Apollodorus Library 3.4

ed. Sir James George Frazer

View: By Section

Library. Apollodorus. ed. Sir James George Frazer. Cambridge, MA. 1921.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by The Annenberg CPB/Project.

Current edition Perseus

Library (English) (Apollodorus. The Library, Vol 1-2. Frazer, James George, Sir, translator. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1921.)

Editions (1)
Βιβλιοθήκη Perseus (Apollodorus. The Library, Vol 1-2. Frazer, James George, Sir, editor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1921.) — 3.4 focus

Notes on the current edition

Library

1. With this story of the foundation of Thebes by Cadmus compare Paus. 9.12.1ff. , Paus. 9.19.4 ; Scholiast on Hom. Il. ii.494 ; Scholiast on Eur. Ph. 638 (who quotes the oracle at full length); Scholiast on Aesch. Seven 486 ; Hyginus, Fab. 178 ; Ov. Met. 3.6ff. The Scholiast on Hom. Il. ii.494 agrees almost verbally with Apollodorus, and cites as his authorities the Boeotica of Hellanicus and the third book of Apollodorus. Hence we may suppose that in this narrative Apollodorus followed Hellanicus. According to Pausanias, the cow which Cadmus followed bore on each flank a white mark resembling the full moon; Hyginus says simply that it had the mark of the moon on its flank. Varro says ( Varro, Re Rust. iii.1 ) that Thebes in Boeotia was the oldest city in the world, having been built by King Ogyges before the great flood. The tradition of its high antiquity has been recently confirmed by the discovery of many Mycenaean remains on the site. See A. D. Keramopoullos, in *)arxaiologiko\n *delti/on (Athens, 1917), pp. 1ff.
2. That is, “sown.” Compare Eur. Ph. 939ff. For the story of the sowing of the dragon's teeth, see Paus. 9.10.1 ; Scholiast on Hom. Il. ii.494 ; Hyginus, Fab. 178 ; Ov. Met. 3.26-130 . Similarly, Jason in Colchis sowed some of the dragon's teeth which he had received from Athena, and from the teeth there sprang up armed men, who fought each other. See Apollod. 1.9.23 . As to the dragon-guarded spring at Thebes, see Eur. Ph. 930ff. ; Paus. 9.10.5 , with my note. It is a common superstition that springs are guarded by dragons or serpents. Compare The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii.155ff.
3. The names of the five survivors of the Sparti are similarly reported by Paus. 9.5.3 ; the Scholiast on Ap. Rhod., Argon. iii.1179 ; and Hyginus, Fab. 179 . From the Scholiast on Ap. Rhod., Argon. iii.1179 , we learn that their names were given in like manner by Pherecydes as indeed we might have inferred from Apollodorus's reference to that author in the present passage. Ov. Met. 3.126 mentions that five survived, but he names only one (Echion).
4. The “eternal year” probably refers to the old eight years' cycle, as to which and the period of a homicide's banishment, see the note on Apollod. 2.5.11 .
5. As to the marriage of Cadmus and Harmonia, see Pind. P. 3.88(157)ff. ; Eur. Ph. 822ff. ; Theognis 15-18 ; Diod. 4.2.1 , Diod. 5.48.5 , Diod. 5.49.1 ; Paus. 3.18.12 ; Paus. 9.12.3 ; Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini, ed. Bode, i. p. 101 (Second Vatican Mythographer 78) , (who calls the wife Hermiona).
6. According to another account, this golden necklace was bestowed by Aphrodite on Cadmus or on Harmonia. See Diod. 4.65.5 ; Scholiast on Pind. P. 3.94(167) ; Scholiast on Eur. Ph. 71 . But, according to yet another account, the necklace and robe were both bestowed by Athena. See Diod. 5.49.1 . Second Vatican Mythographer 78 (see preceding note) says that the necklace was made by Vulcan (Hephaestus) at the instigation of Minerva (Athena), and that it was bestowed by him on Harmonia at her marriage.
7. Compare Hes. Th. 975-978ff. ; Diod. 4.2.1 . As to the daughters Semele and Ino, compare Pind. O. 2.22(38)ff.
8. For the loves of Zeus and Semele and the birth of Dionysus, see Hes. Th. 940-942 ; Eur. Ba. 1ff. ; Eur. Ba. 242ff. ; Eur. Ba. 286ff. ; Diod. 4.2.2ff. ; Diod. 5.52.2 ; Philostratus, Im. i.13 ; Paus. 3.24.3 ; Paus. 9.5.2 ; Scholiast on Hom. Il. xiv.325 (who copies Apollodorus without mentioning him); Scholiast on Pind. O. 2.25(44) ; Lucian, Dial. Deorum ix. ; Nonnus and Nicetas, in Westermann's Mythographi Graeci, Appendix Narrationum, lxxi. p. 385 ; Ov. Met. 3.259ff. ; Hyginus, Fab. 167, 179 ; Fulgentius, Mytholog. ii.15 ; Lactantius Placidus on Statius, Theb. i.12 ; Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini, ed. Bode, i. pp. 38ff., 102 (First Vatican Mythographer 120; Second Vatican Mythographer 79) .
