed tamen ceteros docuit ante istius avaritiae scelerique occurrere; nisi vero existimatis hominem pecuniosissimum sine causa⁵⁰ quaestus electum ad tam incredibile crimen aut sine eadem causa repente e carcere emissum, aut hoc praedandi genus ab isto in illo uno adhibitum ac temptatum, et⁵¹ non per illum omnibus pecuniosissimis⁵² Siculis metum⁵³ propositum et iniectum.

[25] 10 cupio mihi ab illo⁵⁴, iudices, subici, quoniam de militari eius gloria dico, si quid forte praetereo. nam mihi videor iam de omnibus rebus eius gestis dixisse, quae quidem ad belli fugitivorum suspicionem pertinerent; certe nihil sciens praetermisi. habetis hominis consilia, diligentiam, vigilantiam, custodiam defensionemque provinciae. summa illuc pertinet, ut sciatis, quoniam plura genera sunt imperatorum, ex quo genere iste sit, ne qui diutius in tanta penuria virorum fortium talem imperatorem ignorare possit. non ad Q. Maximi sapientiam neque ad illius superioris Africani in re gerunda celeritatem, neque ad huius qui postea fuit singulare consilium, neque ad Pauli rationem ac disciplinam, neque ad C. Mari vim atque virtutem; sed aliud genus imperatoris sane diligenter retinendum et conservandum, quaeso, cognoscite.

[26] itinerum primum laborem, qui vel maximus est in re militari, iudices, et in Sicilia maxime necessarius, accipite quam facilem sibi iste et iucundum ratione consilioque reddiderit. primum temporibus hibernis ad magnitudinem frigorum et tempestatum⁵⁵ vim ac fluminum praeclarum hoc sibi remedium compararat⁵⁶. Vrbem Syracusas elegerat, cuius hic situs atque haec natura esse loci caelique dicitur ut nullus umquam dies tam magna ac turbulenta tempestate fuerit quin aliquo tempore eius diei solem homines viderint⁵⁷. hic ita vivebat iste bonus imperator hibernis mensibus ut eum non facile non modo extra tectum, sed ne extra lectum quidem quisquam viderit⁵⁸; ita diei brevitas conviviis, noctis longitudo stupris et flagitiis continebatur⁵⁹.

[27] cum autem ver esse coeperat—cuius initium iste non a Favonio neque ab aliquo astro⁶⁰ notabat, sed cum rosam viderat tum⁶¹ incipere ver arbitrabatur—dabat se labori atque itineribus; in quibus eo usque se praebebat patientem atque impigrum ut eum nemo umquam in equo sedentem viderit⁶². 11 nam, ut mos fuit Bithyniae regibus, lectica octaphoro ferebatur, in qua pulvinus erat perlucidus Melitensis rosa fartus; ipse autem coronam habebat unam in capite, alteram in collo, reticulumque ad naris sibi admovebat tenuissimo lino, minutis maculis, plenum rosae. sic confecto itinere cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque⁶³ in cubiculum deferebatur. eo veniebant Siculorum magistratus, veniebant equites Romani, id quod ex multis iuratis audistis; controversiae secreto deferebantur, paulo post palam decreta auferebantur. deinde ubi paulisper in cubiculo pretio non aequitate iura discripserat⁶⁴, Veneri iam et libero reliquum tempus deberi arbitrabatur.

[28] quo loco non mihi praetermittenda videtur praeclari imperatoris egregia ac singularis diligentia. nam scitote oppidum esse in Sicilia nullum ex iis⁶⁵ oppidis in quibus consistere praetores et conventum agere soleant⁶⁶, quo in oppido non isti ex aliqua familia non ignobili delecta⁶⁷ ad libidinem mulier esset. itaque non⁶⁸ nullae ex eo numero in convivium adhibebantur palam; si quae castiores erant, ad tempus veniebant, lucem conventumque vitabant. erant autem convivia non illo silentio populi Romani praetorum atque imperatorum, neque eo pudore qui in magistratuum conviviis versari soleat⁶⁹, sed cum maximo clamore atque convicio; non numquam etiam res ad pugnam atque ad manus vocabatur⁷⁰. iste enim praetor severus ac diligens, qui⁷¹ populi Romani⁷² legibus numquam paruisset, illis legibus quae in poculis ponebantur diligenter obtemperabat. itaque erant exitus eius modi ut alius inter manus e convivio tamquam e proelio auferretur, alius tamquam occisus relinqueretur, plerique ut⁷³ fusi sine mente ac sine ullo sensu iacerent,—ut quivis⁷⁴, cum aspexisset, non se⁷⁵ praetoris convivium, sed Cannensem⁷⁶ pugnam nequitiae videre arbitraretur.

[29] 12 cum vero aestas summa esse⁷⁷ coeperat, quod tempus omnes Siciliae semper praetores in itineribus consumere consuerunt, propterea quod tum⁷⁸ putant obeundam esse maxime provinciam, cum in areis frumenta sunt, quod et familiae congregantur et magnitudo serviti perspicitur et labor operis maxime offendit, frumenti copia commonet, tempus anni non impedit: tum, inquam, cum concursant ceteri praetores, iste novo quodam genere⁷⁹ imperator pulcherrimo Syracusarum loco stativa sibi castra faciebat.

[30] nam in ipso aditu atque ore portus, ubi primum⁸⁰ ex alto sinus ab litore ad urbem inflectitur, tabernacula carbaseis intenta velis conlocabat. huc ex illa domo praetoria, quae regis Hieronis fuit, sic emigrabat ut eum per illos dies nemo extra illum locum videre posset. in eum autem ipsum locum aditus erat nemini, nisi qui aut socius aut minister libidinis esse posset. huc omnes mulieres, quibuscum iste consuerat, conveniebant, quarum incredibile est quanta multitudo fuerit Syracusis; huc homines digni istius amicitia, digni vita illa conviviisque veniebant. inter eius modi viros et mulieres adulta aetate filius versabatur, ut eum, etiamsi natura a parentis similitudine abriperet, consuetudo tamen ac disciplina patris similem esse cogeret.

[31] huc Tertia illa perducta per dolum atque insidias ab Rhodio tibicine⁸¹ maximas in istius castris effecisse dicitur turbas, cum indigne pateretur uxor Cleomenis Syracusani, nobilis mulier, itemque uxor Aeschrionis, honesto loco nata, in conventum suum mimi Isidori filiam venisse. iste autem Hannibal, qui in suis castris virtute putaret oportere non genere certari, sic hanc Tertiam dilexit ut eam secum ex provincia deportaret⁸². 13 ac per eos dies, cum iste cum pallio purpureo talarique⁸³ tunica versaretur in conviviis muliebribus, non offendebantur homines⁸⁴ neque moleste ferebant abesse a foro⁸⁵ magistratum, non ius dici, non iudicia fieri; locum illum litoris percrepare totum mulierum vocibus cantuque symphoniae, in foro silentium esse summum causarum atque iuris, non ferebant homines moleste; non enim ius abesse videbatur a foro neque iudicia, sed vis et crudelitas et bonorum acerba et indigna direptio.

[32] hunc tu igitur imperatorem esse defendis, Hortensi? huius furta, rapinas, cupiditatem, crudelitatem, superbiam, scelus, audaciam rerum gestarum magnitudine atque imperatoriis⁸⁶ laudibus tegere conaris? hic scilicet est metuendum ne ad exitum defensionis tuae vetus illa Antoniana dicendi ratio atque auctoritas proferatur, ne excitetur Verres, ne denudetur a pectore, ne cicatrices populus Romanus aspiciat, ex mulierum morsu⁸⁷ vestigia libidinis atque nequitiae. di faciant ut rei militaris, ut belli mentionem facere audeas!

[33] cognoscentur enim omnia istius⁸⁸ aera illa vetera, ut non solum in imperio verum etiam in stipendiis qualis fuerit intellegatis. renovabitur prima illa militia, cum iste e foro abduci, non, ut ipse praedicat, perduci solebat; aleatoris Placentini castra commemorabuntur, in quibus cum frequens fuisset tamen aere dirutus est; multa eius in stipendiis damna proferentur, quae ab isto aetatis fructu dissoluta et compensata sunt.

[34] iam vero, cum in eius modi patientia turpitudinis aliena non sua satietate obduruisset, qui vir fuerit, quot praesidia, quam munita pudoris et pudicitiae vi et audacia ceperit, quid me attinet dicere aut⁸⁹ coniungere cum istius flagitio cuiusquam praeterea dedecus? non faciam, iudices; omnia vetera praetermittam, duo sola recentia sine cuiusquam infamia ponam, ex quibus coniecturam facere de omnibus possitis,—unum illud, quod ita fuit inlustre notumque omnibus ut nemo tam rusticanus homo L. Lucullo et⁹⁰ M. Cotta consulibus Romam ex ullo municipio vadimoni causa venerit, quin sciret iura omnia praetoris urbani nutu atque arbitrio Chelidonis meretriculae gubernari, alterum quod, cum paludatus exisset votaque pro imperio suo communique re publica nuncupasset, noctu stupri causa lectica in urbem introferri solitus est ad mulierem nuptam uni, propositam omnibus, contra fas, contra auspicia, contra omnis divinas atque humanas religiones!

[35] 14 O di immortales! quid interest inter mentes hominum et cogitationes! ita mihi meam voluntatem spemque reliquae vitae vestra populique Romani existimatio comprobet, ut ego, quos adhuc mihi magistratus populus Romanus mandavit, sic eos accepi ut me omnium officiorum obstringi religione arbitrarer⁹¹! ita quaestor sum factus ut mihi illum honorem tum non solum datum, sed etiam creditum et commissum putarem; sic obtinui quaesturam in Sicilia provincia ut omnium oculos in me unum⁹² coniectos esse arbitrarer, ut me quaesturamque meam quasi in aliquo terrarum orbis theatro versari existimarem, ut semper omnia quae iucunda videntur esse⁹³, ea⁹⁴ non modo his extraordinariis cupiditatibus, sed etiam ipsi naturae ac necessitati denegarem.

[36] nunc sum designatus aedilis; habeo rationem quid a populo Romano acceperim; mihi ludos sanctissimos maxima cum cura et caerimonia Cereri, libero, Liberaeque faciundos, mihi Floram matrem populo plebique Romanae ludorum celebritate placandam, mihi ludos antiquissimos, qui primi Romani appellati sunt⁹⁵, cum dignitate maxima et religione Iovi, Iunoni, Minervaeque esse faciundos, mihi sacrarum aedium procurationem, mihi totam urbem tuendam esse commissam; ob earum rerum laborem et sollicitudinem fructus illos datos, antiquiorem in senatu sententiae dicendae locum, togam praetextam, sellam curulem, ius imaginis ad memoriam posteritatemque prodendae⁹⁶.

[37] ex his ego omnibus rebus, iudices,—ita mihi omnis deos propitios velim,— etiamsi⁹⁷ mihi iucundissimus est honos populi, tamen nequaquam capio tantum voluptatis quantum et sollicitudinis et laboris, ut haec ipsa aedilitas, non quia necesse fuerit, alicui candidato data, sed, quia sic oportuerit, recte conlocata et iudicio populi in loco esse posita videatur.

[38] 15 tu cum esses praetor renuntiatus quoquo modo,—mitto enim et praetereo quid tum sit actum,—sed cum esses renuntiatus, ut dixi, non ipsa praeconis voce excitatus es, qui te totiens seniorum iuniorumque centuriis illo honore adfici pronuntiavit, ut hoc putares, aliquam rei publicae partem tibi creditam, annum tibi illum unum domo carendum esse meretricis? cum tibi sorte obtigisset uti ius diceres, quantum negoti, quid oneris haberes, numquam cogitasti? neque illud rationis habuisti, si⁹⁸ forte te expergefacere⁹⁹ posses, eam provinciam, quam tueri singulari sapientia atque integritate difficile esset, ad summam stultitiam nequitiamque venisse? itaque non modo a domo¹⁰⁰ tua Chelidonem in praetura excludere¹⁰¹ noluisti, sed in Cheliodonis domum praeturam totam detulisti.

[39] secuta provincia est; in qua numquam tibi venit in mentem non tibi idcirco fascis ac securis et tantam imperi vim tantamque ornamentorum omnium dignitatem datam ut earum rerum vi et auctoritate omnia repagula pudoris officique perfringeres, ut omnium bona praedam tuam duceres, ut nullius res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta, nullius pudicitia munita contra tuam cupiditatem et audaciam posset esse; in qua tu te ita gessisti ut, omnibus cum teneare rebus, ad bellum fugitivorum confugias; ex quo iam intellegis¹⁰² non modo nullam tibi defensionem, sed maximam vim criminum¹⁰³ exortam. Nisi forte Italici fugitivorum¹⁰⁴ belli reliquias atque illud Tempsanum¹⁰⁵ incommodum proferes, ad quod recens cum te peropportune fortuna attulisset¹⁰⁶, si quid in te virtutis aut industriae¹⁰⁷ habuisses, idem qui semper fueras inventus es.

[40] 16 cum ad te Valentini venissent et pro iis¹⁰⁸ homo disertus ac nobilis, M. Marius, loqueretur¹⁰⁹, ut negotium susciperes, ut, cum penes te praetorium imperium ac¹¹⁰ nomen esset, ad illam parvam manum exstinguendam ducem te principemque praeberes, non modo id refugisti, sed eo ipso tempore, cum esses in litore, Tertia illa tua, quam tu¹¹¹ tecum deportaras, erat in omnium conspectu; ipsis autem Valentinis ex tam inlustri nobilique municipio tantis de rebus responsum dedisti, cum esses cum tunica pulla et pallio. quid hunc proficiscentem, quid in ipsa provincia fecisse existimatis qui, cum iam ex provincia non ad triumphum sed ad iudicium decederet, ne illam quidem infamiam fugerit quam sine ulla voluptate capiebat?

[41] O divina senatus frequentis in aede Bellonae admurmuratio! memoria tenetis, iudices, cum advesperasceret et paulo ante esset de hoc Tempsano incommodo nuntiatum, cum inveniretur nemo qui in illa loca cum imperio mitteretur, dixisset que quidam¹¹² Verrem esse non longe a Tempsa, quam valde universi admurmuraverint¹¹³, quam palam principes dixerint contra. et his¹¹⁴ tot criminibus testimoniisque convictus in eorum tabella spem sibi aliquam proponit, quorum omnium palam causa incognita voce damnatus est?

[42] 17 esto; nihil ex fugitivorum bello aut suspicione belli laudis adeptus est, quod neque bellum eius modi neque belli periculum fuit in Sicilia, neque ab isto provisum est ne quod esset; at vero contra bellum praedonum¹¹⁵ classem habuit ornatam diligentiamque in eo singularem, itaque ab isto praeclare¹¹⁶ defensa provincia est. sic de bello praedonum, sic de classe Siciliensi, iudices, dicam ut hoc iam ante confirmem, in hoc uno genere omnis inesse culpas istius maximas avaritiae, maiestatis, dementiae, libidinis, crudelitatis. haec dum breviter expono, quaeso, ut fecistis adhuc, diligenter attendite.

[43] rem navalem primum ita dico esse administratam, non uti provincia defenderetur, sed uti classis nomine pecunia quaereretur. superiorum praetorum consuetudo cum haec fuisset, ut naves civitatibus certusque numerus nautarum militumque imperaretur, maximae et locupletissimae civitati Mamertinae nihil horum imperavisti. ob hanc rem quid tibi Mamertini clam pecuniae dederint, post, si videbitur, ex ipsorum litteris testibusque quaeremus.

[44] navem vero cybaeam¹¹⁷, maximam triremis instar, pulcherrimam atque ornatissimam cybaeam¹¹⁸¹¹⁹, palam aedificatam sumptu publico tuo nomine, publice¹²⁰, sciente tota Sicilia, per magistratum¹²¹ senatumque Mamertinum tibi datam donatamque esse dico. haec navis onusta praeda Siciliensi, cum ipsa quoque esset ex praeda, simul cum ipse¹²² decederet, adpulsa Veliam est cum plurimis rebus, et iis quas iste¹²³ Romam mittere cum ceteris furtis noluit, quod erant clarissimae¹²⁴ maximeque eum delectabant. eam navem nuper egomet vidi Veliae multique alii viderunt, pulcherrimam atque ornatissimam, iudices: quae quidem omnibus qui eam aspexerant prospectare iam exsilium atque explorare fugam domini videbatur.

[45] 18 quid mihi hoc loco respondebis? nisi forte id quod, tametsi probari nullo modo potest, tamen dici quidem in iudicio de pecuniis repetundis necesse est, de tua pecunia aedificatam esse navem¹²⁵. aude hoc saltem dicere quod necesse est; noli metuere, Hortensi, ne quaeram qui licuerit¹²⁶ aedificare navem senatori¹²⁷; antiquae sunt istae leges et mortuae, quem ad modum tu soles dicere, quae vetant. fuit ista res publica quondam, fuit ista severitas in iudiciis, ut istam rem accusator in magnis criminibus obiciendam putaret. quid enim¹²⁸ tibi navi¹²⁹? qui si quo publice proficisceris, praesidi et¹³⁰ vecturae causa sumptu publico navigia praebentur¹³¹; privatim autem nec proficisci quoquam potes nec arcessere¹³² res transmarinas ex iis locis in quibus te habere nihil licet.

[46] deinde cur quicquam contra leges parasti? valeret hoc crimen in illa vetere severitate ac dignitate rei publicae; nunc non modo te hoc crimine non arguo, sed ne illa quidem communi vituperatione reprehendo: tu tibi hoc numquam turpe, numquam¹³³ criminosum, numquam invidiosum fore putasti, celeberrimo loco palam tibi aedificari onerariam navem in¹³⁴ provincia quam tu cum imperio obtinebas? quid eos loqui qui videbant, quid existimare eos qui audiebant arbitrabare? inanem te navem esse illam in Italiam adducturum¹³⁵? naviculariam¹³⁶, cum Romam venisses, esse facturum? ne illud quidem quisquam poterat suspicari, te in Italia maritimum habere fundum et ad fructus deportandos onerariam navem comparare. eius modi voluisti de te sermonem esse omnium palam ut loquerentur te illam navem parare quae praedam ex Sicilia deportaret, et ad ea furta quae reliquisses commearet.

[47] verum haec omnia, si doces navem de tua pecunia aedificatam, remitto atque concedo. sed hoc, homo amentissime, non intellegis priore actione ab ipsis istis Mamertinis, tuis laudatoribus¹³⁷, esse sublatum? nam dixit Heius, princeps civitatis¹³⁸, princeps istius legationis quae ad tuam laudationem missa est, navem tibi operis publicis Mamertinorum esse factam¹³⁹, eique faciendae senatorem¹⁴⁰ Mamertinum publice praefuisse. reliqua est materies. hanc Reginis, ut ipsi dicunt— tametsi tu negare non potes—publice, quod Mamertini materiem non habent, imperavisti. 19 si et ex quo fit navis, et qui faciunt, imperio tibi tuo non pretio praesto fuerunt, ubi tandem istud latet quod tu de tua pecunia dicis impensum? at Mamertini in tabulis nihil¹⁴¹ habent.

[48] primum video potuisse fieri ut ex aerario nihil¹⁴² darent; etenim vel Capitolium, sicut apud maiores nostros factum est, publice coactis fabris operisque imperatis gratiis exaedificari atque effici potuit; deinde—id quod perspicio et quod¹⁴³ ostendam, cum ipsos produxero, ipsorum ex¹⁴⁴ litteris—multas pecunias isti erogatas in operum locationes falsas atque inanis esse perscriptas. iam illud minime mirum est, Mamertinos a quo summum beneficium acceperant, quem sibi amiciorem quam populo Romano esse cognoverant, eius capiti litteris suis pepercisse. sed si argumento est Mamertinos tibi pecuniam non dedisse, quia scriptum non habent, sit argumento tibi gratiis stare navem, quia, quid emeris aut quid locaris, scriptum proferre non potes.

[49] at enim idcirco navem Mamertinis non imperasti, quod sunt foederati. di adprobent! habemus hominem in fetialium manibus educatum, unum praeter ceteros in publicis religionibus foederum sanctum ac diligentem; omnes qui ante te fuerunt praetores dedantur Mamertinis, quod iis navem contra pactionem foederis imperarint. sed tamen tu, sancte homo ac religiose, cur Tauromenitanis item foederatis navem imperasti? an hoc probabis, in aequa causa populorum sine pretio varium ius et disparem condicionem fuisse?

[50] quid? si eius modi esse haec duo foedera duorum so populorum, iudices, doceo, ut Tauromenitanis nominatim cautum et exceptum sit foedere ne navem dare debeant, Mamertinis in ipso foedere sanctum atque praescriptum sit ut navem dare necesse sit, istum autem contra foedus et Tauromenitanis imperasse et Mamertinis remisisse, num cui¹⁴⁵ dubium poterit esse quin Verre praetore plus Mamertinis cybaea quam Tauromenitanis foedus opitulatum sit? recitentur foedera.

20 isto igitur tuo, quem ad modum ipse praedicas, beneficio, ut res indicat, pretio atque mercede minuisti maiestatem rei publicae, minuisti auxilia populi Romani, minuisti copias maiorum virtute ac sapientia comparatas, sustulisti ius imperi, condicionem sociorum, memoriam foederis: qui ex foedere ipso navem vel usque ad Oceanum, si imperassemus, sumptu periculoque suo armatam atque ornatam mittere debuerunt, hi¹⁴⁶ ne in freto ante¹⁴⁷ sua tecta et domos navigarent, ne sua moenia portusque defenderent, pretio abs te ius foederis et imperi condicionem redemerunt.

[51] quid censetis in hoc foedere faciendo¹⁴⁸ voluisse Mamertinos impendere laboris, operae, pecuniae ne haec biremis adscriberetur, si id ullo modo possent a nostris maioribus impetrare? nam cum hoc munus imponebatur¹⁴⁹ tam grave civitati, inerat¹⁵⁰ nescio quo modo in illo foedere societatis quasi quaedam nota servitutis. quod tum, recentibus suis officiis, integra re, nullis populi Romani difficultatibus, a maioribus nostris foedere adsequi non potuerunt, id nunc, nullo novo¹⁵¹ officio suo, tot annis post,—iure imperi nostri¹⁵² quotannis usurpatum ac semper retentum¹⁵³¹⁵⁴,—summa in difficultate navium, a C. Verre pretio adsecuti sunt, ac non hoc solum adsecuti, ne navem darent: ecquem nautam, ecquem militem, qui aut in classe aut in praesidio esset, te praetore per triennium Mamertini dederunt?

[52] 21 denique cum ex senatus consulto itemque ex lege Terentia et Cassia frumentum aequabiliter emi ab omnibus Siciliae civitatibus oporteret, id quoque munus leve atque commune Mamertinis remisisti. dices frumentum Mamertinos non debere. quo modo non debere? an ut ne¹⁵⁵ venderent? non enim erat hoc genus frumenti ex eo genere quod exigeretur, sed ex eo quod emeretur. te igitur auctore et interprete ne foro quidem et commeatu Mamertini iuvare populum Romanum debuerunt.

[53] quae tandem civitas fuit quae deberet? qui publicos agros arant, certum est quid e lege¹⁵⁶ censoria debeant: cur his quicquam praeterea ex alio genere imperavisti¹⁵⁷? quid? decumani num quid praeter singulas decumas ex lege Hieronica debent? cur his quoque statuisti quantum ex hoc genere frumenti empti darent? quid immunes? hi certe nihil debent. at eis¹⁵⁸ non modo imperasti, verum etiam, quo plus darent quam poterant, haec sexagena milia modium, quae Mamertinis remiseras, addidisti. neque hoc dico, ceteris non recte imperatum, sed Mamertinis, qui erant in eadem causa, et quibus superiores omnes¹⁵⁹ item ut ceteris imperarant pecuniamque ex senatus consulto et ex lege dissolverant, his¹⁶⁰ dico non recte remissum.

et ut hoc beneficium, quem ad modum dicitur, trabali clavo figeret, cum consilio causam Mamertinorum cognoscit et de consili sententia Mamertinis se frumentum non imperare pronuntiat.

[54] audite decretum mercennarii praetoris ex ipsius commentario, et cognoscite quanta in scribendo gravitas, quanta in constituendo iure sit auctoritas. recita.

commentarivs

¹⁶¹. de consili sententia¹⁶² libenter ait se facere itaque perscribit. quid, si hoc verbo non esses usus libenter? nos videlicet invitum te quaestum facere putaremus. ac de consili sententia! praeclarum recitari consilium, iudices, audistis; utrum vobis consilium tandem praetoris recitari videbatur, cum audiebatis nomina, an praedonis improbissimi societas atque comitatus?

[55] en foederum interpretes, societatis, pactionis¹⁶³, religionis auctores! numquam in Sicilia frumentum publice est emptum quin Mamertinis pro portione imperaretur, antequam hoc delectum praeclarumque consilium iste dedit, ut ab his nummos acciperet ac sui similis esset. itaque tantum valuit istius decreti auctoritas quantum debuit eius hominis qui, a quibus frumentum emere debuisset, iis decretum vendidisset. nam statim L. Metellus ut isti successit, ex C. Sacerdotis et ex¹⁶⁴ Sex. Peducaei instituto ac litteris frumentum Mamertinis imperavit.

[56] 22 tum illi intellexerunt se id quod a malo auctore emissent diutius obtinere non posse.

(22) (56)

age porro, tu, qui tam religiosum existimari te voluisti interpretem foederum, cur Tauromenitanis frumentum, cur Netinis imperasti? quarum civitatum utraque foederata est. ac Netini quidem sibi non defuerunt ac, simul¹⁶⁵ pronuntiasti libenter te¹⁶⁶ Mamertinis remittere, te adierunt et eandem suam causam foederis esse docuerunt. tu aliter decernere eadem in causa non potuisti; pronuntias Netinos frumentum dare non debere et ab his tamen exigis. cedo mihi eiusdem praetoris litteras et rerum decretarum et frumenti imperati.

litterae rervm decretarvm.

Quid¹⁶⁷ potius in hac tanta et tam turpi inconstantia suspicari possumus, iudices, quam id quod necesse est, aut isti a Netinis pecuniam cum posceret non datam, aut id esse actum ut intellegerent Mamertini bene se apud istum tam multa pretia ac munera conlocasse, cum idem alii iuris ex eadem causa non obtinerent?

[57] hic mihi etiam audebit mentionem facere Mamertinae laudationis! in qua quam multa sint vulnera quis est vestrum, iudices, quin intellegat? primum enim¹⁶⁸ in iudiciis qui decem laudatores dare non potest, honestius est ei nullum dare quam illum quasi legitimum numerum consuetudinis non explere. tot in Sicilia civitates sunt quibus tu per triennium praefuisti: arguunt ceterae, paucae et parvae vi¹⁶⁹ et¹⁷⁰ metu repressae silent, una laudat. hoc quid est nisi intellegere quid habeat utilitatis vera laudatio, sed tamen ita provinciae praefuisse ut hac utilitate necessario sit carendum?

[58] deinde, quod¹⁷¹ alio loco antea dixi, quae est ista tandem laudatio, cuius laudationis legati et principes et publice tibi navem aedificatam et privatim se ipsos abs te spoliatos expilatosque¹⁷² esse dixerunt? postremo quid aliud isti faciunt, cum te soli ex Sicilia laudant, nisi testimonio nobis sunt omnia te sibi esse largitum quae tu de¹⁷³ re publica nostra detraxeris? quae colonia est in Italia tam bono iure, quod tam immune municipium, quod per hosce annos tam commoda vacatione omnium rerum sit usum quam Mamertina civitas? per triennium soli ex foedere quod debuerunt non dederunt, soli isto praetore omnium rerum immunes fuerunt¹⁷⁴, soli in istius imperio ea condicione vixerunt ut populo Romano nihil darent, Verri nihil negarent¹⁷⁵.

[59] 23 verum ut ad classem, quo ex loco sum digressus, revertar, accepisti a Mamertinis navem contra leges, remisisti contra foedera. ita in una civitate bis improbus fuisti, cum et remisisti quod non oportebat, et accepisti quod non licebat. exigere te oportuit navem quae contra praedones, non quae cum praeda navigaret, quae defenderet ne provincia spoliaretur, non quae provinciae¹⁷⁶ spolia¹⁷⁷ portaret. Mamertini tibi et urbem quo furta undique deportares¹⁷⁸, et navem in qua exportares praebuerunt¹⁷⁹; illud tibi oppidum receptaculum praedae fuit, illi homines testes custodesque furtorum, illi tibi et locum furtis et furtorum vehiculum comparaverunt. itaque ne tum quidem cum classem avaritia ac nequitia tua perdidisti Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es; quo tempore in tanta inopia navium tantaque calamitate provinciae, etiamsi precario essent rogandi, tamen ab iis¹⁸⁰ impetraretur. reprimebat enim tibi et imperandi vim et rogandi conatum praeclara illa non populo Romano reddita biremis, sed praetori donata cybaea. ea¹⁸¹ fuit¹⁸² merces imperi, auxili, iuris, consuetudinis, foederis.

[60] habetis unius civitatis firmum auxilium amissum ac venditum pretio: cognoscite nunc novam praedandi rationem ab hoc primum excogitatam. 24 sumptum omnem in classem frumento stipendio ceterisque rebus suo quaeque nauarcho civitas semper dare solebat. is neque ut accusaretur a nautis committere audebat, et civibus suis rationes referre¹⁸³ debebat, et in illo omni negotio non modo labore sed etiam periculo suo versabatur. erat hoc, ut dico, factitatum semper, nec solum in Sicilia sed in omnibus provinciis, etiam in sociorum et Latinorum stipendio ac sumptu, tum cum illorum auxiliis uti solebamus: Verres post imperium constitutum primus imperavit ut ea pecunia omnis a civitatibus sibi adnumeraretur, ut is eam pecuniam tractaret quem ipse praefecisset.

[61] cui potest esse dubium quam ob rem et omnium consuetudinem veterem primus immutaris, et tantam utilitatem per alios tractandae pecuniae neglexeris, et tantam difficultatem cum crimine, molestiam cum suspicione susceperis? deinde alii quaestus instituuntur, ex uno genere navali videte quam multi! accipere a civitatibus pecuniam ne nautas darent, pretio certo missos facere nautas, missorum omne stipendium lucrari, reliquis quod deberet non dare,—haec omnia ex civitatum testimoniis cognoscite.

[62] 25 recita.

testimonia civitatvm.

Huncine¹⁸⁴ hominem, hancine impudentiam, iudices, hanc audaciam¹⁸⁵! civitatibus pro numero militum pecuniarum summas discribere¹⁸⁶, certum pretium, sescenos nummos, nautarum missionis constituere! quos qui dederat commeatum¹⁸⁷ totius aestatis abstulerat, iste, quod eius nautae nomine pro stipendio frumentoque acceperat, lucrabatur. ita quaestus¹⁸⁸ duplex unius missionis fiebat. atque haec homo amentissimus in tanto praedonum impetu tantoque periculo provinciae sic palam faciebat ut et ipsi praedones scirent et tota provincia testis esset.

[63] cum propter istius hanc avaritiam nomine classis esset in Sicilia, re quidem vera naves inanes, quae praedam praetori non quae praedonibus metum adferrent, tamen, cum P. Caesetius et P. Tadius decem navibus¹⁸⁹ suis semiplenis navigarent, navem quandam piratarum praeda refertam non ceperunt, sed abduxerunt¹⁹⁰ onere suo plane¹⁹¹ captam atque depressam¹⁹². erat ea navis plena iuventutis formosissimae, plena argenti facti atque signati, multa cum stragula veste. haec una navis a classe nostra non capta est, sed inventa ad Megaridem, qui locus est non longe a Syracusis. quod ubi isti nuntiatum est, tametsi in acta cum mulierculis iacebat ebrius, erexit se tamen et statim quaestori legatoque suo custodes misit compluris, ut omnia sibi integra quam primum exhiberentur.

[64] adpellitur navis Syracusas; exspectatur ab omnibus supplicium. iste quasi praeda sibi advecta, non praedonibus captis, si qui senes ac¹⁹³ deformes erant, eos in hostium numero ducit; qui aliquid formae aetatis artificique habebant, abducit omnis, non nullos scribis filio cohortique distribuit, symphoniacos homines sex cuidam amico suo Romam muneri misit. Nox illa tota in exinaniunda nave¹⁹⁴ consumitur. archipiratam ipsum videt nemo, de quo supplicium sumi oportuit¹⁹⁵. hodie¹⁹⁶ omnes sic habent¹⁹⁷ —quid eius sit vos coniectura adsequi debetis—istum clam a piratis ob hunc archipiratam pecuniam accepisse.

[65] 26 coniectura est. iudex esse bonus nemo potest qui suspicione certa non movetur. hominem nostis, consuetudinem omnium tenetis,—qui ducem praedonum aut hostium ceperit, quam libenter eum palam ante oculos omnium esse patiatur¹⁹⁸. hominem in tanto conventu Syracusis vidi neminem, iudices, qui archipiratam captum sese¹⁹⁹ vidisse diceret, cum omnes, ut mos est, ut solet fieri, concurrerent, quaererent, videre cuperent. quid accidit cur tanto opere iste homo occultaretur ut eum ne casu quidem quisquam aspicere posset? homines maritimi Syracusis, qui saepe istius ducis nomen audissent, saepe timuissent, cum eius cruciatu atque supplicio pascere oculos animumque exsaturare vellent, potestas aspiciendi nemini facta est.

[66] Vnus pluris praedonum duces vivos cepit P. Servilius quam omnes antea. Ecquando igitur isto fructu quisquam caruit, ut videre piratam captum non liceret? at contra, quacumque iter fecit, hoc iucundissimum spectaculum omnibus vinctorum captorumque hostium praebebat; itaque ei concursus fiebat²⁰⁰ undique ut non modo ex iis²⁰¹ oppidis qua ducebantur sed etiam ex finitimis visendi causa convenirent. ipse autem triumphus quam ob rem omnium triumphorum gratissimus populo Romano fuit et iucundissimus? quia nihil est victoria dulcius, nullum est autem testimonium victoriae certius quam, quos saepe metueris, eos te vinctos²⁰² ad supplicium duci videre.

[67] hoc tu quam ob rem non fecisti? quam ob rem ita pirata iste²⁰³ occultatus est²⁰⁴ quasi eum aspici nefas esset? quam ob rem supplicium non sumpsisti? quam ob causam hominem reservasti? ecquem²⁰⁵ scis in Sicilia²⁰⁶ antea captum archipiratam qui non securi percussus sit? Vnum cedo auctorem tui facti, unius profer exemplum. vivum tu archipiratam servabas: quo? per triumphum, credo, quem ante currum tuum duceres; neque enim quicquam erat²⁰⁷ reliquum nisi uti classe populi Romani pulcherrima amissa provinciaque lacerata triumphus tibi navalis decerneretur.

[68] 27 age porro, custodiri ducem praedonum novo more quam securi feriri²⁰⁸ omnium exemplo magis placuit. quae sunt istae custodiae? apud quos homines, quem ad modum est adservatus? lautumias Syracusanas omnes audistis, plerique nostis. opus est ingens, magnificum, regum ac tyrannorum; totum est e²⁰⁹ saxo in mirandam altitudinem depresso et multorum operis penitus exciso²¹⁰; nihil tam clausum ad exitum²¹¹, nihil tam saeptum undique, nihil tam tutum ad custodiam nec fieri nec cogitari potest. in has lautumias, si qui publice custodiendi sunt, etiam ex ceteris oppidis Siciliae deduci imperantur.

[69] eo quod multos captivos civis Romanos coniecerat, quod eodem ceteros piratas condi imperarat, intellexit, si hunc subditivum archipiratam in eandem custodiam dedisset, fore ut a multis in lautumiis²¹² verus ille dux quaereretur. itaque hominem huic optimae tutissimaeque custodiae non audet committere, denique Syracusas totas timet, amandat²¹³ hominem—quo? Lilybaeum fortasse? video; tamen homines maritimos non plane reformidat. minime, iudices. Panhormum igitur? audio; quamquam Syracusis, quoniam in Syracusano captus erat, maxime, si minus supplicio adfici, at custodiri oportebat.

[70] ne Panhormum quidem. quo igitur? quo putatis²¹⁴? ad homines a piratarum metu et suspicione alienissimos, a navigando rebusque maritimis remotissimos²¹⁵, ad Centuripinos, homines maxime mediterraneos, summos aratores, qui nomen numquam timuissent maritimi praedonis, unum te praetore horruissent Apronium, terrestrem archipiratam²¹⁶. et ut quivis facile perspiceret id ab isto actum esse ut ille suppositus facile et libenter se illum qui non erat esse simularet, imperat Centuripinis ut is victu²¹⁷ ceterisque rebus quam liberalissime commodissimeque adhiberetur²¹⁸.

[71] 28 interea Syracusani, homines periti et humani, qui non modo ea quae perspicua essent videre verum etiam occulta suspicari possent, habebant rationem omnes²¹⁹ cotidie piratarum qui securi ferirentur; quam multos esse oporteret, ex ipso navigio quod erat captum et ex remorum numero coniciebant. iste, quod omnis qui artifici aliquid habuerant aut formae removerat atque²²⁰ abduxerat, reliquos si, ut²²¹ consuetudo est, universos ad palum alligasset, clamorem populi fore suspicabatur, cum tanto plures abducti essent quam relicti; propter hanc causam cum instituisset alios alio tempore producere, tamen in tanto conventu nemo erat quin²²² rationem numerumque haberet, et reliquos non desideraret solum sed etiam posceret et flagitaret²²³.

[72] cum magnus numerus²²⁴ deesset, tum iste homo nefarius in eorum locum quos domum suam de piratis abduxerat substituere et supponere coepit civis Romanos, quos in carcerem²²⁵ antea coniecerat; quorum alios Sertorianos milites fuisse insimulabat²²⁶, et ex Hispania fugientis ad Siciliam adpulsos esse dicebat, alios, qui a praedonibus²²⁷ erant capti²²⁸, cum mercaturas facerent aut aliquam²²⁹ ob causam navigarent, sua voluntate cum piratis fuisse arguebat. itaque alii cives Romani, ne cognoscerentur, capitibus obvolutis e carcere²³⁰ ad palum atque ad necem rapiebantur, alii, cum a multis civibus Romanis cognoscerentur, ab omnibus defenderentur, securi feriebantur. quorum ego²³¹ de acerbissima morte crudelissimoque cruciatu dicam cum eum locum tractare coepero, et ita dicam ut, si me in ea querimonia quam sum habiturus de istius crudelitate et de civium Romanorum indignissima morte non modo vires verum etiam vita deficiat, id mihi praeclarum et iucundum putem.

