λβ′ τίνι διαφέρει τῆς Πρωταγορείου ἀγωγῆς ἡ σκέψις.

[216] Καὶ ὁ Πρωταγόρας (A 14 Diels) δὲ βούλεται πάντων χρημάτων εἶναι μέτρον τὸν ἄνθρωπον, τῶν μὲν ¹ 49
ὄντων ὧς ἔστιν, τῶν δὲ οὐκ ὄντων ὧς οὐκ ἔστιν, ‘μέτρον’ μὲν λέγων τὸ κριτήριον, ‘χρημάτων’ δὲ τῶν πραγμάτων, ὧς δυνάμει φάσκειν πάντων πραγμάτων κριτήριον εἶναι τὸν ἄνθρωπον, τῶν μὲν ὄντων ὡς ἔστιν, τῶν δὲ οὐκ ὄντων ὡς οὐκ ἔστιν. καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τίθησι τὰ φαινόμενα
ἑκάστῳ μόνα, καὶ οὕτως εἰσάγει τὸ πρός τι.

[217] διὸ καὶ δοκεῖ κοινωνίαν ἔχειν πρὸς τοὺς Πυρρωνείους. διαφέρει δὲ αὐτῶν, καὶ εἰσόμεθα τὴν διαφοράν, ἐξαπλώσαντες συμμέτρως τὸ δοκοῦν τῷ Πρωταγόρᾳ. φησὶν οὖν ὁ ἀνὴρ τὴν ὕλην ῥευστὴν εἶναι, ῥεούσης δὲ αὐτῆς συνεχῶς προσθέσεις
ἀντὶ τῶν ἀποφορήσεων γίγνεσθαι καὶ τὰς αἰσθήσεις μετακοσμεῖσθαί τε καὶ ἀλλοιοῦσθαι παρά τε <τὰς> ἡλικίας καὶ παρὰ τὰς ἄλλας κατασκεὰς τῶν σωμάτων.

[218] λέγει δὲ καὶ τοὺς λόγους πάντων τῶν φαινομένων ὑποκεῖσθαι ἐν τῇ ὕλῃ, ὧς
δύνασθαι τὴν ὕλην ὅσον ἐφ’ ἑαυτῇ πάντα εἶναι ὅσα πᾶσι φαίνεται. τοὺς δὲ ἀνθρώπους ἄλλοτε ἄλλων ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι παρὰ τἀς δ’ διαφόρους αὐτῶν διαθέσεις· τὸν μὲν γὰρ κατὰ φύσιν ἔχοντα ἐκεῖνα τῶν ἐν τῇ ὕλῃ καταλαμβάνειν ἃ τοῖς κατὰ
φύσιν ἔχουσι φαίνεσθαι δύναται, τὸν δὲ παρὰ φύσιν ἃ τοῖς παρὰ φύσιν.

[219] καὶ ἤδη παρὰ τἀς ἡλικίας καὶ κατὰ τὸ ὑπνοῦν ἢ ἐγρηγορέναι καὶ καθ’ ἕκαστον εἶδος τῶν διαθέσεων ὁ αὐτὸς λόγος. γίνεται τοίνυν κατ’ αὐτὸν τῶν ὄντων κριτήριον
ὁ ἄνθρωπος· πάντα γὰρ τὰ φαινόμενα τοῖς ἀνθρώ- ποις καὶ ἔστιν, τὰ δὲ μηδενὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων φαινόμενα
οὐδὲ ἔστιν. ὁρῶμεν οὖν ὅτι καὶ περὶ τοῦ τὴν ὕλην ῥευστὴν εἶναι καὶ περὶ τοῦ τοὺς λόγους τῶν φαινομένων πάντων ἐν αὐτῇ ὑποκεῖσθαι δογματίζει, ἀδήλων ὄντων καὶ ἡμῖν ἐφεκτῶν.

Pyrrhoniae Hypotyposes. Sextus Empiricus. ed. Hermann Mutschmann. Germany. 2014.

Current edition First1KGreek

Pyrrhoniae Hypotyposes (Greek) (Sextus Empiricus. Sexti Empiricii Opera, Volume 1. Mutschmann, Hermann, editor. Leipzig: Teubner, 1912.)

Translations (1)

Outlines of Pyrrhonism First1KGreek (Sextus Empiricus, Vol. 1. Bury, Robert Gregg, translator. London: William Heinemann Ltd.; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1933.) — 1.32 focus

Chapter XXXII.—Wherein Scepticism Differs From The Protagorean Doctrine

[216] Protagoras¹ also holds that ‟Man is the measure of all things, of existing things that they exist, and of non-existing things that they exist not;” and by ‟measure” he means the criterion, and by ‟things” the objects, so that he is virtually asserting that ‟Man is the criterion of all objects, of those which exist that they exist, and of those which exist not that they exist not.” And consequently he posits only what appears to each individual, and thus he introduces relativity.

[217] And for this reason he seems also to have something in common with the Pyrrhoneans. Yet he differs from them, and we shall perceive the difference when we have adequately explained the views of Protagoras.

What he states then is this—that matter is in flux, and as it flows additions are made continuously in the place of the effluxions, and the senses are transformed and altered according to the times of life and to all the other conditions of the bodies.

[218] He says also that the ‟reasons” of all the appearances subsist in matter, so that matter, so far as depends on itself, is capable of being all those things which appear to all.² And men, he says, apprehend different things at different times owing to their differing dispositions; for he who is in a natural state apprehends those things subsisting in matter which are able to appear to those in a natural state, and those who are in a non- natural state the things which can appear to those in a non-natural state.

[219] Moreover, precisely the same account applies to the variations due to age, and to the sleeping or waking state, and to each several kind of condition. Thus, according to him, Man becomes the criterion of real existences; for all things that appear to men also exist, and things that appear to no man have no existence either.

We see, then, that he dogmatizes about the fluidity of matter and also about the subsistence therein of the ‟reasons” of all appearances, these being non- evident matters about which we suspend judgement.

Notes on the current edition

Pyrrhoniae hypotyposes

1. 30/31 καταλαμβάνεσθαι Pohlenz coll. adv. dogm. I
καταλαμβάνειν GrT (comprehendere) 5 περὶ om. Τ

2. 11 μέτρον — 14 ἔστιν om. EAB 15 οὕτως LEABT (ita): διὰ τοῦτο M 15 διὸ — IG Πυρρ. om. Τ 22 τὰς addidi coll. p. 49,31. 30 τὸν T (praeter naturam hahentem): τοὺς G

Sextus Empiricus Pyrrhoniae Hypotyposes 1.32

ed. Hermann Mutschmann

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λβ′ τίνι διαφέρει τῆς Πρωταγορείου ἀγωγῆς ἡ σκέψις.

Current edition First1KGreek

Chapter XXXII.—Wherein Scepticism Differs From The Protagorean Doctrine

Notes on the current edition

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