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CHAPTER I.

[1] THESE are the limits of Phrygia. We return again to the Propontis, and to the sea-coast adjoining the Aesepus,¹ and shall observe, in our description of places, the same order as before.

The first country which presents itself on the sea-coast is the Troad.² Although it is deserted, and covered with ruins, yet it is so celebrated as to furnish a writer with no ordinary excuse for expatiating on its history. But we ought not only to be excused, but encouraged, for the reader should not impute the fault of prolixity to us, but to those whose curiosity and desire of information respecting the celebrated places of antiquity is to be gratified. The prolixity is greater than it would be otherwise, from the great number of nations, both Greeks and Barbarians, who have occupied the country, and from the disagreement among writers, who do not relate the same things of the same persons and places, nor even do they express themselves with clearness. Among these in particular is Homer, who suggests occasions for conjecture in the greatest part of his local descriptions. We are therefore to examine what the poet and other writers advance, premising a summary description of the nature of the places.

[2] The coast of the Propontis extends from Cyzicene and the places about the Aesepus and Granicus³ as far as Abydos, and Sestos.⁴ Between Abydos and Lectum⁵ is the country about Ilium, and Tenedos and Alexandreia Troas.⁶ Above all these is the mountain Ida, extending as far as Lectum. From Lectum to the river Caïcus⁷ and the Canae mountains as they are called is the district comprising Assus,⁸ Adramyttium,⁹ Atarneus,¹⁰ Pitane,¹¹ and the Elaïtic bay, opposite to all which places lies the island Lesbos.¹² Next follows the country about Cyme¹³ as far as Hermus,¹⁴ and Phocaea,¹⁵ where Ionia begins, and Aeolis terminates. Such then is the nature of the country.

The poet implies that it was the Trojans chiefly who were divided into eight or even nine bodies of people, each forming a petty princedom, who had under their sway the places about Aesepus, and those about the territory of the present Cyzicene, as far as the river Caïcus. The troops of auxiliaries are reckoned among the allies.

[3] The writers subsequent to Homer do not assign the same boundaries, but introduce other names, and a greater number of territorial divisions. The Greek colonies were the cause of this; the Ionian migration produced less change, for it was further distant from the Troad, but the Aeolian colonists occasioned it throughout, for they were dispersed over the whole of the country from Cyzicene as far as the Caïcus, and occupied besides the district between the Caïcus and the river Hermus. It is said that the Aeolian preceded the Ionian migration four generations, but it was attended with delays, and the settlement of the colonies took up a longer time. Orestes was the leader of the colonists, and died in Arcadia. He was preceded by his son Penthilus, who advanced as far as Thrace, sixty years¹⁶ after the Trojan war, about the time of the return of the Heracleidae to Peloponnesus. Then Archelaus the son of Penthilus conducted the Aeolian colonies across the sea to the present Cyzicene, near Dascylium. Gras his youngest son proceeded as far as the river Granicus, and, being provided with better means, transported the greater part of those who composed the expedition to Lesbos, and took possession of it.

On the other side, Cleuas, the son of Dorus, and Malaus, who were descendants of Agamemnon, assembled a body of men for an expedition about the same time as Penthilus, but the band of Penthilus passed over from Thrace into Asia before them; while the rest consumed much time near Locris, and the mountain Phricius. At last however they crossed the sea, and founded Cyme, to which they gave the name of Phriconis, from Phricius, the Locrian mountain.

[4] The Aeolians then were dispersed over the whole country, which we have said the poet calls the Trojan country. Later writers give this name to the whole, and others to a part, of Aeolis; and so, with respect to Troja, some writers understand the whole, others only a part, of that country, not entirely agreeing with one another in anything.

According to Homer, the commencement of the Troad is at the places on the Propontis, reckoning it from the Aesepus. According to Eudoxus, it begins from Priapus, and Artace, situated in the island of the Cyziceni opposite to Priapus, and thus lie contracts the boundaries [of the Troad]. Damastes contracts them still more by reckoning its commencement from Parium.¹⁷ He extends the Troad as far as Lectum. But different writers assign different limits to this country. Charon of Lampsacus diminishes its extent by three hundred stadia more, by reckoning its commencement from Practius, for this is the distance between Parium and Practius, but protracts it to Adramyttium. It begins, according to Scylax of Caryanda, at Abydos. There is the same diversity of opinion respecting the boundaries of Aeolis. Ephorus reckons, its extent from Abydos to Cyme, but different writers compute it in different ways.

[5] The situation of the country actually called Troja is best marked by the position of Ida, a lofty mountain, looking to the west, and to the western sea, but making a slight bend to the north and towards the northern coast. This latter is the coast of the Propontis, extending from the straits near Abydos to the Aesepus, and to the territory of Cyzicene. The western sea is the exterior (part of the) Hellespont, and the Aegtaean Sea.

Ida has many projecting parts like feet, and resembles in figure a tarantula, and is bounded by the following extreme points, namely, the promontory¹⁸ at Zeleia, and that called Lectum; the former terminates in the inland parts a little above Cyzicene (to the Cyziceni belongs the present Zeleia), and Lee tum projects into the Aegaean Sea, and is met with in the coasting voyage from Tenedos to Lesbos.

They (namely, Somnus and Juno) came, says Homer, to Ida, abounding with springs, the nurse of wild beasts, to Lectum where first they left the sea,¹⁹

where the poet describes Lectum in appropriate terms, for he says correctly that Lectum is a part of Ida, and that this was the first place of disembarkation for persons intending to ascend Mount Ida.²⁰ [He is exact in the epithet abounding with springs; for the mountain, especially in that part, has a very large supply of water, which appears from the great number of rivers which issue from it;

all the rivers which rise in Ida, and proceed to the sea, the Rhesus, and Heptaporus,²¹

and others, which he mentions afterwards, and which are now to be seen by us.]

In speaking of the projections like feet on each side of Ida, as Lectum, and Zeleia,²² he distinguishes in proper terms the summit Gargarum,²³ calling it the top²⁴ (of Ida), for there is now in existence in the higher parts of Ida a place, from which the present Gargara, an Aeolian city, has its name. Between Zeleia and Lectum, proceeding from the Propontis, are first the parts extending to the straits at Abydos. Then the parts below the Propontis, extending as far as Lectum.

[6] On doubling Lectum a large bay opens,²⁵ formed by Mount Ida, which recedes from Lectum, and by Canae, the promontory opposite to Lectum on the other side. Some persons call it the Bay of Ida, others the Bay of Adramyttium. On this bay are situated the cities of the Aeolians, extending, as we have said, to the mouths of the Hermus. I have mentioned also in a former part of my work, that in sailing from Byzantium in a straight line towards the south, we first arrive at Sestos and Abydos through the middle of the Propontis; then at the sea-coast of Asia as far as Caria. The readers of this work ought to attend to the following observation; although we mention certain bays on this coast, they must understand the promontories also which form them, situated on the same meridian.²⁶

[7] Those who have paid particular attention to this subject conjecture, from the expressions of the poet, that all this coast was subject to the Trojans, when it was divided into nine dynasties, but that at the time of the war it was under the sway of Priam, and called Troja. This appears from the detail. Achilles and his army perceiving, at the beginning of the war, that the inhabitants of Ilium were defended by walls, carried on the war beyond them, made a circuit, and took the places about the country;

I sacked with my ships twelve cities, and eleven in the fruitful land of Troja.²⁷

By Troja he means the continent which he had ravaged. Among other places which had been plundered, was the country opposite Lesbos,—that about Thebe, Lyrnessus, and Pedasus belonging to the Leleges, and the territory also of Eurypylus, the son of Telephus;

as when he slew with his sword the hero Eurypylus, the son of Telephus;²⁸

and Neoptolemus,

the hero Eurypylus.

The poet says these places were laid waste, and even Lesbos;

when he took the well-built Lesbos,²⁹

Il. ix. 129. and,

he sacked Lyrnessus and Pedasus,³⁰

Il. xx. 92. and,

laid waste Lyrnessus, and the walls of Thebe.³¹

Il. ii. 691. Briseïs was taken captive at Lyrnessus;

whom he carried away from Lyrnessus.³²

Il. ii. 690. In the capture of this place the poet says, Mynes and Epistrophus were slain, as Briseïs mentions in her lament over Patroclus,

Thou didst not permit me, when the swift-footed Achilles slew my husband, and destroyed the city of the divine Mynes, to make any lamentation;³³

for by calling Lyrnessus the city of the divine Mynes, the poet implies that it was governed by him who was killed fighting in its defence.

Chryseïs was carried away from Thebe;

we came to Thebe, the sacred city of Eetion,³⁴

Il. i. 366. and Chryseïs is mentioned among the booty which was carried off from that place.

Andromache, daughter of the magnanimous Eetion, Eetion king of the Cilicians, who dwelt under the woody Placus at Thebe Hypoplacia.³⁵

This is the second Trojan dynasty after that of Mynes, and in agreement with what has been observed are these words of Andromache;

Hector, wretch that I am; we were both born under the same destiny; thou at Troja in the palace of Priam, but I at Thebe.

The words are not to be understood in their direct sense, but by a transposition; both born in Troja, thou in the house of Priam, but I at Thebe.

The third dynasty is that of the Leleges, which is also a Trojan dynasty;

of Altes, the king of the war-loving Leleges,³⁶

Il. xxi. 86. by whose daughter Priam had Lycaon and Polydorus. Even the people, who in the Catalogue are said to be commanded by Hector, are called Trojans;

Hector, the mighty, with the nodding crest, commanded the Trojans;³⁷

Il. iii. 816. then those under Aeneas,

the brave son of Anchises had the command of the Dardanii,³⁸

Il. ii. 819. and these were Trojans, for the poet says,

Thou, Aeneas, that counsellest Trojans;³⁹

Il. xx. 83. then the Lycians under the command of Pandarus he calls Trojans;

Aphneian Trojans, who inhabited Zeleia at the farthest extremity of Ida, who drink of the dark waters of Aesepus, these were led by Pandarus, the illustrious son of Lycaon.⁴⁰

This is the sixth dynasty.

The people, also, who lived between the Aesepus and Abydos were Trojans, for the country about Abydos was governed by Asius;

those who dwelt about Percote and Practius, at Sestos, Abydos, and the noble Arisbe, were led by Asius, the son of Hyrtacus.⁴¹

Now it is manifest that a son of Priam, who had the care of his father’s brood mares, dwelt at Abydos;

he wounded the spurious son of Priam, Democoon, who came from Abydos from the pastures of the swift mares.⁴²

At Percote,⁴³ the son of Hicetaon was the herdsman of oxen, but not of those belonging to strangers;

first he addressed the brave son of Hicetaon, Melanippus, who was lately tending the oxen in their pastures at Percote.⁴⁴

so that this country also was part of the Troad, and the subsequent tract as far as Adrasteia, for it was governed by

the two sons of Merops of Percote.⁴⁵

Il. ii. 831.

All therefore were Trojans from Abydos to Adrasteia, divided, however, into two bodies, one governed by Asius, the other by the Meropidae, as the country of the Cilicians is divided into the Thebaic and the Lyrnessian Cilicia. To this district may have belonged the country under the sway of Eurypylus, for it follows next to the Lyrnessis, or territory of Lyrnessus.⁴⁶

That Priam⁴⁷ was king of all these countries the words with which Achilles addresses him clearly show;

we have heard, old man, that your riches formerly consisted in what Lesbos, the city of Macar, contained, and Phrygia above it and the vast Hellespont.⁴⁸

[8] Such was the state of the country at that time. Afterwards changes of various kinds ensued. Phrygians occupied the country about Cyzicus as far as Practius; Thracians, the country about Abydos; and Bebryces and Dryopes, before the time of both these nations. The next tract of country was occupied by Treres, who were also Thracians; the plain of Thebe, by Lydians, who were then called Maeonians, and by the survivors of the Mysians, who were formerly governed by Telephus and Teuthoras.

Since then the poet unites together Aeolis and Troja, and since the Aeolians occupied all the country from the Hermus as far as the sea-coast at Cyzicus, and founded cities, we shall not do wrong in combining in one description Aeolis, properly so called, (extending from the Hermus to Lectum,) and the tract which follows, as far as the Aesepus; distinguishing them again in speaking of them separately, and comparing what is said of them by Homer and by other writers with their present state.

[9] According to Homer, the Troad begins from the city Cyzicus and the river Aesepus. He speaks of it in this manner:

Aphneian Trojans, who inhabited Zeleia at the farthest extremity of Ida, who drink the dark waters of Aesepus, these were led by Pandarus, the illustrious son of Lycaon.⁴⁹

These people he calls also Lycians. They had the name of Aphneii, it is thought, from the lake Aphnitis, for this is the name of the lake Dascylitis.

[10] Now Zeleia is situated at the farthest extremity of the country lying at the foot of Ida, and is distant 190 stadia from Cyzicus, and about 80⁵⁰ from the nearest sea, into which the Aesepus discharges itself.

The poet then immediately gives in detail the parts of the sea-coast which follow the Aesepus;

those who occupied Adrasteia, and the territory of Apaesus, and Pityeia and the lofty mountain Tereia, these were commanded by Adrastus, and Amphius with the linen corslet, the two sons of Merops of Percote,⁵¹

These places lie below Zeleia, and are occupied by Cyziceni, and Priapeni as far as the sea-coast. The river Tarsius⁵² runs near Zeleia; it is crossed twenty times on the same road, like the Heptaporus, mentioned by the poet, which is crossed seven times. The river flowing from Nicomedia to Nicaea is crossed four-and-twenty times; the river which flows from Pholoe to Eleia, several times; [that flowing from * * * * to Scardon,⁵³] five-and-twenty times; that running from Coscinii to Alabanda, in many places, and the river flowing from Tyana through the Taurus to Soli, is crossed seventy-five times.

[11] Above the mouth of the Aesepus about * * stadia is a hill on which is seen the sepulchre of Memnon, the son of Tithonus. Near it is the village of Memnon. Between the Aesepus and Priapus flows the Granicus, but for the most part it flows through the plain of Adrasteia, where Alexander defeated in a great battle the satraps of Dareius, and obtained possession of all the country within the Taurus and the Euphrates.

On the banks of the Granicus was the city Sidene, with a large territory of tile same name. It is now in ruins.

Upon the confines of Cyzicene and Priapene is Harpagia, a place from which, so says the fable, Ganymede was taken away by force. Others say that it was at the promontory Dardanium, near Dardanus.

[12] Priapus is a city on the sea, with a harbour. Some say that it was built by Milesians, who, about the same time, founded Abydos and Proconnesus; others, that it was built by Cyziceni. It has its name from Priapus,⁵⁴ who is worshipped there; either because his worship was transferred thither from Orneae near Corinth, or the inhabitants were disposed to worship him because the god was said to be the son of Bacchus and a nymph, for their country abounds with vines, as also the country on their confines, namely, the territory of the Pariani and of the Lampsaceni. It was for this reason that Xerxes assigned Lampsacus⁵⁵ to Themistocles to supply him with wine.

It was in later times that Priapus was considered as a god. Hesiod for instance knew nothing of Priapus, and he resembles the Athenian gods Orthane, Conisalus, Tychon, and others such as these.

[13] This district was called Adrasteia, and the plain of Adrasteia, according to the custom of giving two names to the same place, as Thebe, and the plain of Thebe; Mygdonia, and the plain of Mygdonia.

Callisthenes says that Adrasteia had its name from King Adrastus, who first built the temple of Nemesis. The city Adrasteia is situated between Priapus and Parium, with a plain of the same name below it, in which there was an oracle of the Actaean Apollo and Artemis near the sea-shore.⁵⁶ On the demolition of the temple, all the furniture and the stonework were transported to Parium, where an altar, the workmanship of Hermocreon, remarkable for its size and beauty, was erected, but the oracle, as well as that at Zeleia, was abolished. No temple either of Adrasteia or Nemesis exists. But there is a temple of Adrasteia near Cyzicus. Antimachus, however, says,

There is a great goddess Nemesis, who has received all these things from the immortals. Adrastus first raised an altar to her honour on the banks of the river Aesepus, where she is worshipped under the name of Adrasteia.

[14] The city of Parium lies upon the sea, with a harbour larger than that of Priapus, and has been augmented from the latter city; for the Pariani paid court to the Attalic kings, to whom Priapene was subject, and, by their permission, appropriated to themselves a large part of that territory.

It is here the story is related that the Ophiogeneis have some affinity with the serpent tribe ( τοὺς ὄθεις.) They say that the males of the Ophiogeneis have the power of curing persons bitten by serpents by touching them without intermission, after the manner of the enchanters. They first transfer to themselves the livid colour occasioned by the bite, and then cause the inflammation and pain to subside. According to the fable, the founder of the race of Ophiogeneis, a hero, was transformed from a serpent into a man. He was perhaps one of the African Psylli. The power continued in the race for some time. Parium was founded by Milesians, Erythraeans, and Parians.

[15] Pitya is situated in Pityus in the Parian district, and having above it a mountain abounding with pine trees ( πι- τυῶδες); it is between Parium and Priapus, near Linum, a place upon the sea, where the Linusian cockles are taken, which excel all others.

[16] In the voyage along the coast from Parium to Priapus are the ancient and the present Proconnesus,⁵⁷ with a city, and a large quarry of white marble, which is much esteemed. The most beautiful works in the cities in these parts, and particularly those in Cyzicus, are constructed of this stone.

Aristeas, the writer of the poems called Arimaspeian, the greatest of impostors, was of Proconnesus.

[17] With respect to the mountain Tereia, some persons say that it is the range of mountains in Peirossus, which the Cyziceni occupy, contiguous to Zeleia, among which was a royal chase for the Lydian, and afterwards for the Persian, kings. Others say that it was a hill forty stadia from Lampsacus, on which was a temple sacred to the mother of the gods, surnamed Tereia.

[18] Lampsacus, situated on the sea, is a considerable city with a good harbour, and, like Abydos, supports its state well. It is distant from Abydos about 170 stadia. It had formerly, as they say Chios had, the name of Pityusa. On the opposite territory in Cherronesus is Callipolis,⁵⁸ a small town. It is situated upon the shore, which projects so far towards Asia opposite to Lampsacus that the passage across does not exceed 40 stadia.

[19] In the interval between Lampsacus and Parium was Paesus, a city, and a river Paesus.⁵⁹ The city was razed, and the Paeseni, who, as well as the Lampsaceni, were a colony of Milesians, removed to Lampsacus. The poet mentions the city with the addition of the first syllable,

and the country of Apaesus;⁶⁰

Il. ii. 328. and without it,

a man of great possessions, who lived at Paesus;⁶¹

Il. v.612. and this is still the name of the river. Colonae also is a colony of Milesians. It is situated above Lampsacus, in the interior of the territory Lampsacene. There is another Colonae situated upon the exterior Hellespontic Sea, at the distance of 140 stadia from Ilium; the birth-place, it is said, of Cycnus. Anaximenes mentions a Colonae in the Erythraean territory, in Phocis, and in Thessaly. Iliocolone is in the Parian district. In Lampsacene is a place well planted with vines, called Gergithium, and there was a city Gergitha, founded by the Gergithi in the Cymaean territory, where formerly was a city called Gergitheis, (used in the plural number, and of the feminine gender,) the birthplace of Cephalon⁶² the Gergithian, and even now there exists a place in the Cymaean territory called Gergithium, near Larissa.

Neoptolemus,⁶³ surnamed the Glossographer, a writer of repute, was of Parium. Charon,⁶⁴ the Historian, was of Lampsacus. Adeimantes,⁶⁵ Anaximenes,⁶⁶ the Rhetorician, and Metrodorus, the friend of Epicurus, even Epicurus himself might be said to be a Lampsacenian, having lived a long time at Lampsacus, and enjoyed the friendship of Idomeneus and Leontes, the most distinguished of its citizens.

It was from Lampsacus that Agrippa transported the Prostrate Lion, the workmanship of Lysippus, and placed it in the sacred grove between the lake⁶⁷ and the strait.

[20] Next to Lampsacus is Abydos, and the intervening places, of which the poet speaks in such a manner as to comprehend both Lampsacene and some parts of Pariane, for, in the Trojan times, the above cities were not yet in existence:

those who inhabited Percote, Practius, Sestos, Abydos, and the famed Arisbe, were led by Asius, the son of Hyrtacus,⁶⁸

who, he says,

came from Arisbe, from the river Selleïs in a chariot drawn by large and furious coursers;

implying by these words that Arisbe was the royal seat of Asius, whence, he says, he came,

drawn by coursers from the river Selleis.

But these places are so little known, that writers do not agree among themselves about their situation, except that they are near Abydos, Lampsacus, and Parium, and that the name of the last place was changed from Percope to Percote.

[21] With respect to the rivers, the poet says that the Selleis flows near Arisbe, for Asius came from Arisbe and the river Selleis. Practius is a river, but no city of that name, as some have thought, is to be found. This river runs between Abydos and Lampsacus; the words, therefore,

and dwelt near Practius,

must be understood of the river, as these expressions of the poet,

they dwelt near the sacred waters of Cephisus,⁶⁹

Il. iv. 522. and

they occupied the fertile land about the river Parthenius.⁷⁰

Il. ii. 254. There was also in Lesbos a city called Arisba, the territory belonging to which was possessed by the Methymnaeans. There is a river Arisbus in Thrace, as we have said before, near which are situated the Cabrenii Thracians. There are many names common to Thracians and Trojans, as Scei, a Thracian tribe, a river Sceus, a Scaen wall, and in Troy, Scaean gates. There are Thracians called Xanthii, and a river Xanthus in Troja; an Arisbus which discharges itself into the Hebrus,⁷¹ and an Arisbe in Troja; a river Rhesus in Troja, and Rhesus, a king of the Thracians. The poet mentions also another Asius, besides the Asius of Arisbe,

who was the maternal uncle of the hero Hector, own brother of Hecuba, and son of Dymas who lived in Phrygia on the banks of the Sangarius.⁷²

[22] Abydos was founded by Milesians by permission of Gyges, king of Lydia; for those places and the whole of the Troad were under his sway. There is a promontory near Dardanus called Gyges. Abydos is situated upon the mouth of the Propontis and the Hellespont, and is at an equal distance from Lampsacus and Ilium, about 170 stadia. At Abydos is the Hepta Stadium, (or strait of seven stadia,) the shores of which Xerxes united by a bridge. It separates Europe from Asia. The extremity of Europe is called Cherronesus, from its figure; it forms the straits at the Zeugma (or Junction)⁷³ which is opposite to Abydos.