[73] haec igitur est gesta res, haec victoria praeclara²³²: myoparone piratico capto dux liberatus, symphoniaci Romam missi, formosi homines et adulescentes et artifices domum abducti, in eorum locum et ad eorum numerum cives Romani hostilem in modum cruciati et necati²³³, omnis vestis ablata²³⁴, omne aurum et²³⁵ argentum ablatum et aversum.

29 at quem ad modum ipse se²³⁶ induit priore actione! qui tot dies tacuisset, repente in M. Anni, hominis splendidissimi, testimonio,—cum is civem Romanum dixisset, archipiratam negasset securi esse percussum,—exsiluit conscientia sceleris et furore ex maleficiis concepto excitatus; dixit se, quod sciret sibi crimini datum iri pecuniam accepisse neque de vero archipirata sumpsisse supplicium, ideo se securi²³⁷ non percussisse; domi esse apud sese archipiratas dixit duos.

[74] O clementiam populi Romani seu potius patientiam miram ac singularem! civem Romanum securi esse percussum M. Annius, eques Romanus, dicit, taces: archipiratam negat, fateris. fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit²³⁸ populus Romanus se et repressit et salutis suae rationem iudicum severitati reservavit. quid? sciebas tibi crimini datum iri? quam ob rem sciebas, quam ob rem etiam suspicabare? inimicum habebas neminem; si haberes, tamen non ita vixeras ut metum iudici propositum habere deberes. an te, id quod fieri solet, conscientia timidum suspiciosumque faciebat? qui igitur, cum esses cum imperio, iam tum crimen et iudicium²³⁹ horrueris²⁴⁰, cum²⁴¹ tot testibus coarguare²⁴² potes de damnatione dubitare?

[75] verum si crimen hoc metuebas, ne quis suppositum abs te esse diceret qui pro archipirata securi feriretur, utrum tandem tibi²⁴³ ad defensionem firmius fore putasti, in iudicio coactu atque efflagitatu meo producere ad ignotos tanto post eum quem archipiratam esse diceres, an recenti re, Syracusis, apud notos, inspectante Sicilia paene tota, securi ferire? vide quid intersit utrum faciendum fuerit: in illo reprehensio nulla esset²⁴⁴, hic defensio nulla est. itaque illud semper omnes²⁴⁵ fecerunt, hoc quis ante te, quis praeter te, fecerit quaero.

piratam vivum tenuisti. quem ad finem? dum cum imperio fuisti. quam ob causam, quo exemplo, cur tam diu? cur, inquam, civibus Romanis quos piratae ceperant securi statim percussis, ipsis piratis lucis usuram tam diuturnam dedisti?

[76] verum esto, sit tibi²⁴⁶ illud liberum omne tempus quoad²⁴⁷ cum imperio fuisti: etiamne privatus, etiamne reus, etiamne paene damnatus hostium duces privata in domo retinuisti? Vnum, alterum mensem, prope annum denique domi tuae piratae a quo tempore capti sunt²⁴⁸, quoad per me licitum²⁴⁹ est, fuerunt, hoc est quoad per M’. Glabrionem licitum est, qui postulante me produci atque in carcerem condi imperavit. 30 quod est huiusce rei ius, quae consuetudo, quod exemplum? hostem acerrimum atque infestissimum populi Romani seu potius communem hostem gentium nationumque omnium quisquam omnium²⁵⁰ mortalium privatus intra moenia domi suae retinere poterit?

[77] quid? si pridie²⁵¹ quam a me tu coactus es confiteri civibus Romanis securi percussis praedonum ducem vivere, habitare apud te,—si, inquam, pridie domo tua profugisset, si aliquam manum contra rem²⁵² publicam facere potuisset, quid diceres? apud me habitavit, mecum fuit; ego illum ad iudicium meum, quo facilius crimen inimicorum diluere possem, vivum atque incolumem reservavi. itane vero? tu tua pericula communi periculo defendes? tu supplicia quae debentur hostibus victis ad tuum, non ad rei publicae tempus conferes? populi Romani hostis privati hominis custodiis adservabitur? at etiam qui triumphant eoque diutius vivos hostium duces reservant, ut his per triumphum ductis pulcherrimum spectaculum fructumque victoriae populus Romanus percipere possit, tamen cum de foro in Capitolium currus flectere incipiunt illos duci in carcerem iubent, idemque dies et victoribus imperi et victis vitae finem facit.

[78] et nunc²⁵³ cuiquam credo esse dubium quin tu id commissurus non fueris,—praesertim cum statuisses, ut ais, tibi causam esse dicendam,—ut ille archipirata non potius securi feriretur quam, quod erat ante oculos positum, tuo periculo viveret! si enim esset mortuus, tu, qui crimen ais te metuisse, quaero, cui probares? cum²⁵⁴ constaret istum Syracusis nullo visum esse archipiratam, ab omnibus desideratum, cum dubitaret nemo quin abs te pecunia liberatus esset, cum vulgo loquerentur suppositum in eius locum quem pro illo probare velles, cum tu te fassus esses id crimen tanto ante metuisse: si eum diceres esse mortuum, quis te audiret?

[79] nunc cum vivum nescio quem istum producis, tamen te derideri vides. quid? si aufugisset, si vincla rupisset ita ut Nico²⁵⁵, ille nobilissimus pirata, fecit, quem P. Servilius qua felicitate ceperat eadem recuperavit, quid diceres? verum hoc erat: si ille semel verus pirata securi percussus esset, pecuniam illam non haberes; si hic falsus esset mortuus aut profugisset, non esset difficile alium in suppositi locum supponere. plura dixi quam volui de illo archipirata, et tamen ea quae certissima sunt huius criminis argumenta praetermisi. volo enim esse²⁵⁶ totum mihi²⁵⁷ crimen hoc integrum: est certus locus, certa lex, certum tribunal quo hoc reservetur.

[80] 31 hac tanta praeda auctus, mancipiis argento veste locupletatus, nihilo diligentior ad classem ornandam milites revocandos alendosque esse coepit, cum ea res non solum provinciae saluti verum etiam ipsi²⁵⁸ praedae posset esse. nam aestate summa, quo tempore ceteri praetores obire provinciam et concursare consuerunt aut etiam in tanto praedonum²⁵⁹ metu et periculo ipsi navigare, eo tempore ad luxuriem²⁶⁰ libidinesque suas domo sua regia—quae regis Hieronis fuit, qua praetores uti solent²⁶¹—contentus non fuit; tabernacula, quem ad modum consuerat temporibus aestivis, quod antea²⁶² demonstravi, carbaseis intenta velis conlocari iussit in²⁶³ litore, quod est litus in Insula Syracusis post Arethusae fontem propter ipsum introitum atque ostium portus amoeno sane et ab arbitris remoto loco.

[81] hic dies aestivos²⁶⁴ praetor populi Romani²⁶⁵, custos defensorque provinciae, sic vixit ut muliebria cotidie convivia essent, vir accumberet²⁶⁶ nemo praeter ipsum et praetextatum filium—etsi²⁶⁷ recte sine exceptione dixeram²⁶⁸ virum, cum isti essent, neminem fuisse. non numquam etiam libertus²⁶⁹ Timarchides adhibebatur, mulieres autem nuptae nobiles praeter unam mimi Isidori filiam, quam iste propter amorem ab Rhodio tibicine abduxerat. erat²⁷⁰ Pipa quaedam, uxor Aeschrionis Syracusani, de qua muliere plurimi versus qui in istius cupiditatem²⁷¹ facti sunt tota Sicilia percelebrantur²⁷²;

[82] erat nice, facie eximia, ut praedicatur, uxor Cleomeni²⁷³ Syracusani. hanc vir²⁷⁴ amabat, verum tamen huius libidini adversari nec poterat nec audebat, et simul ab isto donis beneficiisque multis devinciebatur. illo autem tempore iste, tametsi ea est hominis impudentia quam nostis, ipse tamen cum vir esset Syracusis, uxorem eius parum poterat animo soluto ac libero tot in acta dies secum habere. itaque excogitat rem singularem; navis quibus legatus praefuerat Cleomeni tradit, classi populi Romani Cleomenem Syracusanum praeesse iubet atque imperare. hoc eo facit ut ille non solum abesset a domo dum²⁷⁵ navigaret, sed etiam libenter cum magno honore beneficioque abesset, ipse autem remoto atque ablegato²⁷⁶ viro non liberius quam antea—quis enim umquam istius libidini obstitit?—sed paulo solutiore animo tamen²⁷⁷ secum illam haberet, si non tamquam virum sed²⁷⁸ tamquam aemulum removisset.

[83] 32 accipit²⁷⁹ navis sociorum atque amicorum Cleomenes Syracusanus. quid primum aut accusem aut querar? Siculone homini legati, quaestoris, praetoris denique potestatem, honorem, auctoritatem dari? si te impediebat ista conviviorum mulierumque occupatio, ubi quaestores, ubi legati, ubi ternis denariis aestimatum frumentum, ubi muli, ubi tabernacula, ubi tot tantaque ornamenta magistratibus et legatis a senatu populoque Romano permissa et data²⁸⁰, denique ubi praefecti, ubi tribuni tui? si civis Romanus dignus isto negotio nemo fuit, quid civitates quae in amicitia fideque populi Romani perpetuo manserant? ubi Segestana, ubi Centuripina civitas? quae cum officiis fide vetustate, tum etiam cognatione populi Romani nomen²⁸¹ attingunt.

[84] O di immortales! quid? si harum ipsarum civitatum militibus, navibus, nauarchis Syracusanus Cleomenes iussus est imperare, non omnis honos ab isto dignitatis, aequitatis, officique sublatus est? ecquod in Sicilia bellum gessimus quin Centuripinis sociis, Syracusanis hostibus uteremur? atque haec ego ad²⁸² memoriam vetustatis, non ad contumeliam civitatis referri volo. itaque ille vir clarissimus summusque imperator, M. Marcellus, cuius virtute captae, misericordia conservatae sunt Syracusae, habitare in ea parte urbis quae in Insula²⁸³ est Syracusanum²⁸⁴ neminem voluit; hodie, inquam, Syracusanum in ea parte habitare non licet; est enim locus quem vel pauci possent²⁸⁵ defendere. committere igitur eum non fidelissimis hominibus noluit, simul quod ab illa parte urbis navibus aditus ex alto est; quam ob rem qui nostros exercitus saepe excluserant, iis claustra loci committenda non existimavit.

[85] vide quid intersit inter tuam libidinem maiorumque auctoritatem, inter amorem furoremque tuum et illorum consilium atque prudentiam. illi aditum litoris Syracusanis ademerunt, tu imperium maritimum concessisti; illi habitare in eo loco Syracusanum, qua naves accedere possent, noluerunt, tu classi et navibus Syracusanum praeesse voluisti; quibus illi urbis suae partem ademerunt, iis tu nostri imperi partem dedisti, et quorum sociorum opera Syracusani nobis dicto audientes sunt, eos Syracusano dicto audientis esse iussisti.

[86] 33 egreditur in Centuripina quadriremi Cleomenes e portu; sequitur Segestana navis, Tyndaritana, Herbitensis, Heracliensis, Apolloniensis, Haluntina, praeclara classis in speciem²⁸⁶, sed inops et infirma propter dimissionem propugnatorum atque remigum. tam diu in imperio suo classem iste praetor diligens vidit quam diu convivium eius flagitiosissimum praetervecta est; ipse autem, qui visus multis diebus non esset, tum se tamen in conspectum nautis paulisper dedit. stetit soleatus praetor populi Romani cum pallio purpureo tunicaque talari muliercula nixus in litore. iam hoc istum²⁸⁷ vestitu Siculi civesque Romani permulti saepe viderant²⁸⁸.

[87] posteaquam paulum provecta classis est et Pachynum quinto die denique adpulsa, nautae coacti fame radices palmarum agrestium, quarum erat in illis locis, sicuti in magna parte Siciliae, multitudo, colligebant et iis miseri perditique alebantur; Cleomenes autem, qui alterum se Verrem cum luxurie ac²⁸⁹ nequitia tum etiam imperio²⁹⁰ putaret, similiter totos dies in litore tabernaculo posito perpotabat. 34 ecce autem repente ebrio Cleomene esurientibus ceteris nuntiatur piratarum esse navis in portu Odysseae; nam ita is locus nominatur; nostra autem classis erat in portu Pachyni. Cleomenes autem, quod erat terrestre praesidium non re sed nomine, speravit iis militibus quos ex eo loco deduxisset explere se numerum nautarum et remigum posse. reperta est eadem istius hominis avarissimi ratio in praesidiis quae in classibus; nam erant perpauci reliqui, ceteri dimissi.

[88] princeps Cleomenes in quadriremi Centuripina malum erigi, vela fieri, praecidi ancoras imperavit, et simul ut se ceteri sequerentur signum dari iussit. haec Centuripina navis erat incredibili celeritate velis; nam scire isto praetore nemo poterat quid quaeque navis remis facere posset; etsi in hac quadriremi propter honorem et gratiam Cleomenis minime multi remiges et milites deerant. evolarat iam e conspectu fere fugiens quadriremis, cum etiam tum ceterae naves uno in loco moliebantur.

[89] erat animus in reliquis; quamquam erant pauci, quoquo modo res se²⁹¹ habebat, pugnare tamen se velle clamabant, et quod reliquum vitae viriumque fames fecerat id ferro potissimum reddere volebant. quodsi Cleomenes non²⁹² tanto ante fugisset, aliqua tamen ad resistendum ratio fuisset. erat enim sola illa navis constrata et ita magna ut propugnaculo ceteris posset esse, quae si in praedonum pugna versaretur, urbis instar²⁹³ habere inter illos piraticos myoparones videretur; sed tum inopes, relicti ab duce praefectoque classis, eundem necessario cursum tenere coeperunt.

[90] Helorum²⁹⁴ versus, ut ipse Cleomenes, ita ceteri navigabant, neque ii tam praedonum impetum fugiebant quam imperatorem sequebantur. tum ut quisque in fuga postremus, ita in periculo princeps erat; postremam enim quamque navem piratae primam adoriebantur. ita prima Haluntinorum navis capitur, cui praeerat Haluntinus homo nobilis²⁹⁵, phylarchus, quem ab illis praedonibus Locrenses postea publice redemerunt; ex quo vos priore actione iurato rem omnem causamque cognostis. deinde Apolloniensis navis capitur, et eius praefectus Anthropinus occiditur.

[91] 35 haec dum aguntur, interea Cleomenes iam ad Helori litus pervenerat; iam sese in terram e navi eiecerat quadrirememque fluctuantem in salo reliquerat. reliqui praefecti navium, cum in terram imperator exisset, cum ipsi neque repugnare neque mari effugere ullo modo possent, adpulsis ad Helorum navibus Cleomenem persecuti sunt. tum praedonum dux Heracleo, repente praeter spem non sua virtute sed istius avaritia nequitiaque victor, classem pulcherrimam populi Romani in litus expulsam et eiectam, cum primum invesperasceret²⁹⁶, inflammari incendique iussit.

[92] O tempus miserum atque acerbum provinciae Siciliae! casum illum multis innocentibus calamitosum atque funestum! o istius nequitiam ac turpitudinem singularem! Vna atque eadem nox erat qua praetor amoris turpissimi flamma, classis populi Romani praedonum incendio conflagrabat. adfertur nocte intempesta gravis huiusce²⁹⁷ mali nuntius Syracusas; curritur ad praetorium, quo istum ex illo praeclaro convivio reduxerant paulo ante mulieres cum cantu atque symphonia. Cleomenes, quamquam nox erat, tamen in publico esse non audet; includit se domi; neque aderat uxor, quae consolari hominem in malis posset.

[93] huius autem praeclari imperatoris ita erat severa domi disciplina ut in re tanta et tam gravi nuntio nemo admitteretur, nemo esset qui auderet aut dormientem excitare aut interpellare vigilantem. iam vero re ab omnibus cognita concursabat urbe tota maxima multitudo. non enim, sicut erat antea semper²⁹⁸ consuetudo, praedonum adventum significabat ignis e specula sublatus aut tumulo, sed flamma ex ipso incendio navium et calamitatem acceptam et periculum reliquum nuntiabat. 36 cum praetor quaereretur et constaret neminem ei nuntiasse, fit ad domum eius cum clamore concursus atque impetus.

[94] tum iste excitatus²⁹⁹ audit rem omnem ex Timarchide, sagum sumit,—lucebat iam fere,— procedit in medium vini somni stupri plenus. excipitur³⁰⁰ ab omnibus eius modi clamore³⁰¹ ut ei Lampsaceni periculi similitudo versaretur ante oculos; hoc etiam maius hoc³⁰² videbatur, quod in odio simili multitudo hominum haec erat maxima. tum istius acta commemorabatur³⁰³, tum flagitiosa illa convivia, tum appellabantur a multitudine mulieres nominatim, tum quaerebant ex isto palam tot dies continuos per quos numquam visus esset ubi fuisset, quid egisset, tum imperator ab isto praepositus Cleomenes flagitabatur, neque quicquam propius est factum quam ut illud Vticense exemplum de Hadriano transferretur Syracusas, ut duo sepulchra duorum praetorum improborum duabus in provinciis constituerentur. verum habita est a multitudine ratio temporis, habita tumultus³⁰⁴, habita etiam dignitatis existimationisque communis, quod is est³⁰⁵ conventus Syracusis civium Romanorum ut non modo illa provincia, verum etiam hac³⁰⁶ re publica dignissimus existimetur.

[95] confirmant ipsi se, cum hic etiam tum semisomnus stuperet³⁰⁷, arma capiunt, totum forum atque Insulam, quae est urbis magna pars, complent.

Vnam illam noctem solam praedones ad Helorum³⁰⁸ commorati, cum fumantis etiam nostras navis reliquissent, accedere incipiunt Syracusas³⁰⁹; qui³¹⁰ videlicet saepe audissent nihil esse pulchrius quam Syracusarum moenia ac portus, statuerant se, si ea Verre praetore non vidissent, numquam esse visuros.

[96] 37 ac primo ad³¹¹ illa aestiva praetoris accedunt, ipsam illam ad partem litoris ubi iste per eos dies tabernaculis positis castra luxuriae conlocarat. quem posteaquam inanem locum offenderunt et praetorem commosse³¹² ex eo loco castra senserunt, statim sine ullo metu in ipsum portum penetrare coeperunt. cum in portum dico, iudices,— explanandum est enim diligentius eorum causa qui locum ignorant,—in urbem dico atque in urbis intimam partem venisse piratas; non enim portu illud oppidum clauditur, sed urbe portus ipse cingitur et continetur, ut non adluantur³¹³ mari moenia extrema, sed ipse influat in urbis sinum portus.

[97] hic te praetore Heracleo pirata cum quattuor myoparonibus parvis³¹⁴ ad arbitrium suum navigavit. pro di immortales! piraticus myoparo³¹⁵, cum imperi³¹⁶ populi Romani nomen ac fasces essent Syracusis, usque ad forum Syracusanorum³¹⁷ et ad omnis crepidines urbis accessit, quo neque Carthaginiensium gloriosissimae classes, cum mari plurimum poterant, multis bellis saepe conatae umquam aspirare potuerunt³¹⁸, neque populi Romani invicta ante te praetorem gloria illa navalis umquam tot Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis penetrare potuit; qui locus eius modi est ut ante Syracusani in moenibus suis, in urbe, in foro hostem armatum ac victorem quam in portu ullam hostium navem viderint³¹⁹.

[98] hic, te praetore, praedonum naviculae pervagatae sunt quo Atheniensium classis sola post hominum memoriam trecentis navibus³²⁰ vi ac multitudine invasit; quae in eo ipso portu loci ipsius portusque³²¹ natura victa atque superata est. hic primum opes illius civitatis comminutae depressaeque sunt: in hoc portu Atheniensium nobilitatis, imperi, gloriae naufragium factum existimatur. 38 Eone pirata penetravit quo simul atque adisset non modo a latere sed etiam a tergo magnam partem urbis relinqueret? Insulam totam praetervectus est, quae est urbs Syracusis suo nomine ac moenibus, quo in loco maiores, ut ante dixi, Syracusanum habitare vetuerunt, quod, qui illam partem urbis tenerent, in eorum potestatem³²² portum futurum intellegebant.

[99] at quem ad modum est pervagatus! radices palmarum agrestium, quas in nostris navibus invenerant, iactabant³²³, ut omnes istius improbitatem et³²⁴ calamitatem Siciliae possent cognoscere. Siculosne milites, aratorumne liberos, quorum patres tantum labore suo frumenti exarabant ut populo Romano totique Italiae suppeditare possent, eosne in insula Cereris natos, ubi primum fruges inventae esse dicuntur, eo cibo esse usos a quo maiores eorum ceteros quoque frugibus inventis removerunt! te praetore Siculi milites palmarum stirpibus, piratae Siculo frumento alebantur!

[100] O spectaculum miserum atque acerbum! ludibrio esse urbis gloriam, populi Romani nomen, omnium³²⁵ hominum conventum atque multitudinem piratico myoparoni! in portu Syracusano de classe populi Romani triumphum agere piratam, cum praetoris inertissimi nequissimique oculos praedonum remi respergerent!

posteaquam e portu piratae non metu aliquo adfecti sed satietate exierunt, tum coeperunt quaerere homines causam illius tantae calamitatis. dicere omnes et palam disputare minime esse mirandum si remigibus militibusque dimissis, reliquis egestate et fame perditis, praetore tot dies cum mulierculis perpotante, tanta ignominia et calamitas esset accepta.

[101] haec autem istius vituperatio atque infamia confirmabatur eorum sermone qui a suis civitatibus illis navibus praepositi fuerant. qui ex illo numero reliqui Syracusas classe amissa refugerant dicebant quot³²⁶ ex sua quisque nave³²⁷ missos sciret esse. res erat clara, neque solum argumentis sed etiam certis testibus istius audacia tenebatur. 39 homo certior fit agi nihil in foro et³²⁸ conventu toto³²⁹ die nisi hoc, quaeri ex³³⁰ nauarchis quem ad modum classis sit amissa; illos respondere et docere unum quemque, missione remigum, fame reliquorum, Cleomenis timore et fuga. quod posteaquam iste cognovit, hanc rationem habere coepit. causam sibi dicendam esse statuerat iam antequam hoc usu venit, ita ut ipsum priore actione dicere audistis. videbat³³¹ illis³³² nauarchis testibus tantum hoc crimen sustinere se nullo modo posse. consilium capit primo stultum, verum tamen clemens.

[102] nauarchos ad se vocari iubet; veniunt. accusat eos quod eius modi de se³³³ sermones habuerint; rogat ut in sua³³⁴ quisque dicat navi se tantum habuisse nautarum quantum oportuerit, neque quemquam esse dimissum. illi enim vero se ostendunt quod vellet esse facturos. iste non procrastinat, advocat amicos statim; quaerit ex iis³³⁵ singillatim quot quisque nautas habuerit. respondet³³⁶ unus quisque ut erat praeceptum. iste in tabulas refert; obsignat signis amicorum providens homo, ut contra hoc crimen, si quando opus esset, hac videlicet testificatione uteretur.

[103] derisum esse credo hominem amentem a suis consiliariis et admonitum hasce ei tabulas nihil profuturas, etiam plus ex nimia praetoris diligentia suspicionis in eo crimine futurum. iam iste erat hac stultitia multis in rebus usus ut publice quoque quae vellet in litteris³³⁷ civitatum tolli et³³⁸ referri iuberet; quae omnia nunc intellegit sibi nihil prodesse, posteaquam certis litteris testibus auctoritatibusque³³⁹ convincitur. 40 Vbi hoc videt, illorum confessionem, testificationem suam, tabellas sibi nullo adiumento futuras, init consilium non improbi praetoris,—nam id quidem esset ferendum,—sed importuni atque amentis tyranni: statuit, si hoc crimen extenuari vellet,—nam omnino tolli posse non arbitrabatur,—nauarchos omnis, testis sui sceleris, vita esse privandos.

[104] occurrebat illa ratio: quid Cleomene³⁴⁰ fiet? poterone animum advertere in eos quos dicto audientis esse iussi, missum facere eum cui potestatem imperiumque permisi? poterone eos adficere supplicio qui Cleomenen³⁴¹ secuti sunt, ignoscere Cleomeni qui secum fugere et se consequi iussit? poterone esse in eos vehemens qui navis non modo inanis habuerunt sed etiam apertas, in eum dissolutus qui solus habuerit constratam navem et minus exinanitam? pereat Cleomenes una! Vbi fides, ubi exsecrationes, ubi dexterae complexusque, ubi illud contubernium muliebris militiae in illo delicatissimo litore? fieri nullo modo poterat quin Cleomeni parceretur.

[105] vocat Cleomenen, dicit ei se statuisse animadvertere³⁴² in omnis nauarchos; ita sui periculi rationes ferre ac postulare. tibi uni parcam et potius istius culpae crimen vituperationemque inconstantiae suscipiam quam aut³⁴³ in te sim crudelis aut tot tam gravis testis vivos incolumisque esse patiar. agit gratias Cleomenes, adprobat consilium, dicit ita fieri oportere, admonet tamen illud, quod³⁴⁴ istum fugerat, in Phalacrum, Centuripinum nauarchum, non posse animadverti, propterea quod secum una fuisset in Centuripina quadriremi. quid ergo? iste homo ex eius modi civitate, adulescens nobilissimus, testis relinquetur? in praesentia, inquit Cleomenes, quoniam ita necesse est; sed post aliquid videbimus ne iste nobis obstare possit.

[106] 41 haec posteaquam acta et constituta sunt, procedit iste repente e praetorio inflammatus scelere furore crudelitate; in forum venit, nauarchos vocari³⁴⁵ iubet. qui nihil metuerent, nihil suspicarentur, statim accurrunt. iste hominibus miseris innocentibus inici catenas imperat. implorare illi fidem praetoris, et quare id faceret rogare. tum³⁴⁶ iste hoc causae dicit, quod classem praedonibus prodidissent. fit clamor et³⁴⁷ admiratio³⁴⁸ populi tantam esse in homine impudentiam atque audaciam ut aut aliis causam calamitatis attribueret quae omnis propter avaritiam ipsius accidisset, aut, cum ipse praedonum socius arbitraretur³⁴⁹, aliis proditionis crimen inferret; deinde hoc quinto decimo die crimen esse natum postquam classis esset amissa.

[107] cum haec ita³⁵⁰ fierent, quaerebatur ubi esset Cleomenes, non quo illum³⁵¹ ipsum, cuicuimodi³⁵² est³⁵³, quisquam supplicio propter illud incommodum dignum putaret; nam quid Cleomenes facere potuit?—non enim possum quemquam insimulare falso— quid, inquam, magno opere³⁵⁴ potuit Cleomenes facere istius avaritia navibus exinanitis? atque eum vident sedere ad latus praetoris et ad aurem familiariter, ut solitus erat, insusurrare. tum vero omnibus indignissimum visum est homines honestissimos, electos e suis³⁵⁵ civitatibus, in ferrum atque in vincla coniectos, Cleomenem propter flagitiorum ac turpitudinum societatem familiarissimum esse praetori.

[108] adponitur iis³⁵⁶ tamen accusator Naevius Turpio quidam, qui C. Sacerdote praetore iniuriarum damnatus est, homo bene adpositus ad istius audaciam, quem iste in decumis, in rebus capitalibus, in omni calumnia praecursorem habere solebat et emissarium.

42 veniunt Syracusas parentes propinquique miserorum adulescentium hoc repentino calamitatis suae commoti nuntio³⁵⁷; vinctos aspiciunt catenis³⁵⁸ liberos suos, cum istius avaritiae poenam collo et cervicibus suis sustinerent; adsunt, defendunt, proclamant, fidem tuam, quae nusquam erat neque umquam fuerat, implorant. pater aderat Dexo Tyndaritanus, homo nobilissimus, hospes tuus. cuius tu domi fueras, quem hospitem appellaras, eum³⁵⁹ cum illa auctoritate³⁶⁰ miseria³⁶¹ videres perditum³⁶², non te eius lacrimae, non senectus, non hospiti ius atque nomen a scelere³⁶³ aliquam ad partem humanitatis revocare potuit?

[109] sed quid ego hospiti iura in hac immani belua commemoro? qui Sthenium Thermitanum, hospitem suum, cuius domum per hospitium exhausit et exinanivit, absentem in reos rettulerit, causa indicta³⁶⁴ capite damnarit, ab eo nunc hospitiorum iura atque officia quaeramus? cum homine enim³⁶⁵ crudeli nobis res est an cum fera atque immani belua? te patris lacrimae³⁶⁶ de innocentis fili periculo non movebant; cum patrem domi reliquisses, filium tecum haberes, te neque praesens filius de liberum caritate neque absens pater de indulgentia patria commonebat?

[110] catenas habebat hospes tuus Aristeus, Dexonis filius. quid ita? prodiderat classem. quod ob praemium? deseruerat³⁶⁷. quid Cleomenes? ignavus fuerat. at eum tu ob virtutem corona ante donaras. dimiserat nautas. at ab omnibus tu mercedem missionis acceperas³⁶⁸. alter parens ex altera parte erat Herbitensis Eubulida, homo domi suae clarus et nobilis; qui quia Cleomenem in defendendo filio laeserat, nudus paene est destitutus. quid erat autem quod quisquam diceret aut defenderet? Cleomenem nominare non licet. at causa cogit. moriere, si appellaris; numquam enim iste cuiquam est mediocriter minatus. at remiges non erant. praetorem tu accuses³⁶⁹? frange cervices. si neque praetorem neque praetoris aemulum appellari³⁷⁰ licebit, cum in his duobus tota causa sit, quid futurum est?

[111] 43 dicit etiam causam Heracleus³⁷¹ Segestanus, homo domi suae nobilissimo loco natus. audite, ut vestra humanitas postulat, iudices; audietis enim de magnis incommodis iniuriisque sociorum. hunc scitote fuisse Heracleum in ea causa, qui propter gravem morbum oculorum tum non navigarit, et iussu eius qui potestatem habuit in commeatu Syracusis remanserit! is certe neque classem prodidit neque metu perterritus fugit neque exercitum deseruit; etenim tum³⁷² esset hoc animadvertendum³⁷³ cum³⁷⁴ classis Syracusis proficiscebatur. is tamen in eadem causa fuit, quasi esset in aliquo manifesto scelere deprehensus, in quem ne falsi quidem causa conferri criminis potuit³⁷⁵.

[112] fuit in illis nauarchis Heracliensis³⁷⁶ quidam Furius,—nam habent illi non nulla huiusce modi Latina nomina,—homo, quam diu vixit, non domi suae solum, post mortem tota Sicilia clarus et nobilis. in quo homine tantum animi fuit non solum ut istum libere laederet,—nam id quidem, quoniam moriundum videbat, sine periculo se³⁷⁷ facere intellegebat,—verum morte proposita, cum lacrimans in carcere mater noctes diesque adsideret, defensionem causae suae scripsit; quam nunc nemo est in Sicilia quin habeat, quin legat, quin tui sceleris et crudelitatis ex illa oratione commonefiat. in qua docet quot a civitate sua nautas acceperit, quot et quanti quemque dimiserit³⁷⁸, quot secum habuerit; item de ceteris navibus dicit; quae cum apud te diceret, virgis oculi verberabantur. ille morte proposita facile dolorem corporis patiebatur; clamabat, id quod scriptum reliquit, facinus esse indignum plus impudicissimae mulieris apud te de Cleomenis salute³⁷⁹ quam de sua vita lacrimas matris valere.

[113] deinde etiam illud³⁸⁰ video esse dictum quod, si recte vos populus Romanus cognovit, non falso ille de vobis iam in morte ipsa praedicavit, non posse Verrem testis interficiendo testimonium³⁸¹ exstinguere; graviorem apud sapientis iudices se fore ab inferis testem quam si vivus in iudicium produceretur; tum avaritiae solum, si viveret, nunc, cum ita esset necatus, sceleris audaciae crudelitatis testem fore. iam illa praeclara: non testium modo catervas, cum tua res ageretur, sed ab³⁸² dis manibus innocentium Poenas sceleratorumque³⁸³ Furias in tuum iudicium esse venturas; sese ideo leviorem suum casum fingere, quod iam ante aciem securium tuarum Sextique, tui carnificis, vultum et manum vidisset, cum in conventu civium Romanorum iussu tuo securi cives Romani ferirentur.

[114] ne multa, iudices, libertate³⁸⁴ quam vos sociis dedistis, hac ille in acerbissimo supplicio miserrimae servitutis abusus est.

44 condemnat omnis de consili sententia; tamen neque iste in tanta re tot hominum T. Vettium ad se arcessit, quaestorem suum, cuius consilio uteretur, neque P. Cervium, talem virum, legatum, qui quia legatus isto praetore in Sicilia fuit primus ab isto iudex reiectus est, sed de latronum, hoc est de comitum suorum sententia condemnat omnis.

[115] hic cuncti Siculi, fidelissimi atque antiquissimi socii, plurimis adfecti beneficiis a maioribus nostris, graviter commoventur et de suis periculis fortunisque omnibus pertimescunt: indigne ferunt illam clementiam mansuetudinemque nostri imperi in tantam³⁸⁵ crudelitatem inhumanitatemque esse conversam, condemnari tot homines uno tempore nullo crimine, defensionem suorum furtorum praetorem improbum ex indignissima morte innocentium³⁸⁶ quaerere. nihil addi iam videtur, iudices, ad hanc improbitatem amentiam crudelitatemque posse, et recte nihil³⁸⁷ videtur. nam si cum aliorum improbitate certet, longe omnis multumque superabit³⁸⁸;

[116] sed secum cum³⁸⁹ ipse certat, id agit ut semper superius suum facinus novo scelere vincat. Phalacrum Centuripinum dixeram exceptum esse a Cleomene³⁹⁰, quod in eius quadriremi Cleomenes vectus esset; tamen, quia pertimuerat adulescens, quod eandem suam causam videbat esse quam illorum qui innocentes peribant, accedit ad hominem Timarchides; a securi negat esse ei periculum, virgis ne caederetur monet ut caveat. ne multa, ipsum dicere adulescentem³⁹¹ audistis se³⁹² ob hunc metum pecuniam Timarchidi numerasse³⁹³.

[117] levia sunt haec³⁹⁴ in hoc reo. metum virgarum nauarchus, homo nobilissimus nobilissimae civitatis³⁹⁵, pretio redemit: humanum est³⁹⁶. Alius ne³⁹⁷ condemnaretur pecuniam dedit: usitatum est³⁹⁸. non vult³⁹⁹ populus Romanus obsoletis criminibus accusari Verrem, nova postulat, inaudita desiderat; non de praetore Siciliae, sed de nefario tyranno fieri iudicium arbitratur. 45 includuntur in carcerem condemnati; supplicium constituitur in illos, sumitur de miseris parentibus nauarchorum⁴⁰⁰; prohibentur adire ad filios, prohibentur liberis suis cibum vestitumque ferre⁴⁰¹.

[118] patres hi quos videtis iacebant in limine⁴⁰², matresque miserae pernoctabant ad ostium⁴⁰³ carceris ab extremo conspectu liberum exclusae; quae nihil aliud orabant nisi ut filiorum suorum postremum⁴⁰⁴ spiritum ore⁴⁰⁵ excipere liceret. aderat ianitor carceris, carnifex praetoris, mors terrorque sociorum et civium Romanorum⁴⁰⁶, lictor Sextius, cui ex omni⁴⁰⁷ gemitu doloreque certa merces comparabatur. Vt adeas, tantum dabis, ut cibum tibi⁴⁰⁸ intro ferre liceat, tantum. nemo recusabat. quid? ut uno ictu⁴⁰⁹ securis adferam mortem filio tuo⁴¹⁰, quid dabis? ne diu crucietur, ne saepius feriatur, ne cum sensu doloris aliquo spiritus auferatur⁴¹¹? etiam ob hanc causam pecunia lictori dabatur⁴¹².

[119] O magnum atque intolerandum⁴¹³ dolorem! o gravem acerbamque fortunam! non vitam⁴¹⁴ liberum⁴¹⁵, sed mortis celeritatem pretio redimere cogebantur parentes. atque ipsi etiam adulescentes cum Sextio suo⁴¹⁶ de plaga et de uno illo ictu loquebantur, idque postremum parentis suos liberi orabant, ut levandi cruciatus sui causa lictori pecunia daretur. multi et graves dolores inventi parentibus et propinquis, multi; verum tamen mors sit⁴¹⁷ extremum⁴¹⁸. non erit. estne aliquid ultra quo crudelitas progredi possit? reperietur; nam illorum, cum erunt securi percussi ac necati, corpora feris obicientur. hoc si luctuosum est parentibus, redimant⁴¹⁹ pretio sepeliendi potestatem.

[120] Onasum Segestanum, hominem nobilem, dicere audistis se ob sepulturam Heraclei nauarchi pecuniam Timarchidi numerasse; ne hoc possis⁴²⁰ dicere, patres enim veniunt amissis filiis irati, vir primarius, homo nobilissimus, dicit, neque de filio dicit. iam hoc quis tum fuit Syracusis quin audierit, quin sciat, has Timarchidi⁴²¹ pactiones sepulturae cum⁴²² vivis etiam illis esse factas? non palam cum Timarchide loquebantur, non omnes omnium propinqui adhibebantur, non palam vivorum funera locabantur? quibus omnibus rebus actis atque decisis producuntur e carcere, deligantur⁴²³.

[121] 46 quis tam fuit illo tempore ferreus⁴²⁴, quis tam inhumanus praeter unum te, qui non illorum aetate nobilitate miseria commoveretur? ecquis fuit quin lacrimaret⁴²⁵, quin ita calamitatem illam putaret illorum ut fortunam tamen non alienam, periculum autem commune arbitraretur? feriuntur securi. laetaris tu in omnium gemitu et triumphas; testis avaritiae tuae gaudes esse sublatos. errabas, Verres, et vehementer errabas, cum te maculas furtorum et flagitiorum tuorum sociorum innocentium sanguine eluere⁴²⁶ arbitrabare; praeceps amentia ferebare, qui te existimares avaritiae vulnera crudelitatis remediis posse sanare. etenim quamquam illi sunt mortui sceleris tui testes, tamen eorum propinqui neque tibi neque illis⁴²⁷ desunt, tamen ex ipso illo⁴²⁸ numero nauarchorum aliqui vivunt et⁴²⁹ adsunt, quos, ut mihi videtur, ad illorum innocentium poenas fortuna et ad hanc causam reservavit.

[122] adest phylarchus Haluntinus, qui quia cum Cleomene non fugit, oppressus a praedonibus et captus est; cui calamitas saluti fuit, qui nisi captus a piratis esset in hunc praedonem sociorum incidisset. dicit⁴³⁰ is pro testimonio de missione nautarum, de fame, de Cleomenis fuga. adest Centuripinus Phalacrus in amplissima civitate amplissimo loco natus; eadem dicit, nulla in re discrepat.

