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CHAPTER VI.

THE ALPS.

[1] HAVING described Keltica beyond the Alps,¹ and the nations who inhabit the country, we must now speak of the Alps themselves and their inhabitants, and afterwards of the whole of Italy; observing in our description such arrangement as the nature of the country shall point out.

The Alps do not commence at Monoeci Portus,² as some have asserted, but from the region whence the Apennines take their rise about Genoa, a mercantile city of the Ligurians, and at the marshes named Sabatorum Vada;³ for the Apennines take their rise near Genoa, and the Alps near Sabatorum Vada. The distance between Genoa and the Sabatorum Vada is about 260 stadia. About 370 stadia farther on is the little city of Albingaunum,⁴ inhabited by Ligurians who are called Ingauni. From thence to the Monoeci Portus is 480 stadia. In the interval between is the very considerable city of Albium Intemelium,⁵ inhabited by the Intemelii. These names are sufficient to prove that the Alps commence at the Sabbatorum Vada. For the Alps were formerly called Albia and Alpionia,⁶ and at the present day the high mountain in the country of the Iapodes,⁷ next to Ocra and the Alps, is named Albius, showing that the Alps extend so far.

[2] Now since the Ligurians were divided into Ingauri and Intemelii, it was natural that their maritime colonies should be distinguished, one by the name of Albium Intemelium, Alpine as it were, and the other by the more concise form Albingaunum.⁸ To these two tribes of Ligurians already mentioned, Polybius adds those of the Oxybii and Deciates.⁹ The whole coast from Monoeci Portus to Tyrrhenia is continuous, and without harbours excepting some small roads and anchorages. Above it rise the rugged precipices of the Alpine range, leaving but a narrow passage along the sea. This district, but particularly the mountains, is inhabited by Ligurians, principally subsisting on the produce of their herds, and milk, and a drink made of barley. There is plenty of wood here for the construction of ships; the trees grow to a vast size, some of them having been found eight feet in diameter. Much of the wood is veined, and not inferior to cedar-wood for cabinet work. This wood, together with the produce of their cattle, hides, and honey, they transport to the mart of Genoa, receiving in exchange for them the oil and wine of Italy; for the little [wine] which their country produces is harsh and tastes of pitch. Here are bred the horses and mules known as ginni, and here too are wrought the Ligurian tunics and saga. In their country likewise there is plenty of lingurium, called by some electrum.¹⁰ They use but few cavalry in war; their infantry are good, and excellent slingers. Some have thought that their brazen shields prove these people to be of Grecian origin.

[3] The Monoeci Portus is merely a roadstead, not capable of containing either many or large vessels. Here is a temple dedicated to Hercules Monoecus.¹¹ The name seems to show it probable that the Massilian voyages along the coast extended as far as here. Monoeci Portus is distant from Antipolis rather more than 200 stadia. The Salyes occupy the region from thence to Marseilles, or a little farther; they inhabit the Alps which lie above that city, and a portion of the sea-coast, where they intermingle with the Greeks. The ancient Greeks gave to the Salyes the name of Ligyes,¹² and to the country which was in the possession of the Marseillese, that of Ligystica.¹³ The later Greeks named them Kelto-Ligyes,¹⁴ and assigned to them the whole of the plains extending as far as Luerion¹⁵ and the Rhone. They are divided into ten cantons, and are capable of raising troops not only of infantry, but of cavalry also. These people were the first of the Transalpine Kelts whom the Romans subdued after maintaining a lengthened war against them and the Ligurians. They closed [against the Romans] all the roads into Iberia along the sea-coast, and carried on a system of pillage both by sea and land. Their strength so increased that large armies were scarcely able to force a passage. And after a war of eighty years, the Romans were hardly able to obtain a breadth of twelve stadia for the purpose of making a public road. After this, however, the Romans subdued the whole of them, and established among them a regular form of government, and imposed a tribute.¹⁶

[4] After the Salyes, the Albienses, the Albioeci,¹⁷ and the Vocontii inhabit the northern portion of the mountains. The Vocontii extend as far as the Allobriges, and occupy vast valleys in the depths of the mountains, not inferior to those inhabited by the Allobriges. Both the Allobriges and Ligurians are subject to the pretors sent into the Narbonnaise, but the Vocontii are governed by their own laws, as we have said of the Volcae of Nemausus.¹⁸ Of the Ligurians between the Var and Genoa, those along the sea are considered Italians; while the mountaineers are governed by a prefect of the equestrian order, as is the case in regard to other nations wholly barbarous.

[5] After the Vocontii, are the Iconii, the Tricorii, and the Medulli; who inhabit the loftiest ridges of the mountains, for they say that some of them have an almost perpendicular ascent of 100 stadia, and a similar descent to the frontiers of Italy. In these high-lands there is a great lake; there are also two springs not far distant from each other; one of these gives rise to the Durance, which flows like a torrent into the Rhone, and to the Durias,¹⁹ which flows in an opposite direction; for it mingles with the Po after having pursued its course through the country of the Salassi²⁰ into Cisalpine Keltica. From the other source, but much lower down, rises the Po itself, large and rapid, which as it advances becomes still vaster, and at the same time more gentle. As it reaches the plains it increases in breadth, being augmented by numerous [other rivers], and thus it becomes less impetuous in its course, and its current is weakened. Having become the largest river in Europe, with the exception of the Danube,²¹ it discharges itself into the Adriatic Sea. The Medulli are situated considerably above the confluence of the Isère and the Rhone.

[6] On the opposite side of the mountains, sloping towards Italy, dwell the Taurini,²² a Ligurian nation, together with certain other Ligurians. What is called the land of Ideonnus²³ and Cottius belongs to these Ligurians. Beyond them and the Po are the Salassi; above whom in the summits [of the Alps] are the Kentrones, the Catoriges, the Veragri, the Nantuatae,²⁴ Lake Leman,²⁵ traversed by the Rhone, and the sources of that river. Not far from these are the sources of the Rhine, and Mount Adulas,²⁶ from whence the Rhine flows towards the north; likewise the Adda,²⁷ which flows in an opposite direction, and discharges itself into Lake Larius,²⁸ near to Como. Lying above Como, which is situated at the roots of the Alps, on one side are the Rhaeti and Vennones towards the east,²⁹ and on the other the Lepontii, the Tridentini, the Stoni,³⁰ and numerous other small nations, poor and addicted to robbery, who in former times possessed Italy. At the present time some of them have been destroyed, and the others at length civilized, so that the passes over the mountains through their territories, which were formerly few and difficult, now run in every direction, secure from any danger of these people, and as accessible as art can make them. For Augustus Caesar not only destroyed the robbers, but improved the character of the roads as far as practicable, although he could not every where overcome nature, on account of the rocks and immense precipices; some of which tower above the road, while others yawn beneath; so that departing ever so little [from the path], the traveller is in inevitable danger of falling down bottomless chasms. In some places the road is so narrow as to make both the foot traveller and his beasts of burden, who are unaccustomed to it, dizzy; but the animals of the district will carry their burdens quite securely. These things however are beyond remedy, as well as the violent descent of vast masses of congealed snow from above, capable of overwhelming a whole company at a time, and sweeping them into the chasms beneath. Numerous masses lie one upon the other, one hill of congealed snow being formed upon another, so that the uppermost mass is easily detached at any time from that below it, before being perfectly melted by the sun.

