Notes on the current edition
Library
1.
With this story of the foundation of
Thebes by Cadmus compare
Paus. 9.12.1ff.
,
Paus. 9.19.4
;
Scholiast on Hom. Il. ii.494
;
Scholiast on Eur. Ph. 638
(who quotes the oracle at full length);
Scholiast on Aesch. Seven 486
;
Hyginus, Fab. 178
;
Ov. Met. 3.6ff.
The
Scholiast on Hom. Il. ii.494
agrees almost verbally with Apollodorus, and cites as his authorities the
Boeotica of Hellanicus and the third book of Apollodorus. Hence we may suppose that in this narrative Apollodorus followed Hellanicus. According to Pausanias, the cow which Cadmus followed bore on each flank a white mark resembling the full moon; Hyginus says simply that it had the mark of the moon on its flank. Varro says (
Varro, Re Rust. iii.1
) that
Thebes in
Boeotia was the oldest city in the world, having been built by King Ogyges before the great flood. The tradition of its high antiquity has been recently confirmed by the discovery of many Mycenaean remains on the site. See
A. D. Keramopoullos, in
*)arxaiologiko\n *delti/on (Athens, 1917), pp. 1ff.
2.
That is, “sown.” Compare
Eur. Ph. 939ff.
For the story of the sowing of the dragon's teeth, see
Paus. 9.10.1
;
Scholiast on Hom. Il. ii.494
;
Hyginus, Fab. 178
;
Ov. Met. 3.26-130
. Similarly, Jason in
Colchis sowed some of the dragon's teeth which he had received from Athena, and from the teeth there sprang up armed men, who fought each other. See
Apollod. 1.9.23
. As to the dragon-guarded spring at
Thebes, see
Eur. Ph. 930ff.
;
Paus. 9.10.5
, with my note. It is a common superstition that springs are guarded by dragons or serpents. Compare
The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii.155ff.
3.
The names of the five survivors of the Sparti are similarly reported by
Paus. 9.5.3
; the
Scholiast on Ap. Rhod., Argon. iii.1179
; and
Hyginus, Fab. 179
. From the
Scholiast on Ap. Rhod., Argon. iii.1179
, we learn that their names were given in like manner by Pherecydes as indeed we might have inferred from Apollodorus's reference to that author in the present passage.
Ov. Met. 3.126
mentions that five survived, but he names only one (Echion).
4.
The “eternal year” probably refers to the old eight years' cycle, as to which and the period of a homicide's banishment, see the note on
Apollod. 2.5.11
.
5.
As to the marriage of Cadmus and Harmonia, see
Pind. P. 3.88(157)ff.
;
Eur. Ph. 822ff.
;
Theognis 15-18
;
Diod. 4.2.1
,
Diod. 5.48.5
,
Diod. 5.49.1
;
Paus. 3.18.12
;
Paus. 9.12.3
;
Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini, ed. Bode, i. p. 101 (Second Vatican Mythographer 78)
, (who calls the wife Hermiona).
6.
According to another account, this golden necklace was bestowed by Aphrodite on Cadmus or on Harmonia. See
Diod. 4.65.5
;
Scholiast on Pind. P. 3.94(167)
;
Scholiast on Eur. Ph. 71
. But, according to yet another account, the necklace and robe were both bestowed by Athena. See
Diod. 5.49.1
.
Second Vatican Mythographer 78 (see preceding note)
says that the necklace was made by Vulcan (Hephaestus) at the instigation of Minerva (Athena), and that it was bestowed by him on Harmonia at her marriage.
7.
Compare
Hes. Th. 975-978ff.
;
Diod. 4.2.1
. As to the daughters Semele and Ino, compare
Pind. O. 2.22(38)ff.
8.
For the loves of Zeus and Semele and the birth of Dionysus, see
Hes. Th. 940-942
;
Eur. Ba. 1ff.
;
Eur. Ba. 242ff.
;
Eur. Ba. 286ff.
;
Diod. 4.2.2ff.
;
Diod. 5.52.2
;
Philostratus, Im. i.13
;
Paus. 3.24.3
;
Paus. 9.5.2
;
Scholiast on Hom. Il. xiv.325
(who copies Apollodorus without mentioning him);
Scholiast on Pind. O. 2.25(44)
;
Lucian, Dial. Deorum ix.
;
Nonnus and Nicetas, in Westermann's Mythographi Graeci, Appendix Narrationum, lxxi. p. 385
;
Ov. Met. 3.259ff.
;
Hyginus, Fab. 167, 179
;
Fulgentius, Mytholog. ii.15
;
Lactantius Placidus on Statius, Theb. i.12
;
Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini, ed. Bode, i. pp. 38ff., 102 (First Vatican Mythographer 120; Second Vatican Mythographer 79)
.
9.
So the infant Dionysus is described by the
Scholiast on Hom. Il. xiv.325
, who however may be copying Apollodorus, though he refers to the
Bacchae of Euripides. But
Lucian, Dial. Deorum. ix.2
and
Nonnus, in Westermann's Mythographi Graeci, p. 385
, speak of the infant as a seventh-month child at birth.
10.
So Achilles is said to have been dressed in his youth as a girl at the court of Lycomedes, king of Scyros. See below,
Apollod. 3.13.8
note. These traditions may embody reminiscences of an old custom of dressing boys as girls in order to avert the evil eye. See
“Frazer, The Youth of Achilles,”
The Classical Review, vii. (1893), pp. 292.ff.