[123] per deos immortalis! quo tandem animo sedetis, iudices, aut haec quem ad modum auditis⁴³¹? Vtrum ego desipio et plus quam satis est⁴³² doleo tanta calamitate miseriaque sociorum, an vos quoque hic⁴³³ acerbissimus innocentium cruciatus et maeror pari⁴³⁴ sensu doloris adficit? ego enim cum Herbitensem, cum Heracliensem securi percussum esse dico, versatur mihi ante oculos indignitas calamitatis. 47 Eorumne populorum civis, eorum agrorum alumnos, ex quibus maxima vis frumenti quotannis plebi Romanae illorum operis ac laboribus quaeritur, qui a parentibus spe nostri imperi nostraeque aequitatis suscepti educatique sunt, ad C. Verris nefariam immanitatem et ad eius funestam securem esse servatos?

[124] cum mihi Tyndaritani illius venit in mentem, cum Segestani, tum iura simul civitatum atque officia considero. quas urbis P. Africanus etiam ornandas esse spoliis hostium arbitratus est, eas C. Verres non solum illis ornamentis sed etiam viris nobilissimis nefario scelere privavit. en quod Tyndaritani libenter praedicent: nos in septemdecim populis Siciliae numeramur, nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus, a nobis omnia⁴³⁵ populo Romano semper et belli adiumenta et pacis ornamenta ministrata⁴³⁶ sunt. multum vero haec iis iura profuerunt in istius imperio ac potestate!

[125] vestros quondam nautas contra Carthaginem Scipio duxit⁴³⁷, at nunc navem contra praedones paene inanem Cleomenes ducit⁴³⁸; vobiscum Africanus hostium spolia et praemia laudis communicavit, at nunc, per Verrem⁴³⁹ spoliati, nave a praedonibus⁴⁴⁰ abducta, ipsi in hostium loco numeroque ducimini⁴⁴¹. quid vero? illa Segestanorum non solum litteris tradita neque commemorata verbis, sed multis officiis illorum usurpata et comprobata cognatio quos tandem fructus huiusce necessitudinis in istius imperio tulit? nempe hoc iure fuit, iudices, ut ex sinu patriae⁴⁴² nobilissimus adulescens⁴⁴³ istius carnifici Sextio dederetur. cui civitati maiores nostri maximos agros atque optimos concesserunt, quam immunem esse voluerunt, haec apud te cognationis fidelitatis vetustatis auctoritatis ne hoc quidem iuris obtinuit, ut unius honestissimi atque innocentissimi civis mortem ac sanguinem deprecaretur.

[126] 48 quo confugient socii? quem implorabunt? qua spe denique, ut vivere velint, tenebuntur, si vos eos deseretis? ad senatumne⁴⁴⁴ venient⁴⁴⁵? quid? ut de Verre supplicium sumat⁴⁴⁶? non est usitatum, non senatorium⁴⁴⁷. ad populum Romanum confugient? facilis est populi causa⁴⁴⁸; legem enim se sociorum causa iussisse et eius legis⁴⁴⁹ custodes ac vindices praeposuisse dicet. hic locus igitur est unus quo perfugiant, hic portus, haec arx⁴⁵⁰, haec ara sociorum; quo quidem nunc non ita confugiunt ut antea in suis repetundis⁴⁵¹ rebus solebant. non argentum, non aurum⁴⁵², non vestem, non mancipia repetunt, non ornamenta quae ex urbibus fanisque erepta sunt; metuunt homines imperiti ne iam haec populus Romanus concedat et ita velit fieri⁴⁵³. patimur enim multos iam annos et silemus, cum videamus ad paucos homines omnis⁴⁵⁴ omnium nationum pecunias pervenisse. quod eo magis ferre animo aequo et concedere videmur, quia nemo istorum dissimulat, nemo laborat⁴⁵⁵ ut obscura sua cupiditas esse videatur.

[127] in urbe nostra pulcherrima atque ornatissima quod signum, quae tabula picta est quae non ab hostibus victis capta atque deportata⁴⁵⁶ sit? at istorum villae sociorum fidelissimorum plurimis et pulcherrimis spoliis ornatae refertaeque sunt. Vbi pecunias exterarum nationum esse arbitramini, quae nunc omnes egent, cum Athenas, Pergamum, Cyzicum, Miletum, Chium, Samum. totam denique⁴⁵⁷ Asiam, Achaiam, Graeciam⁴⁵⁸, Siciliam tam in paucis villis inclusas esse videatis⁴⁵⁹? sed haec, ut dico, omnia iam socii vestri relinquunt et neglegunt, iudices. ne⁴⁶⁰ publice a populo Romano spoliarentur officiis⁴⁶¹ ac fide providerunt; paucorum cupiditati tum, cum obsistere non poterant, tamen sufficere aliquo modo poterant; nunc vero iam adempta est non modo resistendi verum etiam suppeditandi facultas. itaque res suas neglegunt; pecunias, quo nomine iudicium hoc appellatur, non repetunt, relinquunt; hoc iam ornatu ad vos confugiunt.

[128] aspicite, aspicite⁴⁶², iudices, squalorem sordisque sociorum!

49 Sthenius hic Thermitanus cum hoc capillo atque veste, domo⁴⁶³ sua tota expilata, mentionem tuorum furtorum non facit; sese ipsum abs te⁴⁶⁴ repetit, nihil amplius; totum enim tua libidine et scelere ex sua patria, in qua multis virtutibus ac beneficiis princeps fuit, sustulisti. Dexo hic, quem videtis, non quae publice Tyndaride, non quae privatim sibi eripuisti, sed unicum miser abs te filium optimum atque innocentissimum flagitat; non ex litibus aestimatis tuis pecuniam domum, sed ex tua calamitate cineri atque ossibus fili sui solacium vult aliquod reportare. hic tam grandis natu Eubulida hoc tantum exacta aetate laboris itinerisque suscepit, non ut aliquid de suis bonis recuperaret, sed ut, quibus oculis cruentas cervices fili sui viderat, isdem te⁴⁶⁵ condemnatum videret.

[129] si per⁴⁶⁶ L. Metellum licitum esset, iudices, matres illorum miserorum sororesque⁴⁶⁷ veniebant; quarum una, cum ego ad Heracleam noctu accederem, cum omnibus matronis eius civitatis et cum multis facibus mihi obviam venit, et ita,—me suam salutem appellans, te suum carnificem nominans, fili nomen implorans, —mihi ad pedes misera iacuit quasi ego eius⁴⁶⁸ excitare ab inferis filium possem. faciebant hoc itidem⁴⁶⁹ ceteris in civitatibus grandes natu matres et item parvi liberi miserorum; quorum utrumque⁴⁷⁰ aetas laborem et industriam meam, fidem et misericordiam vestram requirebat⁴⁷¹.

[130] itaque ad me, iudices, hanc querimoniam praeter ceteras Sicilia detulit; lacrimis ego huc, non gloria inductus accessi, ne falsa damnatio, ne carcer, ne catenae, ne verbera, ne secures, ne cruciatus sociorum, ne sanguis innocentium, ne denique etiam exsanguia⁴⁷² corpora mortuorum, ne maeror parentum ac propinquorum magistratibus nostris quaestui posset⁴⁷³ esse. hunc ego si metum Siciliae damnatione istius per vestram fidem et veritatem⁴⁷⁴ deiecero, iudices, satis officio meo, satis illorum voluntati qui a me hoc petiverunt factum esse arbitrabor.

[131] 50 quapropter si quem forte inveneris qui hoc navale crimen conetur defendere, is ita defendat ut⁴⁷⁵ illa communia quae ad causam nihil pertinent praetermittat, me culpae fortunam⁴⁷⁶ adsignare, calamitatem crimini dare, me amissionem classis obicere, cum multi viri fortes in communi incertoque periculo belli et terra et mari saepe offenderint. nullam tibi⁴⁷⁷ obicio fortunam, nihil est quod ceterorum res minus commode gestas proferas, nihil est quod multorum naufragia fortunae colligas. ego navis inanis fuisse dico, remiges nautasque dimissos, reliquos stirpibus vixisse palmarum; praefuisse classi populi Romani Siculum, perpetuo sociis atque amicis Syracusanum; te illo tempore ipso superioribusque diebus omnibus in litore cum mulierculis perpotasse dico; harum rerum omnium auctores testisque produco.

[132] num tibi insultare in calamitate, num intercludere perfugia Martem quodsi illorum fortunae, num casus bellicos exprobrare aut obicere videor? tametsi solent ii⁴⁷⁸ fortunam sibi obici nolle qui se fortunae commiserunt, qui in eius periculis sunt ac varietate versati. istius quidem calamitatis tuae fortuna particeps non fuit. homines enim in proeliis, non in conviviis belli fortunam periclitari solent; in illa autem calamitate non fuisse communem, sed venerem possumus dicere. fortunam tibi⁴⁷⁹ obici non oportet, cur tu fortunae innocentium veniam ac locum non dedisti?

[133] etiam illud praecidas licet, te, quod⁴⁸⁰ supplicium more maiorum sumpseris securique percusseris, idcirco a me in crimen et in invidiam⁴⁸¹ vocari. non in supplicio crimen meum vertitur⁴⁸²; non ego nego securi⁴⁸³ quemquam feriri debere⁴⁸⁴, non ego metum ex re militari, non severitatem imperi, non poenam flagiti tolli dico oportere; fateor non modo in socios sed etiam in civis militesque nostros persaepe esse severe ac vehementer vindicatum. 51 quare haec quoque praetermittas licet. ego culpam non in nauarchis sed in te fuisse demonstro, te pretio remiges militesque dimisisse arguo. hoc nauarchi reliqui dicunt, hoc Netinorum foederata civitas publice dicit, hoc Amestratini, hoc Herbitenses⁴⁸⁵, hoc Hennenses⁴⁸⁶, Agyrinenses, Tyndaritani publice⁴⁸⁷ dicunt, tuus denique testis, tuus imperator, tuus aemulus, tuus hospes Cleomenes hoc dicit, sese in terram esse egressum ut Pachyno e terrestri praesidio milites colligeret, quos in navibus conlocaret; quod certe non fecisset si suum numerum naves haberent; ea est enim ratio instructarum ornatarumque⁴⁸⁸ navium ut non modo plures sed ne singuli quidem possint⁴⁸⁹ accedere.

[134] dico practerea illos ipsos reliquos nautas fame atque inopia rerum omnium confectos fuisse ae perditos; dico aut omnis extra culpam fuisse, aut, si uni attribuenda culpa sit, in eo maximam fuisse qui optimam navem, plurimos nautas haberet, summum imperium obtineret, aut, si omnes in culpa fuerint, non oportuisse Cleomenen⁴⁹⁰ constitui spectatorem illorum mortis atque cruciatus; dico etiam in ipso supplicio mercedem lacrimarum, mercedem vulneris atque plagae, mercedem funeris ac sepulturae constitui nefas fuisse.

[135] quapropter si mihi respondere voles haec dicito, classem instructam atque ornatam fuisse, nullum propugnatorem afuisse, nullum vacuum tractum esse remum, rem frumentariam esse suppeditatam; mentiri nauarchos, mentiri tot tam⁴⁹¹ gravis civitates, mentiri etiam Siciliam totam⁴⁹²; proditum esse te a Cleomene, qui se dixerit exisse in terram ut Pachyno deduceret milites; animum illis, non copias defuisse; Cleomenem acerrime pugnantem ab iis relictum esse atque desertum; nummum ob sepulturam datum nemini. quae si dices, tenebere; sin alia dices, ea quae a me dicta sunt non refutabis.

[136] 52 hic tu etiam dicere audebis, est in iudicibus ille familiaris meus, est paternus amicus ille. non ut quisque maxime est quicum⁴⁹³ tibi aliquid sit, ita te in huiusce modi crimine maxime eius pudet? paternus amicus est. ipse pater si iudicaret, per deos immortalis, quid facere posset⁴⁹⁴? cum tibi haec diceret⁴⁹⁵, tu in provincia populi Romani praetor⁴⁹⁶, cum tibi maritimum bellum esset administrandum, Mamertinis ex foedere quam deberent navem per triennium remisisti, tibi apud eosdem privata navis oneraria maxima publice est aedificata, tu a civitatibus pecunias classis nomine coegisti, tu pretio remiges dimisisti, tu, navis cum esset ab quaestore et ab legato⁴⁹⁷ capta praedonum, archipiratam ab oculis omnium removisti⁴⁹⁸, tu, qui cives Romani esse dicerentur, qui a multis cognoscerentur, securi ferire potuisti, tu⁴⁹⁹ tuam domum piratas abducere, tu in iudicium archipiratam domo producere ausus es⁵⁰⁰,

[137] tu in provincia tam splendida, tu apud socios fidelissimos, civis Romanos honestissimos, in metu periculoque provinciae dies continuos compluris in litore conviviisque iacuisti, te per eos dies nemo tuae domi convenire, nemo in foro videre potuit, tu sociorum atque amicorum ad ea convivia matres familias adhibuisti, tu inter eius modi mulieres praetextatum tuum filium, nepotem meum, conlocavisti, ut aetati maxime lubricae atque incertae exempla nequitiae parentis vita praeberet, tu praetor in provincia cum tunica pallioque purpureo visus es, tu propter amorem libidinemque tuam imperium navium legato populi Romani ademisti, Syracusano tradidisti, tui milites in provincia Sicilia frugibus frumentoque caruerunt, tua luxurie⁵⁰¹ atque avaritia classis populi Romani a praedonibus capta et incensa est;

[138] post Syracusas conditas quem in portum numquam hostis accesserat, in eo te praetore primum piratae navigaverunt; neque haec tot et tanta⁵⁰² dedecora dissimulatione tua neque oblivione hominum ac taciturnitate tegere voluisti, sed etiam navium praefectos sine ulla causa de complexu parentum⁵⁰³ suorum, hospitum tuorum, ad mortem cruciatumque rapuisti, neque te in parentum⁵⁰⁴ luctu atque lacrimis mei nominis commemoratio mitigavit; tibi hominum innocentium sanguis non modo voluptati sed etiam quaestui fuit! 53 —haec si tibi tuus parens diceret, posses ab eo veniam petere, posses ut tibi ignosceret postulare?

[139] satis est factum Siculis, satis officio ac necessitudini⁵⁰⁵, satis promisso nostro ac recepto. reliqua est ea causa, iudices, quae iam non recepta sed innata, neque delata ad me sed in animo sensuque meo penitus adfixa atque insita est; quae non ad sociorum salutem, sed ad civium Romanorum, hoc est ad unius cuiusque nostrum, vitam et sanguinem pertinet. in qua nolite a me, quasi dubium sit aliquid, argumenta, iudices, exspectare: omnia quae dicam sic erunt inlustria ut ad ea probanda totam Siciliam testem adhibere possem⁵⁰⁶. furor enim quidam, sceleris et audaciae comes, istius effrenatum animum importunamque naturam tanta oppressit amentia ut numquam dubitaret in conventu palam supplicia, quae in convictos malefici servos constituta sunt, ea in civis Romanos expromere.

[140] virgis quam multos ceciderit quid ego commemorem? tantum brevissime, iudices, dico⁵⁰⁷: nullum fuit omnino civitatis isto praetore in hoc genere discrimen. itaque iam consuetudine ad corpora civium Romanorum etiam sine istius nutu ferebatur manus ipsa lictoris.

54 num potes hoc negare, Verres, in foro Lilybaei maximo conventu C. Servilium, civem Romanum e conventu Panhormitano⁵⁰⁸, veterem negotiatorem, ad tribunal ante pedes tuos ad terram virgis et verberibus abiectum? aude hoc primum negare, si potes; nemo Lilybaei fuit quin viderit, nemo in Sicilia quin audiverit⁵⁰⁹. plagis confectum dico a lictoribus tuis civem Romanum ante oculos tuos concidisse.

[141] at quam ob causam, di immortales! tametsi iniuriam facio communi causae et iuri civitatis; quasi enim ulla possit⁵¹⁰ esse causa cur hoc cuiquam civi Romano iure accidat, ita quaero quae in Servilio causa fuerit. ignoscite in hoc uno, iudices; in ceteris enim non magnopere causas requiram. locutus erat liberius de istius improbitate atque nequitia. quod isti simul ac renuntiatum est, hominem iubet Lilybaeum vadimonium Venerio servo promittere. promittit; Lilybaeum venitur. cogere eum coepit, cum ageret nemo⁵¹¹, nemo postularet, sponsionem mille⁵¹² nummum facere cum lictore suo, ni furtis quaestum faceret. recuperatores se⁵¹³ de cohorte sua dicebat⁵¹⁴ daturum. Servilius et recusare et deprecari ne iniquis iudicibus nullo adversario iudicium capitis in se constitueretur.

[142] haec cum maxime loqueretur, sex lictores circumsistunt valentissimi et ad pulsandos verberandosque homines exercitatissimi, caedunt acerrime virgis; denique proximus lictor, de quo iam saepe⁵¹⁵ dixi, Sextius, converso baculo⁵¹⁶ oculos misero tundere vehementissime coepit. itaque ille, cum sanguis os oculosque complesset, concidit, cum illi nihilo minus iacenti latera tunderent, ut aliquando spondere se diceret. sic ille adfectus⁵¹⁷ illim⁵¹⁸ tum pro mortuo sublatus perbrevi postea est mortuus. iste autem homo Venerius, adfluens omni lepore ac venustate, de bonis illius in aede Veneris argenteum Cupidinem posuit. sic etiam fortunis hominum abutebatur ad nocturna vota cupiditatum suarum.

[143] 55 nam quid ego de ceteris civium Romanorum suppliciis singillatim potius quam generatim atque universe loquar? carcer ille qui est a crudelissimo tyranno Dionysio factus Syracusis, quae lautumiae vocantur, in istius imperio domicilium civium Romanorum fuit. Vt quisque istius animum aut oculos offenderat, in lautumias statim coniciebatur. indignum⁵¹⁹ hoc video videri omnibus, iudices, et id iam priore actione, cum haec testes dicerent, intellexi. retineri enim putatis oportere iura libertatis non modo hic ubi tribuni plebis sunt, ubi ceteri magistratus, ubi forum plenum iudiciorum, ubi senatus auctoritas, ubi existimatio populi Romani et frequentia, sed ubicumque terrarum et gentium violatum ius civium⁵²⁰ Romanorum sit, statuitis⁵²¹ id pertinere ad communem causam libertatis et dignitatis.

[144] in externorum hominum maleficorum sceleratorumque, in praedonum hostiumque custodias tu tantum numerum civium Romanorum includere ausus es? numquamne tibi iudici, numquam contionis⁵²², numquam huius tantae frequentiae, quae nunc te animo iniquissimo infestissimoque intuetur, venit in mentem? numquam tibi populi Romani absentis dignitas, numquam species ipsa⁵²³ huiusce multitudinis in oculis animoque versata est? numquam te in horum conspectum rediturum, numquam in forum populi Romani venturum, numquam sub legum et iudiciorum potestatem casurum esse duxisti?

[145] 56 at quae erat ista libido crudelitatis exercendae, quae tot scelerum suscipiendorum causa? nulla, iudices, praeter praedandi novam singularemque rationem. nam ut illi quos a poetis accepimus, qui⁵²⁴ sinus quosdam obsedisse maritimos aut aliqua promunturia aut praerupta saxa tenuisse dicuntur, ut eos qui essent adpulsi navigiis interficere⁵²⁵ possent, sic iste in omnia maria infestus ex omnibus Siciliae partibus imminebat. quaecumque navis ex Asia, quae ex Syria, quae Tyro, quae Alexandria⁵²⁶ venerat, statim certis indicibus et custodibus tenebatur; vectores omnes in lautumias coniciebantur, onera atque merces in praetoriam domum deferebantur. versabatur in Sicilia longo intervallo alter non Dionysius ille nec Phalaris,—tulit enim illa quondam insula multos et crudelis tyrannos,—sed quoddam novum monstrum ex vetere⁵²⁷ illa immanitate quae in isdem locis versata esse dicitur.

[146] non enim Charybdim tam infestam neque⁵²⁸ Scyllam nautis quam istum in⁵²⁹ eodem freto fuisse arbitror⁵³⁰; hoc etiam iste infestior, quod multo se pluribus et immanioribus⁵³¹ canibus succinxerat, Cyclops alter multo importunior; hic enim totam insulam obsidebat, ille Aetnam solam et eam Siciliae partem⁵³² tenuisse dicitur.

at quae causa tum subiciebatur ab ipso, iudices, huius tam nefariae crudelitatis? eadem quae nunc in defensione commemorabitur. quicumque accesserant ad Siciliam paulo pleniores, eos Sertorianos milites esse atque a Dianio fugere dicebat. illi ad deprecandum periculum proferebant alii purpuram Tyriam, tus alii atque odores vestemque linteam, gemmas alii et margaritas, vina non nulli Graeca venalisque Asiaticos, ut intellegeretur ex mercibus quibus ex locis navigarent. non providerant eas ipsas sibi causas esse periculi, quibus argumentis se ad salutem uti arbitrabantur⁵³³. iste enim haec eos ex piratarum societate adeptos esse dicebat; ipsos in lautumias abduci imperabat, navis eorum atque onera diligenter adservanda curabat.

[147] 57 his institutis cum completus iam⁵³⁴ mercatorum carcer esset, tum illa fiebant quae L. Suettium⁵³⁵, equitem Romanum, lectissimum virum, dicere audistis, et quae ceteros audietis. cervices in carcere frangebantur indignissime civium Romanorum, ut iam illa vox et imploratio⁵³⁶, civis Romanus sum, quae saepe multis in ultimis terris opem inter barbaros et salutem tulit, ea mortem illis acerbiorem et supplicium maturius ferret.

quid est, Verres? quid ad haec cogitas respondere? num mentiri me, num fingere aliquid, num augere crimen? num quid horum dicere istis defensoribus tuis⁵³⁷ audes? cedo mihi, quaeso, ex ipsius sinu litteras Syracusanorum, quas ipse ad⁵³⁸ arbitrium suum confectas esse arbitratur, cedo rationem carceris, quae diligentissime conficitur, quo quisque die datus in custodiam, quo mortuus, quo necatus⁵³⁹ sit.

litterae Syracvsanorvm.

[148] videtis civis Romanos gregatim coniectos in lautumias, videtis indignissimo in loco coacervatam multitudinem vestrorum civium. quaerite nunc vestigia quibus exitus eorum ex illo loco compareant⁵⁴⁰. nulla sunt. omnesne mortui? si ita posset defendere, tamen fides huic defensioni non haberetur. sed scriptum exstat in isdem litteris quod iste homo barbarus ac dissolutus neque attendere umquam neque intellegere potuit: ἐδικαιώθησαν⁵⁴¹, inquit, hoc est, ut Siculi loquuntur, supplicio adfecti ac necati sunt.

[149] 58 si qui rex, si qua civitas exterarum gentium, si qua natio fecisset aliquid in civis Romanos eius modi, nonne publice vindicaremus, nonne⁵⁴² bello persequeremur? possemus hanc iniuriam ignominiamque nominis Romani inultam impunitamque dimittere? quot bella⁵⁴³ maiores nostros et quanta suscepisse arbitramini, quod cives Romani iniuria adfecti, quod navicularii retenti, quod mercatores spoliati dicerentur? at ego iam retentos non queror, spoliatos ferendum puto; navibus, mancipiis, mercibus ademptis in vincla mercatores esse coniectos et in vinclis civis Romanos necatos esse arguo.

[150] si haec apud Scythas dicerem, non hic in tanta multitudine civium Romanorum, non apud senatores, lectissimos civitatis, non in foro populi Romani de tot et tam acerbis suppliciis civium Romanorum, tamen animos etiam barbarorum hominum permoverem; tanta enim huius imperi amplitudo, tanta nominis Romani dignitas est apud omnis nationes ut ista in nostros homines crudelitas nemini concessa esse videatur. nunc tibi ego ullam salutem, ullum perfugium putem, cum te implicatum severitate iudicum, circumretitum frequentia populi Romani esse videam?

[151] si mehercule⁵⁴⁴, id quod fieri non posse intellego, ex his te laqueis exueris ac te aliqua via ac ratione explicaris, in illas tibi maiores plagas incidendum est in quibus te ab eodem me superiore ex loco confici et concidi necesse est.

cui si etiam id quod defendit velim concedere, tamen ipsa illa falsa defensio non minus esse ei perniciosa quam mea vera accusatio debeat. quid enim defendit? ex Hispania fugientis se excepisse et supplicio adfecisse dicit. quis tibi id permisit? quo iure fecisti? quis idem fecit? qui tibi id⁵⁴⁵ facere licuit?

[152] forum plenum et basilicas istorum hominum videmus, et animo aequo videmus⁵⁴⁶; civilis enim dissensionis et seu⁵⁴⁷ amentiae seu fati⁵⁴⁸ seu calamitatis non est iste molestus exitus, in quo reliquos saltem civis incolumis licet conservare. Verres, ille vetus proditor consulis, translator quaesturae, aversor pecuniae publicae, tantum sibi auctoritatis in re publica suscepit ut, quibus hominibus per senatum, per populum Romanum, per omnis magistratus, in foro, in suffragiis, in hac urbe, in re publica versari liceret, iis omnibus⁵⁴⁹ mortem acerbam crudelemque proponeret si fortuna eos ad aliquam partem Siciliae detulisset.

[153] ad Cn. Pompeium, clarissimum virum et fortissimum, permulti occiso Perperna ex illo Sertoriano numero militum confugerunt. quem non ille summo cum studio salvum incolumemque servavit? cui civi supplicanti⁵⁵⁰ non illa dextera invicta fidem porrexit et spem salutis ostendit? itane vero? quibus fuit portus apud eum quem contra arma tulerant, iis apud te, cuius nullum in re publica momentum⁵⁵¹ umquam fuit, mors et cruciatus erat constitutus? 59 vide quam commodam defensionem excogitaris! malo mehercule id quod tu defendis his iudicibus populoque Romano quam id quod ego insimulo probari, malo, inquam, te isti generi hominum quam mercatoribus et naviculariis inimicum atque infestum putari; meum enim crimen avaritiae te nimiae coarguit, tua defensio furoris cuiusdam et immanitatis et inauditae crudelitatis et paene novae proscriptionis.

[154] sed non licet me isto tanto bono, iudices, uti, non licet. adsunt enim Puteoli toti; frequentissimi venerunt ad hoc iudicium mercatores, homines locupletes atque honesti, qui partim socios suos, partim libertos, partim conlibertos spoliatos in vincla coniectos, partim in vinclis necatos⁵⁵², partim securi percussos esse dicunt⁵⁵³. hic vide quam me sis usurus aequo. cum ego P. Granium testem produxero qui suos libertos abs te⁵⁵⁴ securi percussos esse dicat, qui abs te navem suam mercesque repetat, refellito, si poteris; meum testem deseram, tibi favebo, te, inquam, adiuvabo; ostendito illos cum Sertorio fuisse, ab Dianio⁵⁵⁵ fugientis ad Siciliam esse delatos. nihil est quod te mallem⁵⁵⁶ probare; nullum enim facinus quod maiore supplicio dignum sit reperiri neque proferri potest.

[155] reducam iterum equitem Romanum, L. Flavium, si voles, quoniam priore actione,—ut patroni tui dictitant, nova quadam sapientia, ut omnes intellegunt, conscientia tua atque auctoritate meorum testium,—testem nullum interrogasti. interrogetur Flavius, si voles, quinam fuerit T. Herennius⁵⁵⁷, is quem ille argentariam Lepti fecisse dicit; qui cum amplius centum civis Romanos haberet ex conventu Syracusano⁵⁵⁸ qui eum non solum cognoscerent sed etiam lacrimantes ac te implorantes defenderent, tamen inspectantibus omnibus Syracusis⁵⁵⁹ securi percussus est. hunc quoque testem meum refelli et illum Herennium Sertorianum fuisse abs te demonstrari et probari volo.

[156] 60 quid de illa multitudine dicemus eorum qui capitibus involutis in piratarum captivorum numero producebantur, ut securi ferirentur? quae ista nova diligentia, quam ob causam abs te excogitata? an te L. Flavi ceterorumque de T. Herennio vociferatio commovebat? an M. Anni, gravissimi atque honestissimi viri, summa auctoritas paulo diligentiorem timidioremque fecerat? qui nuper pro testimonio non advenam nescio quem nec alienum, sed eum civem Romanum qui omnibus in illo⁵⁶⁰ conventu notus, qui Syracusis natus esset, abs te securi percussum esse dixit.

[157] post hanc illorum vociferationem, post hanc communem famam atque querimoniam non mitior in supplicio, sed diligentior esse coepit; capitibus involutis civis Romanos ad necem producere instituit; quos tamen idcirco necabat palam quod homines in conventu, id quod antea dixi, nimium diligenter praedonum numerum requirebant. Haecine plebi Romanae te praetore est constituta condicio, haec negoti gerendi spes, hoc capitis vitaeque discrimen? Parumne multa mercatoribus sunt necessario pericula subeunda fortunae, nisi etiam hae formidines ab nostris magistratibus atque in nostris provinciis impendebunt? ad eamne rem fuit haec suburbana ac fidelis provincia⁵⁶¹, plena optimorum sociorum honestissimorumque civium, quae civis Romanos omnis suis ipsa sedibus libentissime semper accepit, ut, qui usque ex ultima Syria atque Aegypto navigarent, qui apud barbaros propter togae nomen in honore aliquo fuissent, qui ex praedonum insidiis, qui ex tempestatum periculis profugissent, in Sicilia securi ferirentur, cum se iam domum venisse arbitrarentur?

[158] 61 nam quid ego de P. Gavio, Consano⁵⁶² municipe, dicam, iudices, aut qua vi vocis, qua gravitate verborum, quo dolore animi dicam? tametsi dolor me non deficit; ut cetera mihi in dicendo digna re, digna dolore meo, suppetant magis laborandum⁵⁶³ est. quod crimen eius modi est ut, cum primum ad me delatum est, usurum me illo non putarem; tametsi enim verissimum esse intellegebam, tamen credibile fore non arbitrabar. coactus lacrimis omnium civium Romanorum qui in Sicilia negotiantur, adductus Valentinorum, hominum honestissimorum, omniumque Reginorum testimoniis multorumque equitum Romanorum qui casu tum Messanae fuerunt, dedi tantum priore actione testium res ut nemini dubia esse possit⁵⁶⁴.

[159] quid nunc agam? cum iam tot horas de uno genere ac de istius nefaria crudelitate dicam, cum prope omnem vim verborum eius modi, quae scelere istius digna sint, aliis in rebus consumpserim, neque hoc providerim, ut varietate criminum vos attentos⁵⁶⁵ tenerem, quem ad modum de tanta re dicam? opinor, unus modus atque una ratio est; rem in medio ponam; quae tantum habet ipsa gravitatis ut neque mea, quae nulla est, neque cuiusquam⁵⁶⁶ ad inflammandos vestros animos eloquentia requiratur.

[160] Gavius hic quem dico, Consanus⁵⁶⁷, cum in illo numero civium Romanorum ab isto in vincla coniectus esset et nescio qua ratione clam e⁵⁶⁸ lautumiis profugisset Messanamque venisset, qui tam prope iam Italiam et moenia Reginorum, civium Romanorum⁵⁶⁹, videret et ex illo metu mortis ac tenebris quasi luce libertatis et odore aliquo legum recreatus revixisset, loqui Messanae et queri coepit se civem Romanum in vincla coniectum, sibi recta iter esse Romam, Verri se praesto advenienti futurum. 62 non intellegebat miser nihil interesse utrum haec Messanae an apud istum⁵⁷⁰ in praetorio loqueretur; nam, ut antea vos docui, hanc sibi iste urbem delegerat quam haberet adiutricem scelerum, furtorum receptricem, flagitiorum omnium consciam. itaque ad magistratum Mamertinum statim deducitur Gavius⁵⁷¹, eoque ipso die casu Messanam Verres venit. res ad eum defertur, esse civem Romanum qui se Syracusis in lautumiis fuisse quereretur; quem iam ingredientem in navem et Verri nimis atrociter minitantem ab se⁵⁷² retractum esse et adservatum, ut ipse in eum statueret quod videretur.

[161] agit hominibus gratias et eorum benivolentiam erga se diligentiamque conlaudat. ipse inflammatus scelere et furore in forum venit; ardebant oculi, toto ex ore crudelitas eminebat. exspectabant omnes⁵⁷³ quo tandem progressurus aut quidnam acturus esset, cum repente hominem proripi atque in foro medio nudari ac deligari et virgas expediri iubet. clamabat ille miser se civem esse Romanum, municipem Consanum⁵⁷⁴; meruisse cum L. Raecio⁵⁷⁵, splendidissimo equite Romano, qui Panhormi negotiaretur, ex quo haec Verres scire posset. tum iste, se comperisse⁵⁷⁶ eum speculandi causa in Siciliam a ducibus⁵⁷⁷ fugitivorum esse missum; cuius rei neque index neque vestigium aliquod neque suspicio cuiquam esset ulla; deinde iubet undique hominem vehementissime verberari.

[162] caedebatur virgis in medio foro Messanae civis Romanus, iudices, cum interea nullus gemitus, nulla vox alia illius miseri inter dolorem crepitumque plagarum audiebatur nisi haec, civis Romanus sum⁵⁷⁸. hac se⁵⁷⁹ commemoratione civitatis! omnia verbera depulsurum cruciatumque a corpore deiecturum arbitrabatur; is non modo hoc non perfecit, ut⁵⁸⁰ virgarum vim deprecaretur, sed cum imploraret saepius usurparetque nomen civitatis, crux,—crux, inquam,—infelici et aerumnoso, qui numquam istam⁵⁸¹ pestem viderat⁵⁸², comparabatur.

[163] 63 nomen dulce libertatis! o ius eximium nostrae civitatis o lex Porcia legesque Semproniae! o graviter desiderata et aliquando reddita plebi Romanae tribunicia potestas! hucine tandem haec⁵⁸³ omnia reciderunt ut civis Romanus in provincia populi Romani, in oppido foederatorum, ab eo qui beneficio populi Romani fascis et securis haberet deligatus in foro virgis caederetur? quid? cum ignes ardentesque⁵⁸⁴ laminae ceterique cruciatus admovebantur, si te illius acerba imploratio et vox miserabilis non inhibebat⁵⁸⁵, ne civium quidem Romanorum qui tum aderant fletu et gemitu⁵⁸⁶ maximo commovebare? in crucem tu agere ausus es quemquam qui se civem Romanum esse diceret? nolui tam vehementer agere hoc prima actione, iudices, nolui; vidistis enim ut animi multitudinis in istum dolore et odio et communis periculi metu concitarentur. statui egomet mihi tum modum et orationi meae⁵⁸⁷ et C. Numitorio, equiti Romano, primo homini, testi meo; et Glabrionem⁵⁸⁸ id quod sapientissime fecit facere laetatus sum, ut repente consilium⁵⁸⁹ in medio testimonio dimitteret. etenim verebatur ne populus Romanus ab isto eas poenas vi repetisse videretur, quas veritus esset ne iste legibus ac vestro iudicio non esset persoluturus.

[164] nunc quoniam iam⁵⁹⁰ exploratum est omnibus quo loco causa tua sit et quid de te futurum sit, sic tecum agam. Gavium istum, quem repentinum speculatorem fuisse dicis, ostendam in lautumias Syracusis a te esse coniectum, neque id solum ex litteris ostendam Syracusanorum, ne possis dicere me, quia sit aliqui⁵⁹¹ in litteris Gavius, hoc fingere et eligere nomen, ut hunc illum esse possim dicere, sed ad arbitrium tuum testis dabo qui istum ipsum Syracusis abs te in lautumias coniectum esse dicant. producam etiam Consanos municipes illius ac necessarios, qui te nunc sero doceant, iudices non sero, illum P. Gavium quem tu⁵⁹² in crucem egisti civem Romanum et⁵⁹³ municipem Consanum, non speculatorem fugitivorum fuisse.

[165] 64 cum haec omnia quae polliceor cumulate tuis proximis⁵⁹⁴⁵⁹⁵ plana fecero, tum istuc ipsum tenebo quod abs te mihi datur; eo contentum esse me⁵⁹⁶ dicam. quid enim nuper tu ipse, cum populi Romani clamore atque impetu perturbatus exsiluisti, quid, inquam, elocutus⁵⁹⁷ es? illum, quod moram supplicio quaereret, ideo clamitasse se esse civem Romanum, sed speculatorem fuisse. iam mei testes veri sunt. quid enim dicit aliud C. Numitorius, quid M. et P. Cottii, nobilissimi homines ex agro Tauromenitano, quid Q. Lucceius, qui argentariam Regi maximam fecit, quid ceteri? adhuc enim testes ex eo genere a me sunt dati, non qui novisse Gavium, sed se vidisse dicerent, cum is, qui se civem Romanum esse clamaret, in crucem ageretur. hoc tu, Verres, idem dicis, hoc tu confiteris, illum clamitasse se civem esse Romanum⁵⁹⁸; apud te nomen civitatis ne tantum quidem valuisse ut dubitationem aliquam crucis⁵⁹⁹, ut⁶⁰⁰ crudelissimi taeterrimique supplici aliquam parvam moram saltem posset⁶⁰¹ adferre.

[166] hoc teneo, hic haereo, iudices, hoc sum contentus uno, omitto ac neglego cetera; sua confessione induatur ac iuguletur necesse est. qui esset ignorabas, speculatorem esse suspicabare; non quaero qua suspicione, tua te accuso oratione: civem Romanum se⁶⁰² esse dicebat. si tu apud Persas aut in extrema India deprensus⁶⁰³, Verres, ad supplicium ducerere, quid aliud clamitares nisi te civem esse Romanum? et si tibi ignoto apud ignotos, apud barbaros, apud homines in extremis atque ultimis gentibus positos, nobile et inlustre apud omnis nomen civitatis tuae profuisset, ille, quisquis erat, quem tu in crucem rapiebas, qui tibi esset ignotus, cum civem se Romanum esse diceret, apud te praetorem⁶⁰⁴ si non effugium ne moram quidem mortis mentione atque usurpatione civitatis adsequi potuit?

[167] 65 homines tenues, obscuro loco nati, navigant, adeunt ad ea loca quae numquam antea⁶⁰⁵ viderunt, ubi neque noti esse iis quo venerunt, neque semper⁶⁰⁶ cum cognitoribus esse possunt. hac una tamen fiducia civitatis non modo apud nostros magistratus, qui et legum et existimationis periculo continentur, neque apud civis solum Romanos, qui et sermonis et iuris et multarum rerum⁶⁰⁷ societate iuncti sunt, fore se tutos arbitrantur, sed, quocumque venerint, hanc sibi rem praesidio sperant futuram⁶⁰⁸.