[7] A great part of the country of the Salassi lies in a deep valley, formed by a chain of mountains which encloses the district on either side; a part of them however inhabit the ³¹ overhanging ridges. The route of those who are desirous of passing from Italy over these mountains, lies through the aforesaid valley. Beyond this the road separates into two. The one which passes through the mountain peaks, known as the Pennine Alps, cannot be traversed by carriages; the other, which runs through the country of the Centrones, lies more to the west.³² The country of the Salassi contains gold mines, of which formerly, in the days of their power, they were masters, as well as of the passes. The river Doria Baltea³³ afforded them great facility in obtaining the metal by [supplying them with water] for washing the gold, and they have emptied the main bed by the numerous trenches cut for drawing the water to different places. This operation, though advantageous in gold hunting, was injurious to the agriculturists below, as it deprived them of the irrigation of a river, which, by the height of its position, was capable of watering their plains. This gave rise to frequent wars between the two nations; when the Romans gained the dominion, the Salassi lost both their gold works and their country, but as they still possessed the mountains, they continued to sell water to the public contractors of the gold mines; with whom there were continual disputes on account of the avarice of the contractors, and thus the Roman generals sent into the country were ever able to find a pretext for commencing war. And, until very recently, the Salassi at one time waging war against the Romans, and at another making peace, took occasion to inflict numerous damages upon those who crossed over their mountains, by their system of plundering; and even exacted from Decimus Brutus, on his flight from Mutina,³⁴ a drachm per man. Messala, likewise, having taken up his winter quarters in their vicinity, was obliged to pay them, both for his fire-wood, and for the elm-wood for making javelins for the exercise of his troops. In one instance they plundered the treasures of Caesar,³⁵ and rolled down huge masses of rock upon the soldiers under pretence of making roads, or building bridges over the rivers. Afterwards Augustus completely overthrew them, and carried them to Eporedia,³⁶ a Roman colony which had been planted as a bulwark against the Salassi, although the inhabitants were able to do but little against them until the nation was destroyed; their numbers amounted to 36,000 persons, besides 8000 men capable of bearing arms. Terentius Varro, the general who defeated them, sold them all by public auction, as enemies taken in war. Three thousand Romans sent out by Augustus founded the city of Augusta,³⁷ on the spot where Varro had encamped, and now the whole surrounding country, even to the summits of the mountains, is at peace.

[8] Beyond, both the eastern parts of the mountains, and those likewise inclining to the south, are possessed by the Rhaeti and Vindelici, who adjoin the Helvetii and Boii, and press upon their plains. The Rhaeti extend as far as Italy above Verona and Como. The Rhaetian wine, which is esteemed not inferior to the finest wines of Italy, is produced [from vines which grow] at the foot of the mountains. These people extend also as far as the districts through which the Rhine flows. The Lepontii and Camuni are of their nation. The Vindelici and Norici possess, for the most part, the opposite side of the mountains together with the Breuni and Genauni, who form part of the Illyrians.³⁸ All these people were continually making incursions both into the neighbouring parts of Italy, and into [the countries] of the Helvetii, the Sequani,³⁹ the Boii, and the Germans.⁴⁰ But the Licattii, the Clautinatii, and the Vennones⁴¹ proved the boldest amongst the Vindelici; and the Rucantii and Cotuantii amongst the Rhaeti. Both the Estiones and Brigantii belong to the Vindelici; their cities are Brigantium, Campodunum, and Damasia, which may be looked upon as the Acropolis of the Licattii. It is narrated, as an instance of the extreme brutality of these robbers towards the people of Italy, that when they have taken any village or city, they not only put to death all the men capable of bearing arms, but likewise all the male children, and do not even stop here, but murder every pregnant woman who, their diviners say, will bring forth a male infant.⁴²

[9] After these come certain of the Norici, and the Carni, who inhabit the country about the Adriatic Gulf and Aquileia. The Taurisci belong to the Norici. Tiberius and his brother Drusus in one summer put a stop to their lawless incursions, so that now for three and thirty years⁴³ they have lived quietly and paid their tribute regularly. Throughout the whole region of the Alps there are hilly districts capable of excellent cultivation, and well situated valleys; but the greater part, especially the summits of the mountains inhabited by the robbers, are barren and unfruitful, both on account of the frost and the ruggedness of the land. On account of the want of food and other necessaries the mountaineers have sometimes been obliged to spare the inhabitants of the plains, that they might have some people to supply them; for these they have given them in exchange, resin, pitch, torches, wax, cheese, and honey, of which they have plenty. In the Mount Apennine⁴⁴ which lies above the Carni there is a lake which runs out into the Isar, which river, after receiving another river, the Aude,⁴⁵ discharges itself into the Adriatic. From this lake there is also another river, the Atesinus, which flows into the Danube.⁴⁶ The Danube itself rises in the mountains which are split into many branches and numerous summits. For from Liguria to here the summits of the Alps stretch along continuously, presenting the appearance of one mountain; but after this they rise and fall in turns, forming numerous ridges and peaks. The first of these is beyond the Rhine and the lake⁴⁷ inclining towards the east, its ridge moderately elevated; here are the sources of the Danube near to the Suevi and the forest of Hercynia.⁴⁸ The other branches extend towards Illyria and the Adriatic, such are the Mount Apennine, already mentioned, Tullum and Phligadia,⁴⁹ the mountains lying above the Vindelici from whence proceed the Duras,⁵⁰ the Clanis,⁵¹ and many other rivers which discharge themselves like torrents into the current of the Danube.

[10] Near to these regions dwell the Iapodes, (a nation now mixed with the Illyrians, and Kelts,) close to them is [the Mount] Ocra.⁵² Formerly the Iapodes were numerous, inhabiting either side of the mountain, and were notorious for their predatory habits, but they have been entirely reduced and brought to subjection by Augustus Caesar. Their cities are Metulum,⁵³ Arupenum,⁵⁴ Monetium,⁵⁵ and Vendon.⁵⁶ After these is the city of Segesta,⁵⁷ [situated] in a plain. Near to it flows the river Save,⁵⁸ which discharges itself into the Danube. This city lies in an advantageous position for carrying on war against the Dacians.⁵⁹ Ocra forms the lowest portion of the Alps, where they approach the territory of the Carni, and through which they convey the merchandise of Aquileia in waggons to Pamportus.⁶⁰ This route is not more than 400 stadia. From thence they convey it by the rivers as far as the Danube and surrounding districts, for a navigable river⁶¹ which flows out of Illyria, passes by Pamportus, and discharges itself into the Save, so that the merchandise may easily be carried down both to Segesta, and to the Pannonians, and Taurisci.⁶² It is near this city,⁶³ that the Kulp⁶⁴ falls into the Save. Both of these rivers are navigable, and flow down from the Alps. The Alps contain wild horses and cattle, and Polybius asserts that an animal of a singular form is found there; it resembles a stag except in the neck and hair, which are similar to those of a wild boar; under its chin it has a tuft of hair about a span long, and the thickness of the tail of a young horse.⁶⁵

[11] One of the passages over the mountains from Italy into Transalpine and northern Keltica is that which passes through the country of the Salassi, and leads to Lugdunum.⁶⁶ This [route] is divided into two ways, one practicable for carriages, but longer, which crosses the country of the Centrones, the other steep and narrow, but shorter; this crosses the Pennine [Alps]. Lugdunum is situated in the midst of the country, serving as an Acropolis, both on account of the confluence of the rivers, and of its being equally near to all parts. It was on this account that Agrippa cut all the roads from this [as a centre] one running through the mountains of the Cevennes to the Santones⁶⁷ and Aquitaine,⁶⁸ another towards the Rhine; a third towards the ocean by the country of the Bellovaci⁶⁹ and Ambiani,⁷⁰ and a fourth towards the Narbonnaise and the coast of Marseilles.⁷¹ The traveller, also, leaving Lugdunum and the country above on his left, may pass over the Pennine Alps themselves, the Rhone, or Lake Leman, into the plains of the Helvetii, whence there is a passage through Mount Jura into the country of the Sequani, and Lingones; here the road separates into two routes, one running to the Rhine, and the other⁷² to the ocean.

[12] Polybius tells us that in his time the gold mines were so rich about Aquileia, but particularly in the countries of the Taurisci Norici, that if you dug but two feet below the surface you found gold, and that the diggings [generally] were not deeper than fifteen feet. In some instances the gold was found pure in lumps about the size of a bean or lupin, and which diminished in the fire only about one eighth; and in others, though requiring more fusion, was still very profitable. Certain Italians⁷³ aiding the barbarians in working [the mines], in the space of two months the value of gold was diminished throughout the whole of Italy by one third. The Taurisci on discovering this drove out their fellow-labourers, and only sold the gold themselves. Now, however, the Romans possess all the gold mines. Here, too, as well as in Iberia, the rivers yield gold-dust as well as the diggings, though not in such large quantities. The same writer, speaking of the extent and height of the Alps, compares with them the largest mountains of Greece, such as Taygetum,⁷⁴ Lycaeum,⁷⁵ Parnassus,⁷⁶ Olympus,⁷⁷ Pelion,⁷⁸ Ossa,⁷⁹ and of Thrace, as the Haemus, Rhodope, and Dunax, saying that an active person might almost ascend any of these in a single day, and go round them in the same time, whereas five days would not be sufficient to ascend the Alps, while their length along the plains extends 2200 stadia.⁸⁰ He only names four passes over the mountains, one through Liguria close to the Tyrrhenian Sea,⁸¹ a second through the country of the Taurini,⁸² by which Hannibal passed, a third through the country of the Salassi,⁸³ and a fourth through that of the Rhaeti,⁸⁴ all of them precipitous. In these mountains, he says, there are numerous lakes; three large ones, the first of which is Benacus,⁸⁵ 500 stadia in length and 130 in breadth, the river Mincio flows from it. The second is the Verbanus,⁸⁶ 400 stadia [in length], and in breadth smaller than the preceding; the great river Ticino⁸⁷ flows from this [lake]. The third is the Larius,⁸⁸ its length is nearly 300 stadia, and its breadth 30, the river Adda flows from it. All these rivers flow into the Po. This is what we have to say concerning the Alpine mountains.