Sestos is the finest⁷⁴ city in the Cherronesus, and from its proximity to Abydos was placed under the command of the same governor, at a time when the same limits were not assigned to the governments and to the continents. Sestos and Abydos are distant from each other, from harbour to harbour, about 30 stadia. The Zeugma is a little beyond the cities; on the side of the Propontis, beyond Abydos, and on the opposite side, beyond Sestos. There is a place near Sestos, called Apobathra, where the raft was fastened. Sestos lies nearer the Propontis, and above the current which issues from it; whence the passage is more easy from Sestos by deviating a little towards the tower of Hero, when, letting the vessel go at liberty, the stream assists in effecting the crossing to the other side. In crossing from Abydos to the other side persons must sail out in the contrary direction, to the distance of about eight stadia towards a tower which is opposite Sestos; they must then take an oblique course, and the current will not be entirely against them.

After the Trojan war, Abydos was inhabited by Thracians, then by Milesians. When the cities on the Propontis were burnt by Dareius, father of Xerxes, Abydos shared in the calamity. Being informed, after his return from Scythia, that the Nomades were preparing to cross over to attack him, in revenge for the treatment which they had experienced, he set fire to these cities, apprehending that they would assist in transporting the Scythian army across the strait.

In addition to other changes of this kind, those occasioned by time are a cause of confusion among places.

We spoke before of Sestos, and of the whole of the Cherronesus, when we described Thrace. Theopompus says that Sestos is a small but well-fortified place, and is connected with the harbour by a wall of two plethra in extent, and for this reason, and by its situation above the current, it commands the passage of the strait.

[23] In the Troad, above the territory of Abydos is Astyra, which now belongs to the Abydeni,—a city in ruins, but it was formerly an independent place, and had gold-mines, which are now nearly exhausted, like those in Mount Tmolus near the Pactolus.

From Abydos to the Aesepus are, it is said, about 700 stadia, but not so much in sailing in a direct line.

[24] Beyond Abydos are the parts about Ilium, the seacoast as far as Lectum, the places in the Trojan plain, and the country at the foot of Ida, which was subject to Aeneas. The poet names the Dardanii in two ways, speaking of them as

Dardanii governed by the brave son of Anchises,⁷⁵

Il. ii. 819. calling them Dardanii, and also Dardani;

Troes, and Lycii, and close-fighting Dardani.⁷⁶

Il. xv. 425.

It is probable that the Dardania,⁷⁷ so called by the poet, was anciently situated there;

Dardanus, the son of cloud-compelling Jupiter, founded Dardania:⁷⁸

Il. xx. 215. at present there is not a vestige of a city.

[25] Plato conjectures that, after the deluges, three kinds of communities were established; the first on the heights of the mountains, consisting of a simple and savage race, who had taken refuge there through dread of the waters, which overflowed the plains; the second, at the toot of the mountains, who regained courage by degrees, as the plains began to dry; the third, in the plains. But a fourth, and perhaps a fifth, or more communities might be supposed to be formed, the last of which might be on the sea-coast, and in the islands, after all fear of deluge was dissipated. For as men approached the sea with a greater or less degree of courage, we should have greater variety in forms of government, diversity also in manners and habits, according as a simple and savage people assumed the milder character of the second kind of community. There is, however, a distinction to be observed even among these, as of rustic, half rustic, and of civilized people. Among these finally arose a gradual change, and an assumption of names, applied to polished and high character, the result of an improved moral condition produced by a change of situation and mode of life. Plato says that the poet describes these differences, alleging as an example of the first form of society the mode of life among the Cyclops, who subsisted on the fruits of the earth growing spontaneously, and who occupied certain caves in the heights of mountains;

all things grow there, he says, “without sowing seed, and without the plough.

But they have no assemblies for consulting together, nor administration of laws, but live on the heights of lofty mountains, in deep caves, and each gives laws to his wife and children.⁷⁹

As an example of the second form of society, he alleges the mode of life und er Dardanus;

he founded Dardania; for sacred Ilium was not yet a city in the plain with inhabitants, but they still dwelt at the foot of Ida abounding with streams.⁸⁰

An example of the third state of society is taken from that in the time of Ilus, when the people inhabited the plains. He is said to have been the founder of Ilium, from whom the city had its name. It is probable that for this reason he was buried in the middle of the plain, because he first ventured to make a settlement in it,

they rushed through the middle of the plain by the wild fig-tree near the tomb of ancient Ilus, the son of Dardanus.⁸¹

He did not, however, place entire confidence in the situation, for he did not build the city where it stands at present, but nearly thirty stadia higher to the east, towards Ida, and Dardania, near the present village of the Ilienses. The present Ilienses are ambitious of having it supposed that theirs is the ancient city, and have furnished a subject of discussion to those who form their conjectures from the poetry of Homer; but it does not seem to be the city meant by the poet. Other writers also relate, that the city had frequently changed its place, but at last about the time of Craesus it became stationary. Such changes, which then took place, from higher to lower situations, mark the differences, I conceive, which followed in the forms of government and modes of life. But we must examine this subject elsewhere.

[26] The present city of Ilium was once, it is said, a village, containing a small and plain temple of Minerva; that Alexander, after⁸² his victory at the Granicus, came up, and decorated the temple with offerings, gave it the title of city, and ordered those who had the management of such things to improve it with new buildings; he declared it free and exempt from tribute. Afterwards, when he had destroyed the Persian empire, he sent a letter, expressed in kind terms, in which he promised the Ilienses to make theirs a great city, to build a temple of great magnificence, and to institute sacred games.

After the death of Alexander, it was Lysimachus who took the greatest interest in the welfare of the place; built a temple, and surrounded the city with a wall of about 40 stadia in extent. He settled here the inhabitants of the ancient cities around, which were in a dilapidated state. It was at this time that he directed his attention to Alexandreia, founded by Antigonus, and surnamed Antigonia, which was altered (into Alexandreia). For it appeared to be an act of pious duty in the successors of Alexander first to found cities which should bear his name, and afterwards those which should be called after their own. Alexandreia continued to exist, and became a large place; at present it has received a Roman colony, and is reckoned among celebrated cities.

[27] The present Ilium was a kind of village-city, when the Romans first came into Asia and expelled Antiochus the Great from the country within the Taurus. Demetrius of Scepsis says that, when a youth, he came, in the course of his travels, to this city, about that time, and saw the houses so neglected that even the roofs were without tiles. Hegesianax⁸³ also relates, that the Galatians, who crossed over from Europe, being in want of some strong-hold, went up to the city, but immediately left it, when they saw that it was not fortified with a wall; afterwards it underwent great reparation and improvement. It was again injured by the Romans under the command of Fimbrias. They took it by siege in the Mithridatic war. Fimbrias was sent as quaestor, with the consul Valerius Flaccus, who was appointed to carry on the war against Mithridates. But having excited a sedition, and put the consul to death in Bithynia, he placed himself at the head of the army and advanced towards Ilium, where the inhabitants refused to admit him into the city, as they regarded him as a robber. He had recourse to force, and took the city on the eleventh day. When he was boasting that he had taken a city on the eleventh day, which Agamemnon had reduced with difficulty in the tenth year of the siege with a fleet of a thousand vessels, and with the aid of the whole of Greece, one of the Ilienses replied, We had no Hector to defend the city.

Sylla afterwards came, defeated Fimbrias, and dismissed Mithridates, according to treaty, into his own territory. Sylla conciliated the Ilienses by extensive repairs of their city. In our time divus Caesar showed them still more favour, in imitation of Alexander. He was inclined to favour them, for the purpose of renewing his family connexion with the Ilienses, and as an admirer of Homer.

There exists a corrected copy of the poems of Homer, called the casket-copy. Alexander perused it in company with Callisthenes and Anaxarchus, and having made some marks and observations deposited it in a casket⁸⁴ of costly workmanship which he found among the Persian treasures. On account then of his admiration of the poet and his descent from the Aeacidae, (who were kings of the Molossi, whose queen they say was Andromache, afterwards the wife of Hector,) Alexander treated the Ilienses with kindness.

But Caesar, who admired the character of Alexander, and had strong proofs of his affinity to the Ilienses, had the greatest possible desire to be their benefactor. The proofs of his affinity to the Ilienses were strong, first as being a Roman, —for the Romans consider Aeneas to be the founder of their race,—next he had the name of Julius, from Iulus, one of his ancestors, a descendant of Aeneas. He therefore assigned to them a district, and guaranteed their liberty with exemption from imposts, and they continue at present to enjoy these advantages. They maintain by this evidence that the ancient Ilium, even by Homer’s account, was not situated there. I must however first describe the places which commence from, the sea-coast, where I made the digression.

[28] Next to Abydos is the promontory Dardanis,⁸⁵ which we mentioned a little before, and the city Dardanus, distant 70 stadia from Abydos. Between them the river Rhodius discharges itself, opposite to which on the Cherronesus is the Cynos-sema,⁸⁶ which is said to be the sepulchre of Hecuba. According to others, the Rhodius empties itself into the Aesepus. It is one of the rivers mentioned by the poet,

Rhesus, and Heptaporus, Caresus, and Rhodius.⁸⁷

Dardanus is an ancient settlement, but so slightly thought of, that some kings transferred its inhabitants to Abydos, others re-settled them in the ancient dwelling-place. Here Cornelius Sylla, the Roman general, and Mithridates, surnamed Eurptor, conferred together, and terminated the war by a treaty.

[29] Near Dardanus is Ophrynium, on which is the grove dedicated to Hector in a conspicuous situation, and next is Pteleos, a lake.

[30] Then follows Rhoeteium, a city on a hill, and continuous to it is a shore on a level with the sea, on which is situated a monument and temple of Ajax, and a statue. Antony took away the latter and carried it to Aegypt, but Augustus Caesar restored it to tie inhabitants of Rhoeteium, as he restored other statues to other cities. Antony took away the most beautiful offerings from the most celebrated temples to gratify the Aegyptian queen, but Augustus Caesar restored them to the gods.

[31] After Rhoeteium is Sigeium,⁸⁸ a city in ruins, and the naval station, the harbour of the Achaeans, the Achaean camp, the Stomalimne, as it is called, and the mouths of the Scamander. The Scamander and the Simoeis, uniting in the plain,⁸⁹ bring down a great quantity of mud, bank up the sea-coast, and form a blind mouth, salt-water lakes, and marshes.

Opposite the Sigeian promontory on the Cherronesus is the Protesilaeium,⁹⁰ and Eleussa, of which I have spoken in the description of Thrace.

[32] The extent of this sea-coast as we sail in a direct line from Rhoeteium to Sigeium, and the monument of Achilles, is 60 stadia. The whole of the coast lies below the present Ilium; the part near the port of the Achaeans,⁹¹ distant from the present Ilium about 12 stadia, and thirty stadia more from the ancient Ilium,⁹² which is higher up in the part towards Ida.

Near the Sigeium is a temple and monument of Achilles, and monuments also of Patroclus and Anthlochus.⁹³ The Ilienses perform sacred ceremonies in honour of them all, and even of Ajax. But they do not worship Hercules, alleging as a reason that he ravaged their country. Yet some one might say that he laid it waste in such a manner that lie left it to future spoilers in an injured condition indeed, but still in the condition of a city; wherefore the poet expresses himself in this manner,

He ravaged the city of Ilium, and made its streets desolate,

Il. v. 612. Let us, however, dismiss this subject, for the discussion leads to the refutation of fables only, and probably there may be reasons unknown to us which induced the Ilienses to worship some of these persons, and not others. The poet seems, in speaking of Hercules, to represent the city as small, since he ravaged the city

with six ships only, and a small band of men.⁹⁴

Il. v. 641. From these words it appears that Priam from a small became a great person, and a king of kings, as we have already said.

A short way from this coast is the Achaeïum, situated on the continent opposite Tenedos.

[33] Such, then, is the nature of the places on the sea-coast. Above them lies the plain of Troy, extending as far as Ida to the east, a distance of many stadia.⁹⁵ The part at the foot of the mountain is narrow, extending to the south as far as the places near Scepsis, and towards the north as far as the Lycians about Zeleia. This country Homer places under the command of Aeneas and the Antenoridae, and calls it Dardania. Below it is Cebrenia, which for the most part consists of plains, and lies nearly parallel to Dardania. There was also formerly a city Cybrene. Demetrius (of Scepsis) supposes that the tract about Ilium, subject to Hector, extended to this place, from the Naustathmus (or station for vessels) to Cebrenia, for he says that the sepulchre of Alexander Paris exists there, and of Oenone, who, according to historians, was the wife of Alexander, before the rape of Helen; the poet says,

Cebriones, the spurious son of the far-famed Priam,⁹⁶

Il. xvi. 738. who, perhaps, received his name from the district, (Cebrenia,) or, more probably, from the city (Cebrene⁹⁷). Cebrenia extends as far as the Scepsian district. The boundary is the Scamander, which runs through the middle of Cebrenia and Scepsia. There was continual enmity and war between the Scepsians and Cebrenians, till Antigonus settled them both together in the city, then called Antigonia, but at present Alexandria. The Cebrenians remained there with the other inhabitants, but the Scepsians, by the permission of Lysimachus, returned to their own country.

[34] From the mountainous tract of Ida near these places, two arms, he says, extend to the sea, one in the direction of Rhoeteium, the other of Sigeium, forming a semicircle, and terminate in the plain at the same distance from the sea as the present Ilium, which is situated between the extremities of the above-mentioned arms, whereas the ancient Ilium was situated at their commencement. This space comprises the Simoïsian plain through which the Simoeis runs and the Scamandrian plain, watered by the Scamander. This latter plain is properly the plain of Troy, and Homer makes it the scene of the greatest part of his battles, for it is the widest of the two; and there we see the places named by him, the Erineos, the tomb of Aesyetes,⁹⁸ Batieia, and the tomb of Ilus. With respect to the Scamander and the Simoeis, the former, after approaching Sigeium, and the latter Rhoeteium, unite their streams a little in front of the present Ilium,⁹⁹ and then empty themselves near Sigeium, and form as it is called the Stomalimne. Each of the above-mentioned plains is separated from the other by a long ridge¹⁰⁰ which is in a straight line with the above-mentioned arms;¹⁰¹ the ridge begins at the present Ilium and is united to it; it extends as far as Cebrenia, and completes with the arms on each side the letter 0.

[35] A little above this ridge of land is the village of the Ilienses, supposed to be the site of the ancient Ilium, at the distance of 30 stadia from the present city. Ten stadia above the village of the Ilienses is Callicolone, a hill beside which, at the distance of five stadia, runs the Simoeis.

The description of the poet is probable. First what he says of Mars,

but on the other side Mars arose, like a black tempest, one while with a shrill voice calling upon the Trojans from the summit of the citadel, at another time running along Callicolone beside the Simoeis;¹⁰²

for since the battle was fought on the Scamandrian plain, Mars might, according to probability, encourage the men, one while from the citadel, at another time from the neighbouring places, the Simoeis and the Callicolone, to which the battle might extend. But since Callicolone is distant from the present Ilium 40 stadia, where was the utility of changing places at so great a distance, where the array of the troops did not extend? and the words

The Lycii obtained by lot the station near Thymbra,¹⁰³

Il. x. 430. which agree better with the ancient city, for the plain Thymra,¹⁰⁴ is near, and the river Thymbrius, which runs through it, discharges itself into the Scamander, near the temple of Apollo Thymbraeus, but is distant 50 stadia from the present Ilium. The Erineos,¹⁰⁵ a rugged spot abounding with wild fig-trees, lies below the ancient city, so that Andromache might say in conformity with such a situation,

but place your bands near Erineos, where the city is most accessible to the enemy, and where they can mount the wall,¹⁰⁶

but it is very far distant from the present city. The beech-tree was a little lower than the Erineos; of the former Achilles says,

When I fought with the Achaeans Hector was not disposed to urge the fight away from the wall, but advanced only as far as the Scaean gates, and the beech-tree.¹⁰⁷

[36] Besides, the Naustathmus which retains its name at present, is so near the present city that any person may justly be surprised at the imprudence of the Greeks, and the want of spirit in the Trojans;—imprudence on the part of the Greeks, that they should have left the place for so long a time unfortified with a wall, in the neighbourhood of so large a city, and so great a body of men, both inhabitants and auxiliaries; for the wall, Homer says, was constructed at a late period; or perhaps no wall was built and the erection and destruction of it, as Aristotle says, are due to the invention of the poet;—a want of spirit on the part of the Trojans, who, after the wall was built, attacked that, and the Naustathmus, and the vessels themselves, but had not the courage before there was a wall to approach and besiege this station, although the distance was not great, for the Naustathmus is near Sigeium. The Scamander discharges itelf near this place at the distance of 20 stadia from Ilium.¹⁰⁸ If any one shall say that the Naustathmus is the present harbour of the Achaeans, he must mean a place still nearer, distant about twelve stadia from the sea, which is the extent of the plain in front of the city to the sea; but he will be in error if he include (in the ancient) the present plain, which is all alluvial soil brought down by the rivers,¹⁰⁹ so that if the interval is 12 stadia at present, it must have been at that period less in extent by one half. The story framed by Ulysses, which he tells Eumaeus, implies a great distance from the Naustathmus to the city;

when we lay in ambush below Troy,¹¹⁰

Od. xiv. 469. and he adds afterwards,

for we had advanced too far from the ships.¹¹¹

Od. xiv. 496. Scouts are despatched to learn whether the Trojans will remain near the ships when drawn away far from their own walls, or whether

they will return back to the city.¹¹²

Il. xx. 209.

Polydamas also says,

Consider well, my friends, what is to be done, for my advice is to return now to the city, for we are far from the walls.¹¹³

Demetrius (of Scepsis) adds the testimony of Hestiaea¹¹⁴ of Alexandreia, who composed a work on the Iliad of Homer, and discusses the question whether the scene of the war was about the present city, and what was the Trojan plain which the poet mentions as situated between the city and the sea, for the plain seen in front of the present city is an accumulation of earth brought down by the rivers, and formed at a later period.

[37] Polites also,

who was the scout of the Trojans, trusting to his swiftness of foot, and who was on the summit of the tomb of the old Aesyetes,¹¹⁵

was acting absurdly. For although he was seated

on the summit of the tomb,

yet he might have observed from the much greater height of the citadel, situated nearly at the same distance, nor would his swiftness of foot have been required for the purpose of security, for the tomb of Aesyetes, which exists at present on the road to Alexandreia, is distant five stadia from the citadel.

Nor is the course of Hector round the city at all a probable circumstance, for the present city will not admit of a circuit round it on account of the continuous ridge of hill, but the ancient city did allow such a course round it.¹¹⁶

[38] No trace of the ancient city remains. This might be expected, for the cities around were devastated, but not entirely destroyed, whereas when Troy was overthrown from its foundation all the stones were removed for the reparation of the other cities. Archaeanax of Mitylene is said to have fortified Sigeium with the stones brought from Troy. Sigeium was taken possession of by the Athenians, who sent Phryno, the victor in the Olympic games, at the time the Lesbians advanced a claim to nearly the whole Troad. They had indeed founded most of the settlements, some of which exist at present, and others have disappeared. Pittacus of Mitylene, one of the seven wise men, sailed to the Troad against Phryno, the Athenian general, and was defeated in a pitched battle. (It was at this time that the poet Alcaeus, as he himself says, when in danger in some battle, threw away his arms and fled. He charged a messenger with injunctions to inform those at home that Alcaeus was safe, but that he did not bring away his arms. These were dedicated by the Athenians as an offering in the temple of Minerva Glaucopis.)¹¹⁷ Upon Phryno’s proposal to meet in single combat, Pittacus advanced with his fishing gear,¹¹⁸ enclosed his adversary in a net, pierced him with his three-pronged spear, and despatched him with a short sword. The war however still continuing, Periander was chosen arbitrator by both parties, and put an end to it.

[39] Demetrius accuses Timaeus of falsehood, for saying that Periander built a wall round the Achilleium out of the stones brought from Ilium as a protection against the attacks of the Athenians, and with a view to assist Pittacus; whereas this place was fortified by the Mitylenaeans against Sigeium, but not with stones from Ilium, nor by Periander. For how should they choose an enemy in arms to be arbitrator?

The Achilleium is a place which contains the monument of Achilles, and is a small settlement. It was destroyed, as also Sigeium, by the Ilienses on account of the refractory disposition of its inhabitants. For all the sea-coast as far as Dardanus was afterwards, and is at present, subject to them.

Anciently the greatest part of these places were subject to the Aeolians, and hence Ephorus does not hesitate to call all the country from Abydos to Cume by the name of Aeolis. But Thucydides¹¹⁹ says that the Mitylenaeans were deprived of the Troad in the Peloponnesian war by the Athenians under the command of Paches.