[168] tolle hanc spem, tolle hoc praesidium civibus Romanis, constitue nihil esse opis in hac voce, civis Romanus sum, posse impune praetorem aut alium quempiam⁶⁰⁹ supplicium quod velit in eum constituere qui se civem Romanum esse dicat, quod qui sit⁶¹⁰ ignoret: iam omnis provincias, iam omnia regna, iam omnis liberas civitates, iam omnem orbem terrarum, qui semper nostris hominibus maxime patuit, civibus Romanis ista⁶¹¹ defensione praecluseris. quid? si L. Raecium⁶¹², equitem Romanum, qui tum erat⁶¹³ in Sicilia, nominabat, etiamne id magnum fuit, Panhormum litteras mittere? adservasses hominem custodiis Mamertinorum tuorum, vinctum clausum habuisses, dum Panhormo Raecius veniret; cognosceret hominem, aliquid de summo supplicio remitteres; si ignoraret, tum, si ita tibi videretur, hoc iuris in omnis constitueres, ut, qui neque tibi notus esset neque cognitorem locupletem daret, quamvis civis Romanus esset, in crucem tolleretur.

[169] 66 sed quid ego plura de Gavio? quasi tu Gavio tum fueris infestus ac non nomini generi iuri civium hostis. non illi, inquam, homini sed causae communi libertatis inimicus fuisti. quid enim attinuit, cum Mamertini more⁶¹⁴ atque instituto suo crucem fixissent post urbem in via Pompeia, te iubere in ea parte figere quae ad fretum spectaret, et hoc addere,—quod negare nullo modo potes, quod omnibus audientibus dixisti palam,—te idcirco illum locum deligere, ut ille, quoniam se civem Romanum esse diceret, ex cruce Italiam cernere ac domum suam prospicere posset? itaque illa crux sola, iudices, post conditam Messanam illo in loco fixa est. Italiae conspectus ad eam rem ab isto delectus est, ut ille in dolore cruciatuque moriens perangusto fretu⁶¹⁵ divisa servitutis ac libertatis iura cognosceret, Italia autem alumnum suum servitutis extremo summoque supplicio adfixum⁶¹⁶ videret.

[170] facinus est vincire civem Romanum, scelus verberare, prope parricidium necare: quid dicam in crucem tollere? verbo satis digno tam nefaria res appellari nullo modo potest. non fuit his omnibus iste contentus; spectet, inquit, patriam; in conspectu legum libertatisque moriatur. non tu hoc loco Gavium, non unum hominem nescio quem, sed⁶¹⁷ communem libertatis et civitatis causam in illum cruciatum et crucem egisti. iam vero videte hominis audaciam! nonne eum graviter tulisse arbitramini quod illam civibus Romanis crucem non posset in foro, non in comitio, non in rostris defigere? quod enim his locis in provincia sua celebritate simillimum, regione proximum potuit, elegit⁶¹⁸; monumentum sceleris audaciaeque suae voluit esse in conspectu Italiae, vestibulo Siciliae, praetervectione omnium qui ultro citroque s navigarent.

[171] 67 si haec non ad civis Romanos, non ad aliquos amicos nostrae civitatis, non ad eos qui populi Romani nomen audissent, denique si non ad homines verum ad bestias, aut etiam, ut longius progrediar, si in aliqua desertissima solitudine ad saxa et ad scopulos haec conqueri ac deplorare vellem, tamen omnia muta atque inanima⁶¹⁹ tanta et tam indigna rerum acerbitate commoverentur. nunc vero cum loquar apud senatores populi Romani, legum et⁶²⁰ iudiciorum et iuris⁶²¹ auctores, timere non debeo ne non unus iste civis Romanus illa cruce dignus, ceteri omnes simili periculo indignissimi iudicentur.

[172] Paulo ante, iudices, lacrimas in morte misera atque indigna nauarchorum non tenebamus, et recte ac merito sociorum innocentium miseria commovebamur: quid nunc in nostro sanguine tandem facere debemus? nam civium Romanorum omnium sanguis coniunctus existimandus est, quoniam et salutis omnium ratio et veritas postulat. omnes hoc loco cives Romani, et qui adsunt et qui ubique sunt, vestram severitatem desiderant⁶²², vestram fidem implorant, vestrum auxilium requirunt; omnia sua iura commoda auxilia, totam denique libertatem in vestris sententiis versari arbitrantur.

[173] A me tametsi satis habent, tamen, si res aliter acciderit, plus habebunt fortasse quam postulant. nam si qua vis istum de vestra severitate eripuerit, id quod neque metuo, iudices, neque ullo modo fieri posse video,—sed si in hoc me ratio fefellerit, Siculi causam suam perisse querentur et mecum pariter moleste ferent, populus quidem Romanus brevi, quoniam mihi potestatem apud se agendi dedit, ius suum me agente suis suffragiis ante Kalendas Februarias recuperabit. ac si de mea gloria atque amplitudine quaeritis, iudices, non est alienum meis rationibus istum mihi ex hoc iudicio ereptum ad illud populi Romani iudicium reservari. splendida est illa causa, probabilis mihi et facilis, populo grata atque iucunda; denique si videor hic, id quod ego non quaesivi, de uno isto voluisse crescere, isto absoluto, quod sine multorum scelere fieri non potest, de multis mihi crescere licebit.

68 sed mehercule vestra reique publicae causa, iudices, nolo in hoc delecto consilio tantum flagiti⁶²³ esse commissum, nolo eos iudices quos ego probarim atque delegerim sic in hac urbe notatos isto absoluto⁶²⁴ ambulare ut non cera sed caeno obliti esse videantur.

[174] quam ob rem te quoque, Hortensi, si qui monendi locus ex hoc loco est, moneo videas etiam atque etiam et consideres quid agas, quo progrediare, quem hominem et qua ratione defendas. neque de illo tibi quicquam praefinio quo minus ingenio mecum atque omni dicendi facultate contendas; cetera si qua putas te occultius extra iudicium quae ad iudicium pertineant facere posse, si quid artificio consilio potentia gratia, copiis istius moliri cogitas, magno opere⁶²⁵ censeo desistas, et illa quae temptata iam et coepta sunt ab isto, a me autem pervestigata et cognita, moneo ut exstinguas et longius progredi ne sinas. Magno tuo periculo peccabitur in hoc iudicio, maiore quam putas.

[175] quod enim te liberatum iam existimationis metu, defunctum honoribus designatum consulem cogites, mihi crede, ornamenta ista⁶²⁶ et beneficia populi Romani non minore negotio retinentur quam comparantur. tulit haec civitas quoad potuit, quoad necesse fuit, regiam istam vestram dominationem in iudiciis et in omni re publica, tulit; sed quo die populo Romano tribuni plebi⁶²⁷ restituti sunt, omnia ista vobis, si forte nondum intellegitis⁶²⁸, adempta atque erepta sunt. omnium nunc oculi coniecti sunt hoc ipso tempore in unum quemque nostrum, qua fide ego accusem, qua religione hi iudicent, qua tu ratione defendas.

[176] de omnibus nobis, si qui tantulum de recta regione deflexerit, non illa tacita existimatio quam antea contemnere solebatis, sed vehemens ac liberum populi Romani iudicium consequetur. nulla tibi, (2Quinte, cum isto cognatio, nulla necessitudo; quibus excusationibus antea nimium in aliquo iudicio studium⁶²⁹ tuum defendere solebas, earum habere in hoc homine nullam potes⁶³⁰. quae iste in provincia palam dictitabat, cum ea quae faciebat tua se fiducia facere dicebat, ea ne vera putentur tibi maxime est providendum.

[177] 69 ego mei rationem iam offici confido esse omnibus iniquissimis meis⁶³¹ persolutam; nam istum paucis horis primae actionis⁶³² omnium mortalium sententiis condemnavi. reliquum iudicium iam non de mea fide, quae perspecta est, nec de istius vita, quae damnata est, sed de iudicibus et, vere ut dicam, de te futurum est.

at quo tempore futurum est?—nam id maxime providendum est; etenim cum omnibus in rebus, tum in re publica permagni momenti est ratio atque inclinatio temporum. nempe eo, cum populus Romanus aliud genus hominum atque alium ordinem ad res iudicandas requirit, nempe⁶³³ lege de iudiciis iudicibusque novis⁶³⁴ promulgata; quam non is promulgavit quo⁶³⁵ nomine proscriptam videtis, sed hic reus,—hic, inquam, sua spe atque opinione quam de vobis habet legem illam scribendam promulgandamque curavit.

[178] itaque cum primo agere coepimus, lex non erat promulgata; cum iste vestra severitate permotus multa signa dederat quam ob rem responsurus non videretur, mentio de lege nulla fiebat; posteaquam iste recreari et confirmari visus est, lex statim promulgata est. cui legi cum vestra dignitas vehementer adversetur, istius spes falsa et insignis impudentia maxime suffragatur. hic si quid erit commissum a quoquam vestrum quod reprendatur⁶³⁶, aut populus Romanus iudicabit de eo⁶³⁷ homine quem iam ante iudiciis indignum putarit⁶³⁸, aut ei qui⁶³⁹ propter offensionem iudiciorum de veteribus iudicibus⁶⁴⁰ lege nova novi iudices erunt constituti.

[179] 70 mihi porro, ut ego non dicam, quis omnium mortalium non intellegit quam longe progredi sit necesse? potero silere, Hortensi, potero dissimulare, cum tantum res publica vulnus acceperit ut expilatae provinciae⁶⁴¹, vexati socii, di immortales spoliati, cives Romani cruciati et necati impune me actore esse videantur? potero ego hoc⁶⁴² onus tantum aut in hoc iudicio deponere aut tacitus⁶⁴³ sustinere? non agitanda res erit, non in medium proferenda, non populi Romani fides imploranda, non omnes qui tanto se scelere obstrinxerunt ut aut fidem suam corrumpi paterentur aut iudicium corrumperent in discrimen aut⁶⁴⁴ iudicium vocandi?

[180] quaeret aliquis fortasse, tantumne igitur laborem⁶⁴⁵, tantas inimicitias tot hominum suscepturus es⁶⁴⁶? non studio quidem hercule ullo neque voluntate; sed non idem licet mihi quod iis qui nobili genere nati sunt, quibus omnia populi Romani beneficia dormientibus deferuntur; longe alia mihi lege in hac civitate et condicione vivendum est. venit mihi in mentem M. Catonis, hominis sapientissimi et vigilantissimi; qui cum se virtute non genere populo Romano commendari putaret, cum ipse sui generis initium ac nominis ab se gigni et propagari vellet, hominum potentissimorum suscepit inimicitias, et maximis laboribus suis usque⁶⁴⁷ ad summam senectutem summa⁶⁴⁸ cum gloria vixit.

[181] postea Q. Pompeius, humili atque obscuro loco natus, nonne plurimis inimicitiis maximisque suis periculis ac laboribus amplissimos honores est adeptus? modo C. Fimbriam, C. Marium⁶⁴⁹, C. Caelium vidimus non mediocribus inimicitiis ac laboribus contendere ut ad istos honores pervenirent ad quos vos per⁶⁵⁰ ludum et per neglegentiam pervenistis. haec eadem est nostrae rationis regio et via, horum nos hominum sectam atque instituta persequimur. 71 videmus⁶⁵¹ quanta sit in⁶⁵² invidia quantoque in odio apud quosdam nobilis homines novorum hominum virtus et industria; si tantulum oculos⁶⁵³ deiecerimus, praesto esse insidias; si ullum locum aperuerimus suspicioni aut crimini, accipiendum statim vulnus esse; semper nobis vigilandum, semper laborandum videmus. inimicitiae sunt, subeantur;

[182] labor, suscipiatur⁶⁵⁴; etenim tacitae magis et occultae inimicitiae timendae sunt quam indictae atque apertae. hominum nobilium non fere quisquam nostrae industriae favet; nullis nostris officiis benivolentiam illorum adlicere possumus; quasi natura et genere diiuncti sint, ita dissident a nobis animo ac⁶⁵⁵ voluntate. quare quid habent eorum inimicitiae periculi, quorum animos iam aute habueris inimicos et invidos quam ullas inimicitias susceperis?

[183] quam ob rem mihi, iudices, optatum illud est⁶⁵⁶, in hoc reo finem accusandi facere, cum et populo Romano satis factum et receptum officium Siculis, necessariis meis, erit persolutum; deliberatum autem est, si res opinionem meam quam de vobis habeo fefellerit, non modo eos persequi ad quos maxime culpa corrupti iudici, sed etiam illos ad quos conscientiae contagio pertinebit. proinde si qui sunt qui in hoc reo aut potentes aut audaces ant artifices ad corrumpendum iudicium velint esse, ita sint parati ut disceptante populo Romano mecum sibi rem videant futuram; et si me in hoc reo, quem mihi inimicum Siculi dederunt, satis vehementem, satis perseverantem, satis vigilantem esse cognorunt, existiment in iis hominibus quorum ego inimicitias populi Romani salutis causa suscepero multo graviorem atque acriorem futurum.

[184] 72 nunc te, Iuppiter optime maxime, cuius iste donum regale, dignum tuo pulcherrimo templo, dignum Capitolio atque ista arce omnium nationum, dignum regio munere, tibi factum ab regibus, tibi dicatum atque promissum, per nefarium scelus de manibus regiis⁶⁵⁷ extorsit, cuiusque sanctissimum et pulcherrimum simulacrum Syracusis sustulit; teque, Iuno Regina, cuius duo fana duabus in insulis posita sociorum, Melitae et Sami, sanctissima et antiquissima, simili scelere idem iste omnibus donis ornamentisque nudavit; teque, Minerva, quam item⁶⁵⁸ duobus in clarissimis et religiosissimis templis expilavit, Athenis, cum auri grande pondus, Syracusis, cum omnia praeter tectum et parietes abstulit;

[185] teque, Latona et Apollo et Diana, quorum iste Deli non fanum, sed, ut hominum opinio et religio fert, sedem antiquam divinumque domicilium nocturno latrocinio atque impetu compilavit; etiam te, Apollo, quem iste Chio sustulit; teque etiam atque etiam, Diana, quam Pergae spoliavit, cuius simulacrum sanctissimum Segestae, bis apud Segestanos consecratum, semel ipsorum religione, iterum P. Africani victoria, tollendum asportandumque curavit; teque, Mercuri, quem Verres in⁶⁵⁹ domo et in privata aliqua⁶⁶⁰ palaestra posuit⁶⁶¹, P. Africanus in urbe sociorum et in gymnasio Tyndaritanorum iuventutis illorum custodem ac praesidem voluit esse;

[186] teque, Hercules, quem iste Agrigenti nocte intempesta servorum instructa et comparata manu convellere suis⁶⁶² sedibus atque auferre conatus est; teque, sanctissima mater Idaea, quam apud Enguinos augustissimo et religiosissimo in⁶⁶³ templo sic spoliatam reliquit ut nunc nomen modo Africani et vestigia violatae religionis maneant, monumenta victoriae fanique ornamenta non exstent; vosque, omnium rerum forensium, consiliorum maximorum, legum⁶⁶⁴ iudiciorumque arbitri et testes celeberrimo in loco populi Romani locati, Castor et Pollux, quorum e templo quaestum iste sibi⁶⁶⁵ et praedam improbissimam⁶⁶⁶ comparavit; omnesque di qui vehiculis tensarum sollemnis coetus ludorum invisitis⁶⁶⁷, quorum iter iste ad suum quaestum, non⁶⁶⁸ ad religionum dignitatem faciundum exigendumque curavit; teque,

[187] Ceres et Libera, quarum sacra, sicut opiniones hominum ac religiones ferunt, longe maximis atque occultissimis caerimoniis continentur, a quibus initia vitae atque victus, morum, legum, mansuetudinis, humanitatis hominibus et civitatibus data ac dispertita esse dicuntur, quarum sacra populus Romanus a Graecis adscita et accepta tanta religione et publice et privatim tuetur, non ut ab illis huc adlata, sed ut ceteris hinc tradita esse videantur, quae ab isto uno⁶⁶⁹ sic polluta ac violata sunt ut simulacrum Cereris unum, quod a viro non modo tangi sed ne aspici quidem fas fuit, e sacrario Catina⁶⁷⁰ convellendum auferendumque curarit⁶⁷¹, alterum autem Henna ex sua sede ac domo sustulerit, quod erat tale ut homines, cum viderent, aut ipsam videre se Cererem aut effigiem Cereris non humana manu factam, sed de caelo lapsam arbitrarentur,

[188] — vos etiam atque etiam imploro et appello, sanctissimae deae, quae illos Hennensis lacus lucosque incolitis, cunctaeque Siciliae, quae mihi defendenda tradita est, praesidetis, a quibus inventis frugibus⁶⁷² et in orbem terrarum distributis omnes⁶⁷³ gentes ac nationes vestri religione numinis⁶⁷⁴ continentur; ceteros item deos deasque omnis imploro et obtestor, quorum templis et religionibus iste nefario quodam furore et audacia instinctus bellum sacrilegum semper impiumque habuit indictum, ut, si in hoc reo atque in hac causa omnia mea consilia ad salutem sociorum, dignitatem rei publicae⁶⁷⁵, fidem meam spectaverunt, si nullam ad rem nisi ad officium et virtutem⁶⁷⁶ omnes meae curae vigiliae cogitationesque elaborarunt⁶⁷⁷, quae mea mens in suscipienda causa fuit, fides in agenda, eadem vestra sit in iudicanda;

[189] deinde uti C. Verrem, si eius omnia sunt inaudita et singularia facinora sceleris, audaciae, perfidiae, libidinis, avaritiae, crudelitatis, dignus exitus eius modi vita atque factis vestro iudicio consequatur, utique⁶⁷⁸ res publica⁶⁷⁹ meaque fides una hac accusatione mea contenta sit⁶⁸⁰, mihique posthac⁶⁸¹ bonos potius defendere liceat⁶⁸² quam improbos accusare necesse sit.

In C. Verrem. M. Tullius Cicero. ed. William Peterson. Oxford. 1917.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by National Endowment For The Humanities (NEH).

Current edition Perseus

In C. Verrem (Latin) (Cicero. M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes, Volume 3. Peterson, William, editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1917.)

Translations (1)

Against Verres Perseus (Cicero. The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, Volume 1. Yonge, Charles Duke, translator. London: Bell, 1903.) — 2.5 focus

The Fifth Book of the Second Pleading in the Prosecution against Verres.

The Speech on the Punishments.

The Argument.

This speech is divided into three divisions. First of all Cicero speaks of the conduct of Verres with respect to the war of the runaway slaves, which arose out of the relics of the war of Spartacus, which was brought to a termination just before the end of Verres's praetorship. In the second place he speaks of his conduct with respect to the pirates and banditti, who at that time infested the sea and the coasts of Sicily . And in the third place he impeaches him on account of the punishments he had inflicted on Roman citizens. But this last topic takes up, comparatively speaking, but a small part of the oration, though it has given the title to the whole oration. In the first two divisions of the speech Cicero is mainly occupied in replying to Hortensius, who had highly extolled Verres's military conduct and valour.

[1] I see, O judges, that it is not doubtful to any one of you that Caius Verres most openly plundered everything in Sicily , whether sacred or profane, whether private or public property; and that, not only without the slightest scruple, but without even the very least disguise, he practiced every possible description of robbery and plunder. But a very heightened and pompous defence of him is put forward in reply to me, which I must consider very carefully beforehand, O judges, how I am to resist. For his cause is stated in this way; that by his valour, and by his singular vigilance exerted at a critical and perilous time, the province of Sicily was preserved in safety from fugitive slaves, and from the dangers of war.

[2] What am I to do, O judges? In what way am I to shape my accusation? which way am I to turn? For to all my attacks the appellation of a gallant general is opposed, as a wall of defence. I am acquainted with the topic;—I see how Hortensius is going to boast himself. He will dilate upon the dangers of the war, the critical time of the republic, the scarcity of able generals; and that he will entreat of you, he will even claim as a right belonging to himself, that you do not suffer so great a general to be taken from the Roman people through the evidence of the Sicilians; that you do not allow his glory as a general to be overclouded by accusations of avarice.

[3] I cannot dissemble my alarm, O judges; I am afraid that Caius Verres, on account of this amazing warlike valour of his, may escape with impunity from the consequences of all his actions. For it occurs to me, what great influence, what exceeding authority, the oration of Marcus Antonius was supposed to have had at the trial of Marcus Aquillius; who, as he was not only skillful as an orator, but bold also, when he had nearly finished his speech, took hold of Marcus Aquillius and placed him in the sight of every one, and tore his robe away from his chest, in order that the Roman people and the judges might see his scars, all received in front; and at the same time he enlarged a good deal on that wound which he had received on his head from the general of the enemy; and worked up the men who were to judge in the cause to such a pitch, that they were greatly afraid lest the man whom fortune had saved from the weapons of the enemy, and who had not spared himself, should appear to have been saved not to receive praise from the Roman people, but to endure the cruelty of the judges. Now again this same plan and method of defence is to be tried by the opposite party.

[4] The same object is aimed at. He may be a thief, he may be a robber of temples, he may he the very chief man in every sort of vice and criminality; but he is a gallant general and a fortunate one, and he must be preserved for the critical emergencies of the republic. 2 I will not plead against you according to strict law; I will not urge that point, which perhaps I ought to carry if I did, that as this trial is appointed to take place according to a particular formula, the point that required to be proved by you, is not what gallant exploits you may have performed in war, but how you have kept your hands from other people's money,—I will not, I say, urge this; but I will ask, as I perceive you are desirous that I should, what has been your conduct and what have been your great exploits in war.

[5] What will you say? That in the war of the runaway slaves Sicily was delivered by your valour? It is a great praise; a very honourable boast. But in what war? For we have understood that after that war which Marcus Aquillius finished, there has been no war of fugitive slaves in Sicily . Oh! but there was in Italy . I admit that; a great and formidable war. Do you then attempt to claim for yourself any part of the credit arising from that war? Do you think that you are to share any of the glory of that victory with Marcus Crassus or Cnaeus Pompeius? I do not suppose that even this will be too great a stretch for your impudence, to venture to say something of that sort. You, forsooth, hindered any part of the forces of these slaves from passing over from Italy into Sicily ? Where? When? From what part of Italy , as they never attempted to approach Sicily in any ships or vessels of any sort? For we never heard anything whatever of such an attempt; but we have heard that care was taken, by the courage and prudence of Marcus Crassus, that most valiant man, that the runaways should not make boats so as to be able to cross the strait to Messana ; an attempt from which it would not have been so important to have cut them off, if there were supposed to have been any forces in Sicily able to oppose their invasion.

[6] But though there was war in Italy so close to Sicily , still it never came into Sicily . Where is the wonder? for when it existed in Sicily , at exactly the same distance from Italy , no part of it reached Italy . 3 What has the proximity of the countries to do with either side of the argument in discussing this topic? Will you say that access was very easy to the enemy, or that the contagion and temptation of imitating that war was a dangerous one? Every access to the island was not only difficult to, but was entirely cut off from men who had no ships; so that it was more easy for those men, to whom you say that Sicily was so near, to go to the shore of the ocean than to Cape Pelorus.

[7] But as for the contagious nature to that servile war, why is it spoken of by you more than by all the rest of the officers who were governors of the other provinces? Is it because before that time there had been wars of runaway slaves in Sicily ? But that is the very cause why that province is now and has been in the least danger. For ever since Marcus Aquillius left it all the regulations and edicts of the praetors have been to this effect, that no slave should ever be seen with a weapon. What I am going to mention is an old story, and one, probably, owing to the severity of the example, not unknown to any one of you. They tell a story that Lucius Domitius was praetor in Sicily , and that an immense boar was brought to him; that he, marveling at the size of the beast, asked who had killed it. When he was told that it was such-an-one's shepherd, he ordered him to be summoned before him; that the shepherd came eagerly to the praetor, expecting praise and reward; that Domitius asked him how he had slain so huge a beast; that he answered “With a hunting spear;” and that he was instantly crucified by order of the praetor. This may, perhaps, appear harsh: I say nothing either way; all that I understand from the story is, that Domitius preferred to appear cruel in punishing, to seeming negligent in overlooking offences.

[8] Therefore, while these were the established regulations of the province, Caius Norbanus, a man neither very active nor very valiant, was at perfect ease, at the very moment that all Italy was raging with the servile war. For at that time Sicily easily took care of itself, so that no war could possibly arise there. In truth, as no two things are so closely united as the traders are with the Sicilians, by habit, by interest, by reason, and by community of sentiment; and as the Sicilians have all their affairs in such a state that it is most desirable for them to be at peace; and as they are so attached to the sway of the Roman people that they would be very sorry that its power should be diminished or altered; and as ever since the servile war all such dangers as these have been provided for, both by the regulations of the praetors, and by the discipline of the masters; there is no conceivable domestic evil which can arise out of the province itself.

[9] What then do you say? Were there no disturbances of slaves in Sicily while Verres was praetor? Are no conspiracies said to have taken place? None at all that have ever come to the knowledge of the senate and people of Rome ; none which that man has thought worth writing public despatches to Rome about; and yet I do suspect that the body of slaves had begun to be less orderly in some parts of Sicily ; and I infer that, not so much from any overt act, as from the actions and decrees of Verres. And see with how little of a hostile feeling I am going to conduct this case. I myself will mention and bring forward the things which he wishes to have mentioned, and which as yet you have never heard of.

[10] In the district of Triocala, a place which the fugitive slaves had occupied before, the family of a certain Sicilian called Leonidas was implicated in suspicion of a conspiracy. Information of the matter was laid before Verres. Immediately, as was natural, by his command, the men who had been named were arrested and taken to Lilybaeum . Their master was summoned to appear, and after the case had been heard they were condemned. 5 What happened afterwards? What do you suppose? Perhaps you expect to hear of some robbery or plunder;—do not look on all occasions for the same things—when a man is in fear of war, what room is there for petty thefts? However, even if there was any opportunity for such a thing in this matter, it was overlooked. Perhaps he could have got some money out of Leonidas when he summoned him to appear. There was besides room for bargaining, (and that was an opportunity that he was not new to,) to get the cause adjourned; and a second chance, to get the slaves acquitted. But when the slaves had been condemned, what opportunity of plundering could there be? They must be brought up for punishment. For there were the witnesses who were sitting on the bench; the public records were witnesses; that most splendid city of Lilybaeum was a witness; that most honourable and numerous assembly of Roman citizens was a witness. Nothing can be done; they must be brought up. Accordingly, they are brought up, and fastened to the stake.

[11] Even now, O judges, you seem to me to be waiting to see what happened next; because that man never did anything without some gain and some booty. What could be done in such a case? What is profitable? Expect then to hear of some crime as infamous as you please; but I will outdo all your expectation. The men who had been convicted of wickedness and conspiracy, who had been delivered up for punishment, who had been bound to the stake, on a sudden, in the sight of many thousands of men, are unbound and restored to Leonidas their master. What can you say on this topic, O most insane of men? except, indeed, that which I do not ask you; what, in short, in so nefarious a business, although there can be no doubt about it, still, even if there were a doubt, ought not to be asked; namely, what or how much money you took to release them, and how you managed it. I give up the whole of this to you; and I release you from this anxiety; for I am not afraid of any one believing that you, without any payment, undertook an action which no man in the world except you could have been induced to undertake by any sum of money whatever. But about that system of thieving and plundering of yours I say nothing;—what I am now discussing is your renown as a general.

[12] What do you say, O you admirable guardian and defender of the province? Did you dare to snatch from the very jaws of death and to release slaves whom you had decided were eager to take arms and to make war in Sicily , and whom in accordance with the opinion of your colleagues on the bench you had sentenced, after they had been already delivered up to punishment after the manner of our ancestors and had been bound to the stake, in order to reserve for Roman citizens the cross which you had erected for condemned slaves? Ruined cities, when their affairs are all desperate, are often accustomed to these disastrous scenes, to have those who have been condemned restored to their original position; those who have been bound, released; those who have been banished, restored; decisions which have been given, rescinded. And when such events take place, there is no one who is not aware that that state is hastening to its fall. When such things take place, there is no one who thinks that there is any hope of safety left.

[13] And whenever these things do take place, their effect has been to cause popular or high-born men to be relieved from punishment or exile; still, not by the very men who have passed the sentences; still, not instantly; still, not if they have been convicted of those crimes which affected the lives and property of all the citizens. Still this is an utterly unprecedented step, and of such a character as to appear credible rather from consideration of who the criminal is, than from consideration of the case itself That a man should have released slaves; that that very man who had sentenced them should release them; that he should release them, in a moment, out of the very jaws of death, that he should release slaves convicted of a crime which affected the life and existence of every free man—

[14] O splendid general, not to be compared now to Marcus Aquillius, a most valiant man, but to the Paulli, the Scipios, and the Marii! That a man should have had such foresight at a time of such alarm and danger to the province! As he saw that the minds of all the slaves in Sicily were in an unsettled state on account of the war of the runaway slaves in Italy , what was the great terror he struck into them to prevent any one's daring to stir? He ordered them to be arrested—who would not he alarmed? He ordered their masters to plead their cause—what could be so terrible to slaves? He pronounced “That they appeared to have done....” He seems to have extinguished the rising flame by the pain and death of a few. What follows next? Scourgings, and burnings, and all those extreme agonies which are part of the punishment of condemned criminals, and which strike terror into the rest, torture and the cross? From all these punishments they are released. Who can doubt that he must have overwhelmed the minds of the slaves with the most abject fear, when they saw a praetor so good-natured as to allow the lives of men condemned of wickedness and conspiracy to be redeemed from punishment, the very executioner acting as the go-between to negotiate the terms?

[15] What more? Did you not act in the same manner in the case of Aristodemus of Apollonia , and in that of Leon of Megara ? What more? Did that unquiet state of the slaves, and that sudden suspicion of war, inspire you with any additional diligence in guarding the province, or with a new plan for acquiring most scandalous gain? When at your instigation the steward of Eumenides of Halicya, a highborn and honourable man of great wealth, was accused of some crime, you got sixty thousand sesterces from his master, and he lately explained to us, as a witness on his oath, how you managed it. From Caius Matrinius, a Roman knight, you took in his absence, while he was at Rome , a hundred thousand sesterces, because you said that his stewards and shepherds had fallen under suspicion. Lucius Flavius, the agent of Caius Matrinius, who paid you that money, deposed to this fact; Caius Matrinius himself made the same statement, and that most illustrious man, Cnaeus Lentulus the censor, who quite recently has both sent letters to you himself, and has procured others to be sent to you for the purpose of doing honour to Caius Matrinius, will prove the same thing.

[16] What more? Is it possible to pass over the case of Apollonius, the son of Diocles, a Panormitan, whose surname is Geminus? Can anything be mentioned which is more notorious in the whole of Sicily ? anything which is more scandalous? anything which is more fully proved? This man Verres, as soon as he came to Panormus , ordered to be summoned before him, and to be cited before his tribunal, in the presence of a great number of the Roman settlers in that city. Men immediately began to talk; to wonder how it was that Apollonius, a wealthy man, had so long remained free from his attacks. “He has devised some plan; he has brought some charge against him; a rich man is not summoned in a hurry by Verres without some object.” All are in the greatest state of anxiety to see what is to happen, when on a sudden Apollonius himself runs up, out of breath, with his young son; for his father, a very old man, had been for some time confined to his bed.

[17] Verres names one of his slaves, who he said was the manager of his flocks; says that he has formed a conspiracy, and excited slaves in other households. He had actually no such slave in his family at all. He orders him to be produced instantly. Apollonius asserts that he has no slave whatever of that name. Verres orders the man to be hurried from the tribunal, and to be cast into prison. He began to cry out, while he was being hurried off, that the, unhappy man that he was, had done nothing; had committed no offence; that his money was all out at loan, that ready money he had none. While he kept making these declarations in a very numerous assembly of people, so that every one could understand that he was treated with this bitter injustice and violence because he had not given Verres money,—while, I say, he kept making these statements about his money at the top of his voice, he was thrown into prison.

[18] See now the consistency of the praetor, and of that praetor who, now being on his trial, is not defended as a tolerable praetor, but is extolled as an admirable general. While a war of slaves was dreaded, he released condemned slaves from the same punishment which he inflicted on their masters who were not condemned. He threw into prison, under pretence of a servile war, without a trial, Apollonius, a most wealthy man, who if the runaway slaves had kindled a war in Sicily would have lost a most magnificent fortune: the slaves whom he himself, with the agreement of his assessors, decided had conspired together for the purpose of war, those, without the consent of his assessors, of his own accord, he released from all punishment.

[19] What more shall I say? If anything was done by Apollonius to justify his being punished, shall we conduct this affair in such a manner as to impute it as a crime to the defendant, as to seek to excite ill-feeling against him, if he has judged a man rather too harshly? I will not act in so bitter a spirit. I will not adopt the usual method of accusers, so as to disparage anything which may have been done mercifully, as having been so done out of indifference; or, if anything has been punished with severity, so as to pervert that into a charge of cruelty—I will not act on that system. I will follow your decisions; I will defend your authority as long as you choose; when you yourself begin to rescind your own decrees, then cease to be angry with me, for I will contend, as I have a right to do, that he who has been condemned by his own decision ought to be condemned by the decisions of judges on their oaths.

[20] I will not defend the cause of Apollonius, my own friend and connection, lest I should seem to be rescinding, our decision; I will say nothing of the economy, of the virtue, of the industry of the man; I will even pass over that which I have mentioned before, that his fortune was invested in such a manner, in slaves, in cattle, in country houses, in money out at loan, that there was no man to whom it would be more injurious for there to be any disturbance or war in Sicily ; I will not even say this, that if Apollonius were ever so much in fault, still an honourable man of a most honourable city ought not to have been so severely punished without a trial.

[21] I will not seek to excite any odium against you, not even out of the circumstances that, while such a man was lying in prison, in darkness, in dirt and filth, all permission to visit him was refuted by your tyrannical prohibition to his aged father, and to his youthful son. I will even pass over this, that every time that you came to Panormus during that eighteen months, (for all that time was Apollonius kept in prison,) the senate of Panormus came to you as suppliants, with the public magistrates and priests, praying and entreating you to release some time or other that miserable and innocent man from that cruel treatment. I will omit all these statements; though, were I to choose to follow them up, I could easily show by your cruelty towards others, that every channel of mercy from the judges to yourself has been long since blocked up.

[22] All those topics I will abandon, I will spare you them. For I know beforehand what Hortensius will say in your defence. He will confess that with Verres neither the old age of Apollonius's father, nor the youth of his son, nor the tears of both, had more influence than the advantage and safety of the republic. He will say that the affairs of the republic cannot be administered without terror and severity; he will ask why the fasces are borne before the praetors, why the axes are given to them, why prisons have been built, why so many punishments have been established against the wicked by the usage of our ancestors. And when he has said all this with becoming gravity and sternness, I will ask him why Verres all of a sudden ordered this same Apollonius to be released from prison, without any fresh circumstances having been brought to light, without any defence having been made, or any trial having taken place? And I will affirm that there is so much suspicion attached to this charge, that, without any arguments of mine, I will allow the judges to form their own opinion as to what a system of plundering this was, how infamous, how scandalous, and what an immense and boundless field it opens for inordinate gain.

[23] For first of all consider for a moment how many and how grievous were the evils which that man inflicted on Apollonius; and then calculate them and estimate them by money. You will find that they were all so continued in the case of this one wealthy man, as by their example to cause a fear of similar suffering and danger to all others. In the first place, there was a sudden accusation of a capital and detestable crime; judge what you think this worth, and how many have bought themselves off from such charges. In the next place, there is an accusation without an accuser, a sentence without any bench of judges, a condemnation without any defence having been made. Estimate the money to be got by all these transactions, and then suppose that Apollonius alone was an actual victim to these atrocities, but that all the rest, as many as they were, delivered themselves from these sufferings by money. Lastly, there were darkness, chains, imprisonment, punishment within the prison, seclusion from the sight of his parents and of his children, a denial of the free air and common light of heaven; but these things, which a man might freely give his life to escape, I am unable to estimate by the standard of money.

[24] From all these things did Apollonius after a long time ransom himself, when he was worn out with suffering and misery; but still he taught the rest to meet that man's wickedness and avarice beforehand. Unless you think that a wealthy man was selected for so incredible an accusation without any object of gain; or that, again, he was on a sudden released from prison without any corresponding reason; or that this method of plundering was used and tried in the case of that man alone, and that terror was not, by means of his example, held out to and struck into every rich man in Sicily .

[25] I wish, O judges, to be prompted by him, since I am speaking of his military renown, if by accident I pass over anything. For I seem to myself to have spoken of all his exploits which are connected with his suspicion of a servile war; at all events I have not omitted anything intentionally. You are in possession of the man's wisdom, and diligence, and vigilance; and of his guardianship and defence of the province. The main thing is, as there are many classes of generals, for you to know to what class he belongs. But that, in the present dearth of brave men, you may not be ignorant of such a commander as he is, know,—I beg you, O judges, to be aware, that his is not the wisdom of Quintus Maximus, nor the promptness of action belonging to that great man the elder Africanus, nor the singular prudence of the Africanus of later times, nor the method and discipline of Paulus Aemilius, nor the vigour and courage of Caius Marcus; but that he is to be esteemed and taken care of as belonging to quite a different class of generals.

[26] In the first place, see how easy and pleasant to himself Verres by his own ingenuity and wisdom made the labour of marches, which is a labour of the greatest importance in all military affairs, and most especially necessary in Sicily . First, in the winter season he devises for himself this admirable remedy against the severity of the cold and the violence of storms and floods; he selected the city of Syracuse , the situation of which and the nature of its soil and atmosphere are said to be such that there never yet was a day of such violent and turbulent storms, that men could not see the sun at some time or other in the day. Here that gallant general was quartered in the winter months, so securely that it was not easy to see him, I will not say out of the house, but even out of bed. So the shortness of the day was consumed in banquets, the length of the night in adulteries and debaucheries.

[27] But when it began to be spring, the beginning of which he was not used to date from the west wind, or from any star, but he thought that spring was beginning when he had seen the rose, then he devoted himself to labour and to marches; and in these he proved himself so patient and active that no one ever once saw him sitting on a horse. 11 For, as was the custom of the kings of Bithynia , he was borne on a litter carried by eight men, in which was a cushion, very beautiful, of Melitan manufacture, stuffed with roses. And he himself had one chaplet on his head, another on his neck, and kept putting a network bag to his nose, made of the finest thread, with minute interstices, full of roses. Having performed his march in this manner, when he came to any town he was carried in the same litter up to his chamber. Thither came the magistrates of the Sicilians, thither came the Roman knights, as you have heard many of them state on their oaths; there disputes were secretly communicated to him; and from thence, a little while afterwards, decrees were openly brought down. Then, when for a while he had dispensed the laws for bribery, and not out of considerations of justice, he thought that now the rest of his time was due to Venus and to Bacchus.