, and
Frazer, note on Paus. i.22.6
.
11.
Compare
Paus. 1.44.7
;
Paus. 9.34.7
;
Tzetzes, Scholiast on Lycophron 229
;
Scholiast on Hom. Od. v.334
;
Hyginus, Fab. 2, 4
;
Ovid, Fasti vi.489ff.
;
Ov. Met. 4.512ff.
;
Lactantius Placidus on Statius, Theb. i.12
;
Serv. Verg. A. 5.241
;
Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini, ed. Bode, i. p. 102 (Second Vatican Mythographer 79)
.
12.
Compare
Tzetzes, Scholiast on Lycophron 229
;
Scholiast on Pind. I., Arg. p. 514, ed. Boeckh
.
13.
On Ino and Melicertes see also
Paus. 1.42.6
,
Paus. 1.44.7ff.
,
Paus. 2.1.3
,
Paus. 4.34.4
;
Zenobius, Cent. iv.38
;
Tzetzes, Scholiast on Lycophron 107, 229-231
;
Scholiast on Hom. Il. viii.86, Od. v.334
;
Scholiast on Eur. Med. 1284
;
Hyginus, Fab. 2, 4
;
Ov. Met. 4.519-542
;
Ovid, Fasti vi.491ff.
;
Serv. Verg. A. 5.241
;
Lactantius Placidus on Statius, Theb. i.12
;
Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini, ed. Bode, i. p. 102 (Second Vatican Mythographer 79)
.
14.
On the foundation of the Isthmian games in honour of Melicertes, see
Paus. 1.44.8
,
Paus. 2.1.3
;
Scholiasts on Pind. I., Arg. pp. 514, 515, ed. Boeckh
;
Scholiasts on Eur. Med. 1284
;
Clement of Alexandria, Protrept. ii.34, p. 29, ed. Potter
;
Zenobius, Cent. iv.38
;
Tzetzes, Scholiast on Lycophron 107, 229-231
;
Hyginus, Fab. 2
.
15.
Dionysus bore the title of Kid. See
Hesychius, s.v.
Ἔριφος ὁ Διόνυσος
;
Stephanus Byzantius, s.v.
Ἀκρώρεια
. When the gods fled into
Egypt to escape the fury of Typhon, Dionysus is said to have been turned into a goat. See
Ant. Lib. 28
;
Ov. Met. 5.39
;
Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini, ed. Bode, i. p. 29 (First Vatican Mythographer 86)
. As a god of fertility, Dionysus appears to have been conceived as embodied, now in the form of a goat, now in the form of a bull; and his worshippers accordingly entered into communion with him by rending and devouring live goats and bulls. See
Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild, i.12ff., ii.1ff.
The goat was the victim regularly sacrificed in the rites of Dionysus, because the animal injured the vine by gnawing it; but the reason thus alleged for the sacrifice may have been a later interpretation. See
Verg. G. 2.380-384
, who refers the origin both of tragedy and of comedy to these sacrifices of goats in honour of the wine-god. Compare
Varro, Re. Rust. i.2.19
;
Ovid, Fasti i.353ff.
;
Cornutus, Theologiae Graecae Compendium 30
;
Serv. Verg. A. 3.118
.
16.
Apollodorus seems here to be following Pherecydes, who related how the infant Dionysus was nursed by the Hyades. See the
Scholiast on Hom. Il. xviii.486
;
Hyginus, Ast. ii.21
;
Scholiast on Germanicus, Aratea (in Martianus Capella, ed. Fr. Eyssenhardt, p. 396)
;
Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, ed. C. Müller, i.84. Frag. 46
. Nothing could be more appropriate than that the god of the vine should be nursed by the nymphs of the rain. According to
Diod. 3.59.2
,
Diod. 3.64.5
,
Diod. 3.65.7
,
Diod. 3.66.3
,
Nysa, the place where the nymphs reared Dionysus, was in
Arabia, which is certainly not a rainy country; but he admits (
Diod. 3.66.4
,
Diod. 3.67.5
) that others placed
Nysa in
Africa, or, as he calls it,
Libya, away in the west beside the great ocean. Herodotus speaks of
Nysa as “in
Ethiopia, above
Egypt” (
Hdt. 2.146
), and he mentions “the Ethiopians who dwell about sacred
Nysa and hold the festivals in honor of Dionysus” (
Hdt. 3.97
). But in fact
Nysa was sought by the ancients in many different and distant lands and was probably mythical, perhaps invented to explain the name of Dionysus. See
Stephanus Byzantius and Hesychius, s.v.
Νύσα
;
A. Wiedemann on Herodotus, ii.146
;
T. W. Allen and E. E. Sikes on HH to Dion. i.8, p. 4
.
17.
As to Actaeon and his dogs, see
Diod. 4.3-5
;
Nonnus, Dionys. v.287ff.
;
Palaephatus, De incredib. 3
;
Nonnus, in Westermann's Mythographi Graeci, Appendix Narrationum, 6, p. 360
;
Hyginus, Fab. 181
;
Ov. Met. 3.138ff.
;
Fulgentius, Mytholog. iii.3
;
Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini, ed. Bode, i. p. 103 (Second Vatican Mythographer 81)
. Hyginus and Ovid give lists of the dogs' names.