[40] The present Ilienses affirm that the city was not entirely demolished when it was taken by the Achaeans, nor at any time deserted. The Locrian virgins began to be sent there, as was the custom every year, a short time afterwards. This however is not told by Homer. Nor was Homer acquainted with the violation of Cassandra,¹²⁰ but says that she was a virgin about that time:

He slew Othryoneus, who had lately come to the war from Cabesus, induced by the glory of the contest, and who sought in marriage the most beautiful of the daughters of Priam, Cassandra, without a dower.¹²¹

He does not mention any force having been used, nor does he attribute the death of Ajax by shipwreck to the wrath of Minerva, nor to any similar cause, but says, in general terms, that he was an object of hatred to Minerva, (for she was incensed against all who had profaned her temple,) and that Ajax died by the agency of Neptune for his boasting speeches.

The Locrian virgins were sent there when the Persians were masters of the country.

[41] Such is the account of the Ilienses. But Homer speaks expressly of the demolition of the city:

The day will come when at length sacred Ilium shall perish,

Il. vi. 448.

After we have destroyed the lofty city of Priam,

Od. iii. 130.

By counsel, by wisdom, and by artifice,

The city of Priam was destroyed in the tenth year.

Il. xii. 15.

Of this they produce evidence of the following kind; the statue of Minerva, which Homer represents as in a sitting posture, is seen at present to be a standing figure, for he orders them

to place the robe on the knees of Athene,¹²²

Il. vi. 92 and 273. in the same sense as this verse,

no son of mine should sit upon her knees,¹²³

Il. ix. 455. and it is better to understand it thus, than as some explain it, by placing the robe at the knees, and adduce this line,

she sat upon the hearth in the light of the fire,¹²⁴

Il. vi. 305. for near the hearth. For what would the laying the robe at the knees mean? And they who alter the accent, and for γούνασιν like θυιάσιν, or in whatever way they understand it,¹²⁵ come to no conclusion. Many of the ancient statues of Minerva are found in a sitting posture, as those at Phocaea, Massalia, Rome, Chios, and many other cities. But modern writers, among whom is Lycurgus the rhetorician, agree that the city was destroyed, for in mentioning the city of the Ilienses he says, who has not heard, when it was once razed by the Greeks, that it was uninhabited?¹²⁶

[42] It is conjectured that those who afterwards proposed to rebuild it avoided the spot as inauspicious, either on account of its calamities, of which it had been the scene, or whether Agamemnon, according to an ancient custom, had devoted it to destruction with a curse, as Crcesus, when he destroyed Sidene, in which the tyrant Glaucias had taken refuge, uttered a curse against those who should rebuild its walls. They therefore abandoned that spot and built a city elsewhere.

The Astypalaeans, who were in possession of Rhoeteium, were the first persons that founded Polium near the Simoïs, now called Polisma, but not in a secure spot, and hence it was soon in ruins.

The present settlement, and the temple, were built in the time of the Lydian kings; but it was not then a city; a long time afterwards, however, and by degrees, it became, as we have said, a considerable place.

Hellanicus, in order to gratify the Ilienses, as is his custom, maintains that the present and the ancient city are the same. But the district on the extinction of the city was divided by the possessors of Rhoeteium and Sigeium, and the other neighbouring people among themselves. Upon the rebuilding of the city, however, they restored it.

[43] Ida is thought to be appropriately described by Homer, as abounding with springs on account of the multitude of rivers which issue from it, particularly where Dardania as far as Scepsis lies at its foot, and the places about Ilium.

Demetrius, who was acquainted with these places, (for he was a native,) thus speaks of them: There is a height of Ida called Cotylus; it is situated about 120 stadia above Scepsis, and from it flow the Scamander, the Granicus, and the Aesepus;¹²⁷ the two last, being the contributions of many smaller sources, fall into the Propontis, but the Scamander, which has but a single source, flows towards the west. All these sources are in the neighbourhood of each other, and are comprised within a circuit of 20 stadia. The termination of the Aesepus is farthest distant from its commencement, namely, about 500 stadia.

We may, however, ask why the poet says,

They came to the fair fountains, whence burst forth two streams of the eddying Scamander, one flowing with water warm,¹²⁸

that is, hot; he proceeds, however,

around issues vapour as though caused by fire—the other gushes out in the summer, cold like hail, or frozen as snow,

for no warm springs are now found in that spot, nor is the source of the Scamander there, but in the mountain, and there is one source instead of two.¹²⁹ It is probable that the warm spring has failed, but the cold spring flowing from the Scamander along a subterraneous channel emerges at this place; or, because the water was near the Scamander, it was called the source of that river, for there are several springs, which are said to be its sources.

[44] The Andirus empties itself into the Scamander; a river which comes from the district of Caresene, a mountain ous country, in which are many villages. It is well cultivated by the husbandmen. It adjoins Dardania, and extends as far as the places about Zeleia and Pityeia. The country, it is said, had its name from the river Caresus, mentioned by the poet,

the Rhesus, Heptaporus, Caresus, and Rhodius,¹³⁰

Il. xii. 20. but the city of the same name as the river is in ruins.

Demetrius again says, the river Rhesus is now called Rhoeites, unless it is the Rhesus which empties itself into the Granicus.

The Heptaporus, which is called also Polyporus, is crossed seven times in travelling from the places about Cale Peuce (or the beautiful pitch tree) to the village Melaenae and to the Asclepieium, founded by Lysimachus.

Attalus, the first king, gives this account of the beautiful pitch tree; its circumference, he says, was 24 feet; the height of the trunk from the root was 67 feet; it then formed three branches, equally distant from each other; it then contracts into one head, and here it completes the whole height of two plethra, and 15 cubits. It is distant from Adramyttium 180 stadia towards the north.

The Caresus flows from Malus, a place situated between Palaescepsis and Achaeïum, in front of the isle of Tenedos, and empties itself into the Aesepus.

The Rhodius flows from Cleandria and Gordus, which are distant 60 stadia from Cale Peuce, and empties itself into the Aenius (Aesepus?).

[45] In the valley about the Aesepus, on the left of its course, the first place we meet with is Polichna, a walled stronghold; then Palaescepsis, next Alizonium, a place invented for the supposed existence of the Halizoni whom we have mentioned before.¹³¹ Then Caresus, a deserted city, and Caresene, and a river of the same name, (Caresus,) which also forms a considerable valley, but less than that about the Aesepus. Next follow the plains of Zeleia, and the mountain plains, which are well cultivated. On the right of the Aesepus, between Polichna and Palaescepsis is Nea-Come,¹³² and Argyria, (the silver mines,)¹³³ which are another fiction framed to sup port the same hypothesis, in order that the words of Homer may be defended,

where silver is produced.¹³⁴

Il. ii. 856.

Where then is Alybe, or Alope, or in whatever way they please to play upon the name? For they ought to have had the impudence to invent this place also, and not to leave their system imperfect and exposed to detection, when they had once ventured so far. This is the contradiction which may be given to Demetrius.

As to the rest, we ought at least in the greatest number of instances to attend to a man of experience, and a native of the country, who also had bestowed so much thought and time on this subject as to write thirty books to interpret little more than 60 lines of the catalogue of the Trojan forces.

Palaescepsis, according to Demetrius, is distant from Aenea 50, and from the river Aesepus 30, stadia, and the name of Palaescepsis is applied to many other places.¹³⁵

We return to the sea-coast, from which we have digressed.

[46] After the Sigeian promontory, and the Achilleium, is the coast opposite to Tenedos, the Achaeïum, and Tenedos itself, distant not more than 40 stadia from the continent. It is about 80 stadia in circumference. It contains an Aeolian city, and has two harbours, and a temple of Apollo Smintheus, as the poet testifies;

Smintheus, thou that reignest over Tenedos.¹³⁶

Il. i. 38. There are several small islands around it, and two in particular, called Calydne,¹³⁷ situated in the course of the voyage to Lectum. There are some writers who call Tenedos Calydna, and others Leucophrys.¹³⁸ There are other small islands around it besides these. They lay near the scene of the fable about Tennes, from whom the island has its name, and of the story of Cycnus, a Thracian by descent, and father, according to some writers, of Tennes, and king of Colonae.

[47] Continuous with the Achaeium are Larisa and Colonae, formerly belonging to the people of Tenedos, who occupied the opposite coast; and the present Chrysa, situated upon a rocky height above the sea, and Hamaxitus lying below, and close to Lectum. But at present Alexandreia is continuous with the Achaeium; the inhabitants of those small towns, and of many other strongholds, were embodied in Alexandreia. Among the latter were Cebrene and Neandria. The territory is in the possession of the Alexandrini, and the spot in which Alexandreia is now situated was called Sigia.

[48] The temple of Apollo Smintheus is in this Chrysa, and the symbol, a mouse, which shows the etymology of the epithet Smintheus, lying under the foot of the statue.¹³⁹ They are the workmanship of Scopas of Paros. They reconcile the history, and the fable about the mice, in this following manner.

The Teucri, who came from Crete, (of whom Callinus, the elegiac poet, gave the first history, and he was followed by many others,) were directed by an oracle to settle wherever the earth-born inhabitants should attack them, which, it is said, occurred to them near Hamaxitus, for in the night-time great multitudes of field-mice came out and devoured all arms or utensils which were made of leather; the colony therefore settled there. These people also called the mountain Ida, after the name of the mountain in Crete. But Heracleides of Pontus says, that the mice, which swarmed near the temple, were considered as sacred, and the statue is represented as standing upon a mouse.

Others say, that a certain Teucer came from Attica, who belonged to the Demus of Troes, which is now called Xypeteon, but that no Teucri came from Crete. They adduce as a proof of the intermixture of Trojans with Athenians, that an Ericthonius was a founder of both people.

This is the account of modern writers. But the traces which now exist in the plain of Thebe, and at Chrysa situated there, coincide better with the description of Homer; and of these we shall speak immediately.¹⁴⁰

The name of Smintheus is to be found in many places, for near Hamaxitus itself, besides the Sminthian Apollo at the temple, there are two places called Sminthia, and others in the neighbouring district of Larissa. In the district also of Pariane is a place called Sminthia; others in Rhodes,¹⁴¹ Lindus, and in many places besides. The temple is now called Sminthium.

Separate from the other is the Halesian plain near Lectum, which is not extensive, and the Tragasaean salt-pan near Hamaxitus,¹⁴² where the salt spontaneously concretes on the blowing of the Etesian winds. On Lectum stands an altar dedicated to the Twelve Gods, erected, it is said, by Agamemnon.

These places are in sight of Ilium, at the distance of a little more than 200 stadia. On the other side the parts about Abydos are visible, although Abydos is somewhat nearer.

[49] After doubling Lectum, there follow the most considerable cities of the Aeolians, the bay of Adramyttium, on which Homer seems to have placed the greater part of the Leleges, and the Cilicians, divided into two tribes. There also is the coast of the Mitylenaeans with some villages of the Mitylenaeans on the continent. The bay has the name of the Idaean bay, for the ridge extending from Lectum to Ida overhangs the commencement of the bay, where, according to the poet,¹⁴³ the Leleges were first settled.

[50] I have spoken before of the Leleges, and I shall now add that the poet speaks of a Pedasus, a city of theirs which was subject to Altes;

Altes, king of the war-loving Leleges governs

The lofty Pedasus on the river Satnioeis:¹⁴⁴

Il. xxi. 86. the spot exists but there is no city. Some read, but incorrectly, below Satnioeis, as if the city lay at the foot of a mountain called Satnioeis; yet there is no mountain there called Satnioeis, but a river, on which the city is placed. The city is at present deserted. The poet mentions the river;

Ajax pierced with his spear Satnius, the son of Oenops, whom the beautiful nymph Naïs bore to Oenops, when he tended herds on the banks of the Satnioeis.¹⁴⁵

And in another place;

Oenops dwelt on the banks of the smooth-flowing Satnioeis In lofty Pedasus.¹⁴⁶

Later writers called it Satioeis, and some writers Saphnioeis. It is a great winter torrent, which the poet, by mentioning it, made remarkable. These places are continuous with the districts Dardania and Scepsia, and are as it were another Dardania, but lower than the former.

[51] The country comprised in the districts of Antandria, Cebrene, Neandria, and the Hamaxitus, as far as the sea opposite to Lesbos, now belongs to the people of Assus and Gargara.¹⁴⁷

The Neandrians are situated above Hamaxitus on this side Lectum, but more towards the interior, and nearer to Ilium, from which they are distant 130 stadia. Above these people are the Cebrenii, and above the Cebrenii the Dardanii, extending as far as Palaescepsis, and even to Scepsis.

The poet Alcaeus calls Antandrus a city of the Leleges:

First is Antandrus, a city of the Leleges.

Demetrius of Scepsis places it among the adjacent cities, so that it might be in the country of the Cilicians, for these people are rather to be regarded as bordering upon the Leleges, having as their boundary the southern side of Mount Ida. These however are situated low down, and approach nearer the sea-coast at Adramyttium. After Lectum, at the distance of 40 stadia is Polymedium,¹⁴⁸ a stronghold; then at the distance of 80 stadia Assus, situated a little above the sea; next at 140 stadia Gargara, which is situated on a promontory, which forms the gulf, properly called the gulf of Adramyttium. For the whole of the sea-coast from Lectum to Canoe, and the Elaitic bay, is comprised under the same name, the gulf of Adramyttium. This, however, is properly called the Adramyttene gulf, which is enclosed within the promontory on which Gargara stands, and that called the promontory Pyrrha,¹⁴⁹ on which is a temple of Venus. The breadth of the entrance forms a passage across from promontory to promontory of 120 stadia. Within it is Antandrus,¹⁵⁰ with a mountain above it, which is called Alexandreia, where it is said the contest between the goddesses was decided by Paris; and Aspaneus, the depository of the timber cut from the forests of Ida; it is here that wood is brought down and disposed of to those who want it.

Next is Astyra, a village and grove sacred to Artemis Astyrene. Close to it is Adramyttium, a city founded by a colony of Athenians, with a harbour, and a station for vessels. Beyond the gulf and the promontory Pyrrha is Cisthene, a deserted city with a harbour. Above it in the interior is a copper mine, Perperena, Trarium, and other similar settlements.

On this coast after Cisthene are the villages of the Mitylenaeans, Coryphantis and Heracleia; next to these is Attea; then Atarneus,¹⁵¹ Pitane,¹⁵² and the mouths of the Caïcus. These, however, belong to the Elaitic gulf. On the opposite side of the Caïcus are Elae,¹⁵³ and the remainder of the gulf as far as Canae.

We shall resume our description of each place, lest we should have omitted any one that is remarkable. And first with regard to Scepsis.

[52] Palescepsis is situated above Cebrene towards the most elevated part of Ida near Polichna. It had the name of Scepsis¹⁵⁴ either for some other reason or because it was within view of the places around, if we may be allowed to derive words then in use among Barbarians from the Greek language. Afterwards the inhabitants were transferred to the present Scepsis, 60 stadia lower down, by Scamandrius, the son of Hector, and by Ascanius, the son of Aeneas; these two families reigned, it is said, a long time at Scepsis. They changed the form of government to an oligarchy; afterwards the Milesians united with the Scepsians, and formed a democracy.¹⁵⁵ The descendants of these families had nevertheless the name of kings, and held certain dignities. Antigonus incorporated the Scepsians with the inhabitants of Alexandreia (Troas); Lysimachus dissolved this union, and they returned to their own country.

[53] The Scepsian (Demetrius) supposes that Scepsis was the palace of Aeneas, situated between the dominion of Aeneas and Lyrnessus, where, it is said, he took refuge when pursued by Achilles.

Remember you not, says Achilles, how I chased you when alone and apart from the herds, with swift steps, from the heights of Ida, thence indeed you escaped to Lyrnessus; but I took and destroyed it.¹⁵⁶

Present traditions respecting Aeneas do not agree with the story respecting the first founders of Scepsis. For it is said that he was spared on account of his hatred to Priam:

he ever bore hatred to Priam, for never had Priam bestowed any honour upon him for his valour.¹⁵⁷

His companion chiefs, the Antenoridae, and Antenor, and myself, escaped on account of the hospitality which the latter had shown to Menelaus.

Sophocles, in his play, The Capture of Troy, says, that a panther’s skin was placed before Antenor’s door as a signal that his house should be spared from plunder. Antenor and his four sons, together with the surviving Heneti, are said to have escaped into Thrace, and thence into Henetica on the Adriatic;¹⁵⁸ but Aeneas, with his father Anchises and his son Ascanius, are said to have collected a large body of people, and to have set sail. Some writers say that he settled about the Macedonian Olympus; according toothers he founded Capuae,¹⁵⁹ near Mantineia in Arcadia, and that he took the name of the city from Capys. There is another account, that he disembarked at Aegesta¹⁶⁰ in Sicily, with Elymus, a Trojan, and took possession of Eryx¹⁶¹ and Lilybaeus,¹⁶² and called the rivers about Aegesta Scamander and Simoïs; that from Sicily he went to Latium, and settled there in obedience to an oracle enjoining him to remain wherever he should eat his table. This happened in Latium, near Lavinium, when a large cake of bread which was set down instead of, and for want of, a table, was eaten together with the meat that was laid upon it.

Homer does not agree either with these writers or with what is said respecting the founders of Scepsis. For he represents Aeneas as remaining at Troy, succeeding to the kingdom, and delivering the succession to his children’s children after the extinction of the race of Priam:

the son of Saturn hated the family of Priam: henceforward Aeneas shall reign over the Trojans, and his children’s children to late generations.¹⁶³

In this manner not even the succession of Scamandrius could be maintained. He disagrees still more with those writers who speak of his wanderings as far as Italy, and make him end his days in that country. Some write the verse thus:

The race of Aeneas and his children’s children, meaning the Romans, shall rule over all nations.”

[54] The Socratic philosophers, Erastus, Coriscus, and Neleus, the son of Coriscus, a disciple of Aristotle, and Theophrastus, were natives of Scepsis. Neleus succeeded to the possession of the library of Theophrastus, which included that of Aristotle; for Aristotle gave his library, and left his school, to Theophrastus. Aristotle¹⁶⁴ was the first person with whom we are acquainted who made a collection of books, and suggested to the kings of Aegypt the formation of a library. Theophrastus left his library to Neleus, who carried it to Scepsis, and bequeathed it to some ignorant persons who kept the books locked up, lying in disorder. When the Scepsians understood that the Attalic kings, on whom the city was dependent, were in eager search for books, with which they intended to furnish the library at Pergamus, they hid theirs in an excavation under-ground; at length, but not before they had been injured by damp and worms, the descendants of Neleus sold the books of Aristotle and Theophrastus for a large sum of money to Apellicon of Teos. Apellicon¹⁶⁵ was rather a lover of books than a philosopher; when therefore he attempted to restore the parts which had been eaten and corroded by worms, he made alterations in the original text and introduced them into new copies; he moreover supplied the defective parts unskilfully, and published the books full of errors. It was the misfortune of the ancient Peripatetics, those after Theophrastus, that being wholly unprovided with the books of Aristotle, with the exception of a few only, and those chiefly of the exoteric¹⁶⁶ kind, they were unable to philosophize according to the principles of the system, and merely occupied themselves in elaborate discussions on common places. Their successors however, from the time that these books were published, philosophized, and propounded the doctrine of Aristotle more successfully than their predecessors, but were under the necessity of advancing a great deal as probable only, on account of the multitude of errors contained in the copies.

Even Rome contributed to this increase of errors; for immediately on the death of Apellicon, Sylla, who captured Athens, seized the library of Apellicon. When it was brought to Rome, Tyrannion,¹⁶⁷ the grammarian, who was an admirer of Aristotle, courted the superintendent of the library and obtained the use of it. Some vendors of books, also, employed bad scribes and neglected to compare the copies with the original. This happens in the case of other books which are copied for sale both here and at Alexandreia.

This may suffice on this subject.

[55] Demetrius the grammarian, whom we have frequently mentioned, was a native of Scepsis. He composed a comment on the catalogue of the Trojan forces. He was contemporary with Crates and Aristarchus. He was succeeded by Metrodorus,¹⁶⁸ who changed from being a philosopher to engage in public affairs. His writings are for the most part in the style of the rhetoricians. He employed a new and striking kind of phraseology. Although he was poor, yet, in consequence of the reputation which he had acquired, he married a rich wife at Chalcedon, and acquired the surname of the Chalcedonian. He paid great court to Mithridates Eupator, whom he accompanied with his wife on a voyage to Pontus, and received from him distinguished honours. He was appointed to preside over a tribunal where the party condemned by the judge had no power of appeal to the king. His prosperity however was not lasting, for he incurred the enmity of some very unjust persons, and deserted from the king at the very time that he was despatched on an embassy to Tigranes the Armenian. Tigranes sent him back much against his inclination to Eupator, who was then flying from his hereditary kingdom. Metrodorus died on the road, either in consequence of orders from the king, or by natural disease, for both causes of his death are stated.

So much then respecting Scepsis.

[56] Next to Scepsis are Andeira, Pioniae, and Gargaris. There is found at Andeira a stone, which when burnt becomes iron. It is then put into a furnace together with some kind of earth, when it distils a mock silver, (Pseudargyrum,) or with the addition of copper it becomes the compound called oreichalcum. There is found a mock silver near Tmolus also. These places and those about Assus were occupied by the Leleges.

[57] Assus is a strong place, and well fortified with walls. There is a long and perpendicular ascent from the sea and the harbour, so that the verse of Stratonicus the citharist seems to be applicable to it;

Go to Assus, if you mean to reach quickly the confines of death.

The harbour is formed of a large mole.