[28] And when speaking of this, I must not omit the admirable and singular diligence of this great general. For know that there is no town in all Sicily of those in which the praetors are accustomed to stay and hold their court, in which there was not some woman selected for him out of some respectable family, to gratify his lust. Some of them were even openly present at his banquets. If there were some a little modest, they used to come at the proper time, and avoided the light of day, and the crowd. And these banquets were celebrated, not with the orderly silence of the banquets of praetors and generals of the Roman people, nor with that modesty which is usually found at the entertainments of magistrates, but with the most excessive noise and licence of conversation sometimes even affairs proceeded to blows and fighting. For that strict and diligent praetor, who had never obeyed the laws of the Roman people, observed most carefully those rules which are laid down for drinking parties. And accordingly the ends of these banquets were such that men were often carried out from the feast as from a battle; others were left on the ground as dead; numbers lay prostrate without sense or feeling, so that any one who beheld the scene would have supposed that he was looking not on a banquet of a praetor, but on the battle of Cannae .

[29] But when the middle of summer began to be felt, the time that all the praetors in Sicily have been accustomed to devote to their journeys, because they think that the best time for travelling over the province where the corn is on the threshing-floor, because at that time all the members of a household are collected together, and the number of a person's slaves is seen, and the work that is done is most easily observed; the abundance of the harvest invites travel and the season of the year is no obstacle to it; then, I say, when all other praetors are used to travel about, that general of a new sort pitched himself a permanent camp in the most beautiful spot in Syracuse .

[30] For at the very entrance and mouth of the harbour, where first the bay begins to curve from the shore of the open sea towards the city, he pitched tents of fine linen curtains; thither he migrated from the praetorian palace which had belonged to king Hiero, and lived here so that during the whole summer no one ever saw him out of his tent. And to that tent no one had access unless he was either a boon companion, or a minister of his lust. Hither came all the women with whom he had any intrigue, and of these it is incredible how great a number there was at Syracuse . Hither came men worthy of that man's friendship, worthy associates in that course of life also those banquets. Among such men and such women as these, his son, now grown up, spent his time; in order that if nature removed him at all from the likeness to his father, still use and constant training might make him resemble him.

[31] That Tertia whom I have spoken of before, having been tempted by trick and artifice to leave her Rhodian flute-player and to come hither, is reported to have caused great disturbance in that camp; as the wife of Cleomenes the Syracusan, a woman of noble birth, and the wife of Aeschrio, a woman of very respectable patronage, were very indignant that the daughter of Isidorus the buffoon should be admitted into their company. But that Hannibal, who thought that in his army there ought to be no rivalry of birth, but only of merit, was so much in love with this Tertia, that he carried her with him out of the province. 13 And all that time, while that man, clad in a purple cloak and a tunic reaching to his ankles, was reveling in banquets with women, men were not offended, nor in the least vexed that the magistrate was absent from the forum that the laws were not administered, that the courts of justice were not held; that all that shore resounded with women's vices, and music and songs. They were not, I say, at all vexed at there being a total silence in the forum, no pleading, and no law. For it was not law or the court of justice that seemed to be absent from the forum, but violence and cruelty, and the bitter and shameful robbery of good men.

[32] Do you then, O Hortensius, defend this man on the ground of his having been a general? Do you endeavour to conceal his thefts, his rapine, his cupidity, his cruelty, his pride, his wickedness, his audacity, by dwelling on the greatness of his exploits and his renown as a commander? No doubt I have cause to fear here, that at the end of your defence you may have recourse to the old conduct of Antonius, and to his mode of ending a speech; that Verres may be brought forward, his breast bared, that the Roman people may see his scars, inflicted by the bites of women, traces of lust and profligacy.

[33] May the gods grant that you may venture to make mention of military affairs and of war. For all his ancient military service shall be made known, in order that you may be aware, not only what he has been as a commander, but also how he behaved as a soldier in his campaigns. That first campaign of his shall be brought up again, in which he was, as he says himself, subservient to others, not their master. The camp of that gambler of Placentia shall be brought: up again, where, though he were assiduous in his attendance, he still lost his pay. Many of his losses in his campaigns shall be recounted, which were made up for and retrieved by the most infamous expedients.

[34] But afterwards, when he had become hardened by a long course of such infamy,—when he had sated others, not himself,—why need I relate what sort of man he turned out? what carefully guarded defences of modesty and chastity he broke down by violence and audacity? or why should I connect the disgrace of an, one else with his profligacy? I will not do so, O judges. I will pass over all old stories; I will only mention two recent achievements of his, without fixing infamy on any one else; and by those you will be able to conjecture the rest. One of them is, that it was so notorious to every one, that during the consulship of Lucius Lucullus and Marcus Cotta, no one ever came up from any municipal town to Rome on any law business, who was so ill-informed of what was going on as not to know that all the laws of the Roman people were regulated by the will and pleasure of Chelidon the prostitute. The other is that, after he had left the city in the robe of war,—after he had pronounced the solemn vows for the success of his administration, and for the common welfare of the republic, he was accustomed, for the sake of committing adultery, to be brought back into the city, at night, in a litter, to a woman who, though the wife of one man, was common to all men, contrary to law, contrary to what was required by the auspices, contrary to everything which is held sacred among gods and men.

[35] O ye immortal gods! what a difference is there between the minds and ideas of men! So may your good opinion and that of the Roman people approve of my intentions, and sanction my hopes for the rest of my life, as I have received those offices with which the Roman people has as yet entrusted me with the feeling that I was bound to a conscientious discharge of every possible duty. I was appointed quaestor with the feeling that that honour was not given to me so much as lent and entrusted to me. I obtained the quaestorship in the province of Sicily , and considered that every man's eyes were turned upon me alone. So that I thought that I and my quaestorship were being exhibited on some theatre open to the whole world; so that I denied myself all those things which seem to be indulgences, not merely to those irregular passions, but even those which are coveted by nature itself and by necessity.

[36] Now I am aedile elect, I consider what it is that I have received from the Roman people; I consider that I am bound to celebrate holy games with the most solemn ceremonies to Ceres, to Bacchus, and to Libera; that I am bound to render Flora propitious to the Roman nation and people by the splendour of her games; that it is my office to celebrate those most ancient games, which were the first that were ever called Roman games, with the greatest dignity and with all possible religious observance, in honour of Juno, Jupiter, and Minerva; that the charge of protecting all the sacred buildings and the whole city is entrusted to me; that as a recompense for all that labour and anxiety these honours are granted to me,—an honourable precedence in delivering my opinion in the senate; a toga praetexta; a curule chair; a right of transmitting my image to the recollection of my posterity.

[37] I wish, O judges, that all the gods may be propitious to me, as I do not receive by any means so much pleasure from all these things, (though the honours conferred on me by the people are most acceptable to me,) as I feel anxiety, and as I will take pains, that this aedileship may not seem to have been given to some one of the candidates, because it could not be helped, but to have been conferred on me because it was proper that it should be, and to have been conferred by the deliberate judgment of the people.

[38] You, when you were appointed praetor, by whatever means it was brought about,—for I leave out and pass over everything that was done at that time,—but when you were appointed, as I have said, were you not roused by the very voice of the crier, who made such frequent announcements that you had been invested with that honour by the centimes of the seniors and juniors, to think that some part of the republic had been entrusted to you? that for that one year you must do without the house of a prostitute? When it fell to you by lot to preside in the court of justice, did you never consider what an important affair, what a burden you had imposed on you? Did it never once occur to you, if by any chance you were able to awaken yourself, that that province, which it was difficult for a man to administer properly even if endowed with the greatest wisdom and the greatest integrity, had fallen to the lot of the greatest stupidity and worthlessness? Therefore, you were not only unwilling to drive Chelidon from your house during your praetorship, but you even transported your whole praetorship to Chelidon's house.

[39] The province followed; in which it never occurred to you that the fasces and axes, and such absolute authority, and such dignity, and every sort of decoration, was not given to you in order, by the power and authority derived from these things, to break down all the barriers of law and modesty and duty, and to consider every man's property as your own booty; so that no man's estate could be safe, no man's house closed; no man's life protected, no woman's chastity fortified, against your cupidity and audacity; in which you behaved yourself in such a way that, being detected in everything, you take refuge in an imaginary war of runaway slaves; by which you now perceive, that not only no defence is procured for you, but that an immense body of accusations is raised up against you; unless, indeed, you are going to speak of the relics of the war in Italy , and the disaster of Temsa. ¹ But when your fortune recently conducted you to that place, at a most seasonable time, if you had any courage, or any energy, you were found to be the same man that you had ever been.

[40] When the men of Valentia had come to you, and when a noble and an eloquent man, Marcus Marius, was addressing you on their behalf, begging you to undertake the business, and, as the power and the name of praetor belonged to you, to act as their chief and leader in extinguishing that small band that was at Temsa, you not only shunned that task, but at that very time, while you were on the shore, that dear Tertia of yours, whom you were carrying with you, was there in the sight of all men. And to the deputies from Valentia , such an illustrious and noble municipality, you gave no answer at all in matters of such moment, while you were still in your dark-coloured tunic and cloak. What can you, O judges, suppose that this man did while on his journey? what can you suppose he did in the province itself who, when he was on his way from his province, not to celebrate a triumph, but to be put on his trial, did not avoid a scandal which could not have been accompanied by any pleasure.

[41] Oh! the noble murmur of the crowd in the temple of Bellona! You recollect, O judges, when it was getting towards evening, and when mention had been made a short time before of this disaster at Temsa, when no one was found who could be sent into those districts with a military command, that some one said that Verres was not far from Temsa. You recollect how universally every one murmured; how openly the chief men repudiated the suggestion. And does the man who has been convicted of so many accusations by so many witnesses, now place any hope in the votes of those judges, who have already openly condemned him, even before his cause was heard?

[42] Be it so. He has gained no credit either from any war of the runaway slaves, or from the suspicion of such a war; because there has neither been any such war, nor danger of any such war in Sicily ; nor were any precautions taken by him to prevent such a war. But, at all events, against any war of pirates he had a fleet well equipped, and he exhibited extraordinary energy in that matter. And therefore, while he was praetor, the province was admirably defended. I will speak of the war with the pirates, and of the Sicilian fleet, when I have first of all solemnly stated, that with respect to this matter alone, he committed all his most enormous crimes,—crimes of avarice, of treason, of insanity, of lust and of cruelty. I beg of you to give your most diligent attention, as you have hitherto given it, while I briefly detail the events that took place.

[43] In the first place, I say, that the naval affairs were managed, not with the view of defending the province, but of acquiring money under presence of providing a fleet. Though this had been the custom of former praetors, to impose a contribution of ships and of a fixed number of sailors and soldiers on each city, yet you imposed no contribution on the very important and wealthy city of the Mamertines. What money the Mamertines gave you secretly for that indulgence, will be seen hereafter; we will ascertain that from their own letters and witnesses.

[44] But I assert, that a merchant vessel of the largest size, like a trireme, very beautiful, and highly ornamented, was openly built at the public expense, with the knowledge of all Sicily , and given and presented to you by the magistrates and senate of the Mamertines. This ship, laden with Sicilian booty, itself being also a part of that booty, put into Velia , at the same time that he himself left the province laden with many articles, and especially with such as he did not like to send to Rome along with the rest of the fruits of his robberies before he arrived himself, because they were the most valuable, and those which he was most fond of. I myself have lately seen that vessel at Velia , O judges, and many other men have seen it too; a very beautiful and highly ornamented ship, which, indeed, seemed to all who beheld her, to be now looking for the banishment, and to be waiting for the departure of her owner.

[45] What answer will you make to me now? Unless, perhaps, you say what, although it cannot possibly be admitted as an excuse, yet must be urged in a trial for extortion, that that ship was built with your own money. Dare, at least, to say this which is necessary. Do not be afraid, O Hortensius, of my asking how it became lawful for a senator to build a ship? Those are old and dead laws, as you are accustomed to call them, which forbid it. There was such a republic here, once, O judges; there was such strictness in the tribunals, that an accuser would have thought such a transaction worthy to be classed among the most serious crimes. For what did you want of a ship? when, if you were going anywhere on account of the state, ships were provided for you at the public expense, both to convey you, and to guard you? But it is not possible for you to go anywhere on your own private account, nor to send for articles across the sea from those countries in which it is not lawful for you to have any possessions, or any dealings.

[46] Then, why have you prepared anything contrary to the laws? This charge would have had weight in the ancient severity and dignity of the republic. Now, I not only do not accuse you on account of this offence, but I do not even reprove you with an ordinary reprimand. Lastly, did you never think that this would be discreditable to you? did you never think it would be ground for an accusation, or cause for unpopularity, to have a transport openly built for you, in a most frequented place in that province in which you had the supreme command? What did you suppose that they said who saw it? What did you suppose that they thought who heard of it? Did they think that you were going to take that vessel to Italy , empty? that you were going to let it out as a sailing boat, when you got to Rome ? No one would even believe that you had in Italy any farm on the coast, and that you were preparing a merchant vessel for the purpose of moving your crops. Did you wish every man's conversation to be such as for men to say openly that you were preparing that ship to carry all your plunder from Sicily , and to go to and fro for the booty which you had left behind?

[47] But, however, I give up and grant the whole of this, if you say that the vessel was built with your money. But, O most demented of men, are you not aware that this ground was cut from under your feet by those very friends of yours, the Mamertines themselves, in the previous pleading? For Heius, the chief man of the city,—the chief man of that deputation which was sent to utter a panegyric on you, said that the ship had been built for you by the public labour of the Mamertines, and that a Mamertine Senator had been appointed by public authority to superintend the building of it. The only thing that remains is the materials. And this you yourself compelled the Rhegians to furnish at the public expense, as they say themselves (not that you can deny it), because the Mamertines have no proper materials. 19 If both the materials of which the vessel is built, and if those who built it, were provided by your authority, not at your expense, what, then, is the secret thing which you say was paid for with your money? Oh! but the Mamertines have no enemies respecting it in their public accounts.

[48] In the first place, I can understand that it may be possible that they did not disburse any money out of the treasury. In fact, even the Capitol, as it was built in the time of our ancestors, was able to be built and completed by public authority, but without any public payment, workmen being pressed into the service, and a fair quota of work being exacted from each person respectively. In the next place, I see this also, (which I will prove when I produce my witnesses, from the accounts of the Mamertines themselves,) that a great deal of money was spent by that man which was entered as paid for imaginary contracts for works that never existed. For it is not at all strange that the Mamertines should in their accounts have shown a regard for that man's safety, from whom they had received the greatest benefits, and whom they had known to be much more friendly to them than he was to the Roman people. But if it is any argument that the Mamertines did not give you money, because they have not got it down in their accounts, let it be an argument also that the ship cost you nothing, because you have no entry to produce of having bought it, or having made a contract with any one to build it for you.

[49] Oh! but you did not command the Mamertines to furnish a ship, because they are one of the confederate cities. Thank God, we have a man trained by the hands of the Fetiales; ² a man above all others pious and careful in all that belongs to public religion. Let all the men who have been praetors before you be given up to the Mamertines, because they have commanded them to furnish ships contrary to the provisions of the treaty. But still you, O you pious and scrupulous man, how was it that you commanded the people of Tauromenium , which is also a confederate city, to furnish a ship? Will you make any one believe that, while the case of both the states was exactly the same, the law that you administered, and the condition in which you left each, was so different, without money being the cause of the difference?

[50] What, if I prove, O judges, that these two treaties with the two states were of such a nature, that in the case of the people of Tauromenium it was expressly provided for and guarded against in the treaty, “that they were not bound to furnish a vessel;” but that in the case of the Mamertines it was set down and written in the treaty itself, “that they were bound to furnish a vessel;” but that Verres, in opposition to both treaties, compelled the Tauromenians to furnish one, and excused the Mamertines? Can it, then, be doubtful to any one that, while Verres was praetor, that merchant-vessel was a greater assistance to the Mamertines than the treaty was to the Tauromenians? Let the treaties be read. [The treaties of the Mamertines and the Tauromenians with the Roman people are read.] 20 By that act therefore, of kindness, as you call it—of corruption and dishonesty, as the case itself proves,—you detracted from the majesty of the republic, you diminished the reinforcements of the Roman people—you diminished their resources, acquired by the valour and wisdom of their ancestors; you destroyed their imperial rights, and the terms on which the allies became such, and all recollection of the treaty. They who by the express words of the treaty were bound to send at their own expense and risk a ship properly armed and equipped with everything necessary, even as far as the ocean if we ordered them to do so, those men bought from you for money a release from the terms of the treaty, and a release from the lights of sovereignty which we had over them, so as to be excused from even sailing in that narrow sea before their own houses and homes, from defending their own walls and harbours.

[51] How much labour, and trouble, and money, do you suppose the Mamertines at the time of making this treaty would willingly have devoted to the object of preventing this bireme from being mentioned in it, if they could by any possibility have obtained such a favour from our ancestors? For when this heavy burden was imposed on the city, there was contained somehow or other in that treaty of alliance some badge, as it were, of slavery. That which then, when their services were recent, before the matter was finally determined, when the Roman people were in no difficulties, they could not obtain by treaty from our ancestors; that now, when they have done us no new service, after so many years,—now that it has been enforced every year by our right of sovereignty, and has been invariably observed—now, I say, when we are in great want of vessels, they have obtained from Caius Verres by bribery. Oh! but this is all that they have gained, exemption from furnishing a ship! Have the Mamertines for the last three years furnished one sailor, one soldier, to serve either in fleet or in garrison, all the time you have been praetor?

[52] Lastly, when according to the resolution of the senate, and also according to the Terentian and Cassian law, corn was to be bought in equal proportions from all the cities of Sicily , from that light burden also, which they shared too with all the other cities, you relieved the Mamertines.—You will say that the Mamertines do not owe corn. How do not owe corn? Do you mean to say they were not bound to sell us corn? For this corn was not a contribution to be exacted, but a supply to be purchased. By your permission, then, by your interpretation of the treaty, the Mamertines were not bound to assist the Roman people, even by supplying their markets, and furnishing them with provisions.

[53] And what city, then, was bound to supply these things? As for those who cultivate the public domains, it is settled what they are bound to furnish by the Censorian Law. Why did you exact from them anything besides that in another class of contribution? What? Do those who are liable to the payment of tenths owe anything more than a single tenth, according to the Law of Hiero? Why have you fixed in their case also how much corn they were to be bound to sell to us, that being another description of contribution? Those who are exempt undoubtedly owe nothing. But you not only exacted this from them, but even by way of making them give more than they possibly could, you added to their burden those sixty thousand modii from which you excused the Mamertines. And this is not what I say, that this was not rightly exacted from the others; what I say is, that it was a scandalous thing to excuse the Mamertines, whose case was exactly the same, and from whom all previous praetors had exacted the same contribution that they did from the rest, and had paid them for it according to the resolution of the senate, and the law. And in order to drive in this indulgence with a big nail, as one may say, he takes cognisance of the cause of the Mamertines while sitting on the bench with his assessors, and pronounces judgment, that he, according to the decision of the bench, does not demand any corn from the Mamertines.

[54] Listen to the decree of the mercenary praetor from his own note-book; and take notice how great his gravity is in framing a degree, how great his dignity is in pronouncing it. Read the next memorandum of his decrees. [The decree, extracted from Verres's note-book, is read.] He says, “that he does this willingly,” and therefore he makes the entry in his book. What then? suppose you had not used this word “ willingly,” should we, forsooth, have supposed that you made this profit unwillingly? “And by the advice of the bench;” you have heard a fair list of the assessors read to you, O judges Did it seem to you, when you heard their names, that a list of assessors to a praetor was being read, or a roll of the troop and company of a most infamous bandit?

[55] Here are interpreters of treaties, settlers of the terms of alliances, authorities as to religious obligations! Corn was never bought in Sicily by public order, without the Mamertines being ordered to furnish their just proportion, till that fellow appointed this select and admirable bench of his, in order to get money from them, and to act up to his invariable character. Therefore, that decree had just the weight that the authority of that man ought to have, who sold a decree to those men from whom it had been his duty to buy corn. For Lucius Metellus, the moment he arrived as his successor, required corn of the Mamertines, according to the regulations and appointment of Caius Sacerdos and Sextus Peducaeus.

[56] Then the Mamertines perceived that they could not longer retain the privilege which they had bought from its unprincipled author. Come now, you, who were desirous to be thought such a scrupulous interpreter of treaties, tell us why you compelled the Tauromenians and the Netians to furnish corn; for both of those are confederate cities. And the Netians were not wanting to themselves, for as soon as you pronounced your decision that you willingly excused the Mamertines, they came before you, and proved to you that their case under the treaty was exactly the same. You could not make a different decree in a case which was identical with the other. You pronounce that the Netians are not bound to furnish corn, and still you exact it from them. Give me the papers of this same praetor referring to his decrees, and to the corn that was ordered to be supplied, and to the wheat that was bought. [The papers of the praetor referring to the decrees, to the corn ordered to be supplied, and to the wheat purchased, are read.] In a case of such enormous and shameful inconsistency, what can we suspect, O judges, rather than that which is inevitable; either that money was not given to him by the Netians when he demanded it, or else that the Mamertines were given to understand that they had disposed of all their bribes and presents very advantageously, when others, whose case was identical with theirs, could not obtain the same privileges?

[57] Will he here again venture to make mention to me of the panegyric of the Mamertines? for who is there of you, O judges, who is not aware how many weapons that furnishes against him? In the first place, as in courts of justice it is more respectable for a man who cannot produce ten witnesses to speak to his character, to produce none at all, than not to complete the number made as it were legitimate by usage; so there are a great many cities in Sicily over which you were governor for three years; almost all the rest accuse you; a few insignificant ones, kept back by fear, say nothing; one speaks in your favour. What does all this show except that you are aware how advantageous genuine evidence to a person's character is; but that, nevertheless, your administration of the province was such that you are forced of necessity to do without that advantage?

[58] In the next place, as I said before on another occasion, what sort of a panegyric is that, when the chief men of the deputation commissioned to utter it, stated, both that a ship had been built for you at the public expense, and also that they themselves had been plundered and pillaged by you in respect of their private property? Lastly, what else is it that these people do, when they are the only people in all Sicily who praise you, beyond proving to us that you gave them everything of which you robbed our republic? What colony is there in Italy in possession of such privileges, what municipality is there enjoying such immunities, as to have had for all these years such a profitable exemption from all burdens, as the city of the Mamertines has had for three years? They alone have not given what they were bound to give according to the treaties; they alone, as long as that man was praetor, enjoyed immunity from all burdens; they alone under that man's authority lived in such a condition that they gave nothing to the Roman people, and refused nothing to Verres.

[59] But to return to the fleet, from which topic I have been digressing; you accepted a ship from the Mamertines contrary to the laws; you granted them relaxation contrary to the treaties; so that you behaved like a rogue twice in the case of one city, as you both granted indulgences which you had no right to grant, and accepted what it was not lawful for you to accept. You ought to have exacted a ship from them fit to sail against robbers, not to carry off the produce of your robberies; one which might have defended the province from being despoiled, not one that was to bear away the fresh spoils of the province. The Mamertines gave you both a city to which you might carry all the plunder you amassed from all quarters, and also a ship, in which you might take it away. That town was a receptacle for your plunder, those men were the witnesses to and guardians of your plunder; they supplied to you both a repository for your thefts, and a conveyance for them. In consequence, even when you had lost a fleet by your own avarice and worthlessness, you did not venture to require a ship of the Mamertines, at a time when our want of ships was so excessive, and the distress of the province so great, that, even if it had been necessary to beg as supplicants for a ship, they would have granted it. But all your power either of commanding a vessel to be furnished, or of begging for one, was crippled, not by the bireme supplied to the Roman people, but by that splendid merchant vessel given to the praetor. That was the price of your authority, of the reinforcement they were bound to supply, of exemption from the requirements of law, and usage, and of the treaty.

[60] You have now the case of the trusty assistance of one city lost to us and sold. Now listen to a new system of robbery first invented by Verres. 24 Each city was always accustomed to give to its admiral the money necessary for the expense of the fleet, for provisions, for pay, and for all such things. The admiral did not dare to give the sailors any ground for accusing him, and was, besides, bound to render an account of the money to his fellow-citizens. In the whole business all the trouble and all the risk was his. This, I say, was the regular course not only in Sicily , but in every province, even in the case of the pay and expense of the Latin allies, at the time when we were accustomed to employ their assistance. Verres was the first man, ever since our dominion was established, who ordered that all that money should be paid to him by the cities, in order that whoever he chose to appoint might have the handling of that money.

[61] Who can doubt why you were the first man to change the ancient custom of all your predecessors, to disregard the great advantage of having the money pass through the hands of others, and to undertake a work of such difficulty, so liable to accusation,—a task of such delicacy, inseparable from suspicion? After that, other sources of gain are established arising from this one article of the navy; just listen to their number, O judges;—he receives money from the cities to excuse them from furnishing sailors; the sailors that are furnished he releases for a bribe; he makes a profit of the whole of thee pay of those who are thus released; he does not pay the rest all that he ought to pay. All this you shall have proved to you by the evidence of the cities. Read the evidence of the cities. [The evidence of the cities is read.]

[62] Did you ever hear of such a man? Did you ever hear, O judges, of such impudence? of such audacity? to impose on the cities the payment of a sum of money in proportion to the number of soldiers, and to fix a regular price, six hundred sesterces, for the discharge of each sailor! and as those who paid that sum were released from service for the whole summer, Verres pocketed all that he received both for their pay and for their maintenance. And by this means he made a double profit of the discharge of one person. And this most insane of men, at a time of frequent invasion of pirates, and of imminent danger to the province, did this so openly, that the pirates themselves were aware of it, and the whole province was a witness to it.

[63] When, owing to this man's inordinate avarice, there was a fleet indeed in name in Sicily , but in reality empty ships, fit only to carry plunder for the praetor, not to strike terror into pirates; nevertheless, while Publius Caesetius and Publius Tadius were sailing about with these ten half-manned ships, they, I will not say took, but led away with them one ship, laden with the spoils of the pirates, evidently overwhelmed and sinking with the burden of its freight. That vessel was full of a number of most beautiful quilts, full of quantities of well-wrought plate, and of coined money; full of embroidered robes. This one vessel was not taken by our fleet, but was found at Megaris , a place not far from Syracuse . And when the news was brought to him, although he was lying in his tent on the shore, with a lot of women, drunk, still he roused himself, and immediately sent to the quaestor and to his own lieutenant many men to act as guards, in order that everything might be brought to him to see in an uninjured state, as soon as possible.

[64] The vessel is brought to Syracuse . All expect that the pirates will be punished. He, as if it was not a case of pirates being taken, but of a booty being brought to him, considers all the prisoners who were old or ugly as enemies; those who had any beauty, or youth, or skill in anything, he takes away: some he distributed among his clerks, his retinue, and his son; six skillful musicians he sends to Rome as a present to some friend of his. All that night he spent in unloading the ship. No one sees the captain of the pirate vessel, who ought to have been executed. And to this very day every one believes, (how much truth there is in the belief, you also may be able to conjecture,) that Verres secretly took money of the pirates for the release of the captain of the pirates.

[65] It is only a conjecture; but no one can be a good judge who is not influenced by such certain grounds of suspicion. You know the man, you know the custom of all men,—how gladly any one who has taken a chief of pirates or of the enemy, allows him to be seen openly by all men. But of all the body of citizens and settlers at Syracuse , I never saw one man, O judges, who said that he had seen that captain of the pirates who had been taken; though all men, as is the regular custom, flocked to the prison, asked for him, and were anxious to see him. What happened to make that man be kept so carefully out of sight, that no one was ever able to get a glimpse of him, even by accident? Though all the seafaring men at Syracuse , who had often heard of the name of that captain, who had often been alarmed by him, wished to feed their eyes on, and to gratify their minds with his torture and execution, yet no one was allowed even to see him.

[66] One man, Publius Servilius, took more captains of pirates alive than all our commanders put together had done before. Was any one at any time denied the enjoyment of being allowed to see a captive pirate? On the contrary: wherever Servilius went he afforded every one that most delightful spectacle, of pirates taken prisoners and in chains. Therefore, people everywhere ran to meet him, so that the, assembled not only in the towns through which the pirates were led, but from all neighbouring towns also, for the purpose of seeing them. And why was it that that triumph was of all triumphs the most acceptable and the most delightful to the Roman people? Because nothing is sweeter than victory. But there is no more certain evidence of victory than to set those whom you have often been afraid of, led in chains to execution.

[67] Why did you not act in this manner? Why was that pirate so concealed as if it were impiety to behold him? Why did you not execute him? For what object did you reserve him? Have you ever heard of any captain of pirates having been taken prisoner before, who was not executed? Tell me one original whose conduct you imitated; tell me one precedent. You kept the captain of the pirates alive in order, I suppose, to lead him in your triumph in front of your chariot. For, indeed, there was nothing wanting but for the naval triumph to be decreed to you on the occasion of a most beautiful fleet of the Roman people having been lost, and the province plundered.

[68] Come now—you thought it better that the captain of the pirates should be kept in custody, according to a novel practice, than that he should be put to death according to universal precedent. What then is that custody? Among what people? Where is he kept? You have all heard of the Syracusan stone-quarries. Many of you are acquainted with them. It is a vast work and splendid; the work of the old kings and tyrants. The whole of it is cut out of rock excavated to a marvellous depth, and carved out by the labour of great multitudes of men. Nothing can either be made or imagined so closed against all escape, so hedged in on all sides, so safe for keeping prisoners in. Into these quarries men are commanded to be brought even from other cities in Sicily , if they are commanded by the public authorities to be kept in custody.

[69] Because he had imprisoned there many Roman citizens who were his prisoners, and because he ordered the other pirates to be put there too, he was aware that if he committed this counterfeit captain of the pirates to the same custody, a great many men in those quarries would inquire for the real captain. And therefore he does not venture to commit the man to this best of all and safest of all places of confinement. In fact he is afraid of the whole of Syracuse . He sends the man away. Where to? Perhaps to Lilybaeum . I see; he was not then so entirely afraid of the seafaring men? By no means, O judges. To Panormus then? I understand; although indeed, since he was taken within the Syracusan district, he ought, at all events, to have been kept in prison at Syracuse , if he was not to be executed there.

[70] Not at Panormus even. What then? where do you suppose it was? He sends him away to men the furthest removed from all fear or suspicion of pirates, as unconnected as possible with, all navigation or maritime affairs—to the Centuripans, a thoroughly inland people, complete farmers, who would never have been alarmed at the name of a naval pirate, but who, while you were praetor, had lived in dread of that chief of all land pirates, Apronius. And, that every one might easily see that Verres's object was, that that counterfeit might easily and cheerfully pretend to be what he was not, he enjoins the Centuripans to take case that he is supplied as comfortably and liberally as possible with food and with all things.

[71] In the meantime, the Syracusans, acute and humane men, who were capable not only of seeing what was evident, but also of conjecturing what was hidden, kept an account every day of the pirates who were put to death; how many there ought to be they calculated from the size of the vessel itself which had been taken, and from the number of oars. He, because he had removed and taken away all who had any skill in anything, or any beauty, suspected that there would be an outcry if he had all the pirates fastened to the stake at once, as is the usual custom, because so many more had been taken away than were left: although on this account he had determined to bring them out in different parties, at different times, still in the whole city there was no one who did not keep a strict account and list of them; and they did not only wish to see the rest, but they openly demanded and claimed it.

[72] As there was a great number wanting, that most infamous man began to substitute, in the room of those of the pirates whom he had taken into his own house, the Roman citizens whom he had previously thrown into prison; some of whom he accused of having been soldiers of Sertorius, and said that they had been driven on shore in Sicily , while flying from Spain ; others, who had been taken by pirates, while they were engaged in commerce, or else sailing with some other object, he accused of having been with the pirates of their own free will: and therefore some Roman citizens, with their heads muffled up; that they might not be recognised, were taken from prison to the fatal stake and to execution; others, though they were recognised by many Roman citizens, and though all attempted to defend them, were put to death. But of their most shameful death did most cruel tortures I will speak when I begin to discuss this topic; and I will speak with such feelings, that, if in the course of that complaint which I shall make of that man's cruelty, and of the most scandalous execution of Roman citizens, not only my strength, but even my life should fail me, I should think it delightful and honourable.

[73] These then are his exploits, this is his splendid victory; a piratical galley was captured, the captain was released, the musicians were sent to Rome ; those with any good looks, any youth, or ally skill, were taken home by him; Roman citizens were tortured and executed in their room, and to make up their number; all the store of robes was taken away, all the silver and gold was taken by him and appropriated to his own use. 29 But how did he defend himself at the former pleading? He who had been silent for so many days, on a sudden sprang up at the evidence of Marcus Annius, a most illustrious man, when he said that a Roman citizen had been executed, and that the captain of the pirates had not. Being roused by the consciousness of his wickedness, and by the frenzy which was inspired by his crimes, he said that, because be knew that he should be accused of having taken money, and of not having executed the real captain of the pirates, he had on that account not executed him, and he said that two captains of pirates were now in confinement in his house.

[74] See the clemency, or rather the marvellous and unexampled patience of the Roman people! Annius, a Roman knight, says that a Roman citizen was put to death by the hand of the executioner. You say nothing. He says that the captain of the pirates was not executed. You admit it. At that a groan and outcry arises from all the assembly; though nevertheless the Roman people checked themselves, and forbore to inflict present punishment on you, and left you in safety for the present, being reserved for the severity of the judges. You, who knew that you should be accused, how did you know it? how came you ever to suspect it? You had no enemy. Even if you had, still you had not lived in such a way as to have any fear of a court of justice before yourselves. Did conscience, as often happens, make you timid and suspicious? Can you, then, who, when you were in command, were even then in fear of tribunals and accusations, now that you are on your trial as a criminal, and that the case is proved against you by so many witnesses, can you, I say, doubt of your condemnation?

[75] But if you were afraid of this accusation,—that some one might say that you had substituted some one else, whom you had caused to be executed for the captain of the pirates, did you think that it would be a stronger argument in your defence, to produce among strangers a long time after, (because I required and compelled you to do so,) a man who you said was the captain of the pirates; or to execute him, while the affair was still of recent date, at Syracuse , among people who knew him well, in the sight of almost all Sicily ? See how great a difference it makes which was done. In the one case there could have been no blame attached to you; in the other you have no defence. And accordingly, all men have always done the one thing; but I can find no one before you yourself, who has ever done the other. You detained the pirate alive. Till when? As long as you were in command. Why did you do so? On what account? According to what precedent? Why did you detain him so long? Why, I say, while the Roman citizens who were taken in the pirate's company were immediately put to death, did you give the pirates themselves so long a lease of life?

[76] However, so be it. Let your conduct be responsible all the time that you were praetor. Did you still, when you became a private man, and when you became defendant—yes, and when you were all but condemned,—did you still, I say, detain the captain of our enemies in your private house? One month, a second month, almost a year, in fact, after they were taken, were the pirates in your house; where they would be still, if it had not been for me, that is to say, if it had not been for Marcus Acilius Glabrio, the praetor, who, at my demand, ordered them to be brought up and to be committed to prison. 30 What is the law in such a case? What is the general custom? What are the precedents? Can any private man in the whole world detain within the walls of his own house the most bitter and unceasing enemy of the Roman people or, I should rather say, the common enemy of every race and nation?

[77] What more shall I say? What would you say, if the very day before you were compelled by me to confess that, though you had put Roman citizens to death, the pirate captain was alive and in your house—if, I say, the very day before, he had escaped from your house, and had been able to collect an army against the Roman people? Would you say, “He dwelt with me, he was in my house; in order the more easily to refute the accusations of my enemies, I reserved this man alive and in safety for my trial?” Is it so? Will you defend yourself from danger, at the risk of the whole community? Will you regulate the time of the punishments which are due to conquered enemies, by what is convenient for yourself, not by what is expedient for the Roman people? Shall an enemy of the Roman people be kept in private custody? But even those who have triumphs, and who on that account keep the generals of the enemy alive a longer time, in order that, while they are led in triumph, the Roman people may enjoy an ennobling spectacle, and a splendid fruit of victory; nevertheless, when they begin to turn their chariot from the forum towards the Capitol, order them to be taken back to prison, and the same day brings to the conquerors the end of their authority, and to the conquered the end of their lives.

[78] And now, can I suppose that any one doubts that you would never have allowed (especially as you made sure, as you say, that a prosecution would be instituted against you) that pirate to escape execution, and to live to increase your danger which was ever before your eyes? For indeed, suppose he had died, whom could you (who say that you were afraid of a prosecution) have convinced of it? When it was notorious that the captain of the pirates had been seen by no one at Syracuse , and that all desired to see him; when no one had any doubt that he had been released by you for a sum of money; when it was a common topic of conversation that some one had been substituted in his place, who you wished to make believe was the man; when you yourself had confessed that you had, for so long a time before, been afraid of that accusation; if you had said that he had died, who would have believed you?

[79] Now, when you produce this man of yours, whoever he may be, still you see that you are laughed at. What would you have done if he had escaped? if he had broken his bonds, as Nico, that most celebrated pirate did, who was afterwards retaken by Publius Servilius, with the same good fortune as he had originally taken him with; what would you have said then? But the case was this.—If once that real captain of the pirates was put to death, you would not get that money. If this counterfeit one had died or had escaped, it would not have been difficult to substitute another in the room of one who was himself only a substitute. I have said more than I intended of that pirate captain; and yet I have passed over those things which are the most certain proofs of this crime. For I wish the whole of this accusation to remain untouched for the present. There is a certain place for its discussion, a certain law to be mentioned in connection with it, a certain tribunal for whose judgment it is reserved.

[80] Though enriched with all this booty, with these slaves, with this silver plate, and these robes, he was still no more diligent than before in equipping the fleet, in recalling and provisioning the troops; though that would not only have tended to the safety of the province, but might have been even profitable to himself. For in the height of summer, when all other praetors have been accustomed to visit all the province, and to travel about, or to sail about,—at a time when there was such fear of and such danger from the pirates; at that time he was not content, for the purpose of his luxury and lust, with his own kingly palace which had belonged to king Hiero, and which the praetors are in the habit of using. He ordered, as I have stated already, tents, such as he was wont to use at the summer season, erected of fine linen curtains, to be pitched on the seashore; on that part of the shore which is within the island of Syracuse , behind the fountain of Arethusa; close to the entrance and mouth of the harbour, in a very pleasant situation, and one far enough removed from overlookers.