Geography. Strabo. Hans Claude Hamilton (Translator), William Falconer (Translator). London. 1854-1857.

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Current edition Perseus

Geography (English) (Strabo. The Geography of Strabo, Vols. 1-3. Hamilton, Hans Claude, translator; Falconer, William, translator. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854-1857.)

Editions (1)

Γεωγραφικά Perseus (Strabo. Strabonis Geographica, Vols. 1-3. Meineke, August, editor. Leipzig: Teubner. 1877.) — 4.6 focus

[1] μετὰ δὲ τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἄλπεων Κελτικὴν καὶ τὰ ἔθνη τὰ ἔχοντα τὴν χώραν ταύτην περὶ αὐτῶν τῶν Ἄλπεων λεκτέον καὶ τῶν κατοικούντων αὐτάς, ἔπειτα περὶ τῆς συμπάσης Ἰταλίας, φυλάττουσιν ἐν τῇ γραφῇ τὴν αὐτὴν τάξιν ἥνπερ δίδωσιν ἡ τῆς χώρας φύσις. ἄρχονται μὲν οὖν αἱ Ἄλπεις οὐκ ἀπὸ Μονοίκου λιμένος, ὡς εἰρήκασί τινες, ἀλλʼ ἀπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν χωρίων ἀφʼ ὧνπερ καὶ τὰ Ἀπέννινα ὄρη κατὰ Γένουαν ἐμπόριον Λιγύων καὶ τὰ καλούμενα Σαβάτων ὀυάδα, ὅπερ ἐστὶ τενάγη· τὸ μὲν γὰρ Ἀπέννινον ἀπὸ Γενούας, αἱ δὲ Ἄλπεις ἀπὸ τῶν Σαβάτων ἔχουσι τὴν ἀρχήν· στάδιοι δʼ εἰσὶ μεταξὺ Γενούας καὶ Σαβάτων διακόσιοι πρὸς τοῖς ἑξήκοντα· μετὰ δὲ τριακοσίους πρὸς τοῖς ἑβδομήκοντα Ἀλβίγγαυνόν ἐστι πόλισμα, οἱ δʼ ἐνοικοῦντες Λίγυες Ἴγγαυνοι καλοῦνται· ἐντεῦθεν δʼ εἰς Μονοίκου λιμένα τετρακόσιοι καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα. ἔν τε τῷ μεταξὺ πόλις εὐμεγέθης Ἄλβιον Ἰντεμέλιον καὶ οἱ κατοικοῦντες Ἰντεμέλιοι. καὶ δὴ καὶ σημεῖον τίθενται τοῦ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀπὸ τῶν Σαβάτων εἶναι ταῖς Ἄλπεσιν ἐκ τῶν ὀνομάτων τούτων· τὰ γὰρ Ἄλπεια καλεῖσθαι πρότερον Ἄλβια, καθάπερ καὶ Ἀλπεινά. καὶ γὰρ νῦν ἔτι τὸ ἐν τοῖς Ἰάποσιν ὄρος ὑψηλὸν συνάπτον πως τῇ Ὄκρᾳ καὶ ταῖς Ἄλπεσιν Ἄλβιον λέγεσθαι, ὡς ἂν μέχρι δεῦρο τῶν Ἄλπεων ἐκτεταμένων.

[2] τῶν οὖν Λιγύων τῶν μὲν ὄντων Ἰγγαύνων τῶν δὲ Ἰντεμελίων, εἰκότως τὰς ἐποικίας αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ τὴν μὲν ὀνομάζεσθαι Ἄλβιον Ἰντεμέλιον οἷον Ἄλπειον, τὴν δὲ ἐπιτετμημένως μᾶλλον Ἀλβίγγαυνον. Πολύβιος δὲ προστίθησι τοῖς δυσὶ φύλοις τῶν Λιγύων τοῖς λεχθεῖσι τό τε τῶν Ὀξυβίων καὶ τὸ τῶν Δεκιητῶν. ὅλως δὲ ἡ παραλία αὕτη πᾶσα μέχρι Τυρρηνίας ἐκ Μονοίκου λιμένος προσεχής τέ ἐστι καὶ ἀλίμενος πλὴν βραχέων ὅρμων καὶ ἀγκυροβολίων. ὑπέρκεινται δὲ οἱ τῶν ὀρῶν ἐξαίσιοι κρημνοὶ στενὴν ἀπολείποντες πρὸς θαλάττῃ πάροδον. κατοικοῦσι δὲ Λίγυες ζῶντες ἀπὸ θρεμμάτων τὸ πλέον καὶ γάλακτος καὶ κριθίνου πόματος, νεμόμενοι τά τε πρὸς θαλάττῃ χωρία καὶ τὸ πλέον τὰ ὄρη. ἔχουσι δʼ ὕλην ἐνταῦθα παμπόλλην ναυπηγήσιμον καὶ μεγαλόδενδρον, ὥστʼ ἐνίων τοῦ πάχους τὴν διάμετρον ὀκτὼ ποδῶν εὑρίσκεσθαι· πολλὰ δὲ καὶ τῇ ποικιλίᾳ τῶν θυΐνων οὐκ ἔστι χείρω πρὸς τὰς τραπεζοποιίας. ταῦτά τε δὴ κατάγουσιν εἰς τὸ ἐμπόριον τὴν Γένουαν καὶ θρέμματα καὶ δέρματα καὶ μέλι, ἀντιφορτίζονται δὲ ἔλαιον καὶ οἶνον τὸν ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας· ὁ δὲ παρʼ αὐτοῖς ὀλίγος ἐστί, πιττίτης αὐστηρός. ἐντεῦθεν δέ εἰσιν οἱ γίννοι λεγόμενοι ἵπποι τε καὶ ἡμίονοι, καὶ οἱ λιγυστῖνοί τε χιτῶνες καὶ σάγοι· πλεονάζει δὲ καὶ τὸ λιγγούριον παρʼ αὐτοῖς, ὅ τινες ἤλεκτρον προσαγορεύουσι. στρατεύονται δʼ ἱππεῖς μὲν οὐ πάνυ, ὁπλῖται δὲ ἀγαθοὶ καὶ ἀκροβολισταί· ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ χαλκάσπιδας εἶναι τεκμαίρονταί τινες Ἕλληνας αὐτοὺς εἶναι.