Cleanthes, the Stoic philosopher, was a native of this place. He succeeded to the school of Zeno of Citium, and left it to Chrysippus of Soli. Here also Aristotle resided for some time, on account of his relationship to Hermeas the tyrant. Hermeas was an eunuch, servant of a money-changer. When he was at Athens he was the hearer both of Plato and of Aristotle. On his return he became the associate in the tyranny of his master, who attacked the places near Atarneus and Assus. He afterwards succeeded his master, sent for both Aristotle and Xenocrates, and treated them with kindness. He even gave his niece in marriage to Aristotle. But Memnon of Rhodes, who was at that time general in the service of the Persians, invited to his house Hermeas, under the mask of friendship, and—on pretence of business. He seized Hermeas, and sent him to the king, who ordered him to be hanged. The philosophers, avoiding places in possession of the Persians, escaped by flight.

[58] Myrsilus says that Assus was founded by Methymnaeans; but according to Hellanicus it was an Aeolian city, like Gargara and Lamponia of the Aeolians. Gargara¹⁶⁹ was founded from Assus; it was not well peopled, for the kings introduced settlers from Miletopolis,¹⁷⁰ which they cleared of its inhabitants, so that Demetrius the Scepsian says that, instead of being Aeolians, the people became semi-barbarians. In the time of Homer all these places belonged to Leleges, whom some writers represent as Carians, but Homer distinguishes them,

Near the sea are Carians, and Poeonians with curved bows, Leleges, and Caucones.¹⁷¹

The Leleges were therefore a different people from the Carians, and lived between the people subject to Aeneas and the Cilicians, as they are called by the poet. After being plundered by Achilles, they removed to Caria, and occupied the country about the present Halicarnassus.

[59] Pedasus, the city which they abandoned, is no longer in existence. But in the interior of the country belonging to the people of Halicarnassus there was a city called by them Pedasa, and the territory has even now the name of Pedasis. It is said that this district contained eight cities, occupied by the Leleges, who were formerly so populous a nation as to possess Caria as far as Myndus, Bargylia, and a great part of Pisidia. In later times, when they united with the Carians in their expeditions, they were dispersed throughout the whole of Greece, and the race became extinct.

Mausolus, according to Callisthenes, assembled in Halicarnassus¹⁷² alone the inhabitants of six out of the eight cities, but allowed Suangela and Myndus to remain untouched. Herodotus¹⁷³ relates that whenever anything unfortunate was about to befall the inhabitants of Pedasus¹⁷⁴ and the neighbourhood a beard appeared on the face of the priestess of Minerva, and that this happened three times.

There is now existing in the territory of the Stratoniceis¹⁷⁵ a small town called Pedasum. There are to be seen throughout the whole of Caria and at Miletus sepulchres, and fortifications, and vestiges of settlements of the Leleges.

[60] The tract of sea-coast following next after the Leleges was occupied, according to Homer, by Cilicians, but at present it is occupied by Adramytteni, Atarneitae, and Pitanaei as far as the mouth of the Caïcus. The Cilicians were divided into two dynasties, as we have before said,¹⁷⁶ the head of one was Eetion, the other Mynes.

[61] Homer says that Thebe was the city of Eetion;

We went to Thebe, the sacred city of Eetion.¹⁷⁷

Il. i. 366. To him also belonged Chrysa, which contained the temple of Apollo Smintheus, for Chryseis was taken from Thebe;

We went,

he says,

to Thebe, ravaged it, and carried everything away; the sons of the Achtaeans divided the booty among themselves, but selected for Atrides the beautiful Chryseis.

Lyrnessus he calls the city of Mynes, for

having plundered Lyrnessus, and destroyed the walls of Thebe,¹⁷⁸

Il. ii. 691. Achilles slew Mynes and Epistrophus, so that when Bryseis says,

you suffered me not to weep when the swift Achilles slew my husband, and laid waste the city of the divine Mynes,¹⁷⁹

the poet cannot mean Thebe, for that belonged to Eetion, but Lyrnessus, for both cities lay in what was afterwards called the plain of Thebe, which, on account of its fertility, was a subject of contest among the Mysians and Lydians formerly, and latterly among the Greeks who had migrated from Aeolis and Lesbos. At present Adramytteni possess the greater part of it; there are Thebe and Lyrnessus, a strong place, but both are deserted. One is situated at the distance of 60 stadia from Adramyttium on one side, and the other 88 stadia on the other side.

[62] In the Adramyttene district are Chrysa and Cilla. There is at present near Thebe a place called Cilla, in which is a temple of Apollo Cillaeus. Beside it runs a river, which comes from Mount Ida. These places are near Antandria. The Cillaeum in Lesbos has its name from this Cilla. There is also amountain Cillaeum between Gargara and Antandrus. Daes of Colonae says that the temple of Apollo Cillaeus was founded at Colonae by the Aeolians, who came by sea from Greece. At Chrysa also it is said that there is a Cillaean Apollo, but it is uncertain whether it is the same as Apollo Smintheus, or a different statue.

[63] Chrysa is a small town on the sea-coast with a harbour. Near and above it is Thebe. Here was the temple of Apollo Smintheus, and here Chryseis lived. The place at present is entirely abandoned. To the present Chrysa, near Hamaxitus, was transferred the temple of the Cilicians, one party of whom went to Pamphylia, the other to Hamaxitus. Those who are not well acquainted with ancient histories say that Chryses and Chryseis lived there, and that Homer mentions the place. But there is no harbour at this place, yet Homer says,

but when they entered the deep harbour,—

Il. i. 432. nor is the temple on the sea-coast, but Homer places it there;

Chryseïs left the ship; then the sage Ulysses, leading her to the altar, placed her in the hands of her beloved father.¹⁸⁰

Nor is it near Thebe, but it is near it, according to Homer, for he says, that Chryseis was taken away from thence.

Nor is there any place of the name of Cilla in the district of the Alexandreia, (Troas,) nor a temple of Apollo Cillaeus, whereas the poet joins them together:

who art the guardian of Chrysa, and the divine Cilla.¹⁸¹

Il. i. 37. But it is in the plain of Thebe that they are seen near together. The voyage from the Cilician Chrysa to the Naustathmus (or naval station) is about 700 stadia, and occupies a day, which is as much as Ulysses seems to have completed; for immediately upon leaving the vessel he offers sacrifice to the god, and being overtaken by the evening, remains there. In the morning he sets sail. It is scarcely a third of the above-mentioned distance from Hamaxitus, so that Ulysses could have performed his sacrifice and have returned to the Naustathmus the same day. There is also a monument of Cillus, a large mound, near the temple of Apollo Cillaeus. He is said to have been the charioteer of Pelops, and to have had the chief command in these parts. Perhaps the country Cilicia had its name from him, or he had his from the country.

[64] The story about the Teucri, and the mice from whom the name of Smintheus is derived, (for mice are called Sminthii,) must be transferred to this place. Writers defend the derivation of titles from insignificant objects by examples of this kind; as from the parnopes, which the Oetaesans call cornopes, Hercules had a surname, and was worshipped under the title of Hercules Cornopion, because he had delivered them from locusts. So the Erythraeans, who live near the river Melius, worship Hercules Ipoctonus, because he destroyed the ipes, or worms, which are destructive to vines; for this pest is found everywhere except in the country of the Erythraeans. The Rhodians have in the island a temple of Apollo Erythibius, so called from erysibe, (mildew,) and which they call erythibe. Among the Aeolians in Asia one of their months is called Pornopion, for this name the Boeotians give to parnopes, (locusts,) and a sacrifice is performed to Apollo Pornopion.

[65] The country about Adramyttium is Mysia. It was once subject to Lydians, and there are now Pylae Lydiae (or the Lydian Gates) at Adramyttium, the city having been founded, it is said, by Lydians.

Astyra also, the village near Adramyttium, is said to belong to Mysia. It was once a small city, in which was the temple of Artemis Astyrene, situated in a grove. The Antandrians, in whose neighbourhood it is more immediately situated, preside over it with great solemnity. It is distant 20 stadia from the ancient Chrysa, which also has a temple in a grove. There too is the Rampart of Achilles. At the distance of 50 stadia in the interior is Thebe, uninhabited, which the poet says was situated below the woody Placus; but there is neither a place called Placus nor Plax there, nor a wood above it, although it is near Ida.

Thebe is distant from Astyra 70, and from Andeira 60 stadia. All these are names of uninhabited places, or thinly inhabited, or of rivers which are torrents. But they owe their fame to ancient history.

[66] Assus and Adramyttium are considerable cities. Adramyttium was unfortunate in the Mithridatic war, for Diodorus the general, in order to gratify the king, put to death the council of the citizens, although at the same time he pretended to be a philosopher of the Academy, pleaded causes, and professed to teach rhetoric. He accompanied the king on his voyage to Pontus, but upon his overthrow Diodorus was punished for his crimes. Many accusations were simultaneously preferred against him: but, unable to endure disgrace, he basely destroyed himself in my native city by abstaining from food.

Adramyttium produced Xenocles, a distinguished orator, who adopted the Asiatic style of eloquence and was remarkable for the vehemence of his manner; he defended Asia before the senate, at the time when that province was accused of favouring the party of Mithridates.

[67] Near Astyra is a lake called Sapra, full of deep holes, that empties itself by a ravine among ridges of rocks on the coast. Below Andeira is a temple dedicated to the Andeirenian Mother of the gods, and a cave with a subterraneous passage extending to Palaea. Palaea is a settlement distant 130 stadia from Andeira. A goat, which fell into the opening, discovered the subterraneous passage. It was found at Andeira the next day, accidentally, by the shepherd, who had gone there to a sacrifice.

Atarneus¹⁸² is the royal seat of Hermeas the tyrant. Next is Pitane, an Aeolian city, with two harbours, and the river Euenus flowing beside it, which supplies the aqueduct of the Adramyttium with water.

Arcesilaus of the Academy was a native of Pitane, and a fellow-disciple of Zeno of Citium in the school of Polemo.

There is a place in Pitane called Atarneus under Pitane, opposite to the island called Elaeussa.

It is said that at Pitane bricks float upon the water, as was the case with a small island¹⁸³ in Tyrrhenia, for the earth, being lighter than an equal bulk of water, swims upon it. Poseidonius says, that he saw in Spain bricks made of an argillaceous earth (with which silver vessels are cleansed) floating upon water.

After Pitane the Caïcus¹⁸⁴ empties itself, at the distance of 30 stadia from it, into the Elaitic bay. Beyond the Caïcus, at the distance of 12 stadia from the river, is Elsaea, an Aeolian city; it is a naval arsenal of Pergamum, and distant from it 120 stadia.

[68] At 100 stadia farther is Cane, the promontory opposite to Lectum, and forming the gulf of Adramyttium, of which the Elaitic Gulf is a part. Canoe is a small city of the Locrians who came from Cynus; it is situated in the Canaean territory, opposite the most southerly extremities of Lesbos. This territory extends to the Arginusae, and the promontory above, which some call Aega, or the goat. The second syllable however must be pronounced long, Aigan, like Actan and Archan, for this was the name of the whole mountain, which at present is called Cane, or Canae.¹⁸⁵ The sea surrounds the mountain on the south and west; towards the east the plain of Caecus lies below, and on the north the Elaïtic district. The mountain itself is very much contracted. It inclines indeed towards the Aegnaean Sea, from which it has the name (Ega), but afterwards the promontory itself was called Aega, the name which Sappho gives it, and then Cane and Canae.

[69] Between Elaea, Pitane, Atarneus, and Pergamum on this side the Caïcus, is Teuthrania, distant from none of these places above 70 stadia. Teuthras is said to have been king of the Cilicians and Mysians. According to Euripides, Auge, with her son Telephus, was enclosed in a chest and thrown into the sea, by command of her father Aleus, who discovered that she had been violated by Hercules. By the care of Minerva the chest crossed the sea, and was cast ashore at the mouth of the Caïcus. Teuthras took up the mother and her son, married the former, and treated the latter as his own child. This is a fable, but another concurrence of circumstances is wanting to explain how the daughter of the Arcadian became the wife of the king of the Mysians, and how her son succeeded to the throne of the Mysians. It is however believed that Teuthras and Telephus governed the country lying about Teuthrania and the Caïcus, but the poet mentions a few particulars only of this history:

as when he slew the son of Telephus, the hero Eurypylns, and many of his companions, the Ceaei, were killed around him for the sake of the gifts of women.¹⁸⁶

Homer here rather proposes an enigma than a clear meaning. For we do not know who the Cetaei were, nor what people we are to understand by this name, nor what is meant by the words, for the sake of the gifts of women.¹⁸⁷ Grammarians adduce and compare with this other trifling stories, but they indulge in invetion rather than solve the difficulty.

[70] Let us dismiss this doubtful matter, and turn to what is more certain; for instance, according to Homer, Eurypylus appears to have been king of the places about the Caïcus, so that perhaps a part of the Cilicians were his subjects, and that there were not only two but three dynasties among that people.

This opinion is supported by the circumstance that in the Elaïtis there is a small river, like a winter torrent, of the name of Ceteium. This falls into another like it, then again into another, but all discharge themselves into the Caïcus. The Caïcus does not flow from Ida, as Bacchylides says, nor does Euripides say correctly that Marsyas

inhabited the famous Celaenae, at the extremity of Ida,

for Celaenae is at a great distance from Ida, and so are the sources of the Caïcus, for they are to be seen in the plain.

There is a mountain, Temnum, which separates this and the plain of Asia; it lies in the interior above the plain of Thebe. A river, Mysius, flows from Temnum and enters the Caïcus below its source. Hence some persons suppose that Aeschylus refers to it in the beginning of the prologue to the play of the Myrmidons,

Caïcus, and ye Mysian streams—

Near its source is a village called Gergitha, to which Attalus transferred the inhabitants of Gergitha in the Troad, after destroying their own stronghold.

Geography. Strabo. Hans Claude Hamilton (Translator), William Falconer (Translator). London. 1854-1857.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

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Current edition Perseus

Geography (English) (Strabo. The Geography of Strabo, Vols. 1-3. Hamilton, Hans Claude, translator; Falconer, William, translator. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854-1857.)

Editions (1)

Γεωγραφικά Perseus (Strabo. Strabonis Geographica, Vols. 1-3. Meineke, August, editor. Leipzig: Teubner. 1877.) — 13.1 focus

[1] μέχρι μὲν δεῦρο ἀφωρίσθω τὰ περὶ τῆς Φρυγίας ἐπανιόντες δὲ πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν Προποντίδα καὶ τὴν ἐφεξῆς τῷ Αἰσήπῳ παραλίαν τὴν αὐτὴν τῆς περιοδείας τάξιν ἀποδώσομεν. ἔστι δὲ Τρῳὰς πρώτη τῆς παραλίας ταύτης, ἧς τὸ πολυθρύλητον καίπερ ἐν ἐρειπίοις καὶ ἐν ἐρημίᾳ λειπομένης ὅμως πολυλογίαν οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν παρέχει τῇ γραφῇ. πρὸς τοῦτο δὲ συγγνώμης δεῖ καὶ παρακλήσεως, ὅπως τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ μήκους μὴ ἡμῖν μᾶλλον ἀνάπτωσιν οἱ ἐντυγχάνοντες ἢ τοῖς σφόδρα ποθοῦσι τὴν τῶν ἐνδόξων καὶ παλαιῶν γνῶσιν· προσλαμβάνει δὲ τῷ μήκει καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἐποικησάντων τὴν χώραν Ἑλλήνων τε καὶ βαρβάρων, καὶ οἱ συγγραφεῖς οὐχὶ τὰ αὐτὰ γράφοντες περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν οὐδὲ σαφῶς πάντα· ὧν ἐν τοῖς πρώτοις ἐστὶν Ὅμηρος εἰκάζειν περὶ τῶν πλείστων παρέχων. δεῖ δὲ καὶ τὰ τούτου διαιτᾶν καὶ τὰ τῶν ἄλλων ὑπογράψαντας πρότερον ἐν κεφαλαίῳ τὴν τῶν τόπων φύσιν.

[2] ἀπὸ δὴ τῆς Κυζικηνῆς καὶ τῶν περὶ Αἴσηπον τόπων καὶ Γράνικον μέχρι Ἀβύδου καὶ Σηστοῦ τὴν τῆς Προποντίδος παραλίαν εἶναι συμβαίνει, ἀπὸ δὲ Ἀβύδου μέχρι Λεκτοῦ τὰ περὶ Ἴλιον καὶ Τένεδον καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρειαν τὴν Τρῳάδα· πάντων δὴ τούτων ὑπέρκειται ἡ Ἴδη τὸ ὄρος μέχρι Λεκτοῦ καθήκουσα· ἀπὸ Λεκτοῦ δὲ μέχρι Καΐκου ποταμοῦ καὶ τῶν Κανῶν λεγομένων ἔστι τὰ περὶ Ἄσσον καὶ Ἀδραμύττιον καὶ Ἀταρνέα καὶ Πιτάνην καὶ τὸν Ἐλαϊτικὸν κόλπον· οἷς πᾶσιν ἀντιπαρήκει ἡ τῶν Λεσβίων νῆσος· εἶθʼ ἑξῆς τὰ περὶ Κύμην μέχρι Ἕρμου καὶ Φωκαίας, ἥπερ ἀρχὴ μὲν τῆς Ἰωνίας ἐστὶ πέρας δὲ τῆς Αἰολίδος. τοιούτων δὲ τῶν τόπων ὄντων ὁ μὲν ποιητὴς ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ Αἴσηπον τόπων καὶ τῶν περὶ τὴν νῦν Κυζικηνὴν χώραν ὑπαγορεύει μάλιστα τοὺς Τρῶας ἄρξαι μέχρι τοῦ Καΐκου ποταμοῦ διῃρημένους κατὰ δυναστείας εἰς ὀκτὼ μερίδας ἢ καὶ ἐννέα· τὸ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἐπικούρων πλῆθος ἐν τοῖς συμμάχοις διαριθμεῖται.

[3] οἱ δʼ ὕστερον τοὺς ὅρους οὐ τοὺς αὐτοὺς λέγουσι καὶ τοῖς ὀνόμασι χρῶνται διηλλαγμένως, διαιρέσεις νέμοντες πλείους. μάλιστα δὲ αἱ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀποικίαι παρεσχήκασι λόγον· ἧττον μὲν ἡ Ἰωνική (πλείονι γὰρ διέστηκε τῆς Τρῳάδος), ἡ δὲ τῶν Αἰολέων παντάπασι· καθʼ ὅλην γὰρ ἐσκεδάσθη ἀπὸ τῆς Κυζικηνῆς μέχρι τοῦ Καΐκου καὶ ἐπέλαβεν ἔτι πλέον, τὴν μεταξὺ τοῦ Καΐκου καὶ τοῦ Ἕρμου ποταμοῦ. τέτταρσι γὰρ δὴ γενεαῖς πρεσβυτέραν φασὶ τὴν Αἰολικὴν ἀποικίαν τῆς Ἰωνικῆς, διατριβὰς δὲ λαβεῖν καὶ χρόνους μακροτέρους. Ὀρέστην μὲν γὰρ ἄρξαι τοῦ στόλου, τούτου δʼ ἐν Ἀρκαδίᾳ τελευτήσαντος τὸν βίον διαδέξασθαι τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ Πενθίλον, καὶ προελθεῖν μέχρι Θρᾴκης ἑξήκοντα ἔτεσι τῶν Τρωικῶν ὕστερον, ὑπʼ αὐτὴν τὴν τῶν Ἡρακλειδῶν εἰς Πελοπόννησον κάθοδον· εἶτʼ Ἀρχέλαον υἱὸν ἐκείνου περαιῶσαι τὸν Αἰολικὸν στόλον εἰς τὴν νῦν Κυζικηνὴν τὴν περὶ τὸ Δασκύλιον· Γρᾶν δὲ τὸν υἱὸν τούτου τὸν νεώτατον προελθόντα μέχρι τοῦ Γρανίκου ποταμοῦ καὶ παρεσκευασμένον ἄμεινον περαιῶσαι τὸ πλέον τῆς στρατιᾶς εἰς Λέσβον καὶ κατασχεῖν αὐτήν· Κλεύην δὲ τὸν Δώρου καὶ Μαλαόν, καὶ αὐτοὺς ἀπογόνους ὄντας Ἀγαμέμνονος, συναγαγεῖν μὲν τὴν στρατιὰν κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον καθʼ ὃν καὶ Πενθίλος, ἀλλὰ τὸν μὲν τοῦ Πενθίλου στόλον φθῆναι περαιωθέντα ἐκ τῆς Θρᾴκης εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν, τούτους δὲ περὶ τὴν Λοκρίδα καὶ τὸ Φρίκιον ὄρος διατρῖψαι πολὺν χρόνον, ὕστερον δὲ διαβάντας κτίσαι τὴν Κύμην τὴν Φρικωνίδα κληθεῖσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Λοκρικοῦ ὄρους.