9. So the infant Dionysus is described by the Scholiast on Hom. Il. xiv.325 , who however may be copying Apollodorus, though he refers to the Bacchae of Euripides. But Lucian, Dial. Deorum. ix.2 and Nonnus, in Westermann's Mythographi Graeci, p. 385 , speak of the infant as a seventh-month child at birth.
10. So Achilles is said to have been dressed in his youth as a girl at the court of Lycomedes, king of Scyros. See below, Apollod. 3.13.8 note. These traditions may embody reminiscences of an old custom of dressing boys as girls in order to avert the evil eye. See “Frazer, The Youth of Achilles,” The Classical Review, vii. (1893), pp. 292.ff. , and Frazer, note on Paus. i.22.6 .
11. Compare Paus. 1.44.7 ; Paus. 9.34.7 ; Tzetzes, Scholiast on Lycophron 229 ; Scholiast on Hom. Od. v.334 ; Hyginus, Fab. 2, 4 ; Ovid, Fasti vi.489ff. ; Ov. Met. 4.512ff. ; Lactantius Placidus on Statius, Theb. i.12 ; Serv. Verg. A. 5.241 ; Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini, ed. Bode, i. p. 102 (Second Vatican Mythographer 79) .
12. Compare Tzetzes, Scholiast on Lycophron 229 ; Scholiast on Pind. I., Arg. p. 514, ed. Boeckh .
13. On Ino and Melicertes see also Paus. 1.42.6 , Paus. 1.44.7ff. , Paus. 2.1.3 , Paus. 4.34.4 ; Zenobius, Cent. iv.38 ; Tzetzes, Scholiast on Lycophron 107, 229-231 ; Scholiast on Hom. Il. viii.86, Od. v.334 ; Scholiast on Eur. Med. 1284 ; Hyginus, Fab. 2, 4 ; Ov. Met. 4.519-542 ; Ovid, Fasti vi.491ff. ; Serv. Verg. A. 5.241 ; Lactantius Placidus on Statius, Theb. i.12 ; Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini, ed. Bode, i. p. 102 (Second Vatican Mythographer 79) .
14. On the foundation of the Isthmian games in honour of Melicertes, see Paus. 1.44.8 , Paus. 2.1.3 ; Scholiasts on Pind. I., Arg. pp. 514, 515, ed. Boeckh ; Scholiasts on Eur. Med. 1284 ; Clement of Alexandria, Protrept. ii.34, p. 29, ed. Potter ; Zenobius, Cent. iv.38 ; Tzetzes, Scholiast on Lycophron 107, 229-231 ; Hyginus, Fab. 2 .
15. Dionysus bore the title of Kid. See Hesychius, s.v. Ἔριφος ὁ Διόνυσος ; Stephanus Byzantius, s.v. Ἀκρώρεια . When the gods fled into Egypt to escape the fury of Typhon, Dionysus is said to have been turned into a goat. See Ant. Lib. 28 ; Ov. Met. 5.39 ; Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini, ed. Bode, i. p. 29 (First Vatican Mythographer 86) . As a god of fertility, Dionysus appears to have been conceived as embodied, now in the form of a goat, now in the form of a bull; and his worshippers accordingly entered into communion with him by rending and devouring live goats and bulls. See Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild, i.12ff., ii.1ff. The goat was the victim regularly sacrificed in the rites of Dionysus, because the animal injured the vine by gnawing it; but the reason thus alleged for the sacrifice may have been a later interpretation. See Verg. G. 2.380-384 , who refers the origin both of tragedy and of comedy to these sacrifices of goats in honour of the wine-god. Compare Varro, Re. Rust. i.2.19 ; Ovid, Fasti i.353ff. ; Cornutus, Theologiae Graecae Compendium 30 ; Serv. Verg. A. 3.118 .
16. Apollodorus seems here to be following Pherecydes, who related how the infant Dionysus was nursed by the Hyades. See the Scholiast on Hom. Il. xviii.486 ; Hyginus, Ast. ii.21 ; Scholiast on Germanicus, Aratea (in Martianus Capella, ed. Fr. Eyssenhardt, p. 396) ; Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, ed. C. Müller, i.84. Frag. 46 . Nothing could be more appropriate than that the god of the vine should be nursed by the nymphs of the rain. According to Diod. 3.59.2 , Diod. 3.64.5 , Diod. 3.65.7 , Diod. 3.66.3 , Nysa, the place where the nymphs reared Dionysus, was in Arabia, which is certainly not a rainy country; but he admits ( Diod. 3.66.4 , Diod. 3.67.5 ) that others placed Nysa in Africa, or, as he calls it, Libya, away in the west beside the great ocean. Herodotus speaks of Nysa as “in Ethiopia, above Egypt” ( Hdt. 2.146 ), and he mentions “the Ethiopians who dwell about sacred Nysa and hold the festivals in honor of Dionysus” ( Hdt. 3.97 ). But in fact Nysa was sought by the ancients in many different and distant lands and was probably mythical, perhaps invented to explain the name of Dionysus. See Stephanus Byzantius and Hesychius, s.v. Νύσα ; A. Wiedemann on Herodotus, ii.146 ; T. W. Allen and E. E. Sikes on HH to Dion. i.8, p. 4 .
17. As to Actaeon and his dogs, see Diod. 4.3-5 ; Nonnus, Dionys. v.287ff. ; Palaephatus, De incredib. 3 ; Nonnus, in Westermann's Mythographi Graeci, Appendix Narrationum, 6, p. 360 ; Hyginus, Fab. 181 ; Ov. Met. 3.138ff. ; Fulgentius, Mytholog. iii.3 ; Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini, ed. Bode, i. p. 103 (Second Vatican Mythographer 81) . Hyginus and Ovid give lists of the dogs' names.