[3] ̔ο δὲ τοῦ Μονοίκου λιμὴν ὅρμος ἐστὶν οὐ μεγάλαις οὐδὲ πολλαῖς ναυσίν, ἔχων ἱερὸν Ἡρακλέους Μονοίκου καλουμένου· ἔοικε δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὀνόματος καὶ μέχρι δεῦρο διατείνειν ὁ Μασσαλιωτικὸς παράπλους· διέχει δʼ Ἀντιπόλεως μικρῷ πλείους ἢ διακοσίους σταδίους. τοὐντεῦθεν δʼ ἤδη μέχρι Μασσαλίας καὶ μικρὸν προσωτέρω τὸ τῶν Σαλύων ἔθνος οἰκεῖ τὰς Ἄλπεις τὰς ὑπερκειμένας καί τινα τῆς αὐτῆς παραλίας ἀναμὶξ τοῖς Ἕλλησι. καλοῦσι δὲ τοὺς Σάλυας οἱ μὲν παλαιοὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων Λίγυας καὶ τὴν χώραν, ἣν ἔχουσιν οἱ Μασσαλιῶται, Λιγυστικήν, οἱ δʼ ὕστερον Κελτολίγυας ὀνομάζουσι, καὶ τὴν μέχρι Αὐενίωνος καὶ τοῦ Ῥοδανοῦ πεδιάδα τούτοις προσνέμουσιν, ἀφʼ ἧς οὐ πεζὴν μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ ἱππικὴν ἔστελλον στρατιάν, εἰς δέκα μέρη διῃρημένοι. πρώτους δʼ ἐχειρώσαντο Ῥωμαῖοι τούτους τῶν ὑπεραλπείων Κελτῶν, πολὺν χρόνον πολεμήσαντες καὶ τούτοις καὶ τοῖς Λίγυσιν, ἀποκεκλεικόσι τὰς εἰς τὴν Ἰβηρίαν παρόδους τὰς διὰ τῆς παραλίας. καὶ γὰρ καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν ἐλῄζοντο καὶ τοσοῦτον ἴσχυον ὥστε μόλις στρατοπέδοις μεγάλοις πορευτὴν εἶναι τὴν ὁδόν. ὀγδοηκοστὸν δʼ ἔτος πολεμοῦντες διεπράξαντο μόλις ὥστʼ ἐπὶ δώδεκα σταδίους τὸ πλάτος ἀνεῖσθαι τὴν ὁδὸν τοῖς ὁδεύουσι δημοσίᾳ. μετὰ ταῦτα μέντοι κατέλυσαν ἅπαντας καὶ διέταξαν αὐτοὶ τὰς πολιτείας, ἐπιστήσαντες φόβον.

[4] μετὰ δὲ τοὺς Σάλυας Ἀλβιεῖς καὶ Ἀλβίοικοι καὶ Ὀυοκόντιοι νέμονται τὰ προσάρκτια μέρη τῶν ὀρῶν. παρατείνουσι δὲ οἱ Ὀυοκόντιοι μέχρι Ἀλλοβρίγων, ἔχοντες αὐλῶνας ἐν βάθει τῆς ὀρεινῆς ἀξιολόγους καὶ οὐ χείρους ὧν ἔχουσιν ἐκεῖνοι. Ἀλλόβριγες μὲν οὖν καὶ Λίγυες ὑπὸ τοῖς στρατηγοῖς τάττονται τοῖς ἀφικνουμένοις εἰς τὴν Ναρβωνῖτιν, Ὀυοκόντιοι δέ, καθάπερ τοὺς Ὀυόλκας ἔφαμεν τοὺς περὶ Νέμαυσον, τάττονται καθʼ αὑτούς. τῶν δὲ μεταξὺ τοῦ Ὀυάρου καὶ τῆς Γενούας Λιγύων οἱ μὲν ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ τοῖς Ἰταλιώταις εἰσὶν οἱ αὐτοί, ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς ὀρεινοὺς πέμπεταί τις ὕπαρχος τῶν ἱππικῶν ἀνδρῶν, καθάπερ καὶ ἐπʼ ἄλλους τῶν τελέως βαρβάρων.

[5] μετὰ δὲ Ὀυοκοντίους Ἰκόνιοι καὶ Τρικόριοι καὶ μετʼ αὐτοὺς Μέδουλλοι, οἵπερ τὰς ὑψηλοτάτας ἔχουσι κορυφάς· τὸ γοῦν ὀρθιώτατον αὐτῶν ὕψος σταδίων ἑκατὸν ἔχειν φασὶ τὴν ἀνάβασιν, κἀνθένδε πάλιν τὴν ἐπὶ τοὺς ὅρους τοὺς τῆς Ἰταλίας κατάβασιν. ἄνω δʼ ἔν τισι κοίλοις χωρίοις λίμνη τε συνίσταται μεγάλη καὶ πηγαὶ δύο οὐ πολὺ ἄπωθεν ἀλλήλων, ὧν ἐκ μὲν τῆς ἑτέρας εἶσιν ὁ Δρουεντίας ποταμὸς χαραδρώδης, ὃς ἐπὶ τὸν Ῥοδανὸν καταράττει, καὶ ὁ Δουρίας εἰς τἀναντία· τῷ γὰρ Πάδῳ συμμίσγει κατενεχθεὶς διὰ Σαλασσῶν εἰς τὴν ἐντὸς τῶν Ἄλπεων Κελτικήν· ἐκ δὲ τῆς ἑτέρας πολὺ ταπεινότερος τούτων τῶν χωρίων ἀναδίδωσιν αὐτὸς ὁ Πάδος πολύς τε καὶ ὀξύς, προϊὼν δὲ γίνεται μείζων καὶ πραότερος· ἐκ πολλῶν γὰρ λαμβάνει τὴν αὔξησιν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις ἤδη γενόμενος καὶ πλατύνεται· τῇ οὖν διαχύσει περισπᾷ καὶ ἀμβλύνει τὸν ῥοῦν· εἰς δὲ τὴν Ἀδριατικὴν θάλατταν ἐκπίπτει μέγιστος γενόμενος τῶν κατὰ τὴν Εὐρώπην ποταμῶν πλὴν τοῦ Ἴστρου. ὑπέρκεινται δʼ οἱ Μέδουλλοι μάλιστα τῆς συμβολῆς τοῦ Ἴσαρος πρὸς τὸν Ῥοδανόν.

[6] Ἐπὶ δὲ θάτερα μέρη τὰ πρὸς τὴν Ἰταλίαν κεκλιμένα τῆς λεχθείσης ὀρεινῆς Ταυρῖνοί τε οἰκοῦσι Λιγυστικὸν ἔθνος καὶ ἄλλοι Λίγυες. τούτων δʼ ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ τοῦ Δόννου λεγομένη γῆ καὶ ἡ τοῦ Κοττίου. μετὰ δὲ τούτους καὶ τὸν Πάδον Σαλασσοί· ὑπὲρ δὲ τούτων ἐν ταῖς κορυφαῖς Κέντρωνες καὶ Κατόριγες καὶ Ὀυάραγροι καὶ Ναντουᾶται καὶ ἡ Λημέννα λίμνη, διʼ ἧς ὁ Ῥοδανὸς φέρεται, καὶ ἡ πηγὴ τοῦ ποταμοῦ. οὐκ ἄπωθεν δὲ τούτων οὐδὲ τοῦ Ῥήνου αἱ πηγαί, οὐδʼ ὁ Ἀδούλας τὸ ὄρος, ἐξ οὗ ῥεῖ καὶ ὁ Ῥῆνος ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους καὶ ὁ Ἀδούας εἰς τἀναντία ἐμβάλλων εἰς τὴν Λάριον λίμνην τὴν πρὸς τῷ Κώμῳ. ὑπέρκεινται δὲ τοῦ Κώμου πρὸς τῇ ῥίζῃ τῶν Ἄλπεων ἱδρυμένου τῇ μὲν Ῥαιτοὶ καὶ Ὀυέννωνες ἐπὶ τὴν ἕω κεκλιμένοι, τῇ δὲ Ληπόντιοι καὶ Τριδεντῖνοι καὶ Στόνοι καὶ ἄλλα πλείω μικρὰ ἔθνη κατέχοντα τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν χρόνοις λῃστρικὰ καὶ ἄπορα· νυνὶ δὲ τὰ μὲν ἐξέφθαρται τὰ δʼ ἡμέρωται τελέως, ὥστε τὰς διʼ αὐτῶν ὑπερβολὰς τοῦ ὄρους πρότερον οὔσας ὀλίγας καὶ δυσπεράτους νυνὶ πολλαχόθεν εἶναι καὶ ἀσφαλεῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ εὐβάτους, ὡς ἔνεστι, διὰ τὴν κατασκευήν. προσέθηκε γὰρ ὁ Σεβαστὸς Καῖσαρ τῇ καταλύσει τῶν λῃστῶν τὴν κατασκευὴν τῶν ὁδῶν ὅσην οἷόν τʼ ἦν· οὐ γὰρ δυνατὸν πανταχοῦ βιάσασθαι τὴν φύσιν διὰ πετρῶν καὶ κρημνῶν ἐξαισίων, τῶν μὲν ὑπερκειμένων τῆς ὁδοῦ τῶν δʼ ὑποπιπτόντων, ὥστε καὶ μικρὸν ἐκβᾶσιν ἄφυκτον εἶναι τὸν κίνδυνον, εἰς φάραγγας ἀβύσσους τοῦ πτώματος ὄντος. οὕτω δέ ἐστι στενὴ κατά τι αὐτοῦ ἡ ὁδὸς ὥστʼ ἴλιγγον φέρειν τοῖς πεζῇ βαδίζουσι καὶ αὐτοῖς καὶ ὑποζυγίοις τοῖς ἀήθεσι· τὰ δʼ ἐπιχώρια κομίζει τοὺς φόρτους ἀσφαλῶς. οὔτʼ οὖν ταῦτα ἰάσιμα οὔθʼ αἱ κατολισθάνουσαι πλάκες τῶν κρυστάλλων ἄνωθεν ἐξαίσιοι, συνοδίαν ὅλην ἀπολαμβάνειν δυνάμεναι καὶ συνεξωθεῖν εἰς τὰς ὑποπιπτούσας φάραγγας. πολλαὶ γὰρ ἀλλήλαις ἐπίκεινται πλάκες, πάγων ἐπὶ πάγοις γενομένων τῆς χιόνος κρυσταλλωδῶν καὶ τῶν ἐπιπολῆς ἀεὶ ῥᾳδίως ἀπολυομένων ἀπὸ τῶν ἐντὸς πρὶν διαλυθῆναι τελέως ἐν τοῖς ἡλίοις.