[4] τῶν Αἰολέων τοίνυν καθʼ ὅλην σκεδασθέντων τὴν χώραν, ἣν ἔφαμεν ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λέγεσθαι Τρωικήν, οἱ ὕστερον οἱ μὲν πᾶσαν Αἰολίδα προσαγορεύουσιν οἱ δὲ μέρος, καὶ Τροίαν οἱ μὲν ὅλην οἱ δὲ μέρος αὐτῆς, οὐδὲν ὅλως ἀλλήλοις ὁμολογοῦντες. εὐθὺς γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν Προποντίδα τόπων ὁ μὲν Ὅμηρος ἀπὸ Αἰσήπου τὴν ἀρχὴν ποιεῖται τῆς Τρῳάδος, Εὔδοξος δὲ ἀπὸ Πριάπου καὶ Ἀρτάκης τοῦ ἐν τῇ Κυζικηνῶν νήσῳ χωρίου ἀνταίροντος τῷ Πριάπῳ, συστέλλων ἐπʼ ἔλαττον τοὺς ὅρους, Δαμάστης δʼ ἔτι μᾶλλον συστέλλει ἀπὸ Παρίου· καὶ γὰρ οὗτος μὲν ἕως Λεκτοῦ προάγει, ἄλλοι δʼ ἄλλως· Χάρων δʼ ὁ Λαμψακηνὸς τριακοσίους ἄλλους ἀφαιρεῖ σταδίους, ἀπὸ Πρακτίου ἀρχόμενος (τοσοῦτοι γάρ εἰσιν ἀπὸ Παρίου εἰς Πράκτιον), ἕως μέντοι Ἀτραμυττίου πρόεισι· Σκύλαξ δὲ ὁ Καρυανδεὺς ἀπὸ Ἀβύδου ἄρχεται· ὁμοίως δὲ τὴν Αἰολίδα Ἔφορος μὲν λέγει ἀπὸ Ἀβύδου μέχρι Κύμης, ἄλλοι δʼ ἄλλως.

[5] τοπογραφεῖ δὲ κάλλιστα τὴν ὄντως λεγομένην Τροίαν ἡ τῆς Ἴδης θέσις, ὄρους ὑψηλοῦ βλέποντος πρὸς δύσιν καὶ τὴν ταύτῃ θάλατταν, μικρὰ δʼ ἐπιστρέφοντος καὶ πρὸς ἄρκτον καὶ τὴν ταύτῃ παραλίαν. ἔστι δὲ αὕτη μὲν τῆς Προποντίδος ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ Ἄβυδον στενῶν ἐπὶ τὸν Αἴσηπον καὶ τὴν Κυζικηνήν· ἡ δʼ ἑσπερία θάλαττα ὅ τε Ἑλλήσποντός ἐστιν ὁ ἔξω καὶ τὸ Αἰγαῖον πέλαγος. πολλοὺς δʼ ἔχουσα πρόποδας ἡ Ἴδη καὶ σκολοπενδρώδης οὖσα τὸ σχῆμα ἐσχάτοις ἀφορίζεται τούτοις, τῷ τε περὶ τὴν Ζέλειαν ἀκρωτηρίῳ καὶ τῷ καλουμένῳ Λεκτῷ, τῷ μὲν τελευτῶντι εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν μικρὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς Κυζικηνῆς (καὶ δὴ καὶ ἔστι νῦν ἡ Ζέλεια τῶν Κυζικηνῶν)· τὸ δὲ Λεκτὸν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος καθήκει τὸ Αἰγαῖον ἐν παράπλῳ κείμενον τοῖς ἐκ Τενέδου πλέουσιν εἰς Λέσβον.

Ἴδην δʼ ἵκανον πολυπίδακα μητέρα θηρῶν,

Λεκτὸν ὅθι πρῶτον λιπέτην ἅλα

¹ ὕπνος καὶ Ἥρα, τοῖς οὖσιν οἰκείως τοῦ ποιητοῦ φράζοντος τὸ Λεκτόν· καὶ γὰρ ὅτι τῆς Ἴδης ἐστὶ τὸ Λεκτὸν καὶ διότι πρώτη ἀπόβασις ἐκ θαλάττης αὕτη τοῖς ἐπὶ τὴν Ἴδην ἀνιοῦσιν, εἴρηκεν ὀρθῶς². τοὺς δὴ πρόποδας τοὺς ἐσχάτους ἐφʼ ἑκάτερα φράζων οὕτως τὸ Λεκτὸν καὶ τὴν Ζέλειαν, οἰκείως τούτων ἀκρώρειαν ἀφορίζει Γάργαρον, ἄκρον λέγων· καὶ γὰρ καὶ νῦν Γάργαρον ἐν τοῖς ἄνω μέρεσι τῆς Ἴδης δείκνυται τόπος, ἀφʼ οὗ τὰ νῦν Γάργαρα πόλις Αἰολική. ἐντὸς μὲν οὖν τῆς Ζελείας καὶ τοῦ Λεκτοῦ πρῶτά ἐστιν ἀπὸ τῆς Προποντίδος ἀρξαμένοις τὰ μέχρι τῶν κατʼ Ἄβυδον στενῶν, εἶτʼ ἔξω τῆς Προποντίδος τὰ μέχρι Λεκτοῦ.

[6] κάμψαντι δὲ τὸ Λεκτὸν ἀναχεῖται κόλπος μέγας, ὃν ἡ Ἴδη ποιεῖ πρὸς τὴν ἤπειρον ἀποχωροῦσα ἀπὸ τοῦ Λεκτοῦ, καὶ αἱ Κάναι, τὸ ἐκ θατέρου μέρους ἀντικείμενον ἀκρωτήριον τῷ Λεκτῷ· καλοῦσι δʼ οἱ μὲν Ἰδαῖον κόλπον, οἱ δʼ Ἀδραμυττηνόν. ἐν τούτῳ δὲ αἱ τῶν Αἰολέων πόλεις μέχρι τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ Ἕρμου, καθάπερ εἰρήκαμεν. εἴρηται δὲ ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν, ὅτι τοῖς ἐκ Βυζαντίου πλέουσι πρὸς νότον ἐπʼ εὐθείας ἐστὶν ὁ πλοῦς, πρῶτον ἐπὶ Σηστὸν καὶ Ἄβυδον διὰ μέσης τῆς Προποντίδος, ἔπειτα τῆς παραλίας τῆς Ἀσίας μέχρι Καρίας. ταύτην δὴ φυλάττοντας χρὴ τὴν ὑπόθεσιν ἀκούειν τῶν ἑξῆς, κἂν λέγωμεν κόλπους τινὰς ἐν τῇ παραλίᾳ, τάς τε ἄκρας δεῖ νοεῖν τὰς ποιούσας αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς γραμμῆς κειμένας ὥσπερ τινὸς μεσημβρινῆς.

[7] ἐκ δὴ τῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λεγομένων εἰκάζουσιν οἱ φροντίσαντες περὶ τούτων πλέον τι, πᾶσαν τὴν παραλίαν ταύτην ὑπὸ τοῖς Τρωσὶ γεγονέναι, διῃρημένην μὲν εἰς δυναστείας ἐννέα, ὑπὸ δὲ τῷ Πριάμῳ τεταγμένην κατὰ τὸν Ἰλιακὸν πόλεμον καὶ λεγομένην Τροίαν· δῆλον δὲ ἐκ τῶν κατὰ μέρος. οἱ γὰρ περὶ τὸν Ἀχιλλέα τειχήρεις ὁρῶντες τοὺς Ἰλιέας κατʼ ἀρχάς, ἔξω ποιεῖσθαι τὸν πόλεμον ἐπεχείρησαν καὶ περιιόντες ἀφαιρεῖσθαι τὰ κύκλῳ

δώδεκα δὴ σὺν νηυσὶ πόλεις ἀλάπαξʼ ἀνθρώπων,

πεζὸς δʼ ἕνδεκά φημι κατὰ Τροίην ἐρίβωλον.

³ Τροίαν γὰρ λέγει τὴν πεπορθημένην ἤπειρον· πεπόρθηται δὲ σὺν ἄλλοις τόποις καὶ τὰ ἀντικείμενα τῇ Λέσβῳ τὰ περὶ Θήβην καὶ Λυρνησσὸν καὶ Πήδασον τὴν τῶν Λελέγων καὶ ἔτι ἡ τοῦ Εὐρυπύλου τοῦ Τηλέφου παιδός

ἀλλʼ οἷον τὸν Τηλεφίδην κατενήρατο χαλκῷ

⁴ ὁ Νεοπτόλεμος ἥρω Εὐρύπυλον. ταῦτα δὴ πεπορθῆσθαι λέγει καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν Λέσβον

ὅτε Λέσβον ἐυκτιμένην ἕλεν αὐτός.

⁵ καὶ

πέρσε δὲ Λυρνησσὸν καὶ Πήδασον

⁶ καὶ

Λυρνησσὸν διαπορθήσας καὶ τείχεα Θήβης.

⁷ ἐκ μὲν Λυρνησσοῦ ἡ Βρισηὶς ἑάλω

τὴν ἐκ Λυρνησσοῦ ἐξείλετο.

⁸ ἧς ἐν τῇ ἁλώσει τὸν Μύνητα⁹ πεσεῖν φησιν, ὡς ἡ Βρισηὶς θρηνοῦσα τὸν Πάτροκλον δηλοῖ

οὐδὲ μὲν οὐδέ μʼ ἔασκες, ὅτʼ ἄνδρʼ ἐμὸν ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς

ἔκτεινεν, πέρσεν δὲ πόλιν θείοιο Μύνητος,

κλαίειν.

¹⁰ ἐμφαίνει γὰρ τὴν Λυρνησσὸν λέγων πόλιν θείοιο Μύνητος, ὡς ἂν δυναστευομένην ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐνταῦθα πεσεῖν αὐτὸν μαχόμενον. ἐκ δὲ τῆς Θήβης ἡ Χρυσηὶς ἐλήφθη

ᾠχόμεθʼ ἐς Θήβην ἱερὴν πόλιν Ἠετίωνος.

¹¹ ἐκ δὲ τῶν ἀχθέντων ἐκεῖθεν φησὶν εἶναι τὴν Χρυσηίδα. ἐνθένδε δʼ ἦν καὶ ἡ Ἀνδρομάχη.

Ἀνδρομάχη θυγάτηρ μεγαλήτορος Ἠετίωνος,

Ἠετίων, ὃς ἔναιεν ὑπὸ Πλάκῳ ὑληέσσῃ,

Θήβῃ ὑποπλακίῃ, Κιλίκεσσʼ ἄνδρεσσιν ἀνάσσων.

¹² δευτέρα οὖν αὕτη δυναστεία Τρωικὴ μετὰ τὴν ὑπὸ Μύνητι. οἰκείως δὲ τούτοις καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῆς Ἀνδρομάχης λεχθὲν οὕτως

Ἕκτορ, ἐγὼ δύστηνος· ἰῇ ἄρα γεινόμεθʼ αἴσῃ

ἀμφότεροι, σὺ μὲν ἐν Τροίῃ Πριάμου ἐνὶ οἴκῳ,

αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ Θήβῃσιν,

¹³ οὐκ οἴονται δεῖν ἐξ εὐθείας ἀκούειν¹⁴, ἀλλὰ καθʼ ὑπερβατόν ἀμφότεροι ἐν Τροίῃ, σὺ μὲν Πριάμου ἐνὶ οἴκῳ, αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ Θήβῃσι. τρίτη δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ τῶν Λελέγων, καὶ αὕτη Τρωική,

Ἄλτεω, ὃς Λελέγεσσι φιλοπτολέμοισιν ἀνάσσει.

¹⁵ οὗ τῇ θυγατρὶ συνελθὼν Πρίαμος γεννᾷ τὸν Λυκάονα καὶ Πολύδωρον. καὶ μὴν οἵ γε ὑπὸ τῷ Ἕκτορι ἐν τῷ καταλόγῳ ταττόμενοι λέγονται Τρῶες

Τρωσὶ μὲν ἡγεμόνευε μέγας κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ.

¹⁶ εἶθʼ οἱ ὑπὸ τῷ Αἰνείᾳ

Δαρδανίων αὖτʼ ἦρχεν ἐὺς πάις Ἀγχίσαο

¹⁷ καὶ οὗτοι Τρῶες· φησὶ γοῦν

Αἰνεία, Τρώων βουληφόρε.

¹⁸ εἶθʼ οἱ ὑπὸ Πανδάρῳ Λύκιοι, οὓς καὶ αὐτοὺς καλεῖ Τρῶας·

οἳ δὲ Ζέλειαν ἔναιον ὑπαὶ πόδα νείατον Ἴδης,

ἀφνειοί, πίνοντες ὕδωρ μέλαν Αἰσήποιο,

Τρῶες· τῶν αὖτʼ ἦρχε Λυκάονος ἀγλαὸς υἱός,

Πάνδαρος.

¹⁹ ἕκτη δʼ αὕτη δυναστεία. καὶ μὴν οἵ γε μεταξὺ τοῦ Αἰσήπου καὶ Ἀβύδου Τρῶες· ὑπὸ μὲν γὰρ τῷ Ἀσίῳ ἐστὶ τὰ περὶ Ἄβυδον

οἳ δʼ ἄρα Περκώτην καὶ Πράκτιον ἀμφενέμοντο,

καὶ Σηστὸν καὶ Ἄβυδον ἔχον καὶ δῖαν Ἀρίσβην,

τῶν αὖθʼ Ὑρτακίδης ἦρχʼ Ἄσιος.

²⁰ ἀλλʼ ἐν Ἀβύδῳ μὲν υἱὸς τοῦ Πριάμου διέτριβεν, ἵππους νέμων, πατρῴας δηλονότι

ἀλλʼ υἱὸν Πριάμοιο νόθον βάλε Δημοκόωντα,

ὅς οἱ Ἀβυδόθεν ἦλθε παρʼ ἵππων ὠκειάων.

²¹ ἐν δὲ Περκώτῃ υἱὸς Ἱκετάονος ἐβουνόμει οὐκ ἀλλοτρίας οὐδʼ οὗτος βοῦς

πρῶτον δʼ Ἱκεταονίδην ἐνένιπεν,

ἴφθιμον Μελάνιππον· ὁ δʼ ὄφρα μὲν εἰλίποδας βοῦς

βόσκʼ ἐν Περκώτῃ.

²² ὥστε καὶ αὕτη ἂν εἴη Τρῳὰς καὶ ἡ ἐφεξῆς ἕως Ἀδραστείας· ἦρχον γὰρ αὐτῆς

υἷε δύω Μέροπος Περκωσίου.

²³ πάντες μὲν δὴ Τρῶες οἱ ἀπὸ Ἀβύδου μέχρι Ἀδραστείας, δίχα μέντοι διῃρημένοι, οἱ μὲν ὑπὸ τῷ Ἀσίῳ οἱ δʼ ὑπὸ τοῖς Μεροπίδαις· καθάπερ καὶ ἡ τῶν Κιλίκων διττή, ἡ μὲν Θηβαϊκὴ ἡ δὲ Λυρνησσίς· ἐν αὐτῇ δʼ ἂν λεχθείη ἡ ὑπὸ Εὐρυπύλῳ ἐφεξῆς οὖσα τῇ Λυρνησσίδι. ὅτι δὲ τούτων ἁπάντων ἦρχεν ὁ Πρίαμος οἱ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως λόγοι πρὸς τὸν Πρίαμον σαφῶς ἐμφανίζουσι

καί σε, γέρον, τὸ πρὶν μὲν ἀκούομεν ὄλβιον εἶναι,

ὅσσον Λέσβος ἄνω Μάκαρος πόλις ἐντὸς ἐέργει,

καὶ Φρυγίη καθύπερθε καὶ Ἑλλήσποντος ἀπείρων.

²⁴

[8] τότε μὲν οὖν τοιαῦτα ὑπῆρχεν, ὕστερον δὲ ἠκολούθησαν μεταβολαὶ παντοῖαι. τὰ μὲν γὰρ περὶ Κύζικον Φρύγες ἐπῴκησαν ἕως Πρακτίου, τὰ δὲ περὶ Ἄβυδον Θρᾷκες· ἔτι δὲ πρότερον τούτων ἀμφοῖν Βέβρυκες καὶ Δρύοπες· τὰ δʼ ἑξῆς Τρῆρες, καὶ οὗτοι Θρᾷκες· τὸ δὲ Θήβης πεδίον Λυδοί, οἱ τότε Μῄονες, καὶ Μυσῶν οἱ περιγενόμενοι τῶν ὑπὸ Τηλέφῳ πρότερον καὶ Τεύθραντι. οὕτω δὴ τοῦ ποιητοῦ τὴν Αἰολίδα καὶ τὴν Τροίαν εἰς ἓν συντιθέντος, καὶ τῶν Αἰολέων τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἕρμου πᾶσαν μέχρι τῆς κατὰ Κύζικον παραλίας κατασχόντων καὶ πόλεις κτισάντων, οὐδʼ ἂν ἡμεῖς ἀτόπως περιοδεύσαιμεν, εἰς ταὐτὸ συντιθέντες τήν τε Αἰολίδα νῦν ἰδίως λεγομένην τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἕρμου μέχρι Λεκτοῦ καὶ τὴν ἐφεξῆς μέχρι τοῦ Αἰσήπου. ἐν γὰρ τοῖς καθʼ ἕκαστα διακρινοῦμεν πάλιν, παρατιθέντες ἅμα τοῖς νῦν οὖσι τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων λεγόμενα.

[9] ἔστιν οὖν μετὰ τὴν τῶν Κυζικηνῶν πόλιν καὶ τὸν Αἴσηπον ἀρχὴ τῆς Τρῳάδος καθʼ Ὅμηρον. λέγει δʼ ἐκεῖνος μὲν οὕτω περὶ αὐτῆς

οἳ δὲ Ζέλειαν ἔναιον ὑπαὶ πόδα νείατον Ἴδης

ἀφνειοί, πίνοντες ὕδωρ μέλαν Αἰσήποιο,

Τρῶες· τῶν αὖθʼ ἦρχε Λυκάονος ἀγλαὸς υἱός,

Πάνδαρος.

²⁵ τούτους δὲ ἐκάλει καὶ Λυκίους· Ἀφνειοὺς δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀφνίτιδος νομίζουσι λίμνης· καὶ γὰρ οὕτω καλεῖται ἡ Δασκυλῖτις.

[10] ἡ μὲν δὴ Ζέλεια ἐν τῇ παρωρείᾳ τῇ ὑστάτῃ τῆς Ἴδης ἔστιν, ἀπέχουσα Κυζίκου μὲν σταδίους ἐνενήκοντα καὶ ἑκατόν, τῆς δʼ ἐγγυτάτω θαλάττης καθʼ ἣν ἐκδίδωσιν Αἴσηπος ὅσον ὀγδοήκοντα. ἐπιμερίζει δὲ συνεχῶς τὰ κατὰ τὴν μετὰ τὸν Αἴσηπον

οἳ δʼ Ἀδρήστειάν τʼ εἶχον καὶ δῆμον Ἀπαισοῦ,

καὶ Πιτύαν εἶχον καὶ Τηρείης ὄρος αἰπύ,

τῶν ἦρχʼ Ἄδρηστός τε καὶ Ἄμφιος λινοθώρηξ,

υἷε δύω Μέροπος Περκωσίου.

²⁶ ταῦτα δὲ τὰ χωρία τῇ Ζελείᾳ μὲν ὑποπέπτωκεν, ἔχουσι δὲ Κυζικηνοί τε καὶ Πριαπηνοὶ μέχρι καὶ τῆς παραλίας. περὶ μὲν οὖν τὴν Ζέλειαν ὁ Τάρσιος ἔστι ποταμός, εἴκοσιν ἔχων διαβάσεις τῇ αὐτῇ ὁδῷ, καθάπερ ὁ Ἑπτάπορος, ὅν φησιν ὁ ποιητής²⁷.

[11] ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς ἐκβολῆς τοῦ Αἰσήπου σχεδόν τι σταδίοις κολωνὸς ἔστιν, ἐφʼ ᾧ τάφος δείκνυται Μέμνονος τοῦ Τιθωνοῦ· πλησίον δʼ ἔστι καὶ ἡ Μέμνονος κώμη. τοῦ δὲ Αἰσήπου καὶ τοῦ Πριάπου μεταξὺ ὁ Γράνικος ῥεῖ τὰ πολλὰ διʼ Ἀδραστείας πεδίου, ἐφʼ ᾧ Ἀλέξανδρος τοὺς Δαρείου σατράπας ἀνὰ κράτος ἐνίκησε συμβαλών, καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου καὶ τοῦ Εὐφράτου παρέλαβεν. ἐπὶ δὲ Γρανίκῳ πόλις ἦν Σιδήνη χώραν ἔχουσα πολλὴν ὁμώνυμον, κατέσπασται δὲ νῦν. ἐν δὲ τῇ μεθορίᾳ τῆς Κυζικηνῆς καὶ τῆς Πριαπηνῆς ἔστι τὰ Ἁρπάγια τόπος, ἐξ οὗ τὸν Γανυμήδην μυθεύουσιν ἡρπάχθαι· ἄλλοι δὲ περὶ Δαρδάνιον ἄκραν πλησίον Δαρδάνου.

[12] Πρίαπος δʼ ἔστι πόλις ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ καὶ λιμήν· κτίσμα δʼ οἱ μὲν Μιλησίων φασίν, οἵπερ καὶ Ἄβυδον καὶ Προκόννησον συνῴκισαν κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν καιρόν, οἱ δὲ Κυζικηνῶν· ἐπώνυμος δʼ ἐστὶ τοῦ Πριάπου τιμωμένου παρʼ αὐτοῖς, εἴτʼ ἐξ Ὀρνεῶν τῶν περὶ Κόρινθον μετενηνεγμένου τοῦ ἱεροῦ, εἴτε τῷ λέγεσθαι Διονύσου καὶ νύμφης τὸν θεὸν ὁρμησάντων ἐπὶ τὸ τιμᾶν αὐτὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἐπειδὴ σφόδρα εὐάμπελός ἐστιν ἡ χώρα καὶ αὕτη καὶ ἡ ἐφεξῆς ὅμορος, ἥ τε τῶν Παριανῶν καὶ ἡ τῶν Λαμψακηνῶν· ὁ γοῦν Ξέρξης τῷ Θεμιστοκλεῖ εἰς οἶνον ἔδωκε τὴν Λάμψακον. ἀπεδείχθη δὲ θεὸς οὗτος ὑπὸ τῶν νεωτέρων· οὐδὲ γὰρ Ἡσίοδος οἶδε Πρίαπον, ἀλλʼ ἔοικε τοῖς Ἀττικοῖς Ὀρθάνῃ καὶ Κονισάλῳ καὶ Τύχωνι καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις.