[81] Here the praetor of the Roman people, the guardian and defender of the province, lived for sixty days of the summer in such a style that he had banquets of women every day, while no man was admitted except himself and his youthful son. Although, indeed, I might have made no exception, but might have said that there was no man there at all, as there were only these two. Sometimes also his freedman Timarchides was admitted. But the women were all wives of citizens, of noble birth, except one the daughter of an actor named Isidorus, whom he, out of love, had seduced away from a Rhodian flute player. There was a woman called Pippa, the wife of Aeschrio the Syracusan, concerning which woman many verses, which were made on Verres's fondness for her, are quoted over all Sicily .

[82] There was a woman too, called Nice, with a very beautiful face, as it is said, the wife of Cleomenes the Syracusan. Cleomenes, her husband, was greatly attached to her, but still he had neither the power nor the courage to oppose the lust of the praetor; and at the same time he was bound to him by many presents and many good offices. But at that time Verres, though you well know how great his impudence is, still could not, as her husband was at Syracuse , be quite easy in his mind at keeping her with him so many days on the seashore. Accordingly, he contrives a very singular plan. He gives the command of the fleet, which his lieutenant had had, to Cleomenes. He orders Cleomenes, a Syracusan, to command a fleet of the Roman people. He does this, in order that he might not only be absent from home all the time that he was at sea, but that he might be so willingly, being placed in a post of great honour and profit; and that he himself in the meantime, the husband being sent away to a distance, might have her with him,—I will not say more easily than before, for who ever opposed his lust? but with a rather more tranquil mind, as he had got rid of him, not as a husband but as a rival.—Cleomenes, a Syracusan, takes the command of a fleet of our allies and friends.

[83] What topic of accusation or complaint shall I urge first, O judges? That the power, and honour, and authority of a lieutenant, of a quaestor, yes, even of a praetor, was given to a Sicilian? If you were so occupied with feasts and women as to be prevented from taking the command yourself, where were your quaestors? where were your lieutenants? where was the corn valued at three denarii? where were the mules? where were the tents? where were all the numerous and splendid badges of honour conferred and bestowed by the senate and people of Rome on their magistrates and lieutenants? Lastly, where were your prefects and tribunes? If there was no Roman citizen worthy of that employment, what had become of the cities which had always remained true to the alliance and friendship of the Roman people? What had become of the city of Segesta? of the city of Centuripa? which both by old services, by good faith, by antiquity of alliance, and even by relationship, are connected with the name of the Roman people.

[84] O ye immortal gods! What shall we say, when Cleomenes, a Syracusan, is ordered to command the soldiers, and the ships, and the officers of these very cities? Has not Verres by such an action taken away all the honour due to worth, to justice, and to old services? Have we ever once waged war in Sicily , that we have not had the Centuripans for our friends, and the Syracusans for our enemies? And I am speaking now only by way of recollection of past time, not as meaning insult to that city. And therefore that most illustrious man and consummate general, Marcus Marcellus, by whose valour Syracuse was taken, by whose clemency it was preserved, forbade any Syracusan to dwell in that part of the city which is called the Island. To this day, I say, it is contrary to law for any Syracusan to dwell in that part of the city. For it is a place which even a very few men can defend. And therefore he would not entrust it to any but the most faithful men; and he had another reason too, because in that part of the city there is access to ships from the open sea. Therefore he did not think fit to entrust the keys of the place to those who had often excluded our armies.

[85] See now how great is the difference between your lust and the authority of our ancestors; between your love and frenzy, and their wisdom and prudence. They took away from the Syracusans all access to the shore; you have given them the command of the sea. They would not allow a Syracusans to dwell in that part of the city which ships could approach; you appointed a Syracusan to command the fleet and the ships. You gave those men a part of our sovereignty, from whom they took a part of their own city; and you ordered those allies of ours to be obedient to the Syracusans, to whose aid it is owing that the Syracusans are obedient to us.

[86] Cleomenes leaves the harbour in a Centuripan trireme. A Segestan vessel comes next; then a Tyndaritan ship; then one from Herbita, one from Heraclia, one from Apollonia , one from Haluntium; a fine fleet to look at, but helpless and useless because of the discharge of its fighting men, and of its rowers. That diligent praetor surveyed the fleet under his orders, as long as it was passing by his scene of profligate revelry. And he too, who for many days had not been seen, then for a short time afforded the sailors a sight of himself. The praetor of the Roman people stood in his slippers, clad in a purple cloak, and a tunic reaching down to his ankles, leaning on a prostitute on the shore. And since that time, many Sicilians and Roman citizens have often seen him in this very dress.

[87] After the fleet had proceeded a little way, and had arrived, after five days' sailing, at Pachynum, the sailors, being compelled by hunger, gather the roots of the wild palm, of which there was a great quantity in that neighbourhood, as there is in most parts of Sicily , and support themselves in a miserable and wretched way on these. But Cleomenes, who considered himself another Verres, not only in luxury and worthlessness, but in power also, spent, like him, all his days in drinking in a tent which he had pitched on the seashore. 34 But all of a sudden, while Cleomenes was drunk, and all his crews famishing, news is brought that a fleet of pirates is in the harbour of Odyssea; for that is the name of the place. But our fleet was in the harbour of Pachynum. But Cleomenes, because there was a garrison of troops (in name, if not in reality) in that place, fancied that, with the soldiers he drew from thence, he might make up his proper complement of sailors and rowers. The same system was found to nave been put in practice by that most covetous man with respect to the troops, that had been adopted towards the fleet, for only a few remained, and the rest had been discharged.

[88] Cleomenes, as commander-in-chief, in a Centuripan quadrireme ordered the mast to be erected, the sails to be set, the anchor to be weighed, and made signal for the rest of the ships to follow him. This Centuripan vessel was an extraordinarily fast sailer; for, while Verres was praetor, no one had any opportunity of knowing what each ship could do with oars; although in order to do honour and to show favour to Cleomenes, there was a much smaller deficiency of rowers and soldiers in that quadrireme. The quadrireme, almost flying, had already got out of sight, while the other ships were still hard at work in their original station.

[89] However those who were left behind displayed a good deal of courage. Although they were few in numbers, still they cried out, that whatever might be the event, they were willing to fight; and they preferred losing by the sword the little life and strength that hunger had left them. And if Cleomenes had not run away so long before, there would have been some means of making resistance, for that ship was the only one with a deck, and was large enough to have been a bulwark to the rest, and if it had been engaged in battle with the pirates, it would have looked like a city among those piratical galleys; but at that time the sailors being helpless, and deserted by their commander and prefect of the fleet, began of necessity to hold the same course that he had held.

[90] Accordingly they all sailed towards Elorum, as Cleomenes had done; but they indeed were not so much flying from the attack of the pirates as following their commander. Then as each was last in flight, he was first in danger, for the pirates came upon the last ships first, and so the Haluntian vessel is taken first, which was commanded by an Haluntian of noble birth, Philarchus by name, whom the Locrians afterwards ransomed at the public expense from those pirates, and from whom, on his oath, you at the former pleading learnt the whole of the circumstances and their cause. The Apollonian vessel is taken next, and Anthropinus, its captain, is slain.

[91] While all this was going on, in the meantime Cleomenes had already arrived at Elorum, already he had hastened on land from the ship, and had left the quadrireme tossing about in the surf. The rest of the captains of ships, when the commander-in-chief had landed, as they had no possible means either of resisting or of escaping by sea, ran their ships ashore at Elorum, and followed Cleomenes. Then Heracleo, the captain of the pirates, being suddenly victorious, beyond all his hopes, not through any valour of his own, but owing to the avarice and worthlessness of Verres, as soon as evening came on, ordered a most beautiful fleet belonging to the Roman people, having been driven on shore and abandoned, to be set fire to and burnt.

[92] O what a miserable and bitter time for the province of Sicily ! O what an event, calamitous and fatal to many innocent people! O what unexampled worthlessness and infamy of that man! On one and the same night, the praetor was burning with the flame of the most disgraceful love, a fleet of the Roman people with the fire of pirates. It was a stormy night when the news of this terrible disaster was brought to Syracuse—men run to the praetor's house, to which his women had conducted him back a little while before from his splendid banquet, with songs and music. Cleomenes, although it was night, still does not dare to show himself in public. He shuts himself up in his house, but his wife was not there to console her husband in his misfortunes.

[93] But the discipline of this noble commander-in-chief was so strict in his own house, that though the event was so important, the news so serious, still no one could be admitted; no one dared either to wake him if asleep, or to address him if awake. But now, when the affair had become known to everybody, a vast multitude was collecting in every part of the city; for the arrival of the pirates was not given notice of, as had formerly been the custom, by a fire raised on a watchtower, or a hill, but both the disaster that had already been sustained, and the danger that was impending, were notified by the conflagration of the fleet itself. 36 When the praetor was inquired for, and when it was plain that no one had told him the news, a rush of people towards his house takes place with great impetuosity and loud cries.

[94] Then, he himself, being roused, comes forth; he hears the whole news from Timarchides; he takes his military cloak. It was now nearly dawn. He comes forth into the middle of the crowd, bewildered with wine, and sleep, and debauchery. He is received by all with such a shout that it seemed to bring before his eyes a resemblance to the dangers of Lampsacus . ³ But this present appeared greater than that, because, though both the mobs hated him equally, the numbers here were much greater. People began to talk to one another of his tent on the shore, of his flagitious banquets; the names of his women were called out by the crowd; men asked him openly where he had been, and what he had been doing for so many days together, during which no one had seen him. Then they demanded Cleomenes, who had been appointed commander-in-chief by him; and nothing was ever nearer happening than the transference of the precedent of Utica in the case of Hadrian ⁴ to Syracuse ; so that two graves of two most infamous governors would have been contained in two provinces. However, regard was had by the multitude to the time, regard was had to the impending danger, regard was had, too, to their common dignity and character, because the body of settlers of Roman citizens at Syracuse is such as to be considered the most dignified body, not only in that province, but even in this republic.

[95] They all encourage one another, while he is still half asleep and stupefied; they take arms; they fill the whole forum and the island, which is a considerable portion of the whole city. The pirates having remained at Elorum that single night, left our ships still smoking, and began to sail to Syracuse ; for as they, forsooth, had often heard that nothing could be finer than the fortifications and harbour of Syracuse , they had made up their minds that if they did not see them while Verres was praetor, they should never see them at all.

[96] And first of all they came to those summer quarters of the praetor, landing at that very part of the shore where he, having pitched his tents, had set up his camp of luxury while all this was going on. But when they found the place empty, and understood that the praetor had removed his quarters from that place, they immediately, without any fear, began to penetrate to the harbour itself. When I say into the harbour, O judges, (for I must explain myself carefully for the sake of those who are unacquainted with the place,) I mean that the pirates came into the city, and into the most central parts of the city; for that town is not closed in by the harbour, but the harbour itself is surrounded and closed in by the town; so that it is not only the innermost walls that are washed by the sea, but the harbour, if I may so say, flows into the very bosom of the city.

[97] Here, while you were praetor, Heracleo, the captain of the pirates, with four small galleys, sailed about at his pleasure. O ye immortal gods! a piratical galley, while the representative of the Roman people, its name and its forces were all in Syracuse , came up to the very forum, and to all the quays of the city. Those most glorious fleets of the Carthaginians, when they were at the very height of their naval power, though they often made the attempt in many wars, were never able to advance so far. Even the naval glory of the Roman people, invincible as it was till your praetorship, in all the Punic and Sicilian wars never penetrated so far. The situation of the place is such that the Syracusans usually saw their enemies armed and victorious within their walls, in the city, and in the forum, before they saw any enemy's ship in their harbour.

[98] Here, while you were praetor, galleys of pirates sailed about, where previously the only fleet that had ever entered in the history of the world, was the Athenian fleet of three hundred ships, which forced its way in by its weight and its numbers; and that fleet was in that very harbour defeated and destroyed, owing to the natural character of the place and harbour. Here first was the power of that splendid city defeated, weakened, and impaired. In this harbour, shipwreck was made of the nobleness and dominion and glory of Athens . ⁵ 38 Did a pirate penetrate to that part of the city which he could not approach without leaving a great part of the city not only on his flanks but in his rear? He passed by the whole island, which is at Syracuse a very considerable part of the city, having its own distinct name, and separate walls; in which part, as I said before, our ancestors forbade any Syracusan to dwell, because they knew that the harbour would be in the power of whatever people were occupying that district of the city.

[99] And how did he wander through it? He threw down around him the roots of the wild palms which he had found in our ships, in order that all men might become acquainted with the dishonesty of Verres, and the disaster of Sicily . O that Sicilian soldiers, children of those cultivators of the soil whose fathers produced such crops of corn by their labour that they were able to supply the Roman people and the whole of Italy ,—that they, born in the island of Ceres, where corn is said to have been first discovered, should have been driven to use such food as their ancestors, by the discovery of corn, had delivered all other nations from! While you were praetor the Sicilian soldiers were fed on the roots of wild palms, pirates on Sicilian corn.

[100] O miserable and bitter spectacle! that the glory of the city and the name of the Roman people should be a laughingstock; that in the face of all that body of inhabitants and all that multitude of people, a pirate in a piratical galley should celebrate a triumph in the harbour of Syracuse over a fleet of the Roman people, while the oars of the pirates were actually besprinkling the eyes of that most worthless and cowardly praetor. After the pirates had left the harbour, not because of any alarm, but because they were weary of staying there, these men began to inquire the cause of so great a disaster. All began to say, and to argue openly, that it was by no means strange, that when the soldiers and the crews had been dismissed, and the rest had been destroyed by want and famine, while the praetor was spending all his time in drinking with his women, such a disgrace and calamity should have fallen upon them.

[101] And all the reproaches which they heaped upon him, all the infamy that they attributed to him, was confirmed by the statements of those men who had been appointed by their own cities to command their ships; the rest of whom had fled to Syracuse after the loss of the fleet. Each of them stated how many men they knew had been discharged out of their respective ships. The matter was clear, and his avarice was proved not only by arguments, but also by undeniable witnesses. 39 The man is informed that nothing is done in the forum and in the assembly all that day, except putting questions to the naval captains how the fleet was lost. That they made answer, and informed every one that it was owing to the discharge of the rowers, the want of food of the rest, the cowardice and desertion of Cleomenes. And when he heard this, he began to form this design. He had long since made up his mind that a prosecution would be instituted against him, long before this happened, as you have heard him say himself at the former pleading. He saw that if those naval captains were produced as witnesses against him, he should not be able to stand against so serious an accusation. He forms at first a plan, foolish indeed, but still merciful.

[102] He orders Cleomenes and the naval captains to be summoned before him. They come. He accuses them of having held this language about himself; he begs them to cease from holding it; and begs every one there to say that he had had in his ship as large a crew as he ought to have had, and that none had been discharged. They promise him to do whatever he wished. He does not delay. He immediately summons his friends. He then asks of all the captains separately how many sailors each had had on board his ship. Each of them answers as he had been enjoined to. He makes an entry of their answers in his journal. He seals it up, prudent man that he is, with the seals of his friends; in order forsooth, to use this evidence against this charge, if ever it should be necessary.

[103] I imagine that senseless man must have been laughed at by his own counselors, and warned that these documents would do him no good; that if the charge were made, there would be even more suspicion owing to these extraordinary precautions of the praetor. He had already behaved with such folly in many cases, as even publicly to order whatever he pleased to be expunged out of, or entered in the records of different cities. All which things he now finds out are of no use to him, since he is convicted by documents, and witnesses, and authorities which are all undeniable. 40 When he sees that their confession, and all the evidence which he has manufactured, and his journals, will be of no use to him, he then adopts the design, not of a worthless praetor, (for even that might have been endured,) but an inhuman and senseless tyrant. He determines, that if he wishes to palliate that accusation, (for he did not suppose that he could get rid of it altogether,) all the naval captains, the witnesses of his wickedness, must be put to death.

[104] The next consideration was,—“What am I to do with Cleomenes? Can I put those men to death whom I placed under his command, and spare him whom I placed in command and authority over them? Can I punish those men who followed Cleomenes, and pardon Cleomenes who bade them fly with him, and follow him? Can I be severe to those men who had vessels not only devoid of crews, but devoid of decks, and be merciful to him who was the only man who had a decked ship, and whose ship, too, was not stripped bare like those of the others?” Cleomenes must die too. What signify his promises? what do the curses that he will heap on him? what do the pledges of friendship and mutual embraces? what does that comradeship in the service, of a woman on that most luxurious sea-shore signify? It was utterly impossible that Cleomenes could be spared. He summons Cleomenes.

[105] He tells him that he has made up his mind to execute all the naval captains; that considerations of his own personal danger required such a step. “I will spare you alone, and I will endure the blame of all that disaster myself, and all possible reproaches for my inconsistency, rather than act cruelly to you on the one hand, or, on the other hand, leave so many and such important witnesses against me in safety and in life.” Cleomenes thanks him: approves of his intention; and says that that is what must be done. But he reminds him, of what he had forgotten, that it will not he possible for him to put Phalargus the Centuripan, one of the naval captains, to death, because he had been with him himself in the Centuripan quadrireme. What, then, is he to do? Shall that man, of such a city as that, a most noble youth, be left to be a witness? At present, says Cleomenes, for it must be so; but afterwards we will take care that it shall be put out of his power to injure us.

[106] After all this was settled and determined, Verres immediately advances from his praetorian house, inflamed with wickedness, frenzy, and cruelty. He comes into the forum. He orders the naval captains to be summoned. They immediately come with all speed, as men who were afraid of nothing, and suspected nothing. He orders those unhappy and innocent men to be loaded with chains. They began to invoke the good faith of the praetor, and to ask why he did so? Then he says that this is the reason,—because they had betrayed the fleet to the pirates. There is a great outcry, and great astonishment on the part of the people, that there should be so much impudence and audacity in the man as to attribute to others the origin of a calamity which had happened entirely owing to his own avarice; or to bring against others a charge of treason, when he himself was thought to be a partner of the pirates; and lastly, they marveled at this charge not being originated till fifteen days after the fleet had been lost.

[107] While these things were happening, inquiry was made where Cleomenes was: not that any one thought him, such as he was, worthy of any punishment for that disaster; for what could Cleomenes have done, (for it is not in my nature to accuse any one falsely,)—what, I say, could Cleomenes have done of any consequence, when his ships had been dismantled by the avarice of Verres? And they see him sitting by the side of the praetor, and whispering familiarly in his ear, as he was accustomed to do. But then it did seem a most scandalous thing to every one, that most honourable men, chosen by their own cities, should be put in chains and in prison, but that Cleomenes, on account of his partnership with him in debauchery and infamy, should be the praetor's most familiar friend.

[108] However, an accuser is produced against them, a certain Naevius Turpio, who, when Caius Sacerdos was praetor, had been convicted of an assault; a very suitable tool for the audacity of Verres; a man whom he had frequently employed in matters connected with the tenths, in capital prosecutions, and in every sort of false accusation, as a scout and emissary. 42 The parents and relations of these unfortunate young men came to Syracuse , being aroused by the sudden news of this misfortune. They see their children loaded with chains, bearing on their necks and shoulders the punishment due to the avarice of Verres. They come forward, they defend them, they raise an outcry; they implore your good faith which at no time and no place had ever any existence. The father of one came forward, Dexis the Tyndaritan; a man of the noblest family, connected by ties of hospitality with you yourself, at whose house you had been, whom you had called your friend. When you saw him, a man of such high rank in such distress could not his tears, could not his old age could not the claims of hospitality and the name of friend recall you back from your wickedness to some degree of humanity?

[109] But why do I speak of the claims of hospitality with reference to so inhuman a monster? He who entered Sthenius of Thermae, his own connection, whose house, while received in it in hospitality, he had plundered and stripped, in the list of criminals in his defence, and who, without allowing him to make any defence, condemned him to death; are we now to expect the claims and duties of hospitality from him? Are we dealing with a cruel man or with a savage and inhuman monster? Could not the tears of a father for the danger of his innocent son move you? As you had left your father at home, and kept your son with you, did neither your son who was present remind you of the affection of children, nor your father who was absent call to your recollection the indulgence of a father?

[110] Your friend Aristeus, the son of Dexion, was in chains. Why was this? He had betrayed the fleet. For what bribe? He had deserted the army. What had Cleomenes done? He had done nothing at all. Yet you had presented him with a golden crown for his valour. He had discharged the sailors. But you had received from them all the price of their discharge. Another father, from another district, was Eubulida of Herlita: a man of great reputation in his city, and of high birth; who, because he had injured Cleomenes in defending his son, had been left nearly destitute. But what was there which any one could say or allege in his defence? They are not allowed to name Cleomenes. But the cause compels them to do so. You shall die if you do name him, (for he never threatened any one with trifling punishment.) But there were no rowers. What! are you accusing the praetor? Break his neck. If one is not allowed to name either the praetor, or the rival of the praetor, when the whole case turns on the conduct of these two men, what is to be done?

[111] Heraclius of Segesta also pleads his cause; a man of the very noblest descent in his own city. Listen, O judges, as your humanity requires of you, for you will hear of great cruelties and injuries inflicted on the allies. Know then that the case of Heraclius was this:—that on account of a severe complaint in his eyes he had not gone to sea at all; but by his order who had the command, he had remained in his quarters at Syracuse . He certainly never betrayed the fleet; he did not run away in a fright; he did not desert the army; if he had, he might have been punished when the fleet was setting out from Syracuse . But he was in just the same condition as if he had been detected in some manifest crime; though no charge at all could be brought against him, not ever so falsely.

[112] Among these naval captains was a citizen of Heraclia, of the name of Junius, (for they have some Latin names of that sort,) a man, as long as he lived, illustrious in his own city, and after his death celebrated over all Sicily . In that man there was courage enough, not only to attack Verres, for that indeed, as he saw that he was sure to die, he was aware that he could do without any danger; but when his death was settled, while his mother was sitting in his prison, night and day weeping, he wrote out the defence which his cause required; and now there is no one in all Sicily who is not in possession of that defence, who does not read it, who is not constantly reminded by that oration, of your wickedness and cruelty. In it he states how many sailors he received from his city; how many Verres discharged, and for how much he discharged each of them; how many he had left. He makes similar statements with respect to the other ships and when he uttered these statements before you, he was scourged on the eyes. But when death was staring him in the face, he could easily endure pain of body; he cried out, what he has left also in writing, “That it was an infamous thing that the tears of an unchaste woman on behalf of the safety of Cleomenes should have more influence with you, than those of his mother for his life.”

[113] Afterwards I see that this also is stated, which, if the Roman people has formed a correct estimate of your characters, O judges, he, at the very hour of death, truly prophesied of you,—“That it was not possible for Verres to efface his own crimes by murdering the witnesses; that he, in the shades below, should be a still more serious witness against him, in the opinion of sensible judges, than if he were produced alive in a court of justice; for that then, if he were alive he would only be a witness to prove his avarice; but now, when he had been, put to death, he should be a witness of his wickedness, and audacity, and cruelty.” What follows is very fine,—“That, when your cause came to be tried, it would not be only the bands of witnesses, but the punishments inflicted on the innocent, and the furies that haunt the wicked, that would attend your trial; that he thought his own misfortune the lighter, because he had seen before now the edge of your axes, and the countenance and hand of Sextus your executioner, when in an assembly of Roman citizens, Roman citizens were publicly executed by your command.”

[114] Not to dwell too long on this, Junius used most freely that liberty which you have given the allies, even at the moment of bitter punishment, such as was only fit for slaves. 44 He condemns them all, with the approval of his assessors. And yet, in so important an affair, in a cause in which so many men and so many citizens were concerned, he neither sent for Publius Vettius, his quaestor, to take his advice; nor for Publius Cervius, an admirable man, his lieutenant, who, because he had been lieutenant in Sicily , while he was praetor was the first man rejected by him as a judge; but he condemns them all in conformity with the opinion expressed by a lot of robbers, that is, by his own retinue.

[115] On this all the Sicilians, our most faithful and most ancient allies, who have had the greatest kindnesses conferred on them by our ancestors, were greatly agitated, and alarmed at their own danger, and at the peril of all their fortunes. That that noted clemency and mildness of our dominion should have been changed into such cruelty and inhumanity! That so many men should be condemned at one time for no crime! That that infamous praetor should seek for a defence for his own robberies by the most shameful murder of innocent men! Nothing, O judges, appears possible to be added to such wickedness, insanity, and barbarity—and it is true that nothing can; for if it be compared with the iniquity of other men it will greatly surpass it all.

[116] But he is his own rival; his object is always to outdo his last crime by some new wickedness. I had said that Phalargus the Centuripan was made an exception by Cleomenes, because he had sailed in his quadrireme. Still because that young man was alarmed, as he saw that his case was identical with that of those men who had been put to death, though perfectly innocent; Timarchides came to him, and tells him that he is in no danger at all of being put to death, but warns him to take care lest he should be sentenced to be scourged. To make my story short, you heard the young man himself say, that because of his fear of being scourged he paid money to Timarchides.

[117] These are but light crimes in such a criminal as this. A naval captain of a most noble city ransoms himself from the danger of being scourged with a bribe—it was a human weakness. Another gave money to save himself from being condemned—it is a common thing. The Roman people does not wish Verres to be prosecuted on obsolete accusations; it demands new charges against him; it requires something which it has not heard before; it thinks that it is not a praetor of Sicily, but some most cruel tyrant that is being brought before the court. 45 The condemned men are consigned to prison. They are sentenced to execution. Even the wretched parents of the naval captains are punished; they are prevented from visiting their sons; they are prevented from supplying their down children with food and raiment.

[118] These very fathers, whom you see here, lay on the threshold, and the wretched mothers spent their nights at the door of the prison, denied the parting embrace of their children, though they prayed for nothing but to be allowed to receive their son's dying breath. The porter of the prison, the executioner of the praetor, was there; the death and terror of both allies and citizens; the lictor Sextius, to whom every groan and every agony of every one was a certain gain—“To visit him, you must give so much; to be allowed to take him food into the prison, so much.” No one refused. “What now, what will you give me to put your son to death at one blow of my axe? to save him from longer torture? to spare him repeated blows? to take care that he shall give up the ghost without any sense of pain or torture?” Even for this object money was given to the lictor.

[119] Oh great and intolerable agony! oh terrible and bitter ill-fortune! Parents were compelled to purchase, not the life of their children, but a swiftness of execution for them. And the young men themselves also negotiated with Sextius about the same execution, and about that one blow; and at last, children entreated their parents to give money to the lictor for the sake of shortening their sufferings. Many and terrible sufferings have been invented for parents and relations; many—still death is the last of all. It shall not be. Is there any further advance that cruelty can make? One stall be found—for, when their children have been executed and slain, their bodies shall be exposed to wild beasts. If this is a miserable thing for a parent to endure, let him pay money for leave to bury him.

[120] You heard Onasus the Segestan, a man of noble birth, say that he had paid money to Timarchides for leave to bury the naval captain, Heraclius. And this (that you may not be able to say, “Yes, the fathers come, angry at the loss of their sons,”) is stated by a man of the highest consideration, a man of the noblest birth; and he does not state it with respect to any son of his own. And as to this, who was there at Syracuse at that time, who did not hear, and who does not know that these bargains for permission to bury were made with Timarchides by the living relations of those who had been put to death? Did they not speak openly with Timarchides? Were not all the relations of all the men present? Were not the funerals of living men openly bargained for? And then, when all those matters were settled and arranged, the men are brought out of prison and tied to the stake.

[121] Who at that time was so cruel and hard-hearted, who was so inhuman, except you alone, as not to be moved by their youth, their high birth, and their misfortunes? Who was there who did not weep? who did not feel their calamity, as if he thought that it weep; not the fortune of others alone, but the common safety of all that was at stake? They are executed. You rejoice and triumph at the universal misery; you are delighted that the witnesses of your avarice are put out of the way: you were mistaken, O Verres, you were greatly mistaken, when you thought that you could wash out the stains of your thefts and iniquities in the blood of our innocent allies. You were borne on headlong in your frenzy, when you thought that you could heal the wounds of your avarice by applying remedies of inhumanity. In truth, although those who were the witnesses of your wickedness are dead, yet their relations are wanting neither to you nor to them; yet, out of this very body of naval captains some are alive, and are present here; whom, as it seems to me, fortune saved out of that punishment of innocent men.

[122] For this trial Philarchus the Haluntian is present, who, because be did not flee with Cleomenes, was overwhelmed by the pirates, and taken prisoner; whose misfortune was his safety, who, if he had not been taken prisoner by the pirates, would have fallen into to power of this partner of pirates. He will give his evidence, concerning the discharge of the sailors, the want of provisions, and the flight of Cleomenes. Phalargus the Centuripan is present, born in a most honourable city, and in a most honourable rank. He tells you the same thing; he differs from the other in no particular.

[123] In the name of the immortal gods, O judges, with what feelings are you sitting them? or with what feelings are you hearing these things? Am I out of my mind, and now I grieving more than I ought amid such disasters and distresses of our allies? or does this most bitter torture and agony of innocent man affect you also with an equal sense of pain? For when I say that a Herbitan, that a Heraclean was put to death, I see before my eyes all the indignity of that misfortune. 47 That the citizens of those states, that the population of those lands, by whom and by whose care and labour an immense quantity of corn is procured every year for the Roman people, who were brought up and educated by their parents in the hope of our paternal rule, and of justice, should have been reserved for the nefarious inhumanity of Caius Verres, and for his fatal axe!

[124] When the thought of that unhappy Tyndaritan, and of that Segestan, comes across me, then I consider at the same time the rights of the cities, and their duties. Those cities which Publius Africanus thought fit to be adorned with the spoils of the enemy, those Caius Verres has stripped, not only of those ornaments, but even of their noblest citizens, by the most abominable wickedness. See what the people of Tyndaris will willingly state. “We were not among the seventeen tribes of Sicily . We, in all the Punic and Sicilian wars, always adhered to the friendship and alliance of the Roman people; all possible aid in war, all attention and service in peace, has been at all times rendered by us to the Roman people.” Much, however, did their rights avail them, under that man's authority and government!

[125] Scipio once led your sailors against Carthage ; but now Cleomenes leads ships that are almost dismantled against pirates. “Africanus,” says he, “shared with you the spoils of the enemy, and the reward of glory; but now, you, having been plundered by me, having had your vessel taken away by the pirates, are considered in the number and class of enemies.” What more shall I say? what advantages did that relationship of the Segestans to us, not only stated in old papers, and commemorated by words, but adopted and proved by many good offices of theirs towards us, bring to them under the government of that man? Just this much, O judges, that a young man of the highest rank was torn from his father's bosom, an innocent son from his mother's embrace, and given to that man's executioner, Sextius. That city to which our ancestors gave most extensive and valuable lands, which they exempted from tribute; the city, with all the weight of its relationship to us, of its loyalty, and of its ancient alliance with us, could not obtain even this privilege, of being allowed to avert by its prayers the death and execution of one most honourable and most innocent citizen.

[126] Whither shall the allies flee for refuge? Whose help shall they implore? by what hope shall they still be retained in the desire to live, if you abandon them? Shall they come to the senate and beg them to punish Verres? That is not a usual course; it is not in accordance with the duty of the senate. Shall they betake themselves to the Roman people? The people will easily find all excuse; for they will say that they have established a law for the sake of the allies, and that they have appointed you as guardians and vindicators of that law. This then is the only place to which they can flee; this is the harbour, this is the citadel, this is the altar of the allies; to which indeed they do not at present betake themselves with the same views as they formerly used to entertain in seeking to recover their property. They are not seeking to recover silver, nor gold, nor robes, nor slaves, nor ornaments which have been carried off from their cities and their temples;—they fear, like ignorant men, that the Roman people now allows such things and permits them to be done. For we have now for many years been suffering; and we are silent when we see that all the money of all the nations has come into the hands of a few men; which we seem to tolerate and to permit with the more equanimity, because none of these robbers conceals what he is doing; none of them take the least trouble to keep their covetousness in any obscurity.

[127] In our most beautiful and highly decorated city what statue, or what painting is there, which has not been taken and brought away from conquered enemies? But the villas of those men are adorned and filled with numerous and most beautiful spoils of our most faithful allies. Where do you think is the wealth of foreign nations, which they are all now deprived of, when you see Athens , Pergamos , Cyzicus , Miletus , Chios , Samos , all Asia in short, and Achaia , and Greece , and Sicily , now all contained in a few villas? But all these things, as I was saying, your allies abandon and are indifferent to now. They took care by their own services and loyalty not to be deprived of their property by the public authority of the Roman people; though they were unable to resist the covetousness of a few individuals, yet they could in some degree satiate it; but now not only as all their power of resisting taken away, but also all their means also of supplying such demands. Therefore they do not care about their property; they do not seek to recover their money, though that is nominally the subject of this prosecution; that they abandon and are indifferent to;—in this dress in which you see them they now fly to you.

[128] Behold, behold, O judges, the miserable and squalid condition of our allies. Sthenius, the Thermitan, whom you see here, with this uncombed hair and mourning robe, though his whole house has been stripped of everything, makes no mention of your robberies, O Verres; he claims to recover his own safety from you, nothing more. For you, by your lust and wickedness, have removed him entirely from his country, in which he flourished as a leading man, illustrious for his many virtues and distinguished services. This man Dexio, whom you see now present, demands of you, not the public treasures of which you stripped Tyndaris , nor the wealth of which you robbed him as a private individual, but, wretched that he is, he demands of you his most virtuous, his most innocent, his only son. He does not want to carry back home a sum of money obtained from you as damages, but he seeks out of your calamity some consolation for the ashes and bones of his son. This other man here, the aged Eubulida, has not, at the close of life, undertaken such fatigue and so long a journey, to recover any of his property, but to see you condemned with the same eyes that beheld the bleeding neck of his own son.

[129] If it had not been for Lucius Metellus, O judges, the mothers of those men, their wives and sisters, were on their way hither; and one of them, when I arrived at Heraclea late at night, came to meet me with all the matrons of that city, and with many torches; and so, styling me her saviour, calling you her executioner, uttering in an imploring manner the name of her son, she fell down, wretched as she was, at my feet, as if I were able to raise her son from the shades below. In the other cities also the aged mothers, and even the little children of those miserable men did the same thing; while the helpless age of each class appeared especially to stand in need of my labour and diligence, of your good faith and pity.

[130] Therefore, O judges, this complaint was brought to me by Sicily most especially and beyond all other complaints. I have undertaken this task, induced by the tears of others, not by any desire of my own for glory; in order that false condemnation, and imprisonment, and chains, and axes, and the torture of our allies, and the execution of innocent men, and last of all, that the bodies of the lifeless dead, and the agony of living parents and relations, may not he a source of profit to our magistrates. If, by that man's condemnation obtained through your good faith and strict justice, O judges, I remove this fear from Sicily , I shall think enough has been done in discharge of my duty, and enough to satisfy their wishes who have entreated this assistance from me.

[131] Wherefore, if by any chance you find one who attempts to defend him from this accusation in the matter of the fleet, let him defend him thus; let him leave out those common topics which have nothing to do with the business—that I am attributing to him blame which belongs to fortune; that I am imputing to him disaster as a crime; that I am accusing him of the loss of a fleet, when, in the uncertain risks of war which are common to both sides, many gallant men have often met with disasters both by land and sea. I am imputing to you nothing in which fortune was concerned; you have no pretext for bringing up the disasters of others; you have nothing to do with collecting instances of the misfortunes of many others. I say the ships were dismantled; I say the rowers and sailors were discharged; I say the rest had been living on the roots of wild palms; that a Sicilian was appointed to command a fleet of the Roman people; a Syracusan to command our allies and friends; I say that, all that time, and for many preceding days, you were spending your time in drunken revels on the sea-shore with your concubines; and I produce my informants and witnesses, who prove all these charges.

[132] Do I seem to be insulting you in your calamity; to be cutting you off from your legitimate excuse of blaming fortune? Do I appear to be attacking and reproaching you for the ordinary chances of war? Although the men who are indeed accustomed to object to the results of fortune being made a charge against them, are those who have committed themselves to her, and have encountered her perils and vicissitudes. But in that disaster of yours, fortune had no share at all. For men are accustomed to try the fortune of war, and to encounter danger in battles, not in banquets. But in that disaster of yours we cannot say that Mars had any share; we may say that Venus had. But if it is not right that the disasters of fortune should be imputed to you, why did you not allow her some weight in furnishing excuses and defence for those innocent men?

[133] You must also deprive yourself of the argument, that you are now accused and held up to odium by me, for having punished and executed men according to the custom of our ancestors by accusation does not turn on any one's punishment. I do not say that no one ought to have been put to death; I do not say that all fear is to be removed from military service, severity from command, or punishment from guilt. I confess that there are many precedents for severe and terrible punishments inflicted not only on our allies, but even on our citizens and soldiers. 51 You may therefore omit all such topics as these. I prove that the fault was not in the naval captains, but in you. I accuse you of having discharged the soldiers and rowers for a bribe. The rest of the naval captains say the came. The confederate city of the Netians bears public testimony to the truth of this charge. The cities of Herbita, of Amestras, of Enna , of Agyrium , of Tyndaris , and the Ionians, all give their public testimony to the same effect. Last of all, your own witness, your own commander, your own host, Cleomenes, says this,—that he had landed on the coast in order to collect soldiers from Pachynum, where there was a garrison of troops, in order to put them on board the fleet; which he certainly would not have done if the ships had had their complement. For the system of ships when fully equipped and fully manned is such that you have no room, I will not say for many more, but for even one single man more.

[134] I say, moreover, that those very sailors who were left, were worn out and disabled by famine, and by a want of every necessary. I say, that either all were free from blame, or that if blame must be attributable to some one, the greatest blame must be due to him who had the best ship, the largest crew, and the chief command; or, that if all were to blame, Cleomenes ought not to have been a spectator of the death and torture of those men. I say, besides, that in those executions, to allow of that traffic in tears, of that bargaining for an effective wound and a deadly blow, of that bargaining for the funeral and sepulture of the victims, was impiety.

[135] Wherefore, if you will make me any answer at all, say this,—that the fleet was properly equipped and fully manned; that no fighting-men were absent, that no bench was without its rower; that ample corn was supplied to the rowers; that the naval captains are liars; that all those honourable cities are liars; that all Sicily is a liar;—that you were betrayed by Cleomenes, when he said that he had landed on the coast to get soldiers from Pachynum; that it was courage, and not troops that he needed;—that Cleomenes, while fighting most gallantly, was abandoned and deserted by these men, and that no money was paid to any one for leave to bury the dead.—If you say this, you shall be convicted of falsehood; if you say anything else, you will not be refuting what has been stated by me.