[7] ̔η δὲ τῶν Σαλασσῶν πολλὴ μέν ἐστιν ἐν αὐλῶνι βαθεῖ τῶν ὀρῶν ἀμφοτέρωθεν κλειόντων τὸ χωρίον, μέρος δέ τι αὐτῶν ἀνατείνει καὶ πρὸς τὰς ὑπερκειμένας κορυφάς. τοῖς οὖν ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας ὑπερτιθεῖσι τὰ ὄρη διὰ τοῦ λεχθέντος αὐλῶνός ἐστιν ἡ ὁδός. εἶτα σχίζεται δίχα· καὶ ἡ μὲν διὰ τοῦ Ποινίνου λεγομένου φέρεται ζεύγεσιν οὐ βατὴ κατὰ τὰ ἄκρα τῶν Ἄλπεων, ἡ δὲ διὰ Κεντρώνων δυσμικωτέρα. ἔχει δὲ καὶ χρυσεῖα ἡ τῶν Σαλασσῶν, ἃ κατεῖχον ἰσχύοντες οἱ Σαλασσοὶ πρότερον, καθάπερ καὶ τῶν παρόδων ἦσαν κύριοι. προσελάμβανε δὲ πλεῖστον εἰς τὴν μεταλλείαν αὐτοῖς ὁ Δουρίας ποταμὸς εἰς τὰ χρυσοπλύσια, διόπερ ἐπὶ πολλοὺς τόπους σχίζοντες εἰς τὰς ἐξοχετείας τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ κοινὸν ῥεῖθρον ἐξεκένουν. τοῦτο δʼ ἐκείνοις μὲν συνέφερε πρὸς τὴν τοῦ χρυσοῦ θήραν, τοὺς δὲ γεωργοῦντας τὰ ὑπʼ αὐτοῖς πεδία τῆς ἀρδείας στερομένους ἐλύπει, τοῦ ποταμοῦ δυναμένου ποτίζειν τὴν χώραν διὰ τὸ ὑπερδέξιον ἔχειν τὸ ῥεῖθρον. ἐκ δὲ ταύτης τῆς αἰτίας πόλεμοι συνεχεῖς ἦσαν πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀμφοτέροις τοῖς ἔθνεσι. κρατησάντων δὲ Ῥωμαίων τῶν μὲν χρυσουργείων ἐξέπεσον καὶ τῆς χώρας οἱ Σαλασσοί, τὰ δʼ ὄρη κατέχοντες ἀκμὴν τὸ ὕδωρ ἐπώλουν τοῖς δημοσιώναις τοῖς ἐργολαβήσασι τὰ χρυσεῖα· καὶ πρὸς τούτους δʼ ἦσαν ἀεὶ διαφοραὶ διὰ τὴν πλεονεξίαν τῶν δημοσιωνῶν. οὕτω δὲ συνέβαινε τοὺς στρατηγιῶντας ἀεὶ τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ πεμπομένους ἐπὶ τοὺς τόπους εὐπορεῖν προφάσεων ἀφʼ ὧν πολεμήσουσι. μέχρι μὲν δὴ τῶν νεωστὶ χρόνων τοτὲ μὲν πολεμούμενοι τοτὲ δὲ καταλυόμενοι τὸν πρὸς τοὺς Ῥωμαίους πόλεμον ἴσχυον ὅμως, καὶ πολλὰ κατέβλαπτον τοὺς διʼ αὐτῶν ὑπερβάλλοντας τὰ ὄρη κατὰ τὸ λῃστρικὸν ἔθος· οἵ γε καὶ Δέκιμον Βροῦτον φυγόντα ἐκ Μουτίνης ἐπράξαντο δραχμὴν κατʼ ἄνδρα· Μεσσάλας δὲ πλησίον αὐτῶν χειμαδεύων τιμὴν ξύλων κατέβαλε τῶν τε καυσίμων καὶ τῶν πτελεΐνων ἀκοντισμάτων τῶν γυμναστικῶν. ἐσύλησαν δέ ποτε καὶ χρήματα Καίσαρος οἱ ἄνδρες οὗτοι καὶ ἐπέβαλον κρημνοὺς στρατοπέδοις, πρόφασιν ὡς ὁδοποιοῦντες ἢ γεφυροῦντες ποταμούς. ὕστερον μέντοι κατεστρέψατο αὐτοὺς ἄρδην ὁ Σεβαστὸς καὶ πάντας ἐλαφυροπώλησε, κομισθέντας εἰς Ἐπορεδίαν Ῥωμαίων ἀποικίαν, ἣν συνῴκισαν μὲν φρουρὰν εἶναι βουλόμενοι τοῖς Σαλασσοῖς, ὀλίγον δʼ ἀντέχειν ἐδύναντο οἱ αὐτόθι, ἕως ἠφανίσθη τὸ ἔθνος. τῶν μὲν οὖν ἄλλων σωμάτων τρεῖς μυριάδες ἐξητάσθησαν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἑξακισχιλίοις, τῶν δὲ μαχίμων ἀνδρῶν ὀκτακισχίλιοι· πάντας δʼ ἐπώλησε Τερέντιος Ὀυάρρων ὑπὸ δόρυ καταστρεψάμενος αὐτοὺς στρατηγός· τρισχιλίους δὲ Ῥωμαίων πέμψας ᾤκισε τὴν πόλιν Αὐγοῦσταν ὁ Καῖσαρ, ἐν ᾧ ἐστρατοπέδευσε χωρίῳ ὁ Ὀυάρρων, καὶ νῦν εἰρήνην ἄγει πᾶσα ἡ πλησιόχωρος μέχρι τῶν ἄκρων ὑπερβολῶν τοῦ ὄρους.

[8] ̔εξῆς δὲ τὰ πρὸς ἕω μέρη τῶν ὀρῶν καὶ τὰ ἐπιστρέφοντα πρὸς νότον Ῥαιτοὶ καὶ Ὀυινδολικοὶ κατέχουσι συνάπτοντες Ἐλουηττίοις καὶ Βοΐοις· ἐπίκεινται γὰρ τοῖς ἐκείνων πεδίοις. οἱ μὲν οὖν Ῥαιτοὶ μέχρι τῆς Ἰταλίας καθήκουσι τῆς ὑπὲρ Οὐήρωνος καὶ Κώμου. καὶ ὅ γε Ῥαιτικὸς οἶνος τῶν ἐν τοῖς Ἰταλικοῖς ἐπαινουμένων οὐκ ἀπολείπεσθαι δοκῶν ἐν ταῖς τούτων ὑπωρείαις γίνεται· διατείνουσι δὲ καὶ μέχρι τῶν χωρίων διʼ ὧν ὁ Ῥῆνος φέρεται· τούτου δʼ εἰσὶ τοῦ φύλου καὶ Ληπόντιοι καὶ Καμοῦνοι. οἱ δὲ Ὀυινδολικοὶ καὶ Νωρικοὶ τὴν ἐκτὸς παρώρειαν κατέχουσι τὸ πλέον μετὰ Βρεύνων καὶ Γεναύνων, ἤδη τούτων Ἰλλυριῶν. ἅπαντες δʼ οὗτοι καὶ τῆς Ἰταλίας τὰ γειτονεύοντα μέρη κατέτρεχον ἀεὶ καὶ τῆς Ἐλουηττίων καὶ Σηκοανῶν καὶ Βοΐων καὶ Γερμανῶν. ἰταμώτατοι δὲ τῶν μὲν Ὀυινδολικῶν ἐξητάζοντο Λικάττιοι καὶ Κλαυτηνάτιοι καὶ Ὀυέννωνες, τῶν δὲ Ῥαιτῶν Ῥουκάντιοι καὶ Κωτουάντιοι. καὶ οἱ Ἐστίωνες δὲ τῶν Ὀυινδολικῶν εἰσὶ καὶ Βριγάντιοι, καὶ πόλεις αὐτῶν Βριγάντιον καὶ Καμβόδουνον καὶ ἡ τῶν Λικαττίων ὥσπερ ἀκρόπολις Δαμασία. τῆς δὲ πρὸς τοὺς Ἰταλιώτας τῶν λῃστῶν τούτων χαλεπότητος λέγεταί τι τοιοῦτον ὡς, ἐπειδὰν ἕλωσι κώμην ἢ πόλιν οὐ μόνον ἡβηδὸν ἀνδροφονοῦντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ μέχρι τῶν νηπίων προϊόντας τῶν ἀρρένων, καὶ μηδʼ ἐνταῦθα παυομένους, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς ἐγκύους γυναῖκας κτείνοντας ὅσας φαῖεν οἱ μάντεις ἀρρενοκυεῖν.