[13] ἐκαλεῖτο δʼ ἡ χώρα αὕτη Ἀδράστεια καὶ Ἀδραστείας πεδίον, κατὰ ἔθος τι οὕτω λεγόντων τὸ αὐτὸ χωρίον διττῶς, ὡς καὶ Θήβην καὶ Θήβης πεδίον, καὶ Μυγδονίαν καὶ Μυγδονίας πεδίον. φησὶ δὲ²⁸ Καλλισθένης ἀπὸ Ἀδράστου βασιλέως, ὃς πρῶτος Νεμέσεως ἱερὸν ἱδρύσατο, καλεῖσθαι Ἀδράστειαν. ἡ μὲν οὖν πόλις μεταξὺ Πριάπου καὶ Παρίου, ἔχουσα ὑποκείμενον πεδίον ὁμώνυμον, ἐν ᾧ καὶ μαντεῖον ἦν Ἀπόλλωνος Ἀκταίου καὶ Ἀρτέμιδος κατὰ τὴν εἰς δὲ Πάριον μετηνέχθη πᾶσα ἡ κατασκευὴ καὶ λιθεία κατασπασθέντος τοῦ ἱεροῦ, καὶ ᾠκοδομήθη ἐν τῷ Παρίῳ βωμὸς, Ἑρμοκρέοντος ἔργον, πολλῆς μνήμης ἄξιον κατά τε μέγεθος καὶ κάλλος· τὸ δὲ μαντεῖον ἐξελείφθη, καθάπερ καὶ τὸ ἐν Ζελείᾳ. ἐνταῦθα μὲν οὖν οὐδὲν ἱερὸν Ἀδραστείας δείκνυται, οὐδὲ δὴ Νεμέσεως, περὶ δὲ Κύζικον ἔστιν Ἀδραστείας ἱερόν. Ἀντίμαχος δʼ οὕτω φησίν

ἔστι δέ τις Νέμεσις μεγάλη θεὸς, ἣ τάδε πάντα

πρὸς μακάρων ἔλαχεν· βωμὸν δέ οἱ εἵσατο πρῶτος

Ἄδρηστος, ποταμοῖο παρὰ ῥόον Αἰσήποιο,

ἔνθα τετίμηταί τε καὶ Ἀδρήστεια καλεῖται.

[14] ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὸ Πάριον πόλις ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ, λιμένα ἔχουσα μείζω τῆς Πριάπου καὶ ηὐξημένη γε ἐκ ταύτης· θεραπεύοντες γὰρ οἱ Παριανοὶ τοὺς Ἀτταλικοὺς ὑφʼ οἷς ἐτέτακτο ἡ Πριαπηνή, πολλὴν αὐτῆς ἀπετέμοντο ἐπιτρεπόντων ἐκείνων. ἐνταῦθα μυθεύουσι τοὺς Ὀφιογενεῖς συγγένειάν τινα ἔχειν πρὸς τοὺς ὄφεις· φασὶ δʼ αὐτῶν τοὺς ἄρρενας τοῖς ἐχεοδήκτοις ἄκος εἶναι συνεχῶς ἐφαπτομένους ὥσπερ τοὺς ἐπῳδούς, πρῶτον μὲν τὸ πελίωμα εἰς ἑαυτοὺς μεταφέροντας, εἶτα καὶ τὴν φλεγμονὴν παύοντας καὶ τὸν πόνον. μυθεύουσι δὲ τὸν ἀρχηγέτην τοῦ γένους ἥρωά τινα ἐξ ὄφεως μεταβαλεῖν· τάχα δὲ τῶν Ψύλλων τις ἦν τῶν Λιβυκῶν, εἰς δὲ τὸ γένος διέτεινεν ἡ δύναμις μέχρι ποσοῦ. κτίσμα δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ Πάριον Μιλησίων καὶ Ἐρυθραίων καὶ Παρίων.

[15] Πιτύα δʼ ἐστὶν ἐν Πιτυοῦντι τῆς Παριανῆς ὑπερκείμενον ἔχουσα πιτυῶδες ὄρος· μεταξὺ δὲ κεῖται Παρίου καὶ Πριάπου κατὰ Λίνον χωρίον ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ, ὅπου οἱ Λινούσιοι κοχλίαι ἄριστοι τῶν πάντων ἁλίσκονται.

[16] ἐν δὲ τῷ παράπλῳ τῷ ἀπὸ Παρίου εἰς Πρίαπον ἥ τε παλαιὰ Προκόννησός ἐστι καὶ ἡ νῦν Προκόννησος, πόλιν ἔχουσα καὶ μέταλλον μέγα λευκοῦ λίθου σφόδρα ἐπαινούμενον· τὰ γοῦν κάλλιστα τῶν ταύτῃ πόλεων ἔργα, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πρῶτα τὰ ἐν Κυζίκῳ ταύτης ἐστὶ τῆς λίθου. ἐντεῦθέν ἐστιν Ἀριστέας ὁ ποιητὴς τῶν Ἀριμασπείων καλουμένων ἐπῶν, ἀνὴρ γόης εἴ τις ἄλλος.

[17] τὸ δὲ Τηρείης ὄρος οἱ μὲν τὰ ἐν Πειρωσσῷ ὄρη φασὶν ἃ ἔχουσιν οἱ Κυζικηνοὶ τῇ Ζελείᾳ προσεχῆ, ἐν οἷς βασιλικὴ θήρα κατεσκεύαστο τοῖς Λυδοῖς, καὶ Πέρσαις ὕστερον· οἱ δʼ ἀπὸ τετταράκοντα σταδίων Λαμψάκου δεικνύουσι λόφον, ἐφʼ ᾧ μητρὸς θεῶν ἱερόν ἐστιν ἅγιον Τηρείης ἐπικαλούμενον.

[18] καὶ ἡ Λάμψακος δʼ ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ πόλις ἐστὶν εὐλίμενος καὶ ἀξιόλογος, συμμένουσα καλῶς, ὥσπερ καὶ ἡ Ἄβυδος· διέχει δʼ αὐτῆς ὅσον ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ ἑκατὸν σταδίους· ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ πρότερον Πιτυοῦσσα, καθάπερ καὶ τὴν Χίον φασίν· ἐν δὲ τῇ περαίᾳ τῆς Χερρονήσου πολίχνιόν ἐστι Καλλίπολις· κεῖται δʼ ἐπʼ ἀκτῆς ἐκκειμένη πολὺ πρὸς τὴν Ἀσίαν κατὰ τὴν Λαμψακηνῶν πόλιν, ὥστε τὸ δίαρμα μὴ πλέον εἶναι τετταράκοντα σταδίων.

[19] ἐν δὲ τῷ μεταξὺ Λαμψάκου καὶ Παρίου Παισὸς ἦν πόλις καὶ ποταμός· κατέσπασται δʼ ἡ πόλις, οἱ δὲ Παισηνοὶ μετῴκησαν εἰς Λάμψακον, Μιλησίων ὄντες ἄποικοι καὶ αὐτοί, καθάπερ καὶ οἱ Λαμψακηνοί. ὁ δὲ ποιητὴς εἴρηκεν ἀμφοτέρως, καὶ προσθεὶς τὴν πρώτην συλλαβήν

καὶ δῆμον Ἀπαισοῦ,

²⁹ καὶ ἀφελών

ὅς ῥʼ ἐνὶ Παισῷ

ναῖε πολυκτήμων

³⁰ καὶ ὁ ποταμὸς νῦν οὕτω καλεῖται. Μιλησίων δʼ εἰσὶ καὶ αἱ Κολωναὶ αἱ ὑπὲρ Λαμψάκου ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τῆς Λαμψακηνῆς· ἄλλαι δʼ εἰσὶν ἐπὶ τῇ ἐκτὸς Ἑλλησποντίᾳ θαλάττῃ, Ἰλίου διέχουσαι σταδίους τετταράκοντα πρὸς τοῖς ἑκατόν· ἐξ ὧν τὸν Κύκνον φασίν. Ἀναξιμένης δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἐρυθραίᾳ φησὶ λέγεσθαι Κολωνὰς καὶ ἐν τῇ Φωκίδι καὶ ἐν Θετταλίᾳ· ἐν δὲ τῇ Παριανῇ ἔστιν Ἰλιοκολώνη. ἐν δὲ τῇ Λαμψακηνῇ τόπος εὐάμπελος Γεργίθιον· ἦν δὲ καὶ πόλις Γέργιθα ἐκ τῶν ἐν τῇ Κυμαίᾳ Γεργίθων· ἦν γὰρ κἀκεῖ πόλις πληθυντικῶς καὶ θηλυκῶς λεγομένη αἱ Γέργιθες, ὅθενπερ ὁ Γεργίθιος ἦν Κεφάλων· καὶ νῦν ἔτι δείκνυται τόπος ἐν τῇ Κυμαίᾳ Γεργίθιον πρὸς Λαρίσῃ. ἐκ Παρίου μὲν οὖν ὁ γλωσσογράφος κληθεὶς ἦν Νεοπτόλεμος μνήμης ἄξιος, ἐκ Λαμψάκου δὲ Χάρων τε ὁ συγγραφεὺς καὶ Ἀδείμαντος καὶ Ἀναξιμένης ὁ ῥήτωρ καὶ Μητρόδωρος ὁ τοῦ Ἐπικούρου ἑταῖρος· καὶ αὐτὸς δʼ Ἐπίκουρος τρόπον τινὰ Λαμψακηνὸς ὑπῆρξε, διατρίψας ἐν Λαμψάκῳ καὶ φίλοις χρησάμενος τοῖς ἀρίστοις τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ, τοῖς περὶ Ἰδομενέα καὶ Λεοντέα. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ μετήνεγκεν Ἀγρίππας τὸν πεπτωκότα λέοντα, Λυσίππου ἔργον· ἀνέθηκε δὲ ἐν τῷ ἄλσει τῷ μεταξὺ τῆς λίμνης καὶ τοῦ εὐρίπου.

[20] μετὰ δὲ Λάμψακον ἔστιν Ἄβυδος καὶ τὰ μεταξὺ χωρία, περὶ ὧν οὕτως εἴρηκε συλλαβὼν ὁ ποιητὴς καὶ τὴν Λαμψακηνὴν καὶ τῆς Παριανῆς τινα (οὔπω γὰρ ἦσαν αὗται αἱ πόλεις κατὰ τὰ Τρωικά)

οἳ δʼ ἄρα Περκώτην καὶ Πράκτιον ἀμφενέμοντο,

καὶ Σηστὸν καὶ Ἄβυδον ἔχον καὶ δῖαν Ἀρίσβην·

τῶν αὖθʼ Ὑρτακίδης ἦρχʼ Ἄσιος

φησίν

ὃν Ἀρίσβηθεν φέρον ἵπποι

αἴθωνες μεγάλοι ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος.

³¹ οὕτω δʼ εἰπὼν ἔοικε τὸ βασίλειον ἀποφαίνειν τοῦ Ἀσίου τὴν Ἀρίσβην, ὅθεν ἥκειν αὐτόν φησιν

ὃν Ἀρίσβηθεν φέρον ἵπποι ποταμοῦ

ἄπο Σελλήεντος.

οὕτω δʼ ἀφανῆ τὰ χωρία ταῦτά ἐστιν ὥστε οὐδʼ ὁμολογοῦσι περὶ αὐτῶν οἱ ἱστοροῦντες, πλὴν ὅτι περὶ Ἄβυδον καὶ Λάμψακόν ἐστι καὶ Πάριον, καὶ ὅτι ἡ πάλαι Περκώτη μετωνομάσθη ὁ τόπος.

[21] τῶν δὲ ποταμῶν τὸν μὲν Σελλήεντά φησιν ὁ ποιητὴς πρὸς τῇ Ἀρίσβῃ ῥεῖν, εἴπερ ὁ Ἄσιος Ἀρίσβηθέν τε ἧκε καὶ ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος· ὁ δὲ Πράκτιος ποταμὸς μὲν ἔστι, πόλις δʼ οὐχ εὑρίσκεται, ὥς τινες ἐνόμισαν· ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ οὗτος μεταξὺ Ἀβύδου καὶ Λαμψάκου· τὸ οὖν

καὶ Πράκτιον ἀμφενέμοντο

οὕτω δεκτέον ὡς περὶ ποταμοῦ, καθάπερ κἀκεῖνα

οἵ τʼ ἄρα πὰρ ποταμὸν Κηφισὸν δῖον ἔναιον,

³² καὶ

ἀμφί τε Παρθένιον ποταμὸν κλυτὰ ἔργʼ ἐνέμοντο.

³³ ἦν δὲ καὶ ἐν Λέσβῳ πόλις Ἀρίσβα, ἧς τὴν χώραν ἔχουσι Μηθυμναῖοι· ἔστι δὲ καὶ ποταμὸς Ἄρισβος ἐν Θρᾴκῃ, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, καὶ τούτου πλησίον οἱ Κεβρήνιοι Θρᾷκες. πολλαὶ δʼ ὁμωνυμίαι Θρᾳξὶ καὶ Τρωσίν, οἷον Σκαιοὶ Θρᾷκές τινες καὶ Σκαιὸς ποταμὸς καὶ Σκαιὸν τεῖχος καὶ ἐν Τροίᾳ Σκαιαὶ πύλαι· Ξάνθιοι Θρᾷκες, Ξάνθος ποταμὸς ἐν Τροίᾳ· Ἄρισβος ὁ ἐμβάλλων εἰς τὸν Ἕβρον, Ἀρίσβη ἐν Τροίᾳ· Ῥῆσος ποταμὸς ἐν Τροίᾳ, Ῥῆσος δὲ καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Θρᾳκῶν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τῷ Ἀσίῳ ὁμώνυμος ἕτερος παρὰ τῷ ποιητῇ Ἄσιος

ὃς μήτρως ἦν Ἕκτορος ἱπποδάμοιο,

αὐτοκασίγνητος Ἑκάβης, υἱὸς δὲ Δύμαντος,

ὃς Φρυγίην ναίεσκε ῥοῇς ἐπὶ Σαγγαρίοιο.

³⁴

[22] Ἄβυδος δὲ Μιλησίων ἐστὶ κτίσμα ἐπιτρέψαντος Γύγου τοῦ Λυδῶν βασιλέως· ἦν γὰρ ἐπʼ ἐκείνῳ τὰ χωρία καὶ ἡ Τρῳὰς ἅπασα, ὀνομάζεται δὲ καὶ ἀκρωτήριόν τι πρὸς Δαρδάνῳ Γύγας· ἐπίκειται δὲ τῷ στόματι τῆς Προποντίδος καὶ τοῦ Ἑλλησπόντου, διέχει δὲ τὸ ἴσον Λαμψάκου καὶ Ἰλίου, σταδίους περὶ ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ ἑκατόν. ἐνταῦθα δʼ ἔστι τὸ ἑπταστάδιον ὅπερ ἔζευξε Ξέρξης, τὸ διορίζον τὴν Εὐρώπην καὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν. καλεῖται δʼ ἡ ἄκρα τῆς Εὐρώπης Χερρόνησος διὰ τὸ σχῆμα, ἡ ποιοῦσα τὰ στενὰ τὰ κατὰ τὸ ζεῦγμα· ἀντίκειται δὲ τὸ ζεῦγμα τῇ Ἀβύδῳ. Σηστὸς δὲ ἀρίστη τῶν ἐν Χερρονήσῳ πόλεων· διὰ δὲ τὴν γειτοσύνην ὑπὸ τῷ αὐτῷ ἡγεμόνι καὶ αὕτη ἐτέτακτο, οὔπω ταῖς ἠπείροις διοριζόντων τῶν τότε τὰς ἡγεμονίας. ἡ μὲν οὖν Ἄβυδος καὶ ἡ Σηστὸς διέχουσιν ἀλλήλων τριάκοντά που σταδίους ἐκ λιμένος εἰς λιμένα, τὸ δὲ ζεῦγμά ἐστι μικρὸν ἀπὸ τῶν πόλεων παραλλάξαντι ἐξ Ἀβύδου μὲν ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν Προποντίδα, ἐκ δὲ Σηστοῦ εἰς τοὐναντίον· ὀνομάζεται δὲ πρὸς τῇ Σηστῷ τόπος Ἀποβάθρα, καθʼ ὃν ἐζεύγνυτο ἡ σχεδία. ἔστι δὲ ἡ Σηστὸς ἐνδοτέρω κατὰ τὴν Προποντίδα ὑπερδέξιος τοῦ ῥοῦ τοῦ ἐξ αὐτῆς· διὸ καὶ εὐπετέστερον ἐκ τῆς Σηστοῦ διαίρουσι παραλεξάμενοι μικρὸν ἐπὶ τὸν τῆς Ἡροῦς πύργον, κἀκεῖθεν ἀφιέντες τὰ πλοῖα συμπράττοντος τοῦ ῥοῦ πρὸς τὴν περαίωσιν· τοῖς δʼ ἐξ Ἀβύδου περαιουμένοις παραλεκτέον ἐστὶν εἰς τἀναντία ὀκτώ που σταδίους ἐπὶ πύργον τινὰ κατʼ ἀντικρὺ τῆς Σηστοῦ, ἔπειτα διαίρειν πλάγιον καὶ μὴ τελέως ἐναντίον ἔχουσι τὸν ῥοῦν. ᾤκουν δὲ τὴν Ἄβυδον μετὰ τὰ Τρωικὰ Θρᾷκες, εἶτα Μιλήσιοι. τῶν δὲ πόλεων ἐμπρησθεισῶν ὑπὸ Δαρείου τοῦ Ξέρξου πατρὸς τῶν κατὰ τὴν Προποντίδα, ἐκοινώνησε καὶ ἡ Ἄβυδος τῆς αὐτῆς συμφορᾶς· ἐνέπρησε δὲ πυθόμενος μετὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν Σκυθῶν ἐπάνοδον τοὺς νομάδας παρασκευάζεσθαι διαβαίνειν ἐπʼ αὐτὸν κατὰ τιμωρίαν ὧν ἔπαθον, δεδιὼς μὴ αἱ πόλεις πορθμεῖα παράσχοιεν τῇ στρατιᾷ. συνέβη δὲ πρὸς ταῖς ἄλλαις μεταβολαῖς καὶ τῷ χρόνῳ καὶ τοῦτο αἴτιον τῆς συγχύσεως τῶν τόπων. περὶ δὲ Σηστοῦ καὶ τῆς ὅλης Χερρονήσου προείπομεν ἐν τοῖς περὶ τῆς Θρᾴκης τόποις. φησὶ δὲ τὴν Σηστὸν Θεόπομπος βραχεῖαν μὲν εὐερκῆ δέ, καὶ σκέλει διπλέθρῳ συνάπτειν πρὸς τὸν λιμένα, καὶ διὰ ταῦτʼ οὖν καὶ διὰ τὸν ῥοῦν κυρίαν εἶναι τῶν παρόδων.

[23] ὑπέρκειται δὲ τῆς τῶν Ἀβυδηνῶν χώρας ἐν τῇ Τρῳάδι τὰ Ἄστυρα, ἃ νῦν μὲν Ἀβυδηνῶν ἔστι, κατεσκαμμένη πόλις, πρότερον δὲ ἦν καθʼ αὑτά, χρυσεῖα ἔχοντα ἃ νῦν σπάνιά ἐστιν, ἐξαναλωμένα, καθάπερ τὰ ἐν τῷ Τμώλῳ τὰ περὶ τὸν Πακτωλόν. ἀπὸ Ἀβύδου δʼ ἐπὶ Αἴσηπον περὶ ἑπτακοσίους φασὶ σταδίους, εὐθυπλοίᾳ δὲ ἐλάττους.

[24] ἔξω δὲ Ἀβύδου τὰ περὶ τὸ Ἴλιον ἔστι, τά τε παράλια ἕως Λεκτοῦ καὶ τὰ ἐν τῷ Τρωικῷ πεδίῳ καὶ τὰ παρώρεια τῆς Ἴδης τὰ ὑπὸ τῷ Αἰνείᾳ. διττῶς δὲ ταῦτʼ ὀνομάζει ὁ ποιητής, τοτὲ μὲν οὕτω λέγων

Δαρδανίων αὖτʼ ἦρχεν ἐὺς πάις Ἀγχίσαο,

³⁵ Δαρδανίους καλῶν, τοτὲ δὲ Δαρδάνους

Τρῶες καὶ Λύκιοι καὶ Δάρδανοι ἀγχιμαχηταί.

³⁶ εἰκὸς δʼ ἐνταῦθα ἱδρῦσθαι τὸ παλαιὸν τὴν λεγομένην ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ Δαρδανίαν

Δάρδανον αὖ πρῶτον τέκετο νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς,

κτίσσε δὲ Δαρδανίην.

³⁷ νῦν μὲν γὰρ οὐδʼ ἴχνος πόλεως σώζεται αὐτόθι.