[136] Here will you dare to say also, “Among my judges that one is my intimate friend, that one is a friend of my father?” Is it not the case that the more acquainted or connected with you any one is, the more he is ashamed at the charges brought against you? He is your father's friend—If your father himself were your judge, what, in the name of the immortal gods, could you do when he said this to you? ldquo;You, being in a province as praetor of the Roman people, when you had to carry on a naval war, three years excused the Mamertines from supplying the ship, which by treaty they were bound to supply; by those same Mamertines a transport of the largest size was built for you at the public expense; you exacted money from the cities on the pretest of the fleet; you discharged the rowers for a bribe; when a pirate vessel had been taken by your quaestor, and by your lieutenant, you removed the captain of the pirates from every one's sight; you ventured to put to death men who were called Roman citizens, who were recognised as such by many; you dared to take to your own house pirates, and to bring the captain of the pirates into the court of justice from your own house.

[137] You, in that splendid province, in the sight of our most faithful allies, and of most honourable Roman citizens, lay for many days together on the sea-shore in revelry and debauchery, and that at a time of the greatest alarm and danger to the province. All those days no one could find you at your own house, no one could see you in the forum; you entertained the mothers of families of our allies and friends at those banquets; among women of that sort you placed your youthful son, my grandson, in order that his father's life might furnish examples of iniquity to a time of life which is particularly unsteady and open to temptation; you, while praetor in your province, were seen in a tunic and purple cloak; you, to gratify your passion and lust, took away the command of the fleet from a lieutenant of the Roman people, and gave it to a Syracusan; your soldiers in the province of Sicily were in want of provisions and of corn; owing to your luxury and avarice, a fleet belonging to the Roman people was taken and burnt by pirates;

[138] in your praetorship, for the first time since Syracuse was a city, did pirates sail about in that harbour, which no enemy had ever entered; moreover, you did not seek to cover these numerous and terrible disgraces of yours by any concealment on your part, nor did you seek to make men forget them by keeping silence respecting them, but you even without any cause tore the captains of the ships from the embrace of their parents, who were your own friends and connections, and hurried them to death and torture; nor, in witnessing the grief and tears of those parents, did any recollection of my name soften your heart; the blood of innocent men was not only a pleasure but also a profit to you.” 53 If your own father were to say this to you, could you entreat pardon from him? could you dare to beg even him to forgive you?

[139] Enough has been done by me, O judges, to satisfy the Sicilians, enough to discharge my duty and obligation to them, enough to acquit me of my promise and of the labour which I have undertaken. The remainder of the accusation, O judges, is one which I have not received from any one, but which is, if I may so say, innate in me; it is one which has not been brought to me, but which is deeply fixed and implanted in all my feelings; it is one which concerns not the safety of the allies, but the life and existence of Roman citizens, that is to say, of every one of us. And in urging this, do not, O judges, expect to hear any arguments from me, as if the matter were doubtful. Everything which I am going to say about the punishment of Roman citizens, will be so evident and notorious, that I could produce all Sicily as witnesses to prove it. For some insanity, the frequent companion of wickedness and audacity, urged on that man's unrestrained ferocity of disposition and inhuman nature to such frenzy, that he never hesitated, openly, in the presence of the whole body of citizens and settlers, to employ against Roman citizens those punishments which have been instituted only for slaves convicted of crime.

[140] Why need I tell you how many men he has scourged? I will only say that, most briefly, O judges, while that man was praetor there was no discrimination whatever in the infliction of that sort of punishment; and, accordingly, the hands of the lictor were habitually laid on the persons of the Roman citizens, even without any actual order from Verres. 54 Can you deny this, O Verres, that in the forum, at Lilybaeum , in the presence of a numerous body of inhabitants, Caius Servilius, a Roman citizen, an old trader of the body of settlers at Panormus , was beaten to the ground by rods and scourges before your tribunal, before your very feet? Dare first to deny this, if you can. No one was at Lilybaeum who did not see it. No one was in Sicily who did not hear of it. I assert that a Roman citizen fell down before your eyes, exhausted by the scourging of your lictors.

[141] For what reason? O ye immortal gods!—though in asking that I am doing injury to the common cause of all the citizens, and to the privilege of citizenship, for I am asking what reason there was in the case of Servilius for this treatment, as if there could be any reason for its being legally inflicted on any Roman citizen. Pardon me this one error, O judges, for I will not in the rest of the cases ask for any reason. He had spoken rather freely of the dishonesty and worthlessness of Verres. And as soon as he was informed of this, he orders the man to Lilybaeum to give security in a prosecution instituted against him by one of the slaves of Verres. He gives security. He comes to Lilybaeum . Verres begins to compel him, though no one proceeded with any action against him, though no one made any claim on him, to be bound over in the sum of two thousand sesterces, to appear to a charge brought against him by his own lictor, in the formula,—“If he had made any profit by robbery.”—He says that he will appoint judges out of his own retinue. Servilius demurs, and entreats that he may not be proceeded against by a capital prosecution before unjust judges, and where there is no prosecutor.

[142] While he is urging this with a loud voice, six of the most vigorous lictors surround him, men in full practice in beating and scourging men; they beat him most furiously with rods; then the lictor who was nearest to him, the man whom I have already often mentioned, Sextus, turning his stick round, began to beat the wretched man violently on the eyes. Therefore, when blood had filled his mouth and eyes, he fell down, and they, nevertheless, continued to beat him on the sides while lying on the ground, till he said at last he would give security. He, having been treated in this manner, was taken away from the place as dead, and, in a short time afterwards, he died. But that devoted servant of Venus, that man so rich in wit and politeness, erected a silver Cupid out of his property in the temple of Venus. And in this way he misused the fortunes of men to fulfil the nightly vows made by him for the accomplishment of his desires.

[143] For why should I speak separately of all the other punishments inflicted on Roman citizens, rather than generally, and in the lump? That prison which was built at Syracuse , by that most cruel tyrant Dionysius, which is called the stone-quarries, was, under his government, the home of Roman citizens. As any one of them offended his eyes or his mind, he was instantly thrown into the stone-quarries. I see that this appears a scandalous thing to you, O judges; and I had observed that, at the former pleading, when the witnesses stated these things; for you thought that the privileges of freedom ought to be maintained, not only here, where there are tribunes of the people, where there are other magistrates, where there is a forum with many courts of justice, where there is the authority of the senate, where there is the opinion of the Roman people to hold a man in check, where the Roman people itself is present in great numbers; but, in whatever country or nation the privileges of Roman citizens are violated, you, O judges, decide that that violation concerns the common cause of freedom, and of your dignity.

[144] Did you, O Verres, dare to confine such a number of Roman citizens in a prison built for foreigners, for wicked men, for pirates, and for enemies? Did no thoughts of this tribunal, or of the public assembly, or of this numerous multitude which I see around me, and which is now regarding you with a most hostile and inimical disposition, occur to your mind? Did not the dignity of the Roman people, though absent, did not the appearance of such a concourse as this ever present itself to your eyes or to your thoughts? Did you never think that you should have to return home to the sight of these men, that you should have to come into the forum of the Roman people, that you should have to submit yourself to the power of the laws and courts of justice?

[145] But what, O Verres, was that passion of yours for practicing cruelty? what was your reason for undertaking so many wicked actions? It was nothing, O judges, except a new and unprecedented system of plundering. For like those men whose histories we have learnt from the poets, who are said to have occupied some bays on the sea-coast, or some promontories, or some precipitous rocks, in order to be able to murder those who had been driven to such places in their vessels, this man also looked down as an enemy over every sea, from every part of Sicily . Every ship that came from Asia , from Syria , from Tyre , from Alexandria , was immediately seized by informers and guards that he could rely upon; their crews were all thrown into the stone-quarries; their freights and merchandise carried up into the praetor's house. After a long interval there was seen to range through Sicily , not another Dionysius, not another Phalaris, (for their island has at one time or another produced many inhuman tyrants,) but a new sort of monster, endowed with all the ancient savage barbarity which is said to have formerly existed in those same districts;

[146] for I do not think that either Scylla or Charybdis was such an enemy to sailors, as that man has been in the same waters. And in one respect he is far more to be dreaded than they, because he is girdled with more numerous and more powerful hounds than they were. He is a second Cyclops, far more savage than the first; for Verres had possession of the whole island; Polyphemus is said to have occupied only Aetna and that part of Sicily . But what pretext was alleged at the time by that man for this outrageous cruelty? The same which is now going to be stated in his defence. He used to say whenever any one came to Sicily a little better off than usual, that they were soldiers of Sertorius, and that they were flying from Dianium . ⁶ They brought him presents to gain his protection from danger; some brought him Tyrian purple, others brought frankincense, perfumes, and linen robes; others gave jewels and pearls; some offered great bribes and Asiatic slaves, so that it was seen by their very goods from what place they came. They were not aware that those very things which they thought that they were employing as aids to ensure their safety, were the causes of their danger. For he would say that they had acquired those things by partnership with pirates, he would order the men themselves to be led away to the stone-quarries, he would see that their ships and their freights were diligently taken care of.

[147] When by these practices his prison had become full of merchants, then those scenes took place which you have heard related by Lucius Suetius, a Roman knight, and a most virtuous man, and by others. The necks of Roman citizens were broken in a most infamous manner in the prison; so that very expression and form of entreaty, “I am a Roman citizen,” which has often brought to many, in the most distant countries, succour and assistance, even among the barbarians, only brought to these men a more bitter death and a more immediate execution. What is this, O Verres? What reply are you thinking of making to this? That I am telling lies? that I am inventing things? that I am exaggerating this accusation? Will you dare to say any one of these things to those men who are defending you? Give me, I pray you, the documents of the Syracusans taken from his own bosom, which, methinks, were drawn up according to his will; give me the register of the prison, which is most carefully made up, stating in what day each individual was committed to prison, when he died, how he was executed. [The documents of the Syracusans are read.]

[148] You see that Roman citizens were thrown in crowds into the stone quarries; you see a multitude of your fellow-citizens heaped together in a most unworthy place. Look now for all the traces of their departure from that place, which are to be seen. There are none. Are they all dead of disease? If he were able to urge this in his defence, still such a defence would find credit with no one. But there is a word written in those documents, which that ignorant and profligate man never noticed, and would not have understood if he had. *)ekdikaiw/qhsan, it says that is, according to the Sicilian language, they were punished and put to death.

[149] If any king, if any city among foreign nations, in any nation had done anything of this sort to a Roman citizen, should we not avenge that act by a public resolution? should we not prosecute our revenge by war? Could we leave such injury and insult offered the Roman name unavenged and unpunished? How many wars, and what serious ones do you think that our ancestors undertook, because Roman citizens were said to have been ill-treated, or Roman vessels detained, or Roman merchants plundered? But I am not complaining that men have been detained; I think one might endure their having been plundered; I am impeaching Verres because after their ships, their slaves, and their merchandise had been taken from them, the merchants themselves were thrown into prison—because Roman citizens were imprisoned and executed.

[150] If I were saying this among Scythians, not before such a multitude of Roman citizens, not before the most select senators of the city, not in the forum of the Roman people,—if I were relating such numerous and bitter punishments inflicted on Roman citizens, I should move the pity of even those barbarous men. For so great is the dignity of this empire, so great is the honour in which the Roman name is held among all nations, that the exercise of such cruelty towards our citizens seems to be permitted to no one. Can I think that there is any safety or any refuge for you, when I see you hemmed in by the severity of the judges, and entangled as it were in the meshes of a net by the concourse of the Roman people here present?

[151] If, indeed, (though I have no idea that that is possible,) you were to escape from these toils, and effect your escape by any way or any method, you will then fall into that still greater net, in which you must be caught and destroyed by me from the elevation in which I stand. For even if I were to grant to him all that he urges in his defence, yet that very defence must turn out not less injurious to him than my true accusation. For what does he urge in his defence? He says that he arrested men flying from Spain , and put them to death. Who gave you leave to do so? By what right did you do so? Who else did the same thing? How was it lawful for you to do so?

[152] We see the forum and the porticoes full of those men, and we are contented to see them there. For the end of civil dissensions, and of the (shall I say) insanity, or destiny, or calamity in which they take their rise, is not so grievous as to make it unlawful for us to preserve the rest of our citizens in safety. That Verres there, that ancient betrayer of his consul, that transferrer ⁷ of the quaestorship, that embezzler of the public money, has taken upon himself so much authority in the republic, that he would have inflicted a bitter and cruel death on all those men whom the senate, and the Roman people, and the magistrates allowed to remain in the forum, in the exercise of their rights as voters' in the city and in the republic, if fortune had brought them to any part of Sicily .

[153] After Perperna was slain, many of the number of Sertorius's soldiers fled to Cnaeus Pompeius, that most illustrious and gallant man. Was there one of them whom he did not preserve safe and unhurt with the greatest kindness? was there one suppliant citizen to whom that invincible right hand was not stretched out as a pledge of his faith, and as a sure token of safety? Was it then so? Was death and torture appointed by you, who had never done one important service to the republic, for those who found a harbour of refuge in that man against whom they had borne arms? See what an admirable defence you have imagined for yourself. 59 I had rather, I had rather in truth, that the truth of this defence of yours were proved to these judges and to the Roman people, than the truth of my accusation. I had rather, I say, that you were thought a foe and an enemy to that class of men than to merchants and seafaring men. For the accusation I bring against you impeaches you of excessive avarice: the defence that you make for yourself accuses you of a sort of frenzy, of savage ferocity, of unheard-of cruelty, and of almost a new proscription.

[154] But I may not avail myself of such an advantage as that, O judges; I may not; for all Puteoli is here; merchants in crowds have come to this trial, wealthy and honourable men, who will tell you, some that their partners, some that their freedmen were plundered by that man, were thrown into prison, that some were privately murdered in prison, some publicly executed. See now how impartially I will behave to you. When I produce Publius Granius as a witness to state that his freedmen were publicly executed by you, to demand back his ship and his merchandise from you, refute him if you can; I will abandon my own witness and will take your part; I will assist you, I say, prove that those men have been with Sertorius, and that, when flying from Dianium , they were driven to Sicily . There is nothing which I would rather have you prove. For no crime can be imagined or produced against you which is worthy of a greater punishment.

[155] I will call back the Roman knight, Lucius Flavius, if you wish; since at the previous pleading, being influenced, as your advocates are in the habit of saying, by some unusual prudence, but, (as all men are aware,) being overpowered by your own conscience, and by the authority of my witnesses, you did not put a question to any single witness. Let Flavius be asked, if you like, who Lucius Herennius was, the man who, he says, was a money-changer at Leptis ; who, though he had more than a hundred Roman citizens in the body of settlers at Syracuse , who not only knew him, but defended him with their tears and with entreaties to you, was still publicly executed by you in the sight of all the Syracusans. I am very willing that this witness of mine should also be refuted, and that it should be demonstrated end proved by you that that Herennius had been one of Sertorius's soldiers.

[156] What shall we say of that multitude of those men who were produced with veiled heads among the pirates and prisoners in order to be executed? What was that new diligence of yours, and on what account was it put in operation? Did the loud outcries of Lucius Flavius and the rest about Lucius Herennius influence you? Had the excessive influence of Marcus Annius, a most influential and most honourable man, made you a little more careful and more fearful? who lately stated in his evidence that it was not some stranger, no one knows who, nor any foreigner, but a Roman citizen who was well known to the whole body of inhabitants, who had been born at Syracuse , who had been publicly executed by you.

[157] After this loud statement of theirs,—after this had become known by the common conversation and common complaints of all men, he began to be, I will not say more merciful in his punishments, but mere careful. He established the rule of bringing out Roman citizens for punishment with their heads muffled up, whom, however, he put to death in the sight of all men, because the citizens (as we have said before) were calculating the number of pirates with too much accuracy. Was this the condition that was established for the Roman people while you were praetor? were these the hopes under which they were to transact their business? was this the danger in which their lives and condition as freemen were placed? are there not risks enough at the hands of fortune to be encountered of necessity by merchants, unless they are threatened also with these terrors by our magistrates, and in our provinces? Was this the state to which it was decent to reduce that suburban and loyal province of Sicily , full of most valued allies, and of most honourable Roman citizens, which has at all times received with the greatest willingness all Roman citizens within its territories, that those who were sailing from the most distant parts of Syria or Egypt, who had been held in some honour, even among barbarians, on account of their name as Roman citizens, who had escaped from the ambushes of pirates, from the dangers of tempests, should be publicly executed in Sicily when they thought that they had now reached their home?

[158] For why should I speak of Publius Gavius, a citizen of the municipality of Cosa , O judges? or with what vigour of language, with what gravity of expression, with what grief of mind shall I mention him? But, indeed, that indignation fails me. I must take more care than usual that what I am going to say be worthy of my subject,—worthy of the indignation which I feel. For the charge is of such a nature, that when I was first informed of it I thought I should not avail myself of it. For although I knew that it was entirely true, still I thought that it would not appear credible. Being compelled by the tears of all the Roman citizens who are living as traders in Sicily , being influenced by the testimonies of the men of Valentia , most honourable men, and by those of all the Rhegians, and of many Roman knights who happened at that time to be at Messana , I produced at the previous pleading only just that amount of evidence which might prevent the matter from appearing doubtful to any one.

[159] What shall I do now? When I have been speaking for so many hours of one class of offences, and of that man's nefarious cruelty,—when I have now expended nearly all my treasures of words of such a sort as are worthy of that man's wickedness on other matters, and have omitted to take precautions to keep your attention on the stretch by diversifying my accusations, how am I to deal with an affair of the importance that this is? There is, I think, but one method, but one line open to me. I will place the matter plainly before you, which is of itself of such importance that there is no need of my eloquence and eloquence, indeed, I have none, but there is no need of any one's eloquence to excite your feelings.

[160] This Gavius whom I am speaking of, a citizens of Cosa , when he (among that vast number of Roman citizens who had been treated in the same way) had been thrown by Verres into prison, and somehow or other had escaped secretly out of the stone-quarries, and had come to Messana , being now almost within sight of Italy and of the walls of Rhegium , and being revived, after that fear of death and that darkness, by the light, as it were, of liberty and of the fragrance of the laws, began to talk at Messana , and to complain that he, a Roman citizen, had been thrown into prison. He said that he was now going straight to Rome , and that he would meet Verres on his arrival there. 62 The miserable man was not aware that it made no difference e whether he said this at Messana , or before the man's face in his own praetorian palace. For, as I have shown you before, that man had selected this city as the assistant in his crimes, the receiver of his thefts, the partner in all his wickedness. Accordingly, Gavius is at once brought before the Mamertine magistrates; and, as it happened, Verres came on that very day to Messana . The matter is brought before him. He is told that the man was a Roman citizen, who was complaining that at Syracuse he had been confined in the stone-quarries, and who, when he was actually embarking on board ship, and uttering violent threats against Verres, had been brought back by them, and reserved in order that he himself might decide what should be done with him.

[161] He thanks the men and praises their good-will and diligence in his behalf. He himself, inflamed with wickedness and frenzy, comes into the forum. His eyes glared; cruelty was visible in his whole countenance. All men waited to see what does he was going to take,—what he was going to do; when all of a sudden he orders the man to be seized, and to be stripped and bound in the middle of the forum, and the rods to be got ready. The miserable man cried out that he was a Roman citizen, a citizen, also, of the municipal town of Cosa ,—that he had served with Lucius Pretius a most illustrious Roman knight, who was living as a trader at Panormus , and from whom Verres might know that he was speaking the truth. Then Verres says that he has ascertained that he had been sent into Sicily by the leaders of the runaway slaves, in order to act as a spy; a matter as to which there was no witness, no trace, nor even the slightest suspicion in the mind of any one.

[162] Then he orders the man to be most violently scourged on all sides. In the middle of the forum of Messana a Roman citizen, O judges, was beaten with rods; while in the mean time no groan was heard, no other expression was heard from that wretched man, amid all his pain, and between the sound of the blows, except these words, “I am a citizen of Rome .” He fancied that by this one statement of his citizenship he could ward off all blows, and remove all torture from his person. He not only did not succeed in averting by his entreaties the violence of the rods, but as he kept on repeating his entreaties and the assertion of his citizenship, a cross—a cross I say—was got ready for that miserable man, who had never witnessed such a stretch of power.

[163] O the sweet name of liberty! O the admirable privileges of our citizenship! O Porcian law! O Sempronian laws! O power of the tribunes, bitterly regretted by, and at last restored to the Roman people! Have all our rights fallen so far, that in a province of the Roman people,—in a town of our confederate allies,—a Roman citizen should be bound in the forum, and beaten with rods by a man who only had the fasces and the axes through the kindness of the Roman people? What shall I say? When fire, and red-hot plates and other instruments of torture were employed? It the bitter entreaties and the miserable cries of that man had no power to restrain you, were you not moved even by the weeping and loud groans of the Roman citizens who were present at that time? Did you dare to drag any one to the cross who said that he was a Roman citizen? I was unwilling, O judges, to press this point so strongly at the former pleading; I was unwilling to do so. For you saw how the feelings of the multitude were excited against him with indignation, and hatred, and fear of their common danger. I, at that time, fixed a limit to my oration, and checked the eagerness of Caius Numitorius a Roman knight, a man of the highest character, one of my witnesses. And I rejoiced that Glabrio had acted (and he had acted most wisely) as he did in dismissing that witness immediately, in the middle of the discussion. In fact he was afraid that the Roman people might seem to have inflicted that punishment on Verres by tumultuary violence, which he was anxious he should only suffer according to the laws and by your judicial sentence.

[164] Now since it is made clear beyond a doubt to every one, in what state your case is, and what will become of you, I will deal thus with you: I will prove that that Gavius whom you all of a sudden assert to have been a spy, had been confined by you in the stone-quarries at Syracuse ; and I will prove that, not only by the registers of the Syracusans,—lest you should be able to say that, because there is a man named Gavius mentioned in those documents, I have invented this charge, and picked out this name so as to be able to say that this is the man,—but in accordance with your own choice I will produce witnesses, who will state that that identical man was thrown by you into the stone-quarries at Syracuse . I will produce, also, citizens of Cosa , his fellow citizens and relations,, who shall teach you, though it is too late, and who shall also teach the judges, (for it is not too late for them to know them,) that that Publius Gavius whom you crucified was a Roman citizen, and a citizen of the municipality of Cosa , not a spy of runaway slaves.

[165] When I have made all these points, which I undertake to prove, abundantly plain to your most intimate friends, then I will also turn my attention to that which is granted me by you. I will say that I am content with that. For what—what, I say—did you yourself lately say, when in an agitated state you escaped from the outcry and violence of the Roman people? Why, that he had only cried out that he was a Roman citizen because he was seeking some respite, but that he was a spy. My witnesses are unimpeachable. For what else does Caius Numitorius say? what else do Marcus and Publius Cottius say, most noble men of the district of Tauromenium ? what else does Marcus Lucceius say, who had a great business as a money-changer at Rhegium ? what else do all the others ray? For as yet witnesses have only been produced by me of this class, not men who say that they were acquainted with Gavius, but men who say that they saw him at the time that he was being dragged to the cross, while crying out that he was a Roman citizen. And you, O Verres, say the same thing. You confess that he did cry out that he was a Roman citizen; but that the name of citizenship did not avail with you even as much as to cause the least hesitation in your mind, or even any brief respite from a most cruel and ignominious punishment.

[166] This is the point I press, this is what I dwell upon, O judges; with this single fact I am content. I give up, I am indifferent to all the rest. By his own confession he must be entangled and destroyed. You did not know who he was; you suspected that he was a spy. I do not ask you what were your grounds for that suspicion, I impeach you by your own words. He said that he was a Roman citizen. If you, O Verres, being taken among the Persians or in the remotest parts of India , were being led to execution, what else would you cry out but that you were a Roman citizen? And if that name of your city, honoured and renowned as it is among all men, would have availed you, a stranger among strangers, among barbarians, among men placed in the most remote and distant corners of the earth, ought not he, whoever he was, whom you were hurrying to the cross, who was a stranger to you, to have been able, when he said that he was a Roman citizen, to obtain from you, the praetor, if not an escape, at least a respite from death by his mention of and claims to citizenship?

[167] Men of no importance, born in an obscure rank, go to sea; they go to places which they have never seen before; where they can neither be known to the men among whom they have arrived, nor always find people to vouch for them. But still, owing to this confidence in the mere fact of their citizenship, they think that they shall be safe, not only among our own magistrates, who are restrained by fear of the laws and of public opinion, nor among our fellow citizens only, who are limited with them by community of language, of rights, and of many other things; but wherever they come they think that this will be a protection to them.

[168] Take away this hope, take away this protection from Roman citizens, establish the fact that there is no assistance to be found in the words “I am a Roman citizen;” that a praetor, or any other officer, may with impunity order any punishment he pleases to be inflicted on a man who says that he is a Roman citizen, though no one knows that it is not true; and at one blow, by admitting that defence; you cut off from the Roman citizens all the provinces, all the kingdoms, all free cities, and indeed the whole world, which has hitherto been open most especially to our countrymen. But what shall be said if he named Lucius Pretius, a Roman knight, who was at that time living in Sicily as a trader, as a man who would vouch for him? Was it a very great undertaking to send letters to Panormus ? to keep the man? to detain him in prison, confined in the custody of your dear friends the Mamertines, till Pretius came from Panormus ? Did he know the man? Then you might remit some part of the extreme punishment. Did he not know him? Then, if you thought fit, you might establish this law for all people, that whoever was not known to you, and could not produce a rich man to vouch for him, even though he were a Roman citizen, was still to be crucified.

[169] But why need I say more about Gavius? as if you were hostile to Gavius, and not rather an enemy to the name and class of citizens, and to all their rights. You were not, I say, an enemy to the individual, but to the common cause of liberty. For what was your object in ordering the Mamertines, when, according to their regular custom and usage, they had erected the cross behind the city in the Pompeian road, to place it where it looked towards the strait; and in adding, what you can by no means deny, what you said openly in the hearing of every one, that you chose that place in order that the man who said that he was a Roman citizen, might be able from his cross to behold Italy and to look towards his own home? And accordingly, O judges, that cross, for the first time since the foundation of Messana , was erected in that place. A spot commanding a view of Italy was picked out by that man, for the express purpose that the wretched man who was dying in agony and torture might see that the rights of liberty and of slavery were only separated by a very narrow strait, and that Italy might behold her son murdered by the most miserable and most painful punishment appropriate to slaves alone.

[170] It is a crime to bind a Roman citizen; to scourge him is a wickedness; to put him to death is almost parricide. What shall I say of crucifying him? So guilty an action cannot by any possibility be adequately expressed by any name bad enough for it. Yet with all this that man was not content. “Let him behold his country,” said he; “let him die within sight of laws and liberty.” It was not Gavius, it was not one individual, I know not whom,—it was not one Roman citizen,—it was the common cause of freedom and citizenship that you exposed to that torture and nailed on that cross. But now consider the audacity of the man. Do not you think that he was indignant that be could not erect that cross for Roman citizens in the forum, in the comitium, in the very rostra? For the place in his province which was the most like those places in celebrity, and the nearest to them in point of distance, he did select. He chose that monument of his wickedness and audacity to be in the sight of Italy , in the very vestibule of Sicily , within sight of all passers-by as they sailed to and fro.

[171] If I were to choose to make these complaints and to utter these lamentations, not to Roman citizens, not to any friends of our city, not to men who had heard of the name of the Roman people,—if I uttered them not to men, but to beasts,—or even, to go further, if I uttered them in some most desolate wilderness to the stones and rocks, still all things, mute and inanimate as they might be, would be moved by such excessive, by such scandalous atrocity of conduct. But now, when I am speaking before senators of the Roman people, the authors of the laws, of the courts of justice, and of all right, I ought not to fear that that man will not be judged to be the only Roman citizen deserving of that cross of his, and that all others will not be judged most undeserving of such a danger.

[172] A little while ago, O judges, we did not restrain our tears at the miserable and most unworthy death of the naval captains; and it was right for us to be moved at the misery of our innocent allies; what now ought we to do when the lives of our relations are concerned? For the blood of all Roman citizens ought to be accounted kindred blood; since the consideration of the common safety, and truth requires it. All the Roman citizens in this place, both those who are present, and those who are absent in distant lands, require your severity, implore the aid of your good faith, look anxiously for your assistance. They think that all their privileges, all their advantages, all their defences, in short their whole liberty, depends on your sentence.

[173] From me, although they have already had aid enough, still, if the affair should turn out ill, they will perhaps have more than the venture to ask for. For even though any violence should snatch that man from your severity, which I do not fear, a judges, nor do I think it by any means possible; still, if my expectations should in this deceive me, the Sicilians will complain that their cause is lost, and they will be as indignant as I shall myself; yet the Roman people, in a short time, since it has given me the power of pleading before them, shall through my exertions recover its rights by its own votes before the beginning of February. And if you have any anxiety, O judges, for my honour and for my renown, it is not unfavourable for my interests, that that man, having been saved from me at this trial, should be reserved for that decision of the Roman people. The cause is a splendid one, one easily to be proved by me, very acceptable and agreeable to the Roman people. Lastly, if I see where to have wished to rise at the expense of that one man, which I have not wished,—if he should be acquitted, (a thing which cannot happen without the wickedness of many men,) I shall be enabled to rise at the expense of many. 68 But in truth, for your sake, O judges, and for the sake of the republic, I should grieve that such a crime was committed by this select bench of judges. I should grieve that those judges, whom I have myself approved of and joined in selecting, should walk about in this city branded with such disgrace by that man being acquitted, as to seem smeared not with wax, ⁸ but with mud.

[174] Wherefore, from this place I warn you also, O Hortensius, if there is any room for giving a warning, to take care again and again, and to consider what you are doing, and whither you are proceeding; what man it is whom you are defending, and by what means you are doing so. Nor in this manner do I seek at all to limit you, so as to prevent your contending against me with all your genius, and all your ability in speaking. As to other things, if you think that you can secretly manage, out of court, some of the things which belong to this judicial trial; if you think that you can effect anything by artifice, by cunning, by influence, by your own popularity, by that man's wealth; then I am strongly of opinion you had better abandon that idea. And I warn you rather to put down, I warn you not to suffer to proceed any further the attempts which have already been commenced by that man, but which have been thoroughly detected by, and are thoroughly known to me. It will be at a great risk to yourself that any error is committed in this trial; at a greater risk than you think.

[175] For as for your thinking yourself now relieved from all fear for your reputation, and at the summit of all honour as consul elect, believe me, it is no less laborious a task to preserve those honours and kindnesses, conferred on you by the Roman people, than to acquire them. This city has borne as long as it could, as long as there was no help for it, that kingly sort of sway of yours which you have exercised in the courts of justice, and in every part of the republic. It has borne it, I say. But on the day when the tribunes of the people were restored to the Roman people, all those privileges (if you are not yourself already aware of it) were taken away from you. At this very time the eyes of all men are directed on each individual among us, to see with what good faith I prosecute him, with what scrupulous justice these men judge him, in what manner you defend him.

[176] And in the case of all of us, if any one of us turns aside ever so little from the right path, there will follow, not that silent opinion of men which you were formerly accustomed to despise, but a severe and fearless judgment of the Roman people. You have, O Quintus, no relationship, no connection with that man. In the case of this man you can have none of those excuses with which you formerly used to defend your excessive zeal in any trial. You are bound to take care above all things, that the things which that fellow used to say in the province, when he said that he did all that he was doing out of his confidence in you, shall not be thought to be true.

[177] I feel sure now that I have discharged my duty to the satisfaction of all those who are most unfavourable to me. For I convicted him, in the few hours which the first pleading occupied, in the opinion of every man. The remainder of the trial is not now about my good faith, which has been amply proved, nor about that fellow's way of life, which has bean fully condemned; but it is the judges, and if I am to tell the truth, it is yourself, who will now be passed sentence on. But when will that sentence be passed? For that is a point that must be much looked to, since in all things, and especially in state affairs, the consideration of time and circumstance is of the greatest importance. Why, at that time when the Roman people shall demand another class of men, another order of citizens to act as judges. Sentence will be pronounced in deciding on that law about new judges and fresh tribunals which has been proposed in reality not by the man whose name you see on the back of it, but by this defendant. Verres, I say, has contrived to have this law drawn up and proposed from the hope and opinion which he entertains of you.

[178] Therefore, when this cause was first commenced, that law had not been proposed; when Verres, alarmed at your impartiality, had given many indications that he was not likely to make any reply at all, still no mention was made of that law; when he seemed to pick up a little courage and to fortify himself with some little hope, immediately this law was proposed. And as your dignity is exceedingly inconsistent with this law, so his false hopes and preeminent impudence are strongly in favour of it. In this case, if anything blameworthy be done by any of you, either the Roman people itself will judge that man whom it has already pronounced unworthy of any trial at all; or else those men will judge, who, because of the unpopularity of the existing tribunals, will be appointed as new judges by a new law made respecting the old judges.

[179] For myself, even though I were not to say it myself, who is there who is not aware how far it is necessary for me to proceed? Will it be possible for me to be silent, O Hortensius? Will it be possible for me to dissemble, when the republic has received so severe a wound, that, though I pleaded the cause, our provinces will appear to have been pillaged, our allies oppressed, the immortal gods plundered, Roman citizens tortured and murdered with impunity? Will it be possible for me either to lay this burden on the shoulders of this tribunal, or any longer to endure it in silence? Must not the matter be agitated? must it not be brought publicly forward? Must not the good faith of the Roman people be implored? Must not all who have implicated themselves in such wickedness as to allow their good faith to be tampered with, or to give a corrupt decision, be summoned before the court, and made to encounter a public trial?

[180] Perhaps some one will ask, Are you then going to take upon yourself such a labour, and such violent enmity from so many quarters? Not, of a truth, from any desire of mine, or of my own free will. But I have not the same liberty allowed me that they have who are born of noble family; on whom even when they are asleep all the honours of the Roman people are showered. I must live in this city on far other terms and other conditions. For the case of Marcus Cato, a most wise and active man, occurs to me; who, as he thought that it was better to be recommended to the Roman people by virtue than by high birth, and as he wished that the foundation of his race and name should be hid and extended by himself, voluntarily encountered the enmity of most influential men, and lived in the discharge of the greatest labours to an extreme old age with great credit.

[181] After that, did not Quintus Pompeius, a man born in a low and obscure rank of life, gain the very highest honours by encountering the enmity of many, and great personal danger, and by undertaking great labour? And lately we have seen Caius Fimbria, Caius Marcius, and Caius Caelius, striving with no slight toil, and in spite of no insignificant opposition, to arrive at those honours which you nobles arrive at while devoted to amusement or absorbed in indifference. This is the system, this is the path for our adoption. These are the men whose conduct and principles we follow. 71 We see how unpopular with, and how hateful to some men of noble birth, is the virtue and industry of new men; that, if we only turn our eyes away for a moment, snares are laid for us; that, if we give the least room for suspicion or for accusation, an attack is immediately made on us; that we must be always vigilant, always labouring. Are there any enmities?—let them be encountered; any toils?—Let them be undertaken.

[182] In truth, silent and secret enmities are more to be dreaded than war openly declared and waged against us. There's scarcely one man of noble birth who looks favourably on our industry; there are no services of ours by which we can secure their good-will; they differ from us in disposition and inclination, as if they were of a different race and a different nature. What danger then is there to us in their enmity, when their dispositions are already averse and inimical to us before we have at all provoked their enmity?

[183] Wherefore, O judges, I earnestly wish that I may appear for the last time in the character of an accuser, in the case of this criminal, when I shall have given satisfaction to the Roman people, and discharged the duty due to the Sicilians my client, and which I have voluntarily undertaken. But it is my deliberate resolution, if the event should deceive the expectation which I cherish of you, to prosecute not only those who are particularly implicated in the guilt of corrupting the tribunal, but those also who have in any way been accomplices in it. Moreover, if there be any persons, who in the case of the criminal have any inclination to show themselves powerful, or audacious, or ingenious in corrupting the tribunal, let them hold themselves ready, seeing that they will have to fight a battle with us, while the Roman people will be the judges of the contest. And if they know that, in the case of this criminal, whom the Sicilian nation has given me for my enemy, I have been sufficiently energetic, sufficiently persevering, and sufficiently vigilant, they may conceive that I shall be a much more formidable and active enemy to those men whose enmity I have encountered of my own accord, for the sake of the Roman people.

[184] Now, O good and great Jupiter, you, whose royal present, worthy of your most splendid temple, worthy of the Capitol and of that citadel of all nations, worthy of being the gift of a king, made for you by a king, dedicated and promised to you, that man by his nefarious wickedness wrested from the hands of a monarch; you whose most holy and most beautiful image he carried away from Syracuse ;—And you, O royal Juno, whose two temples, situated in two islands of our allies—at Melita and Samos—temples of the greatest sanctity and the greatest antiquity, that same man, with similar wickedness, stripped of all their presents and ornaments;—And you, O Minerva, whom he also pillaged in two of your most renowned and most venerated temples—at Athens , when he took away a great quantity of gold, and at Syracuse , when he took away everything except the roof and walls;—

[185] And you, O Latona, O Apollo, O Diana, whose (I will not say temples, but, as the universal opinion and religious belief agrees,) ancient birthplace and divine home at Delos he plundered by a nocturnal robbery and attack;—You, also, O Apollo, whose image he carried away from Chios ;—You, again and again, O Diana, whom he plundered at Perga; whose most holy image at Segesta , where it had been twice consecrated—once by their own religious gift, and a second time by the victory of Publius Africanus—he dared to take away and remove;—And you, O Mercury, whom Verres had placed in his villa, and in some private palaestra, but whom Publius Africanus had placed in a city of the allies. and in the gymnasium of the Tyndaritans, as a guardian and protector of the youth of the city;—

[186] And you, O Hercules, whom that man endeavoured, on a stormy night, with a band of slaves properly equipped and armed, to tear down from your situation, and to carry off;—And you, O most holy mother Cybele, whom he left among the Enguini, in your most august and venerated temple, plundered to such an extent, that the name only of Africanus, and some traces of your worship thus violated, remain, but the monuments of victory and all the ornaments of the temple are no longer visible,—You, also, O you judges and witnesses of all forensic matters, and of the most important tribunals, and of the laws, and of the courts of justice,—you, placed in the most frequented place belonging to the Roman people, O Castor and Pollux, from whose temple that man, in a most wicked manner, procured gain to himself, and enormous booty;—And, O all ye gods, who, borne on sacred cars, visit the solemn assemblies of our games, whose road that fellow contrived should be adapted, not to the dignity of your religious ceremonies, but to his own profit;

[187] —And you, O Ceres and Libera, whose sacred worship, as the opinions and religious belief of all men agree, is contained in the most important and most abstruse mysteries; you, by whom the principles of life and food, the examples of laws, customs, humanity, and refinement are said to have been given and distributed to nations and to cities; you, whose sacred rites the Roman people has received from the Greeks and adopted, and now preserves with such religious awe, both publicly and privately, that they seem not to have been introduced from other nations, but rather to nave been transmitted from hence to other nations, but which nave been polluted and violated by that man alone, in such a manner, that he had one image of Ceres (which it was impious for a man not only to touch, but even to look upon) pulled down from its place in the temple at Catina , and taken away; and another image of whom he carried away from its proper seat and home at Enna ; which was a work of such beauty, that men, when they saw it, thought either that they saw Ceres herself, or an image of Ceres not wrought by human hand, but one that had fallen from heaven;—

[188] You, again and again I implore and appeal to, most holy goddesses, who dwell around those lakes and groves of Enna , and who preside over all Sicily , which is entrusted to me to be defended; you whose invention and gift of corn, which you have distributed over the whole earth, inspires all nations and all races of men with reverence for your divine power;—And all the other gods, and all the goddesses, do I implore and entreat, against whose temples and religious worship that man, inspired by some wicked frenzy and audacity, has always waged a sacrilegious and impious war, that, if in dealing with this criminal and this cause my counsels have always tended to the safety of the allies, the dignity of the Roman people, and the maintenance of my own character for good faith; if all my cares, and vigilance, and thoughts have been directed to nothing but the discharge of my duty, and the establishment of truth, I implore them, O judges, so to influence you, that the thoughts which were mine when I undertook this cause, the good faith which has been mine in pleading it, may be yours also in deciding it.