[9] μετὰ δὲ τούτους οἱ ἐγγὺς ἤδη τοῦ Ἀδριατικοῦ μυχοῦ καὶ τῶν κατὰ Ἀκυληίαν τόπων οἰκοῦσι, Νωρικῶν τέ τινες καὶ Κάρνοι· τῶν δὲ Νωρικῶν εἰσι καὶ οἱ Ταυρίσκοι. πάντας δʼ ἔπαυσε τῶν ἀνέδην καταδρομῶν Τιβέριος καὶ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ Δροῦσος θερείᾳ μιᾷ, ὥστʼ ἤδη τρίτον καὶ τριακοστὸν ἔτος ἐστὶν ἐξ οὗ καθʼ ἡσυχίαν ὄντες ἀπευτακτοῦσι τοὺς φόρους. κατὰ πᾶσαν δὲ τὴν τῶν Ἄλπεων ὀρεινὴν ἔστι μὲν καὶ γεώλοφα χωρία καλῶς γεωργεῖσθαι δυνάμενα καὶ αὐλῶνες εὖ συνεκτισμένοι, τὸ μέντοι πλέον καὶ μάλιστα περὶ τὰς κορυφάς, περὶ ὃ δὴ καὶ συνίσταντο οἱ λῃσταί, λυπρὸν καὶ ἄκαρπον διά τε τὰς πάχνας καὶ τὴν τραχύτητα τῆς γῆς. κατὰ σπάνιν οὖν τροφῆς τε καὶ ἄλλων ἐφείδοντο ἔσθʼ ὅτε τῶν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις, ἵνʼ ἔχοιεν χορηγούς· ἀντεδίδοσαν δὲ ῥητίνην πίτταν δᾷδα κηρὸν τυρὸν μέλι· τούτων γὰρ εὐπόρουν. ὑπέρκειται δὲ τῶν Κάρνων τὸ Ἀπέννινον ὄρος, λίμνην ἔχον ἐξιεῖσαν εἰς τὸν Ἀτησῖνον ποταμόν, ὃς παραλαβὼν Ἄταγιν ἄλλον ποταμὸν εἰς τὸν Ἀδρίαν ἐκβάλλει. ἐκ δὲ τῆς αὐτῆς λίμνης καὶ ἄλλος ποταμὸς εἰς τὸν Ἴστρον ῥεῖ, καλούμενος Ἰσάρας. καὶ γὰρ ὁ Ἴστρος τὰς ἀρχὰς ἀπὸ τούτων λαμβάνει τῶν ὀρῶν πολυσχιδῶν ὄντων καὶ πολυκεφάλων. μέχρι μὲν γὰρ δεῦρο ἀπὸ τῆς Λιγυστικῆς συνεχῆ τὰ ὑψηλὰ τῶν Ἄλπεων διέτεινε καὶ ἑνὸς ὄρους φαντασίαν παρεῖχεν, εἶτʼ ἀνεθέντα καὶ ταπεινωθέντα ἐξαίρεται πάλιν εἰς πλείω μέρη καὶ πλείους κορυφάς. πρώτη δʼ ἐστὶ τούτων ἡ τοῦ Ῥήνου πέραν καὶ τῆς λίμνης κεκλιμένη πρὸς ἕω ῥάχις μετρίως ὑψηλή, ὅπου αἱ τοῦ Ἴστρου πηγαὶ πλησίον Σοήβων καὶ τοῦ Ἑρκυνίου δρυμοῦ· ἄλλαι δʼ εἰσὶν ἐπιστρέφουσαι πρὸς τὴν Ἰλλυρίδα καὶ τὸν Ἀδρίαν, ὧν ἐστι τό τε Ἀπέννινον ὄρος τὸ λεχθὲν καὶ τὸ Τοῦλλον καὶ Φλιγαδία, τὰ ὑπερκείμενα τῶν Ὀυινδολικῶν, ἐξ ὧν ὁ Δούρας καὶ Κλάνις καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους χαραδρώδεις ποταμοὶ συμβάλλουσιν εἰς τὸ τοῦ Ἴστρου ῥεῖθρον.

[10] καὶ οἱ Ἰάποδες δὲ ἤδη τοῦτο ἐπίμικτον Ἰλλυριοῖς καὶ Κελτοῖς ἔθνος περὶ τούτους οἰκοῦσι τοὺς τόπους, καὶ ἡ Ὄκρα πλησίον τούτων ἐστίν. οἱ μὲν οὖν Ἰάποδες πρότερον εὐανδροῦντες καὶ τοῦ ὄρους ἐφʼ ἑκάτερον τὴν οἴκησιν ἔχοντες καὶ τοῖς λῃστηρίοις ἐπικρατοῦντες, ἐκπεπόνηνται τελέως ὑπὸ τοῦ Σεβαστοῦ Καίσαρος καταπολεμηθέντες. πόλεις δʼ αὐτῶν Μέτουλον Ἀρουπῖνοι Μονήτιον Ὀυένδων. μεθʼ οὓς ἡ Σεγεστικὴ πόλις ἐν πεδίῳ, παρʼ ἣν ὁ Σάος παραρρεῖ ποταμὸς ἐκδιδοὺς εἰς τὸν Ἴστρον. κεῖται δὲ ἡ πόλις εὐφυῶς πρὸς τὸν κατὰ τῶν Δακῶν πόλεμον· ἡ δʼ Ὄκρα τὸ ταπεινότατον μέρος τῶν Ἄλπεών ἐστι καθʼ ὃ συνάπτουσι τοῖς Κάρνοις, καὶ διʼ οὗ τὰ ἐκ τῆς Ἀκυληίας φορτία κομίζουσιν ἁρμαμάξαις εἰς τὸν καλούμενον Ναύπορτον, σταδίων ὁδὸν οὐ πολὺ πλειόνων ἢ τετρακοσίων· ἐκεῖθεν δὲ τοῖς ποταμοῖς κατάγεται μέχρι τοῦ Ἴστρου καὶ τῶν ταύτῃ χωρίων. παραρρεῖ γὰρ δὴ τὸν Ναύπορτον Κορκόρας ποταμὸς ἐκ τῆς Ἰλλυρίδος φερόμενος πλωτός, ἐκβάλλει δʼ εἰς τὸν Σάον, ὥστʼ εὐμαρῶς εἰς τὴν Σεγεστικὴν κατάγεται καὶ τοὺς Παννονίους καὶ Ταυρίσκους. συμβάλλει δʼ εἰς τὸν Σάον κατὰ τὴν πόλιν καὶ ὁ Κόλαπις· ἀμφότεροι δʼ εἰσὶ πλωτοί, ῥέουσι δʼ ἀπὸ τῶν Ἄλπεων. ἔχουσι δʼ αἱ Ἄλπεις καὶ ἵππους ἀγρίους καὶ βόας. φησὶ δὲ Πολύβιος καὶ ἰδιόμορφόν τι γεννᾶσθαι ζῷον ἐν αὐταῖς ἐλαφοειδὲς τὸ σχῆμα πλὴν αὐχένος καὶ τριχώματος, ταῦτα δʼ ἐοικέναι κάπρῳ, ὑπὸ δὲ τῷ γενείῳ πυρῆνα ἴσχειν ὅσον σπιθαμιαῖον ἀκρόκομον, πωλικῆς κέρκου τὸ πάχος.