[25] εἰκάζει δὲ Πλάτων μετὰ τοὺς κατακλυσμοὺς τρία πολιτείας εἴδη συνίστασθαι· πρῶτον μὲν τὸ ἐπὶ τὰς ἀκρωρείας ἁπλοῦν τι καὶ ἄγριον, δεδιότων τὰ ὕδατα ἐπιπολάζοντα ἀκμὴν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις· δεύτερον δὲ τὸ ἐν ταῖς ὑπωρείαις, θαρρούντων ἤδη κατὰ μικρόν, ἅτε δὴ καὶ τῶν πεδίων ἀρχομένων ἀναψύχεσθαι· τρίτον δὲ τὸ ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις. λέγοι δʼ ἄν τις καὶ τέταρτον καὶ πέμπτον ἴσως καὶ πλείω, ὕστατον δὲ τὸ ἐν τῇ παραλίᾳ καὶ ἐν ταῖς νήσοις, λελυμένου παντὸς τοῦ τοιούτου φόβου. τὸ γὰρ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον θαρρεῖν πλησιάζειν τῇ θαλάττῃ πλείους ἂν ὑπογράφοι διαφορὰς πολιτειῶν καὶ ἠθῶν, καθάπερ τῶν ἀγαθῶν τε καὶ τῶν ἀγρίων ἔτι πως ἐπὶ τὸ ἥμερον τῶν δευτέρων ὑποβεβηκότων. ἔστι δέ τις διαφορὰ καὶ παρὰ τούτοις τῶν ἀγροίκων καὶ μεσαγροίκων καὶ πολιτικῶν· ἀφʼ ὧν ἤδη καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἀστεῖον καὶ ἄριστον ἦθος ἐτελεύτησεν ἡ τῶν ὀνομάτων κατʼ ὀλίγον μετάληψις, κατὰ τὴν τῶν ἠθῶν ἐπὶ τὸ κρεῖττον μετάστασιν, παρὰ τὰς τῶν τόπων καὶ τῶν βίων μεταβολάς. ταύτας δὴ τὰς διαφορὰς ὑπογράφειν φησὶ τὸν ποιητὴν ὁ Πλάτων, τῆς μὲν πρώτης πολιτείας παράδειγμα τιθέντα τὸν τῶν Κυκλώπων βίον, αὐτοφυεῖς νεμομένων καρποὺς καὶ τὰς ἀκρωρείας κατεχόντων ἐν σπηλαίοις τισίν·

ἀλλὰ τά γʼ ἄσπαρτα καὶ ἀνήροτα πάντα φύονται,

³⁸ φησίν, αὐτοῖς·

τοῖσιν δʼ οὐκ ἀγοραὶ βουληφόροι, οὔτε θέμιστες·

ἀλλʼ οἵ γʼ ὑψηλῶν ὀρέων ναίουσι κάρηνα

ἐν σπέσσι γλαφυροῖσι, θεμιστεύει δὲ ἕκαστος

παίδων ἠδʼ ἀλόχων.

³⁹ τοῦ δὲ δευτέρου τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ Δαρδάνου

κτίσσε δὲ Δαρδανίην, ἐπεὶ οὔπω Ἴλιος ἱρὴ

ἐν πεδίῳ πεπόλιστο, πόλις μερόπων ἀνθρώπων,

ἀλλʼ ἔθʼ ὑπωρείας ᾤκεον πολυπιδάκου Ἴδης

⁴⁰ τοῦ δὲ τρίτου ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἴλου τὸν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις. τοῦτον γὰρ παραδιδόασι τοῦ Ἰλίου κτίστην, ἀφʼ οὗ καὶ τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν λαβεῖν τὴν πόλιν· εἰκὸς δὲ καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐν μέσῳ τῷ πεδίῳ τεθάφθαι αὐτόν, ὅτι πρῶτος ἐθάρρησεν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις θέσθαι τὴν κατοικίαν

οἱ δὲ παρʼ Ἴλου σῆμα παλαιοῦ Δαρδανίδαο

μέσσον κὰπ πεδίον παρʼ ἐρινεὸν ἐσσεύοντο.

⁴¹ οὐδʼ οὗτος δὲ τελέως ἐθάρρησεν· οὐ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα ἵδρυσε τὴν πόλιν ὅπου νῦν ἔστιν, ἀλλὰ σχεδόν τι τριάκοντα σταδίοις ἀνωτέρω πρὸς ἕω καὶ πρὸς τὴν Ἴδην καὶ τὴν Δαρδανίαν κατὰ τὴν νῦν καλουμένην Ἰλιέων κώμην. οἱ δὲ νῦν Ἰλιεῖς φιλοδοξοῦντες καὶ θέλοντες εἶναι ταύτην τὴν παλαιὰν παρεσχήκασι λόγον τοῖς ἐκ τῆς Ὁμήρου ποιήσεως τεκμαιρομένοις· οὐ γὰρ ἔοικεν αὕτη εἶναι ἡ καθʼ Ὅμηρον. καὶ ἄλλοι δὲ ἱστοροῦσι πλείους μεταβεβληκέναι τόπους τὴν πόλιν, ὕστατα δʼ ἐνταῦθα συμμεῖναι κατὰ Κροῖσον μάλιστα. τὰς δὴ τοιαύτας μεταβάσεις εἰς τὰ κάτω μέρη τὰς τότε συμβαινούσας ὑπολαμβάνω καὶ βίων καὶ πολιτειῶν ὑπογράφειν διαφοράς. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν καὶ ἄλλοτε ἐπισκεπτέον.

[26] τὴν δὲ τῶν Ἰλιέων πόλιν τῶν νῦν τέως μὲν κώμην εἶναί φασι τὸ ἱερὸν ἔχουσαν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς μικρὸν καὶ εὐτελές, Ἀλέξανδρον δὲ ἀναβάντα μετὰ τὴν ἐπὶ Γρανίκῳ νίκην ἀναθήμασί τε κοσμῆσαι τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ προσαγορεῦσαι πόλιν καὶ οἰκοδομίαις ἀναλαβεῖν προστάξαι τοῖς ἐπιμεληταῖς ἐλευθέραν τε κρῖναι καὶ ἄφορον· ὕστερον δὲ μετὰ τὴν κατάλυσιν τῶν Περσῶν ἐπιστολὴν καταπέμψαι φιλάνθρωπον, ὑπισχνούμενον πόλιν τε ποιῆσαι μεγάλην καὶ ἱερὸν ἐπισημότατον καὶ ἀγῶνα ἀποδείξειν ἱερόν. μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐκείνου τελευτὴν Λυσίμαχος μάλιστα τῆς πόλεως ἐπεμελήθη καὶ νεὼν κατεσκεύασε καὶ τεῖχος περιεβάλετο ὅσον τετταράκοντα σταδίων, συνῴκισέ τε εἰς αὐτὴν τὰς κύκλῳ πόλεις ἀρχαίας ἤδη κεκακωμένας, ὅτε καὶ Ἀλεξανδρείας ἤδη ἐπεμελήθη, συνῳκισμένης μὲν ἤδη ὑπʼ Ἀντιγόνου καὶ προσηγορευμένης Ἀντιγονείας, μεταβαλούσης δὲ τοὔνομα· ἔδοξε γὰρ εὐσεβὲς εἶναι τοὺς Ἀλέξανδρον διαδεξαμένους ἐκείνου πρότερον κτίζειν ἐπωνύμους πόλεις, εἶθʼ ἑαυτῶν· καὶ δὴ καὶ συνέμεινε καὶ αὔξησιν ἔσχε, νῦν δὲ καὶ Ῥωμαίων ἀποικίαν δέδεκται καὶ ἔστι τῶν ἐλλογίμων πόλεων.

[27] καὶ τὸ Ἴλιον δʼ ὃ νῦν ἔστι κωμόπολίς τις ἦν, ὅτε πρῶτον Ῥωμαῖοι τῆς Ἀσίας ἐπέβησαν καὶ ἐξέβαλον Ἀντίοχον τὸν μέγαν ἐκ τῆς ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου. φησὶ γοῦν Δημήτριος ὁ Σκήψιος, μειράκιον ἐπιδημήσας εἰς τὴν πόλιν κατʼ ἐκείνους τοὺς καιρούς, οὕτως ὠλιγωρημένην ἰδεῖν τὴν κατοικίαν ὥστε μηδὲ κεραμωτὰς ἔχειν τὰς στέγας· Ἡγησιάναξ δὲ τοὺς Γαλάτας περαιωθέντας ἐκ τῆς Εὐρώπης ἀναβῆναι μὲν εἰς τὴν πόλιν δεομένους ἐρύματος, παρὰ χρῆμα δʼ ἐκλιπεῖν διὰ τὸ ἀτείχιστον· ὕστερον δʼ ἐπανόρθωσιν ἔσχε πολλήν. εἶτʼ ἐκάκωσαν αὐτὴν πάλιν οἱ μετὰ Φιμβρίου Ῥωμαῖοι λαβόντες ἐκ πολιορκίας ἐν τῷ Μιθριδατικῷ πολέμῳ. συνεπέμφθη δὲ ὁ Φιμβρίας ὑπάτῳ Ὀυαλερίῳ Φλάκκῳ ταμίας προχειρισθέντι ἐπὶ τὸν Μιθριδάτην· καταστασιάσας δὲ καὶ ἀνελὼν τὸν ὕπατον κατὰ Βιθυνίαν αὐτὸς κατεστάθη κύριος τῆς στρατιᾶς, καὶ προελθὼν εἰς Ἴλιον, οὐ δεχομένων αὐτὸν τῶν Ἰλιέων ὡς λῃστήν, βίαν τε προσφέρει καὶ δεκαταίους αἱρεῖ· καυχωμένου δʼ ὅτι ἣν Ἀγαμέμνων πόλιν δεκάτῳ ἔτει μόλις εἷλε τὸν χιλιόναυν στόλον ἔχων καὶ τὴν σύμπασαν Ἑλλάδα συστρατεύουσαν, ταύτην αὐτὸς δεκάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ χειρώσαιτο, εἶπέ τις τῶν Ἰλιέων οὐ γὰρ ἦν Ἕκτωρ ὁ ὑπερμαχῶν τῆς πόλεως. τοῦτον μὲν οὖν ἐπελθὼν Σύλλας κατέλυσε, καὶ τὸν Μιθριδάτην κατὰ συμβάσεις εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ἀπέπεμψε, τοὺς δʼ Ἰλιέας παρεμυθήσατο πολλοῖς ἐπανορθώμασι. καθʼ ἡμᾶς μέντοι Καῖσαρ ὁ θεὸς πολὺ πλέον αὐτῶν προὐνόησε ζηλώσας ἅμα καὶ Ἀλέξανδρον· ἐκεῖνος γὰρ κατὰ συγγενείας ἀνανέωσιν ὥρμησε προνοεῖν αὐτῶν, ἅμα καὶ φιλόμηρος ὤν· φέρεται γοῦν τις διόρθωσις τῆς Ὁμήρου ποιήσεως, ἡ ἐκ τοῦ νάρθηκος λεγομένη, τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου μετὰ τῶν περὶ Καλλισθένη καὶ Ἀνάξαρχον ἐπελθόντος καὶ σημειωσαμένου τινά, ἔπειτα καταθέντος εἰς νάρθηκα ὃν ηὗρεν ἐν τῇ Περσικῇ γάζῃ πολυτελῶς κατεσκευασμένον. κατά τε δὴ τὸν τοῦ ποιητοῦ ζῆλον καὶ κατὰ τὴν συγγένειαν τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν Αἰακιδῶν τῶν ἐν Μολοττοῖς βασιλευσάντων, παρʼ οἷς καὶ τὴν Ἀνδρομάχην ἱστοροῦσι βασιλεῦσαι τὴν Ἕκτορος γενομένην γυναῖκα, ἐφιλοφρονεῖτο πρὸς τοὺς Ἰλιέας ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος· ὁ δὲ Καῖσαρ καὶ φιλαλέξανδρος ὢν καὶ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς Ἰλιέας συγγενείας γνωριμώτερα ἔχων τεκμήρια, ἐπερρώσθη πρὸς τὴν εὐεργεσίαν νεανικῶς· γνωριμώτερα δέ, πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι Ῥωμαῖος, οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι τὸν Αἰνείαν ἀρχηγέτην ἡγοῦνται, ἔπειτα ὅτι Ἰούλιος ἀπὸ Ἰούλου τινὸς τῶν προγόνων· ἐκεῖνος δʼ ἀπὸ Ἰούλου τὴν προσωνυμίαν ἔσχε ταύτην, τῶν ἀπογόνων εἷς ὢν τῶν ἀπὸ Αἰνείου. χώραν τε δὴ προσένειμεν αὐτοῖς καὶ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν καὶ τὴν ἀλειτουργησίαν αὐτοῖς συνεφύλαξε καὶ μέχρι νῦν συμμένουσιν ἐν τούτοις. ὅτι δʼ οὐκ ἐνταῦθα ἵδρυται τὸ παλαιὸν Ἴλιον καθʼ Ὅμηρον σκοποῦσιν, ἐκ τῶν τοιῶνδε τεκμαίρονται. πρότερον δὲ ὑπογραπτέον τοὺς τόπους ἀπὸ τῆς παραλίας ἀρξαμένους ἀφʼ ἧσπερ ἐλίπομεν.

[28] ἔστι τοίνυν μετʼ Ἄβυδον ἥ τε Δαρδανὶς ἄκρα, ἧς μικρὸν πρότερον ἐμνήσθημεν, καὶ ἡ πόλις ἡ Δάρδανος, διέχουσα τῆς Ἀβύδου ἑβδομήκοντα σταδίους. μεταξύ τε ὁ Ῥοδίος ἐκπίπτει ποταμός, καθʼ ὃν ἐν τῇ Χερρονήσῳ τὸ Κυνὸς σῆμά ἐστιν, ὅ φασιν Ἑκάβης εἶναι τάφον· οἱ δὲ τὸν Ῥοδίον εἰς τὸν Αἴσηπον ἐμβάλλειν φασίν· εἷς δʼ ἐστὶ τῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λεγομένων καὶ οὗτος

Ῥῆσός θʼ Ἑπτάπορός τε Κάρησός τε Ῥοδίος τε.

⁴² ἡ δὲ Δάρδανος κτίσμα ἀρχαῖον, οὕτω δʼ εὐκαταφρόνητον ὥστε πολλάκις οἱ βασιλεῖς οἱ μὲν μετῴκιζον αὐτὴν εἰς Ἄβυδον οἱ δὲ ἀνῴκιζον πάλιν εἰς τὸ ἀρχαῖον κτίσμα. ἐνταῦθα δὲ συνῆλθον Σύλλας τε Κορνήλιος ὁ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμὼν καὶ Μιθριδάτης ὁ κληθεὶς Εὐπάτωρ, καὶ συνέβησαν πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐπὶ καταλύσει τοῦ πολέμου.

[29] πλησίον δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ Ὀφρύνιον, ἐφʼ ᾧ τὸ τοῦ Ἕκτορος ἄλσος ἐν περιφανεῖ τόπῳ· καὶ ἐφεξῆς λίμνη Πτελεώς.

[30] εἶτα Ῥοίτειον πόλις ἐπὶ λόφῳ κειμένη καὶ τῷ Ῥοιτείῳ συνεχὴς ᾐὼν ἁλιτενής,⁴³ ἐφʼ ᾗ μνῆμα καὶ ἱερὸν Αἴαντος καὶ ἀνδριάς, ὃν ἄραντος Ἀντωνίου κομισθέντα εἰς Αἴγυπτον ἀπέδωκε τοῖς Ῥοιτειεῦσι πάλιν, καθάπερ καὶ ἄλλοις ἄλλους, ὁ Σεβαστὸς Καῖσαρ. τὰ γὰρ κάλλιστα ἀναθήματα ἐκ τῶν ἐπιφανεστάτων ἱερῶν ὁ μὲν ἦρε τῇ Αἰγυπτίᾳ χαριζόμενος, ὁ δὲ θεοῖς ἀπέδωκε.

[31] μετὰ δὲ τὸ Ῥοίτειον ἔστι τὸ Σίγειον, κατεσπασμένη πόλις, καὶ τὸ ναύσταθμον καὶ ὁ Ἀχαιῶν λιμὴν καὶ τὸ Ἀχαϊκὸν στρατόπεδον καὶ ἡ στομαλίμνη καλουμένη καὶ αἱ τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου ἐκβολαί. συμπεσόντες γὰρ ὅ τε Σιμόεις καὶ ὁ Σκάμανδρος ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ πολλὴν καταφέροντες ἰλὺν προσχοῦσι τὴν παραλίαν καὶ τυφλὸν στόμα τε καὶ λιμνοθαλάττας καὶ ἕλη ποιοῦσι. κατὰ δὲ τὴν Σιγειάδα ἄκραν ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ Χερρονήσῳ τὸ Πρωτεσιλάειον καὶ ἡ Ἐλαιοῦσσα, περὶ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν ἐν τοῖς Θρᾳκίοις.

[32] ἔστι δὲ τὸ μῆκος τῆς παραλίας ταύτης ἀπὸ τοῦ Ῥοιτείου μέχρι Σιγείου καὶ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως μνήματος εὐθυπλοούντων ἑξήκοντα σταδίων· ὑποπέπτωκε δὲ τῷ Ἰλίῳ πᾶσα, τῷ μὲν νῦν κατὰ τὸν Ἀχαιῶν λιμένα ὅσον δώδεκα σταδίους διέχουσα, τῷ δὲ προτέρῳ τριάκοντα ἄλλοις σταδίοις ἀνωτέρῳ κατὰ τὸ πρὸς τὴν Ἴδην μέρος. τοῦ μὲν οὖν Ἀχιλλέως καὶ ἱερόν ἐστι καὶ μνῆμα πρὸς τῷ Σιγείῳ, Πατρόκλου δὲ καὶ Ἀντιλόχου μνήματα, καὶ ἐναγίζουσιν οἱ Ἰλιεῖς πᾶσι καὶ τούτοις καὶ τῷ Αἴαντι. Ἡρακλέα δʼ οὐ τιμῶσιν αἰτιώμενοι τὴν ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ πόρθησιν. ἀλλʼ ἐκεῖνος μέν, φαίη τις ἄν, οὕτως ἐπόρθησεν ὥστʼ ἀπολιπεῖν τοῖς ὕστερον ἐκπορθήσουσι κεκακωμένην μέν, πόλιν δέ· διὸ καὶ οὕτως εἴρηκεν ὁ ποιητής

Ἰλίου ἐξαλάπαξε πόλιν, χήρωσε δʼ ἀγυιάς.

⁴⁴ ἡ γὰρ χηρεία λιπανδρία τίς ἐστιν, οὐκ ἀφανισμὸς τέλειος· οὗτοι δʼ ἠφάνισαν τελέως, οἷς ἐναγίζειν ἀξιοῦσι καὶ τιμᾶν ὡς θεούς· εἰ μὴ τοῦτʼ αἰτιάσαιντο διότι οὗτοι μὲν δίκαιον πόλεμον ἐξήνεγκαν, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἄδικον ἕνεχʼ ἵππων Λαομέδοντος. πρὸς τοῦτο δὲ πάλιν ἀντιτίθεται μῦθος· οὐ γὰρ ἕνεκα ἵππων, ἀλλὰ μισθοῦ ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἡσιόνης καὶ τοῦ κήτους. ἀλλʼ ἐάσωμεν ταῦτα· εἰς γὰρ μύθων ἀνασκευὰς ἐκπίπτει· τάχα δὲ λανθάνουσί τινες ἡμᾶς αἰτίαι πιστότεραι διʼ ἃς τοῖς Ἰλιεῦσιν ἐπῆλθε τοὺς μὲν τιμᾶν τοὺς δὲ μή. ἔοικε δὲ ὁ ποιητὴς μικρὰν ἀποφαίνειν τὴν πόλιν ἐν τῷ περὶ Ἡρακλέους λόγῳ, εἴπερ

ἓξ οἴῃς σὺν νηυσὶ καὶ ἀνδράσι παυροτέροισιν

Ἰλίου ἐξαλάπαξε πόλιν.

⁴⁵ καὶ φαίνεται ὁ Πρίαμος τῷ τοιούτῳ λόγῳ μέγας ἐκ μικροῦ γεγονὼς καὶ βασιλεὺς βασιλέων, ὡς ἔφαμεν. μικρὸν δὲ προελθοῦσιν ἀπὸ τῆς παραλίας ταύτης ἐστὶ τὸ Ἀχαίιον ἤδη τῆς Τενεδίων περαίας ὑπάρχον.