[189] Lastly, that, if all the actions of Caius Verres are unexampled and unheard of instances of wickedness, of audacity, of perfidy, of lust, of avarice, and of cruelty, an end worthy of such a life and such actions may, by your sentence, overtake him; and that the republic, and my own duty to it, may be content with my undertaking this one prosecution, and that I may be allowed for the future to defend the good, instead of being compelled to prosecute the infamous.

Notes on the current edition

In C. Verrem

1. eius defensio Rp: def. eius S ψ

2. mihi ante est iudices Rp δ: ante est mihi ( om. iud.) S ψ

3. M. codd. ( ut etiam §§5, 7, 14)

4. ipsum Eberh. Zielinski

5. ac felix G12K

6. tecum summo iure Quint. ix. 2. 26

7. quō DG2 ( falsa interpr. q no S): quomodo G1 L al.

8. sed Halm: et codd.

9. disiunctus RSp (iv, §103): diiunctus Halm, edd.

10. iis edd.: his p: istis R: histis S

11. ut iis edd.: uti is R, uti his S, ut his p δ

12. ab p δ

13. Ac p: ad pr. R, dein corr. At, et sic SD ψ (iv, §151)

14. tenuerant Ernesti

15. fuerant RS: erant p δ

16. spectatis RS: om. Quint. ix. 2. 22

17. diceret p δ

18. potest Kp δ: posset RS

19. Lilybitana Mommsen, ut Div. §55: Lilybaetana vulg.

20. tum RS

21. traditos et ad palum alligatos δ (§§10, 11 supra)

22. eveniant RS: eveniunt p, veniunt δ: haec ubi even. secl. Ern. Kays.

23. facta sunt add. edd.: sicubi ita facta sunt π: sicubi facta sunt RS ψ

24. aut ( ante nobiles) p δ: ac RS (§34 infra)

25. at non ( ter) Lamb.: ut non ( ter) RSp

26. ad ( ante fortunas) om. p δ: ad omnium fort. S ψ

27. servos del. Zielinski

28. comprendi RS: comprehendi p vulg.

29. cruciatus p δ: et cruc. RS ψ

30. Imacharensi Prisc.: macharensi codd.

31. dc sine lineola RS: centies p δ

32. dicit q: dicet p δ: om. RS

33. Diocli p δ: Dioclis RS ψ

34. nescio quid addidi: excog. nescio quid attulit RS ψ: attulit profecto excog. nescio quid π ( sed p cum signis transp.) et sic Thomas del. excogitavit

35. omnium p δ ( Cluent. §75): hominum RS ψ (§75 infra)

36. diceret codd.: diceba(n)t Serv. ad Aen. xii. 717, Zielinski, p. 197

37. et eius praetoris om. RS ψ

38. his Sp: iis R: om. δ

39. de consilii sententia Lamb.: de consilio RS ψ: cum consilio p δ ( fort. cum consilio... sine consilio)

40. antea δ (iv, §§104, 132; v, §167)

41. honestissimae (-ę) civ. honestissimum SD: honestissimae (-e) maximae (-e) civ. hon. R ψ: honestissimum civitatis honestissimae p δ, civitatis suppl. in lac. p2 (iii, §56; v, §§117, 122): cf. Am. J. Ph. xxvi, p. 431

42. ad te p δ

43. publicis om. π

44. relinquam p δ

45. recognoscite Wurm, edd.

46. proponerentur p δ

47. a ( ante conspectu) om. RSD

48. parentium RSD: parentum ψp δ

49. atque a RS al.: ac G2L: et p δ

50. sine aliqua causa p δ

51. et tempt. SG3

52. pecuniosissimis RSD ψ: pecuniosis p δ

53. metum om. RS ψ

54. illo codd.: ipso Halm

55. et ad temp. p δ

56. compararat Lamb.: comparat RSD: comparet p δ

57. viderent S

58. viderit Kornitzer, Zielinski ( p. 197): videret codd., edd.

59. conterebatur p δ

60. astro ed. Ascens. 1511: austro codd.

61. tunc δ

62. videret δ

63. usque ad p δ

64. discripserat Halm: descrips. codd.

65. his RSp

66. solent p δ

67. dilecta RS

68. Atque non Weidner

69. soleat RS ψ: solet p δ

70. vocabatur RSp: veniebat δ

71. qui om. RS

72. pċrċ p: p. r. praetorum RS: praetorum δ (iv, §146; v, §81)

73. ut RS: om. p δ

74. quivis ut Nohl, Muell.

75. non ut se RS ψ

76. sed Cann. Lamb.: sed ut Cann. RS ψp: sed vel Cann. Eberh.

77. esse iam p δ

78. tunc RS

79. ex genere p δ

80. ut primum RS ψp

81. ab Rhodio tibicine et 12 Isidori secl. Heraeus

82. deportarit Halm

83. talarique Naugerius: parique RS rell.

84. homines in eo p δ ( Nonius, p. 358)

85. a foro SDq al.: foro Rpk

86. imperatoriis corr. qr: imperatoris R: imperatoribus prk

87. ex mulierum morsu secl. Rau

88. istius om. πk

89. aut p δ: ac RS: et Z (iii, §23)

90. et RS: om. p δ (i, §60)

91. arbitrer RS

92. unum Rp: om. S ψ

93. esse videntur S ψ

94. ea om. p δ

95. Romani sunt nominati p δ

96. prodendae Gronovius: prodendam codd.

97. etiamsi RS: ut tametsi p edd. (v, §81)

98. si om. SD

99. Post forte, te experg. scripsi (§56 infra): expergete facere p ( sed cum signo transp.=te experg.): experg. te δ edd.: te om. RS

100. domo ( om. a) p δ

101. extrudere δ

102. intelliges p δ

103. criminum p edd.: criminis RS

104. fugitivorum secl. Richter (§14 supra)

105. tempsanum p: temanum R

106. obstulisset p: obtulisset δ

107. industriae fuisset p δ

108. iis Bait.: his codd.

109. quereretur RS

110. imperium ac om. RS ψ

111. tu om. δ

112. dixissetque quidam Ernesti: dixisse quendam codd. ( unde 15, 16 admurmuraverunt—dixerunt G3 contra RS)

113. admurmuraverint RS: -arint p δ

114. Et his pk: sed iis R: sed his S pr., corr. sed is: et is δ

115. praedonum om. RS

116. praetore praeclare prk δ

117. cybaeam del. Klotz

118. pulcherrimam... cybaeam om. Halm, Zielinski, secl. Muell. ( l. 18 infra)

119. cybaeam om. prk

120. tuo nomine publice om. prk δ

121. per magistratumque RS (iv, §103)

122. ipse RS: iste p δ

123. iste RS: ante p δ Nohl

124. clarissimae RS ψ: carissimae p δ edd.

125. iam navem p: eam navem δ: navem del. Eberhard

126. cui licuerit RS

127. senatori del. Zielinski

128. Quo enim Prisc.

129. navi (nave) opus fuit Prisc. δ

130. et praesidiis p: et praesidii δ

131. proficiscisceris... praebentur π: proficiscereris... praeberentur RS

132. arcessere π: accersere RS δ (iv, §115)

133. turpe numquam om. p δ: turpe om. qk

134. in ea p δ

135. deducturum p δ

136. naviculariam te δ

137. istis ipsis tuis Mam. laud. pk δ

138. princeps civitatis prk δ: om. RS ψ (ii, §13)

139. esse aedificatam p δ

140. senatum Monet

141. nil Zielinski, p. 178

142. nil Zielinski, p. 178

143. deinde id quod perspicio et quod RSp rell.: deinde perspicio id quod ostendam Zumpt

144. istos p2 ipsorum ex Rp δ: ex ipsorum S ψ

145. num cui pk δ: num quid RS ψ

146. hi pk δ: et RS, ei Iordan., edd.

147. ante om. RS ( ut etiam §55 infra)

148. faciundo p δ

149. imponeretur p

150. inerant S ( habet R n supra lin.): an inerant... quaedam notae?

151. novo pk δ: om. RS

152. tot annis... nostri om. RS

153. iure imperii... semper retentum Cinnam secutus secl. Brugnola

154. usurpato... retento p ( ut coni. Th. Luther)

155. ne p: om. RS

156. e lege RSD: ex lege p

157. imperavisti RSp: imperasti G1 ( Ziel. p. 197)

158. his p δ

159. omnes RSp: omnes praetores δ (§49 supra)

160. his RS δ: is p: íis Halm

161. Recita. Commentarius Halm, edd.: R. commentarium RSp2

162. C. S. RS al.: r. c. p2: De cons. sententia (D. C. S.) Zumpt

163. pactionis Nohl: pactiones RS: pactores pk δ

164. ex ( post et) om. p δ

165. def. nam simul ac p δ

166. te pk δ: om. RS (§38 supra): adierunt te et Halm

167. Litterae rerum decretarum Zumpt. Post imperati habent RS eum decretarum, p δ et rerum decretarum tritici empti

168. enim scripsi: ut RSp δ Prisc. ( Gr. Lat. iii, p. 338): om. Hotoman, Zielinski (Primum om. p1)

169. vi add. K. Busche

170. et ( ante metu) om. p δ. Cf. i, §57; iii, §67

171. id quod δ

172. exspoliatosque RSp: corr. Hotoman

173. de p δ Arusianus: om. RS (reip. G1)

174. vitae p: vitae fuerunt δ

175. denegarent δ (nil negarent Zielinski, p. 178)

176. quae nova prov. p δ

177. spolia provinciae SG2

178. portares p δ

179. praebuerunt SDp: praebuere R

180. iis Zumpt, edd.: his codd.

181. ea δ: om. RSp al.

182. fuit RS ψ: tui pk al.

183. rationes referre Graevius: rationes ferre RS: rationem referre p δ

184. recita testimonia civitatum suppl. in lac. p2: recita testimonium ( om. civit.) RS

185. hancine aud. p δ

186. describere R2Sp

187. cum commeatum RS

188. itaque δ

189. navibus his p δ

190. adduxerunt RS

191. plane tardam Eberh.

192. deprensam G. Ammon

193. ac RS: aut pk δ (§34 supra)

194. exinanienda navi p δ

195. de quo... oportuit del. Zielinski ( p. 197)

196. Hodieque p δ

197. sic habent persuasum p δ

198. patiatur p δ: patitur RS ψ

199. sese Zumpt: esse RS: vidisse se pq ( om. esse)

200. fiebat RSp: fiebant δ edd.

201. iis Orelli: his codd.

202. eosdem vinctos δ

203. iste pirata p (iste s. l.)

204. celatus est p δ

205. ecquem audisti δ

206. in Sicilia del. Zielinski

207. erat iam δ

208. ferire RS (iv, §123)

209. e cod. Lamb.: a RS: ex p δ

210. depressum... excisum δ

211. exitus p δ

212. in lautumiis secl. Richter-Eberhard

213. amendat Rp al.

214. putastis RS

215. a navigando reZZZmotissimos reZZZbusque maritimis suppl. s. l. p2: sine signis transp. qr

216. terr. hominem arch. π

217. ut is (his pr) victu pk δ: ut ei victus RS: uti victu Halm

218. haberetur πk

219. omnium Ern., Eberh.

220. removerat atque p δ: om. RS

221. si ut edd.: sicut RSp: si sicut Halm

222. quin VRp: qui non Sal.

223. et flagitaret om. V

224. maximus p δ

225. quos ceruos V

226. insimulat V

227. praetoribus RSD ( corr. in mg. praedonibus D)

228. erant capti RSp: capti erant V

229. alios quam V

230. cap. obv. e carcere RSp: involutis e carc. capitibus V

231. ego om. π

232. vict. parta s. patrata Bonnet

233. et necati pk δ: om. RS

234. ablata secl. Bonnet: sublata Heraeus, Eberh.

235. ablatum et Halmio auctore del. Zielinski

236. sese p δ

237. se securi SD ψ: esse curi R: securi pk δ

238. se continuit p: cont. se q

239. iudicium et crimen p

240. horrueris G12 K: horreris RS: horreres cod. Lamb.: horrebas pk δ

241. cum RS: his cum pqk: hic cum δ Nohl: nunc cum C. Schenkl

242. coarguare Rp: arguare SD ψ (iv, §104)

243. tibi om. π

244. esset (est δ)... est πk δ: om. RS ψ

245. omnes homines RS (§16 supra)

246. sit tibi p: siti R: si tibi SD

247. quoad RSp: quod δ

248. a quo tempore capti sunt Richt. auctore del. Zielinski

249. Acilium add. δ

250. quisquam omnium pk: om. RS ψ

251. postridie RS ψ

252. contra populum romanum p δ

253. et nunc (non q) cuiquam dubium π

254. ab δ

255. Nico ed. Cratandr.: in co codd.

256. enim esse SD al.: esse enim Rp, sed hic cum signo transp. (iv, §108)

257. totum mihi RSD: mihi totum pqk: (enim mihi totum esse s. enim totum esse mihi δ)

258. ipsi om. V

259. tot praed. V (§62 supra)

260. luxuriem RSD: -am V δ

261. quae... solent del. Ern. et edd. recc.: iv, §118

262. antea iam pk δ

263. in ( ante Insula) om. RS

264. aestivos iam continuos V, prob. Luterbacher (§§94, 137 infra): aestivos LX p δ

265. praetor p. r. p δ: PRO PR. V: PR. R: ċprċ SD: pop. Rom. praetor Klotz (iv, §146; v, §136)

266. accubaret V

267. etsi RS: tametsi Vpk δ (§37 supra)

268. dixerim H. Richards

269. libertus etiam k

270. Erat ( post abdux erat) suppl. Schuetz: Pipa RS rell.: et Pipa V: in his erat Pipa Richter

271. cupiditate codd. praeter Lg. 42

272. de qua... percelebr. secl. Bake

273. Cleomenis V δ, fort. recte (§§101, 112, 122)

274. Cleomenes vir RS rell.: vir Cleomenes V: Cleomenes secl. Kays., ego delevi

275. dum V: tum dum RS: tum cum p, tunc cum δ

276. ablegato Vpk δ: abalienato RS ψ

277. animo tamen Vp: tamen animo R et pler.

278. set RS: at Vp δ (ii, i, §94)

279. Accepit V

280. ubi ternis... et data secl. aut del. Eberh., Nohl, Schmalz

281. P. R. nomen Vp δ: P. R. RSD

282. haec ego ad RS: ego haec ad V: haec omnia ad pk

283. in insula Vp al.: insula RS (§80 supra)

284. Syracusanum Vpk δ: - anorum RS ψ

285. possent VRS: possunt p: possint Ern. edd. (§139 infra)

286. in speciem k δ: in specie RSDp: specie al. ( fort. ad speciem; i, §58)

287. hoc ipso p δ

288. viderant Benedict, edd. recc.: viderunt codd. ( Zielinski, pp. 197-8)

289. ac Rq: atque p δ

290. cum imperio, tum etiam luxurie ac nequitia Zielinski: luxurie Madv.: luxuriae R: luxuria SD δ

291. res se RS: res sese q: sese res p δ

292. Quodsi Cleom. non pq: Quod Cleom. non R et pr. S: quod Cleom. nisi corr. SD δ: quod nisi Cleom. λ

293. turris instar K. Busche

294. Helorum Augustinus: Pelorum codd.

295. nobilis RS: nobilissimus pqk

296. advesp. δ

297. huiusce cladis ( om. gravis) Iul. Severianus

298. antea semper Halm, edd.: anper R1: nuper R2S ψ: antea δ. Habent pq sicut antea cons. erat ( Cl. Rev. xviii. 212)

299. excitatus exit p δ

300. excipit Vp δ

301. clamorem VpR1 δ (excipit... clamores k)

302. maius hoc Vp δ: maius RS ψ

303. commemorabatur Hotoman: -antur codd.

304. est tumultus p δ ( Am. J. Ph. xxvi. 430)

305. esset RS ψ

306. etiam hac Vp δ: hac etiam RSD: etiam?

307. stuperet RS rell.: stupri plenus stuperet V ( l. 14 supra)

308. Pelorum codd.

309. Syracusas RS ψ: ad Syr. Vp δ

310. qui om. π

311. ad om. V

312. commosse RSp: commovisse V δ

313. adluantur Vp: abluantur RS ψ

314. parvis myop. V

315. myoparo Vp δ: myoparon, muoparon RS ψ

316. imperii RSp: imp. V (imperatoris, Klotz, Nohl): imperium δ

317. Syracusanorum RS ψ (§§84, 140): Syracusanum V: om. p δ

318. potuerant π

319. viderent V δ

320. trecentis navibus del. Zielinski

321. portusque RSp: om. V: secl. Halm, Muell.

322. potestatem VR al.: potestate p δ, fort. recte

323. invenerat iaciebat Vp δ

324. et om. π

325. omnium addidi, tot Zielinski, tantum Muell., nostrorum K. Busche: hominum honestissimorum Eberh. (§107)

326. quot Lamb.: quod RS, quos p δ

327. nave RS: navi p δ (§102)

328. et in p

329. toto RSp: tota q ψ

330. esset δ

331. vidistis RS

332. illis p: ille is R: ille his (hiis) SD ψ

333. se om. R1p1: sermones de se S ψ

334. rogat ut id facere desistant et in sua p δ

335. iis δ: his RS et suppl. p: illis Stephanus

336. respondet SD ψ: respondit ( corr. R ex respondis) Rpk δ (ii, §98)

337. litteris πδ (i, §57; iv, §31): litteras R rell.

338. tolli et RS: secl. Zumpt, Muell.: et tolli et δ

339. auctoribusque R

340. Cleomene RS: Cleomeni p δ: de Cleomene G3

341. Cleomenen R: -em S rell. ( l. 1 infra -en R: -em VS rell.)

342. animadvertere V πk: animum adverti RS: animum advertere Z ( ut codd. supra l. 20: cf. iv, §28)

343. quam aut Vpk δ: quam ut R: quam SD ψ

344. id quod V (i, §III)

345. ad se vocari V

346. tum VRSp: tunc δ

347. et om. RS

348. admurmuratio V ( Meusel, p. 33)

349. arbitraretur RS ψ: putaretur V πδ

350. ita om. V δ

351. illum om. SD

352. cuicuimodi Cledonius Gr. Lat. v, p. 52, et Pompeius ibid. p. 207 ( Sext. Rosc. §95, Cael. §24): cuimodi R: cuimodi S: cuicuiusmodi Vp: cuiusmodi s. eiusmodi δ

353. esset k δ

354. magno opere Rp: magnopere S (iv, §1)

355. ex suis V δ

356. iis R: eis V: his SDp δ

357. commoti nuntio Vp δ ( Zielinski, p. 198): nuntio commoti RS ψ

358. catenis aspiciunt Vk

359. hospes tuus. Cuius... appellaras, eum Rau, Richter, Muell., Zielinski: hosp. tuuus, cuius... appellaras. Eum vulg.

360. eum quoniam R: eum q m SD ( in mg. quem) auctoritate et aetate Lamb., Nohl: illa auct. hominem Kays.: illa aetate Eberh.: auctoritate secl. Madv.

361. miseria VRS: ac miseria p, et mis. δ

362. praeditum codd.

363. ab scelere V

364. indicta causa V

365. enim seclusi (§§127, 143 infra): hominene Eberh., edd. recc.

366. lacr. patris S ψ

367. deseruerat exercitum p δ

368. at ab π: ab RS: ut.... acciperes δ

369. se accuses RS: tu accusas pr

370. appellare p δ

371. ( et 28) Heracleus Rrq: eraclius S: Heraclius p δ edd.

372. tum pk δ: tunc RS. Coni. Zielinski neque exercitum deseruit. At enim nautas dimisit. Accusationem audimus an tui tuorumque sceleris improbam confessionem? etenim tum esset hoc animadv. etc.

373. animadvertendum RS: animadversum p δ

374. cum om. RS

375. potest s.l. S et in mg. D

376. eraclesis RS: Heraclensis pq

377. se om. RSpq: facere se Nohl: an se sine?

378. dimiseris Zielinski

379. Post salute addidit Titler savia et sic fere edd. recc.: post mulieris Heraeus. Fort. plus os impud. mulieris ( Sest. §111)

380. etiam illud Rp: illud etiam S al.

381. testimonium scripsi (§163): nos RSD: vos G1, Madvig: ius Eberh., Zielinski, Mueller: crimina sua p δ ( Cl. Rev. xviii. 212)

382. sed tum ab p

383. sceleratorumque pk δ (sceleratorum q) Cluent. §171: scelere quam quae RSD: scelerumque Lamb. add.

384. libertate R2SD: -em R1 δ

385. in tantam Vp δ: tantam in RS

386. innocentium V δ: -um RS

387. nil Zielinski, p. 178

388. superabit Vp δ: -avit RSD

389. sed secum cum scripsi: sed secum prk δ: sed cum RS: secum V (ii, §90; Cl. Rev. l. c.). Fort. secum cum; cf. Div. §53 tu dum... id agis ut

390. Cleomenes om. V

391. adul. dicere Quint. ix. 2. 57

392. se om. V

393. numerasse (§120) Zielinski, p. 166

394. sunt haec Vprk δ, Quint. viii. 4. 19: haec sunt RS ψ

395. nauarchus homo nobilissimus nobilissimae civitatis scripsi ( Am. J. Phil. xxvi, p. 431): nav. nobilissimae civitatis Vprk, Quint. l. c.: nav. homo nobilissimae civ. R: nav. homo nobilis summae civ. SD ( cf. iii, §56; v, §§20, 122)

396. est VR: om. δ

397. ne Vp δ: ut RS ψ (ne securi feriretur Quint. l. c.)

398. est Vpk δ, Quint.: om. RS ψ

399. vult Vp δ, Quint. ix. 4. 70: volet RS ψ

400. navarchorum male secl. Memmius, Lamb., edd. recc. ( Zielinski, p. 198)

401. intro ferre Vp δ ( ll. 4-5 infra)

402. limine Rp rell., Iul. Sever.: limine ipso V

403. ante ostium V

404. postremum V: postremo RS: supremum pq: extremum δ

405. ore om. pk

406. Romanorum V, Quint. viii. 4, 27, Iul. Sever.: om. RSp δ (ii. ii, §6)

407. omni p δ: omnium RS: om. V

408. cibum tibi RSp δ: tibi cibum vestitumque V: cibum vestitumque ( om. tibi) Quint. ix. 4, 7 l. 19 supra ( Meusel, p. 25)

409. ictu om. RS al.

410. mortem filio tuo adferam V

411. ei auferatur V

412. lictori dabatur p Zielinski ( p. 198): dabatur RS, datur V δ ( om. lictori)

413. intolerabilem V

414. non ut tam R: non ut tantum SD ( corr. in mg. non vitam)

415. liberorum V ( etiam l. 22 supra)

416. suo R: om. p δ: sua Madv.: servo Landgraf

417. mors sit prk: morxit R: mori SD

418. extremum Eberh. (iii, §70): extremo RS: extrema p δ

419. parentibus redimat RSpk: parenti redimat r δ

420. ne hoc posses RS: hoc ne possis p δ

421. has per Timarchidem p δ

422. cum del. Eberh., Zielinski

423. deligantur ad palum πδ

424. ferreus RS ψ: durus V: durus et ferreus p δ

425. lacrimaret π: lacrumarum R: lacrimaretur S δ: lacrumarum et V

426. eluere posse Heraeus

427. neque tibi neque illis RS: neque illis neque tibi V: neque desunt p: neque tibi δ

428. illo ipso Vp δ

429. et om. V

430. dicet p δ

431. auditis p δ (audietis V?): audistis RS ψ

432. est om. V

433. vos hic quoque RS ψ

434. maeror parentum K. Busche

435. omnia Vp δ: om. RS ψ

436. ministrata RS ψ: administrata Vp δ iis VR: his p: is q

437. adduxit V

438. ducit codd. praeter RS (duxit et)

439. per me RSp δ ( i.e. per urē = per Verrem, ut coni. Nettleship, Nohl); cf. iii, §200 ubi ure = Verre ( J. Ph. xxx. 195): per hunc V: per praetorem populi Romani Mueller ( ed. minor 1898)

440. spoliata navi a praedonibus V ( om. abducta)

441. ducemini V δ: ducamini q: duceamini p

442. patriae RSp: patrio V: patris δ

443. post adulescens habent Vp δ et ex complexu matris ereptus innocens (filius δ): om. RS (ii, i, §7)

444. senatumne V: senatum RS ψ

445. venient RS ψ: veniant V: senatum devenient p δ

446. sumant VRSp

447. non senatorum RS: non est senatorium V

448. populi causa RS ψ: causa pop. p δ: causa PRV

449. eius legis (leges p) RSp: eius V: eis legi δ: vos eius leges q: vos ei legi Victorius: ei vos legi Iord. et edd.

450. haec arx om. RS ψ

451. repetundis V: -endis RS

452. Non aurum non arg. Vq

453. velit fieri V, Halm, Zielinski ( p. 198): fieri velit rell. (iii, §168)

454. omnis Vp: om. RS ψ

455. elaborat V (iii, §130; v, §§158, 188)

456. adportata (app. p) Vp δ

457. totam denique Vp δ: totamque RS ψ

458. Graeciam del. Zielinski

459. videtis δ

460. ne enim V ( contra RSp δ)

461. officio V

462. aspicite semel Vp δ

463. domo VSp δ: domu R ( Phil. 2, 45)

464. a te V

465. isdem (iisdem) te Vp δ: iste RS

466. sibi ċprċ RS: an si sibi per?

467. sororesque RS: sorores uxoresque V: uxores sororesque δ

468. eius om. V

469. itidem RS ψ: idem Vp δ

470. utrumque VRS: utrorumque p δ

471. requirebat V: -ant RSp δ

472. exangula V: exsanguium Rpk δ ( prob. Nohl): exangium S

473. possit Bake

474. veritatem V (i, §3): severitatem RS (i, §43): virtutem p δ

475. ut suppl. Hotom.

476. culpae fortunam V: culpam fortunae RSp δ

477. tibi om. π

478. ii V: hii RS: hi p

479. tibi om. V

480. te quod Vpq: quod δ: his quod R, his quod S, his quod D, quod hiis Z. An quod de his?

481. in invidiam V: in om. RSp δ (§107 supra)

482. vertetur RS ψ

483. non ego nego securi V (securi nego p δ): non ego quemquam ex re militari mance RS

484. debere δ: oportere V

485. hoc Herb., hoc Amestr. V δ

486. hoc Hennenses om. RS

487. Tynd. Locrenses p δ

488. ornatarumque om. V

489. possent RS πδ (§84 supra)

490. Cleomenen VR: -em S

491. tot tam RS: totam V: tot et tam π

492. totam om. V: totam Sic. k te Vp: om. RS ψ

493. quocum V

494. posset RSp: possets V ( Meusel, pp. 30-31): facere posses cum Heraeus, cp. Quint. vi. 1, 3

495. cum diceret tibi haec SD ψ

496. pop. Rom. praetor p δ: P. R. V: PR RSD (iv, §146; v, §§28, 136)

497. ab (a p) quaestore et ab (a p) legato Rp δ: ab legato et questore SD ψ

498. ab omnium oculis remisisti p

499. tu ( ante in) om. δ

500. tu in iud.... ausus es om. RS ψ

501. luxurie p, ut voluit Madv.: luxuriae R (§87 supra): luxuria SD

502. tot tanta p

503. parentium p ( Prisc. Gr. Lat. ii, p. 355) contra RS δ

504. parentium p ( Prisc. Gr. Lat. ii, p. 355) contra RS δ

505. necessitudini iudices p δ

506. possem RS ψ: possim p δ (§§84, 158)

507. dicam q

508. Panormitano p: Panhormitanorum RS

509. audiverit Zielinski: audierit codd.

510. possit ulla π: possit esse ulla δ

511. nemo semel habent codd.: iteravit Naugerius: cum nemo postularet ( del. ageret) Zielinski

512. mille Mommsen: militum RS: HS duobus sponsionem facere p δ: sponsionem 11 milium nummum facere Zielinski

513. recuperatores se Zumpt: recuperor esse RS: recuperatores ( om. se) δ ( ante vocab. reciperatores habet p sedego, i.e. se de co horte, cum signis transp.)

514. dicit δ

515. iam saepe R: tam saepe SD: saepe iam p: saepe om. qr

516. baculo RSD: bacillo p δ Nonius

517. adfectus (aff. p) Rp al.: affatus SD

518. illim p: illum RSD: illinc s. illic al.

519. indignum p: indignum enim RS ψ (§109)

520. est Halm

521. statuitis Naugerius, statuistis p δ: statis R1, sciatis R2SD ψ

522. contentionis RS

523. ipsa om. π

524. qui secl. Heraeus

525. intercipere Lamb.

526. Alexandria SD rell. praeter R, in quo est ex Alexandria

527. veteri S al. ( Div. §5)

528. navibus Quint. viii. 6. 72

529. in om. RS

530. non enim... arbitror del. Zielinski

531. immanioribus Z, corr. D, ut Memmius: immaioribus R, in maioribus S et pr. D: maioribus pk δ

532. et om. RS: et... partem abesse malit Thomas

533. arbitrarentur p

534. cum plenus iam Heraeus

535. Suettium RSD: Suetium δ edd.

536. illa imploratio p

537. istis def. tuis Rp: istis tuis def. SD ψ

538. quas ipse ad SD ψ: quasise R: quas iste ad p

539. quo emissus, quo mortuus Zielinski

540. conpareat SD

541. ἐδικαιώθησαν RSDp: om. codd. plerique

542. nonne RSq: non p δ (iv, §19)

543. Quot bella arbitramini SD ψ

544. mehercules δ

545. id om. p δ

546. et... videmus om. RS ψ

547. et seu Iordan.: et si RSD: et sive p δ

548. seu fati SDp: sive fati Rq

549. omnibus SD: hominibus Rpq (§75 supra)

550. supplicanti S ψ: supplici p edd.: suplici R, corr. m. 2 suplicii

551. monimentum codd. pler.

552. partim... necatos om. RS ψ

553. dicunt RS: dicent p

554. a te ( bis) δ

555. a Dianio δ

556. malim δ

557. T. SDp et corr. R ( etiam l. 27): L. Rpr.

558. Syracusano RSD: -anorum R2p

559. Syracusis RS ψ: -anis pk δ edd.

560. qui omnibus in illo p: quibus illo R: qui illo S ψ

561. provincia pk: Sicilia RS: provincia Sicilia δ

562. Consano RS: Cosano π: Cossano δ

563. elaborandum δ

564. possit RSpq δ: posset edd.

565. attentos S rell.: adtentos R

566. cuiuspiam p

567. dico cosanus Sp: dicosanus R

568. e om. π

569. civ. Rom. om. δ ( et l. 20)

570. ipsum δ

571. gravius R, et pr. S

572. ab se Halm: ad se RS: a se p δ

573. homines S ψ (§152 supra)

574. Cosanum RSp

575. Raecio Halm: Recio R, Retio SD: Pretio p δ

576. comperisse ait δ

577. ab δ

578. Civis Rom. sum. Ab his verbis usque ad verba non ad eos §171 deficiunt codd. RS ψ

579. se om. Gell. x. 3, 12

580. at non Eberh.

581. pestem πk: potestatem δ: del. Sedlmayer ( cf. in Cat. i, §2)

582. providerat K. Busche

583. haec Gell.: om. πk

584. ardentesque codd.: candentesque Iord., tamquam e q

585. inhibebat r al.: iniebat (b s. l.) p: leniebat Gell.

586. fletu gemituque Gell.

587. et orationi meae πk: orat. meae ( om. et) δ edd.: del. Eberh., Nohl

588. M’. Glabr. Mueller

589. consilio et testem codd.: corr. Hotom.

590. iam p: om. qrk

591. aliq p: aliqui qr: aliquis edd.

592. tu om. qrk

593. et pk: om. qr

594. cumulatius et prolixius K. Busche

595. tuis proximis p rell.: testibus productis Lamb., Nohl (i, §13)

596. esse me π: me esse δ edd.

597. elocutus πk: locutus δ edd.

598. Romanum esse q ( Ziel. p. 198)

599. crucis πk ( e crudelissimi ortum, ut videtur; secl. aut om. edd. recc.): dilationem aliquam crucis Victoius

600. ut om. δ

601. possit π

602. se om. πk

603. de pnsus p: deprensus qrk: deprehensus vulg.

604. praet. populi Romani Eberh. (v, §§28, 136)

605. ante πk (iv, §§104, 132; v, §§20, 167): antea adierant neque Gell. i. 7, 2

606. semper om. πk

607. rerum om. prk

608. futuram prk (futurum Gell. l. c.): esse futuram q

609. quempiam πk: quemlibet δ vulg.

610. qui sit Halm: quis δ: eum quis πk: eum qui sit Richt., Eberh.

611. ista pk: hac qr

612. Raecium Halm (§161 supra): Recium, Pretium codd.

613. erat om. δ: in Sicilia erat q

614. more Naugerius: nomine codd.

615. fretu Gell. xiii. 21, 15: freto codd.

616. adfixum Naugerius: defixum πk: fixum Nonius: ea fixum δ

617. sed Severianus, Rhett. Lat. Min. p. 367: c. r. sed prk: civem Romanum sed edd.

618. eligit πk

619. inanima Naugerius: inanimata RS ψ: inanimalia pk

620. et om. δ

621. et iuris RS: et om. πk

622. vestram sever. desid. πk: om. RS ψ

623. flagitii RSD ψp: flagitium δ

624. isto absoluto del. J. J. Hartman

625. magno opere Rpq: magnopere S

626. ista ornamenta pq

627. plebi RS: pl. p: plebis δ

628. non intell. π

629. alio quodam iud. Kays.

630. potes S: potest R

631. meis abesse malit J. J. Hartman; sed cf. ii, §167

632. primae act. del. Hartman

633. nempe del. Kays.

634. novis om. π

635. quo RS ψ: cuius δ: om. p

636. reprendatur R: reprehendatur S ψp

637. eo Rp: eodem S al.

638. putarit Halm: putavit SDp δ: putaret R (§187 infra)

639. aut et hi RS ψ

640. de veteribus iudicibus (iudiciis δ) del. Kays.

641. expilatae provinciae p δ: -a -a (evexati R) RSD

642. ego hoc RSDq: hoc ego p δ (iii, §4)

643. aut diutius tacitus πδ

644. ac δ

645. tantum tibi lab. S ψ

646. es om. π

647. suis usque SD ψ: suisque R: usque p δ

648. senect. summa om. RSD

649. C. ante Marium om. RS ψ

650. per ( ante negleg.) om. π

651. videamus RS ψ

652. in ( ante invidia) om. codd. pler.

653. tantum oculum RS ψ

654. labores suscipiantur p δ

655. ac Rp: et S ψ

656. mihi iud. optatum illud est RSD: optandum mihi iud. illud est (iud. om. q) pqk: iud. optandum est illud δ

657. manibus regis q λ ( i. e. cod. Lamb.): manis regibus R: magnis regibus SD ψ: regis (regiis δ) manibus pk δ

658. item R: iste ( s. l. item) S: item iste D ψ: iste p δ

659. in villa pk

660. aliqua pk: aitqua R: altaque SD

661. posuit p δ: om. RSD

662. convellere suis RS ψ: conv. ex suis p δ (e suis Zumpt): ex tuis Madv.

663. in p: om. RS ψ

664. legum p δ: reliquum RS ψ

665. sibi iste p

666. improbissimam SD ψ: improvisissimam R: maximam improbissime p δ ( fort. improbissime maximam)

667. invisitis pk: inutilis R: initis SD ψ

668. non Sp: om. R

669. isto uno Rp: uno isto SD ψ

670. Catinae δ

671. curarit scripsi (§178 supra): curauit RS ψ: curaverit p edd.

672. fructibus RS ψ

673. si omnes RS

674. nominis RS

675. rei pub. RS ψp: populi Romani q δ

676. virtutem RS ψ: veritatem p δ (§130 supra)

677. elaborarunt K vulg.: -abunt RSD: laborarunt p: -abunt δ (v, §§126, 158)

678. utique Madvig: ut hi qui R: utque p δ.

679. In SD ψ est ut hi quibus res p. placet servanda eorumque fides

680. sint?

681. mihique posthac SDp: mihi quae potest hac R

682. defendere liceat p vulg.: dereliceat R: laudare liceat SD ψ

Commentary

Commentary on Impeachment of Verres (Select Orations of Cicero (Allen and Greenough's Edition). Greenough, James Bradstreet; Kittredge, George Lyman, editors. Boston, London: Ginn & Company, 1897.) focus

cum (causal)

sint , when men are ready.—

contionibus et legibus, harangues and bills (proposed laws). The proposition of a law which took the exclusive control of the courts from the Senators was even now pending, and the law ( Lex Aurelia) was passed before the case of Verres was decided.

conentur , purpose clause.

magnitudine , abl. of means.

spe , abl. of specification.

actor , complainant, i.e. agent or attorney for conducting the suit in personal processes ( in personam ).

adduxi enim hominem, etc.: cf. Burke, Impeachment of Warren Hastings: We have brought before your Lordships the first man in property and power; we have brought before you the head, the chief, the captain-general in iniquity,—one in whom all the frauds, all the peculations, all the tyranny in India are embodied, disciplined, and arrayed. Then, if we have brought before you such a person, if you strike at him, you will not have need of a great many more examples,— you strike at the whole corps if you strike at the head:

in quo , in whose case

reconciliare, etc., win back the lost repute.

possetis , purpose.

depeculatorem, etc.: for a more complete statement of these charges, see chs. iv , v .

juris urbani, i.e. as praetor urbanus (see sect. 12 ).

M. Tullius Cicero In C. Verrem 2.5

ed. William Peterson