[11] τῶν δʼ ὑπερθέσεων τῶν ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας εἰς τὴν ἔξω Κελτικὴν καὶ τὴν προσάρκτιον ἡ διὰ Σαλασσῶν ἐστιν ἄγουσα ἐπὶ Λούγδουνον· διττὴ δʼ ἐστίν, ἡ μὲν ἁμαξεύεσθαι δυναμένη διὰ μήκους πλείονος ἡ διὰ Κεντρώνων, ἡ δὲ ὀρθία καὶ στενή, σύντομος δέ, ἡ διὰ τοῦ Ποινίνου. τὸ δὲ Λούγδουνον ἐν μέσῳ τῆς χώρας ἐστὶν ὥσπερ ἀκρόπολις, διά τε τὰς συμβολὰς τῶν ποταμῶν καὶ διὰ τὸ ἐγγὺς εἶναι πᾶσι τοῖς μέρεσι. διόπερ καὶ Ἀγρίππας ἐντεῦθεν τὰς ὁδοὺς ἔτεμε, τὴν διὰ τῶν Κεμμένων ὀρῶν μέχρι Σαντόνων καὶ τῆς Ἀκυιτανίας, καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τὸν Ῥῆνον, καὶ τρίτην τὴν ἐπὶ τὸν ὠκεανόν, τὴν πρὸς Βελλοάκοις καὶ Ἀμβιανοῖς, τετάρτη δʼ ἐστὶν ἐπὶ τὴν Ναρβωνῖτιν καὶ τὴν Μασσαλιωτικὴν παραλίαν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἐν ἀριστερᾷ ἀφεῖσι τὸ Λούγδουνον καὶ τὴν ὑπερκειμένην χώραν ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ Ποινίνῳ πάλιν ἐκτροπὴ διαβάντι τὸν Ῥοδανὸν ἢ τὴν λίμνην τὴν Λημένναν εἰς τὰ Ἐλουηττίων πεδία, κἀντεῦθεν εἰς Σηκοανοὺς ὑπέρθεσις διὰ τοῦ Ἰόρα ὄρους καὶ εἰς Λίγγονας· διά τε τούτων ἐπʼ ἄμφω καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν Ῥῆνον καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν ὠκεανὸν δίοδοι σχίζονται.

[12] ἔτι φησὶ Πολύβιος ἐφʼ ἑαυτοῦ κατʼ Ἀκυληίαν μάλιστα ἐν τοῖς Ταυρίσκοις τοῖς Νωρικοῖς εὑρεθῆναι χρυσεῖον οὕτως εὐφυὲς ὥστʼ ἐπὶ δύο πόδας ἀποσύραντι τὴν ἐπιπολῆς γῆν εὐθὺς ὀρυκτὸν εὑρίσκεσθαι χρυσόν, τὸ δʼ ὄρυγμα μὴ πλειόνων ὑπάρχειν ἢ πεντεκαίδεκα ποδῶν, εἶναι δὲ τοῦ χρυσοῦ τὸν μὲν αὐτόθεν καθαρὸν κυάμου μέγεθος ἢ θέρμου, τοῦ ὀγδόου μέρους μόνον ἀφεψηθέντος, τὸν δὲ δεῖσθαι μὲν χωνείας πλείονος σφόδρα δὲ λυσιτελοῦς. συνεργασαμένων δὲ τοῖς βαρβάροις τῶν Ἰταλιωτῶν ἐν διμήνῳ, παραχρῆμα τὸ χρυσίον εὐωνότερον γενέσθαι τῷ τρίτῳ μέρει καθʼ ὅλην τὴν Ἰταλίαν, αἰσθομένους δὲ τοὺς Ταυρίσκους μονοπωλεῖν ἐκβαλόντας τοὺς συνεργαζομένους. ἀλλὰ νῦν ἅπαντα τὰ χρυσεῖα ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίοις ἐστί. κἀνταῦθα δʼ, ὥσπερ κατὰ τὴν Ἰβηρίαν, φέρουσιν οἱ ποταμοὶ χρυσοῦ ψῆγμα πρὸς τῷ ὀρυκτῷ, οὐ μέντοι τοσοῦτον. ὁ δʼ αὐτὸς ἀνὴρ περὶ τοῦ μεγέθους τῶν Ἄλπεων καὶ τοῦ ὕψους λέγων παραβάλλει τὰ ἐν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὄρη τὰ μέγιστα, τὸ Ταΰγετον τὸ Λύκαιον Παρνασσὸν Ὄλυμπον Πήλιον Ὄσσαν, ἐν δὲ Θρᾴκῃ Αἷμον Ῥοδόπην Δούνακα· καί φησιν ὅτι τούτων μὲν ἕκαστον μικροῦ δεῖν αὐθημερὸν εὐζώνοις ἀναβῆναι δυνατόν, αὐθημερὸν δὲ καὶ περιελθεῖν, τὰς δʼ Ἄλπεις οὐδʼ ἂν πεμπταῖος ἀναβαίη τίς· τὸ δὲ μῆκός ἐστι δισχιλίων καὶ διακοσίων σταδίων τὸ παρῆκον παρὰ τὰ πεδία. τέτταρας δʼ ὑπερβάσεις ὀνομάζει μόνον· διὰ Λιγύων μὲν τὴν ἔγγιστα τῷ Τυρρηνικῷ πελάγει, εἶτα τὴν διὰ Ταυρίνων ἣν Ἀννίβας διῆλθεν, εἶτα τὴν διὰ Σαλασσῶν, τετάρτην δὲ τὴν διὰ Ῥαιτῶν, ἁπάσας κρημνώδεις. λίμνας δὲ εἶναί φησιν ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσι πλείους μέν, τρεῖς δὲ μεγάλας· ὧν ἡ μὲν Βήνακος ἔχει μῆκος πεντακοσίων σταδίων, πλάτος δὲ ἑκατὸν τριάκοντα, ἐκρεῖ δὲ ποταμὸς Μίγκιος· ἡ δʼ ἑξῆς Λάριος τετρακοσίων, πλάτος δὲ στενωτέρα τῆς πρότερον, ἐξίησι δὲ ποταμὸν τὸν Ἀδούαν· τρίτη δὲ Ὀυερβανὸς μῆκος ἐγγὺς τριακοσίων σταδίων, πλάτος δὲ τριάκοντα, ποταμὸν δὲ ἐξίησι μέγαν Τικῖνον· πάντες δʼ εἰς τὸν Πάδον συρρέουσι. τοσαῦτα καὶ περὶ τῶν ὀρῶν ἔχομεν λέγειν τῶν Ἀλπεινῶν.

Notes on the current edition

Geography

1. Transalpine Gaul.

2. Port Monaco.

3. Vadi.

4. Albinga.

5. Vintimille.

6. Kramer conjectures that instead of ̓αλπιόρνια, we should read ̓αλπεινὰ.

7. These people occupied the borders of the province of Murlaka, near to Istria, on the Gulf of Venice. Mount Albius is still called Alben.

8. Casaubon observes that the Roman writers separated the name Albium Ingaunum, in the same manner as Albium Intemelium.

9. These two tribes inhabited the country round Fréjus and Antibes as far as the Var.

10. Or amber.

11. μόνοικος, an epithet of Hercules signifying sole inhabitant. According to Servius, either because after he had driven out the Ligurians he remained the sole inhabitant of the country; or because it was not usual to associate any other divinities in the temples consecrated to him.

12. λἰγυες, or Ligurians.

13. λιγυστικὴ, or Liguria.

14. κελτολίγυες, or Kelto-Ligurians.

15. Kramer is of opinion that we should adopt the suggestion of Mannert, to read here Avignon.

16. We have adopted the reading of the older editions, which is also that of the French translation. Kramer however reads φόβον, and adds φόρον in a note.

17. The Albieci are named Albici in Caesar; the capital city is called by Pliny Alebece Reiorum; it is now Riez in Provence.

18. Nimes.

19. There are two rivers of this name which descend from the Alps and discharge themselves into the Po. The Durias which rises near the Durance is the Durias minor of the ancients, and the Doria Riparia of the moderns; this river falls into the Po at Turin.

20. Gosselin observes:—The Salassi occupied the country about Aouste, or Aoste. The name of this city is a corruption of Augusta Praetoria Salassorum, which it received in the time of Augustus. The Durias which passes by Aouste is the Durias major, the modern Doria Baltea. Its sources are between the Great Saint Bernard and Mont Blanc.

21. The Ister of the classics.

22. Augusta Taurinorum, hodie Turin, was the capital of these people.

23. Various conjectures have been hazarded concerning this name, of which there appears to be no other mention.

24. The Kentrones occupied la Tarentaise; the Catoriges, the territories of Chorges and Embrun; the Veragri, a part of the Valais south of the Rhone; and the Nantuatae, Le Chablais.

25. The Lake of Geneva.

26. Saint Gothard.

27. The Adda does not flow from the same mountain as the Rhine.

28. The Lake of Como.

29. The Rhaeti are the Grisons; the Vennones, the people of the Va Telline.

30. The Lepontii inhabited the Haut Valais, and the valley of Leventina; the Tridentini occupied Trente; the Stoni, Sténéco.

31. The valley of Aouste.

32. These two routes still exist. The former passes by the Great Saint Bernard, or the Pennine Alps; the latter traverses the Little Saint Bernard, and descends into La Tarentaise, formerly occupied by the Centrones.

33. Anciently Durias.

34. Modena.

35. It does not appear that Julius Caesar is here intended, for he mentions nothing of it in his Commentaries. It seems more probable that Strabo used the expression of Caesar in its wider sense of Emperor, and alludes to Augustus, of whom he speaks immediately after.

36. Ivrea.

37. Aouste.

38. The limits of these barbarous nations were continually varying according to their success in war, in general, however, the Rhaeti possessed the country of the Grisons, the Tyrol, and the district about Trent. The Lepontii possessed the Val Leventina. The Camuni the Val Camonica. The Vindelici occupied a portion of Bavaria and Suabia; on their west were the Helvetii or Swiss, and on the north the Boii, from whom they were separated by the Danube; these last people have left their name to Bohemia. The Norici possessed Styria, Carinthia, a part of Austria and Bavaria to the south of the Danube. The Breuni have given their name to the Val Braunia north of the Lago Maggiore; and the Genauni appear to have inhabited the Val Agno, between Lake Maggiore and the Lake of Como, although Strabo seems to place these people on the northern side of the Alps, towards the confines of Illyria.

39. The people of Franche Comté.

40. The Germans of Wirtemberg and Suabia.

41. The Licattii appear to have inhabited the country about the Lech, and the Clautinatii that about the Inn; the Vennones the Val Telline.

42. This disgusting brutality however is no more barbarous than the intention put by Homer into the mouth of Agamemnon, the king of men, which Scholiasts have in vain endeavoured to soften or excuse—

τῶν μήτις ὑπεκφύγοι αἰπὺν ὂλεθοͅον,

χεῖοͅάς θ̓ ἡμετερασ’ μηδ’ ὅντινα γαστέοͅι μήτηρ

κοῦρον ἐόντα φέροι, μηδ’ ὅς φύγοι ἀλλ ἅμα πάντες

̓ιλίου ἐξαπολοίατʼ, ἀκηδεστοι καὶ ἂφαντοι.

Iliad vi. 57–60.

43. This expedition of Tiberius took place in the eleventh year of the Christian era; Strabo therefore must have written his fourth book in the 44th year.

44. The Carnic, or Julian Alps, is intended.

45. ̓́αταξ.

46. There is, remarks Gosselin, a palpable mistake in this passage. We neither know of a river named the Isar nor yet the Atax discharging themselves into the Adriatic. Atesinus or Athesis are the ancient names of the Adige, but this river flows into the Adriatic, and not, as Strabo seems to say, into the Danube. The error of the text appears to result from a transposition of the two names made by the copyists, and to render it intelligible we should read thus:— There is a lake from which proceeds the Atesinus, (or the Adige,) and which, after having received the Atax, (perhaps the Eisach, or Aicha, which flows by Bolzano,) discharges itself into the Adriatic. The Isar proceeds from the same lake, and [passing by Munich] discharges itself into the Danube.

47. Apparently the lake of Constance.

48. The Black Forest.

49. These two chains are in Murlaka, they are now named Telez and Flicz.

50. The Traun or Würm.

51. The Glan in Bavaria.

52. The Julian Alps, and Birnbaumerwald.

53. Probably Mödling.

54. Auersperg, or the Flecken Mungava.

55. Möttnig or Mansburg.

56. Windisch Grätz, or Brindjel.

57. Now Sisseck.

58. The text reads Rhine, but we have, in common with Gosselin, followed the correction of Cluvier, 6ylander, and Tyrwhitt.

59. The Dacians occupied a part of Hungary, Transylvania, Wallachia, and a portion of Moldavia.

60. Coray suggests Nauportus, now Ober-Laibach in Krain. This suggestion is extremely probable, however Pamportus occurs twice in the text.

61. The river Laibach.

62. The Pannonians occupied a portion of Austria and Hungary. The Taurisci, who formed part of the former people, inhabited Styria.

63. Segesta.

64. The ancient Colapis.

65. This is a description of the elk (cervus alces of Linn.). This animal no longer exists either in France or in the Alps.

66. Lyons.

67. La Saintonge.

68. Gascony.

69. Beauvoisis.

70. Picardie.

71. From Lyons this route passed by Vienne, Valence, Orange, and Avignon; here it separated, leading on one side to Tarascon, Nimes, Beziers, and Narbonne, and on the other to Arles, Aix, Marseilles, Fréjus, Antibes, etc.

72. This other route, says Gosselin, starting from Aouste, traversed the Great Saint Bernard, Valais, the Rhone, a portion of the Vaud, Mount Jura, and so to Besançon and Langres, where it separated, the road to the right passing by Toul, Metz, and Trèves, approached the Rhine at Mayence; while that to the left passed by Troies, Châlons, Rheims, and Bavai, where it again separated and conducted by various points to the sea-coast.

73. The Italians also went into Spain, and there engaged in working the mines. Vide Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 36, 38.

74. A mountain of Laconia.

75. In Arcadia, some suppose it to be the modern Tetragi, others Diaphorti, and others Mintha.

76. In Phocis, Iapara, or Liokura.

77. Olympus is a mountain range of Thessaly, bordering on Macedonia, its summit is thirty miles north of Larissa, in lat. 40° 4′ 32″ N., long. 22° 25′ E. Its estimated height is 9745 feet.

78. Petras or Zagora.

79. Now Kissovo; it is situated to the east of the river Peneus, immediately north of Mount Pelion, and bounds the celebrated vale of Tempe on one side.

80. Gosselin observes, both Polybius and Strabo extended the Alps from the neighbourhood of Marseilles to beyond the Adriatic Gulf, a distance twice 2200 stadia. It appears probable from the words of Polybius himself, (lib. ii. c. 14,) that he merely intended to state the length of the plains situated at the foot of the mountains, which bound Italy on the north; and in fact the distance in a right line from the foot of the Alps about Rivoli or Pignerol to Rovigo, and the marshes formed at the mouths of the Adige and Po, is 63 leagues, or 2200 stadia of 700 to a degree.

81. This route passes from Tortona, by Vadi, Albinga, Vintimille, and Monaco, where it crosses the maritime Alps, and thence to Nice, Antibes, etc. Gosselin.

82. This route passes by Briançon, Mont Genèvre, the Col de Sestrière, and the Val Progelas.

83. The passage by the Val Aouste.

84. This route, starting from Milan, passed east of the lake of Como by Coire, and then by Bregentz to the Lake of Constance.

85. The Lago di Garda.

86. Lago Maggiore.

87. Ticinus. We have followed the example of the French translators in making the Ticino to flow from the Lago Maggiore, and the Adda from the Lake of Como; by some inexplicable process the text of Strabo has been corrupted and these rivers transposed. Kramer notices the inconsistency of the text.

88. The Lake of Como.

Strabo Geography 4.6

Hans Claude Hamilton (Translator), William Falconer (Translator)

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CHAPTER VI.

THE ALPS.

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