[33] τοιούτων δὲ τῶν ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ τόπων ὄντων ὑπέρκειται τούτων τὸ Τρωικὸν πεδίον μέχρι τῆς Ἴδης ἀνῆκον ἐπὶ πολλοὺς σταδίους κατὰ τὸ πρὸς ἕω μέρος. τούτου δʼ ἡ μὲν παρώρειός ἐστι στενή, τῇ μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν μεσημβρίαν τεταμένη μέχρι τῶν κατὰ Σκῆψιν τόπων, τῇ δʼ ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους μέχρι τῶν κατὰ Ζέλειαν Λυκίων. ταύτην δʼ ὁ ποιητὴς ὑπʼ Αἰνείᾳ τάττει καὶ τοῖς Ἀντηνορίδαις, καλεῖ δὲ Δαρδανίαν. ὑπὸ δὲ ταύτῃ Κεβρηνία, πεδιὰς ἡ πλείστη, παράλληλός πως τῇ Δαρδανίᾳ· ἦν δὲ καὶ πόλις ποτὲ Κεβρήνη. ὑπονοεῖ δʼ ὁ Δημήτριος μέχρι δεῦρο διατείνειν τὴν περὶ τὸ Ἴλιον χώραν τὴν ὑπὸ τῷ Ἕκτορι, ἀνήκουσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ ναυστάθμου μέχρι Κεβρηνίας· τάφον τε γὰρ Ἀλεξάνδρου δείκνυσθαί φησιν αὐτόθι καὶ Οἰνώνης, ἣν ἱστοροῦσι γυναῖκα γεγονέναι τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου πρὶν Ἑλένην ἁρπάσαι· λέγειν τε τὸν ποιητήν

Κεβριόνην νόθον υἱὸν ἀγακλῆος Πριάμοιο,

⁴⁶ ὃν εἰκὸς εἶναι ἐπώνυμον τῆς χώρας ἢ καὶ πόλεως, ὅπερ πιθανώτερον· τὴν δὲ Κεβρηνίαν διήκειν μέχρι τῆς Σκηψίας, ὅριον δʼ εἶναι τὸν Σκάμανδρον μέσον αὐτῶν ῥέοντα· ἔχθραν δʼ ἀεὶ καὶ πόλεμον εἶναι τοῖς τε Κεβρηνοῖς καὶ τοῖς Σκηψίοις, ἕως Ἀντίγονος αὐτοὺς συνῴκισεν εἰς τὴν τότε μὲν Ἀντιγόνειαν νῦν δὲ Ἀλεξάνδρειαν· τοὺς μὲν οὖν Κεβρηνιέας συμμεῖναι τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐν τῇ Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ, τοὺς δὲ Σκηψίους ἐπανελθεῖν εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ἐπιτρέψαντος Λυσιμάχου.

[34] ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς κατὰ τούτους τοὺς τόπους Ἰδαίας ὀρεινῆς δύο φησὶν ἀγκῶνας ἐκτείνεσθαι πρὸς θάλατταν, τὸν μὲν εὐθὺ Ῥοιτείου τὸν δὲ Σιγείου, ποιοῦντας ἐξ ἀμφοῖν γραμμὴν ἡμικυκλιώδη· τελευτᾶν δʼ ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ, τοσοῦτον ἀπέχοντας τῆς θαλάττης ὅσον τὸ νῦν Ἴλιον. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ μεταξὺ τῆς τελευτῆς τῶν λεχθέντων ἀγκώνων εἶναι, τὸ δὲ παλαιὸν κτίσμα μεταξὺ τῆς ἀρχῆς· ἀπολαμβάνεσθαι δʼ ἐντὸς τό τε Σιμοείσιον πεδίον διʼ οὗ ὁ Σιμόεις φέρεται, καὶ τὸ Σκαμάνδριον διʼ οὗ Σκάμανδρος ῥεῖ. τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἰδίως Τρωικὸν λέγεται, καὶ τοὺς πλείστους ἀγῶνας ὁ ποιητὴς ἐνταῦθα ἀποδίδωσι· πλατύτερον γάρ ἐστι, καὶ τοὺς ὀνομαζομένους τόπους ἐνταῦθα δεικνυμένους ὁρῶμεν, τὸν ἐρινεόν, τὸν τοῦ Αἰσυήτου τάφον, τὴν Βατίειαν, τὸ τοῦ Ἴλου σῆμα. οἱ δὲ ποταμοὶ ὅ τε Σκάμανδρος καὶ ὁ Σιμόεις, ὁ μὲν τῷ Σιγείῳ πλησιάσας ὁ δὲ τῷ Ῥοιτείῳ, μικρὸν ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ νῦν Ἰλίου συμβάλλουσιν, εἶτʼ ἐπὶ τὸ Σίγειον ἐκδιδόασι καὶ ποιοῦσι τὴν στομαλίμνην καλουμένην. διείργει δʼ ἑκάτερον τῶν λεχθέντων πεδίων ἀπὸ θατέρου μέγας τις αὐχὴν τῶν εἰρημένων ἀγκώνων ἐπʼ εὐθείας, ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν Ἰλίου τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχων συμφυὴς αὐτῷ, τεινόμενος δʼ ἕως τῆς Κεβρηνίας καὶ ἀποτελῶν τὸ Ε γράμμα πρὸς τοὺς ἑκατέρωθεν ἀγκῶνας.

[35] ὑπὲρ δὲ τούτου μικρὸν ἡ τῶν Ἰλιέων κώμη ἐστίν, ἐν ᾗ νομίζεται τὸ παλαιὸν Ἴλιον ἱδρῦσθαι πρότερον, τριάκοντα σταδίους διέχον ἀπὸ τῆς νῦν πόλεως. ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς Ἰλιέων κώμης δέκα σταδίοις ἐστὶν ἡ Καλλικολώνη, λόφος τις, παρʼ ὃν ὁ Σιμόεις ῥεῖ πενταστάδιον διέχων· γίνεται οὖν εὔλογον πρῶτον μὲν τὸ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἄρεος

ὦρτο δʼ Ἄρης ἑτέρωθεν ἐρεμνῇ λαίλαπι ἶσος,

ὀξὺ κατʼ ἀκροτάτης πόλιος Τρώεσσι κελεύων,

ἄλλοτε πὰρ Σιμόεντι θέων ἐπὶ Καλλικολώνῃ.

⁴⁷ τῆς γὰρ μάχης ἐπὶ τῷ Σκαμανδρίῳ πεδίῳ συντελουμένης πιθανῶς ἂν ὁ Ἄρης ἄλλοτε μὲν τὴν ἐγκέλευσιν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀκροπόλεως ποιοῖτο, ἄλλοτε δʼ ἐκ τῶν πλησίον τόπων τοῦ τε Σιμόεντος καὶ τῆς Καλλικολώνης, μέχρι οὗ εἰκὸς καὶ τὴν μάχην παρατετάσθαι· τετταράκοντα δὲ σταδίους διεχούσης τῆς Καλλικολώνης ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν Ἰλίου, τί χρήσιμον ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον μεταλαμβάνεσθαι τοὺς τόπους ἐφʼ ὅσον ἡ διάταξις οὐ διέτεινε; τό τε

πρὸς Θύμβρης δʼ ἔλαχον Λύκιοι

⁴⁸ οἰκειότερόν ἐστι τῷ παλαιῷ κτίσματι· πλησίον γάρ ἐστι τὸ πεδίον ἡ Θύμβρα καὶ ὁ διʼ αὐτοῦ ῥέων ποταμὸς Θύμβριος, ἐμβάλλων εἰς τὸν Σκάμανδρον κατὰ τὸ Θυμβραίου Ἀπόλλωνος ἱερόν, τοῦ δὲ νῦν Ἰλίου καὶ πεντήκοντα σταδίους διέχει. ὅ τε ἐρινεός, τραχύς τις τόπος καὶ ἐρινεώδης, τῷ μὲν ἀρχαίῳ κτίσματι ὑποπέπτωκεν, ὥστε τὸ

λαὸν δὲ στῆσον παρʼ ἐρινεόν, ἔνθα μάλιστα

ἀμβατός ἐστι πόλις καὶ ἐπίδρομον ἔπλετο τεῖχος

⁴⁹ οἰκείως ἂν λέγοι ἡ Ἀνδρομάχη· τῆς δὲ νῦν πόλεως πάμπολυ ἀφέστηκε· καὶ ὁ φηγὸς δὲ μικρὸν κατωτέρω ἐστὶ τοῦ ἐρινεοῦ, ἐφʼ οὗ φησιν ὁ Ἀχιλλεύς

ὄφρα δʼ ἐγὼ μετʼ Ἀχαιοῖσιν πολέμιζον,

οὐκ ἐθέλεσκε μάχην ἀπὸ τείχεος ὀρνύμεν Ἕκτωρ,

ἀλλʼ ὅσον ἐς Σκαιάς τε πύλας καὶ φηγὸν ἵκανεν.

⁵⁰

[36] καὶ μὴν τό γε ναύσταθμον τὸ νῦν ἔτι λεγόμενον πλησίον οὕτως ἐστὶ τῆς νῦν πόλεως, ὥστε θαυμάζειν εἰκότως ἄν τινα τῶν μὲν τῆς ἀπονοίας τῶν δὲ τοὐναντίον τῆς ἀψυχίας· ἀπονοίας μέν, εἰ τοσοῦτον χρόνον ἀτείχιστον αὐτὸ εἶχον, πλησίον οὔσης τῆς πόλεως καὶ τοσούτου πλήθους τοῦ τʼ ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ τοῦ ἐπικουρικοῦ· νεωστὶ γὰρ γεγονέναι φησὶ τὸ τεῖχος (ἢ οὐδʼ ἐγένετο, ὁ δὲ πλάσας ποιητὴς ἠφάνισεν, ὡς Ἀριστοτέλης φησίν)· ἀψυχίας δέ, εἰ γενομένου τοῦ τείχους ἐτειχομάχουν καὶ εἰσέπεσον εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ ναύσταθμον καὶ προσεμάχοντο ταῖς ναυσίν, ἀτείχιστον δὲ ἔχοντες οὐκ ἐθάρρουν προσιόντες πολιορκεῖν μικροῦ τοῦ διαστήματος ὄντος· ἔστι γὰρ τὸ ναύσταθμον πρὸς Σιγείῳ, πλησίον δὲ καὶ ὁ Σκάμανδρος ἐκδίδωσι διέχων τοῦ Ἰλίου σταδίους εἴκοσιν. εἰ δὲ φήσει τις τὸν νῦν λεγόμενον Ἀχαιῶν λιμένα εἶναι τὸ ναύσταθμον, ἐγγυτέρω τινὰ λέξει τόπον ὅσον δώδεκα σταδίους διεστῶτα τῆς πόλεως, τὸ ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ πεδίον συμπροστιθείς διότι τοῦτο πᾶν πρόχωμα τῶν ποταμῶν ἐστι τὸ πρὸ τῆς πόλεως ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ πεδίον, ὥστε εἰ δωδεκαστάδιόν ἐστι νῦν τὸ μεταξύ, τότε καὶ τῷ ἡμίσει ἔλαττον ὑπῆρχε. καὶ ἡ διήγησις δʼ ἡ πρὸς τὸν Εὔμαιον ὑπὸ τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως διασκευασθεῖσα μέγα ἐμφαίνει τὸ διάστημα τὸ μέχρι τῆς πόλεως ἀπὸ τοῦ ναυστάθμου

ὡς ὅθʼ ὑπὸ Τροίῃ λόχον ἤγομεν.

⁵¹ φησὶ γὰρ ὑποβάς

λίην γὰρ νηῶν ἑκὰς ἤλθομεν.

⁵² ἐπί τε τὴν κατασκοπὴν πέμπονται γνωσόμενοι, πότερον μενοῦσι παρὰ νηυσὶν ἀπόπροθεν πολὺ ἀπεσπασμένοι τοῦ οἰκείου τείχους

ἠὲ πόλινδε

ἂψ ἀναχωρήσουσι.

⁵³ καὶ ὁ Πολυδάμας

ἀμφὶ μάλα φράζεσθε, φίλοι· κέλομαι γὰρ ἔγωγε ἄστυδε νῦν ἰέναι

φησίν

ἑκὰς δʼ ἀπὸ τείχεός εἰμεν.

⁵⁴ παρατίθησι δʼ ὁ Δημήτριος καὶ τὴν Ἀλεξανδρίνην Ἑστίαιαν μάρτυρα, τὴν συγγράψασαν περὶ τῆς Ὁμήρου Ἰλιάδος, πυνθανομένην εἰ περὶ τὴν νῦν πόλιν ὁ πόλεμος συνέστη, καὶ τὸ Τρωικὸν πεδίον, ὃ μεταξὺ τῆς πόλεως καὶ τῆς θαλάττης ὁ ποιητὴς φράζει· τὸ μὲν γὰρ πρὸ τῆς νῦν πόλεως ὁρώμενον πρόχωμα εἶναι τῶν ποταμῶν ὕστερον γεγονός.

[37] ὅ τε Πολίτης

ὃς Τρώων σκοπὸς ἷζε ποδωκείῃσι πεποιθώς,

τύμβῳ ἐπʼ ἀκροτάτῳ Αἰσυήταο γέροντος,

⁵⁵ μάταιος ἦν. καὶ γὰρ εἰ ἐπʼ ἀκροτάτῳ, ὅμως ἀπὸ πολὺ ἂν μείζονος ὕψους τῆς ἀκροπόλεως ἐσκόπευεν ἐξ ἴσου σχεδόν τι διαστήματος, μὴ δεόμενος μηδὲν τῆς ποδωκείας τοῦ ἀσφαλοῦς χάριν· πέντε γὰρ διέχει σταδίους ὁ νῦν δεικνύμενος τοῦ Αἰσυήτου τάφος κατὰ τὴν εἰς Ἀλεξάνδρειαν ὁδόν. οὐδʼ ἡ τοῦ Ἕκτορος δὲ περιδρομὴ ἡ περὶ τὴν πόλιν ἔχει τι εὔλογον· οὐ γάρ ἐστι περίδρομος ἡ νῦν διὰ τὴν συνεχῆ ῥάχιν· ἡ δὲ παλαιὰ ἔχει περιδρομήν.

[38] οὐδὲν δʼ ἴχνος σώζεται τῆς ἀρχαίας πόλεως. εἰκότως· ἅτε γὰρ ἐκπεπορθημένων τῶν κύκλῳ πόλεων, οὐ τελέως δὲ κατεσπασμένων, ταύτης δʼ ἐκ βάθρων ἀνατετραμμένης, οἱ λίθοι πάντες εἰς τὴν ἐκείνων ἀνάληψιν μετηνέχθησαν. Ἀρχαιάνακτα γοῦν φασι τὸν Μιτυληναῖον ἐκ τῶν ἐκεῖθεν λίθων τὸ Σίγειον τειχίσαι. τοῦτο δὲ κατέσχον μὲν Ἀθηναῖοι Φρύνωνα τὸν ὀλυμπιονίκην πέμψαντες, Λεσβίων ἐπιδικαζομένων σχεδόν τι τῆς συμπάσης Τρῳάδος· ὧν δὴ καὶ κτίσματά εἰσιν αἱ πλεῖσται τῶν κατοικιῶν, αἱ μὲν συμμένουσαι καὶ νῦν αἱ δʼ ἠφανισμέναι. Πιττακὸς δʼ ὁ Μιτυληναῖος, εἷς τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν λεγομένων, πλεύσας ἐπὶ τὸν Φρύνωνα στρατηγὸν διεπολέμει τέως διατιθεὶς καὶ πάσχων κακῶς⁵⁶, ὕστερον δʼ ἐκ μονομαχίας, προκαλεσαμένου τοῦ Φρύνωνος, ἁλιευτικὴν ἀναλαβὼν σκευὴν συνέδραμε, καὶ τῷ μὲν ἀμφιβλήστρῳ περιέβαλε τῇ τριαίνῃ δὲ καὶ τῷ ξιφιδίῳ ἔπειρε καὶ ἀνεῖλε. μένοντος δʼ ἔτι τοῦ πολέμου Περίανδρος διαιτητὴς αἱρεθεὶς ὑπὸ ἀμφοῖν ἔλυσε τὸν πόλεμον.

[39] Τίμαιον δὲ ψεύσασθαί φησιν ὁ Δημήτριος ἱστοροῦντα ἐκ τῶν λίθων τῶν ἐξ Ἰλίου Περίανδρον ἐπιτειχίσαι τὸ Ἀχίλλειον τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις, βοηθοῦντα τοῖς περὶ Πιττακόν· ἐπιτειχισθῆναι μὲν γὰρ ὑπὸ τῶν Μιτυληναίων τὸν τόπον τοῦτον τῷ Σιγείῳ, οὐ μὴν ἐκ λίθων τοιούτων οὐδʼ ὑπὸ τοῦ Περιάνδρου. πῶς γὰρ ἂν αἱρεθῆναι διαιτητὴν τὸν προσπολεμοῦντα; Ἀχίλλειον δʼ ἔστιν ὁ τόπος ἐν ᾧ τὸ Ἀχιλλέως μνῆμα, κατοικία μικρά. κατέσκαπται δὲ καὶ τὸ Σίγειον ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰλιέων ἀπειθοῦν· ὑπʼ ἐκείνοις γὰρ ἦν ὕστερον ἡ παραλία πᾶσα ἡ μέχρι Δαρδάνου, καὶ νῦν ὑπʼ ἐκείνοις ἐστί. τὸ δὲ παλαιὸν ὑπὸ τοῖς Αἰολεῦσιν ἦν τὰ πλεῖστα, ὥστε Ἔφορος οὐκ ὀκνεῖ πᾶσαν τὴν ἀπὸ Ἀβύδου μέχρι Κύμης καλεῖν Αἰολίδα. Θουκυδίδης δέ φησιν ἀφαιρεθῆναι τὴν Τροίαν ὑπὸ Ἀθηναίων τοὺς Μιτυληναίους ἐν τῷ Πελοποννησιακῷ πολέμῳ τῷ Παχητείῳ.

[40] λέγουσι δʼ οἱ νῦν Ἰλιεῖς καὶ τοῦτο ὡς οὐδὲ τελέως ἠφανίσθαι συνέβαινεν τὴν πόλιν κατὰ τὴν ἅλωσιν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν, οὐδʼ ἐξελείφθη οὐδέποτε. αἱ γοῦν Λοκρίδες παρθένοι μικρὸν ὕστερον ἀρξάμεναι ἐπέμποντο κατʼ ἔτος· καὶ ταῦτα δʼ οὐχ Ὁμηρικά· οὐδὲ γὰρ τῆς Κασάνδρας φθορὰν οἶδεν Ὅμηρος, ἀλλʼ ὅτι μὲν παρθένος ἦν ὑπʼ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον λέγει

πέφνε γὰρ Ὀθρυονῆα, Καβησόθεν ἔνδον ἐόντα,

ὅς ῥα νέον πτολέμοιο μετὰ κλέος εἰληλούθει.

ᾔτεε δὲ Πριάμοιο θυγατρῶν εἶδος ἀρίστην,

Κασσάνδρην, ἀνάεδνον.

⁵⁷ βίας δὲ οὐδὲ μέμνηται, οὐδʼ ὅτι ἡ φθορὰ τοῦ Αἴαντος ἐν τῇ ναυαγίᾳ κατὰ μῆνιν Ἀθηνᾶς συνέβη ἢ κατὰ τοιαύτην αἰτίαν, ἀλλʼ ἀπεχθανόμενον μὲν τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ κατὰ τὸ κοινὸν εἴρηκεν (ἁπάντων γὰρ εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν ἀσεβησάντων ἅπασιν ἐμήνιεν), ἀπολέσθαι δὲ ὑπὸ Ποσειδῶνος μεγαλορρημονήσαντα· τὰς δὲ Λοκρίδας πεμφθῆναι Περσῶν ἤδη κρατούντων συνέβη.

[41] οὕτω μὲν δὴ λέγουσιν οἱ Ἰλιεῖς, Ὅμηρος δὲ ῥητῶς τὸν ἀφανισμὸν τῆς πόλεως εἴρηκεν

ἔσσεται ἦμαρ ὅταν ποτʼ ὀλώλῃ Ἴλιος ἱρή.

⁵⁸

ἦ γὰρ καὶ Πριάμοιο πόλιν διεπέρσαμεν αἰπήν⁵⁹.

Hom. Od. 3.130

βουλῇ καὶ μύθοισι.

πέρθετο δὲ Πριάμοιο πόλις δεκάτῳ ἐνιαυτῷ

⁶⁰ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα δὲ τοῦ αὐτοῦ τίθενται τεκμήρια, οἷον ὅτι τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τὸ ξόανον νῦν μὲν ἑστηκὸς ὁρᾶται, Ὅμηρος δὲ καθήμενον ἐμφαίνει· πέπλον γὰρ κελεύει

θεῖναι Ἀθηναίης ἐπὶ γούνασιν.⁶¹

⁶², Hom. Il. 6.273 ὡς καί,

μή ποτε γούνασιν οἷσιν ἐφέζεσθαι φίλον υἱόν.

⁶³ βέλτιον γὰρ οὕτως ἢ ὡς τινὲς δέχονται ἀντὶ τοῦ παρὰ τοῖς γόνασι θεῖναι παρατιθέντες τὸ

ἡ δʼ ἧσται ἐπʼ ἐσχάρῃ ἐν πυρὸς αὐγῇ

⁶⁴ ἀντὶ τοῦ παρʼ ἐσχάρῃ. τίς γὰρ ἂν νοηθείη πέπλου ἀνάθεσις παρὰ τοῖς γόνασι; καὶ οἱ τὴν προσῳδίαν δὲ διαστρέφοντες, γουνάσιν ὡς θυιάσιν, ὁποτέρως ἂν δέξωνται, ἀπεραντολογοῦσιν, εἴθʼ ἱκετ είας ἑρμηνεύοντες εἴτε φρένας. πολλὰ δὲ τῶν ἀρχαίων τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ξοάνων καθήμενα δείκνυται, καθάπερ ἐν Φωκαίᾳ Μασσαλίᾳ Ῥώμῃ Χίῳ ἄλλαις πλείοσιν. ὁμολογοῦσι δὲ καὶ οἱ νεώτεροι τὸν ἀφανισμὸν τῆς πόλεως, ὧν ἔστι καὶ Λυκοῦργος ὁ ῥήτωρ· μνησθεὶς γὰρ τῆς Ἰλιέων πόλεως φησί

τίς οὐκ ἀκήκοεν, ὡς ἅπαξ ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων κατεσκάφθη, ἀοίκητον οὖσαν;

⁶⁵

[42] εἰκάζουσι δὲ τοὺς ὕστερον ἀνακτίσαι διανοουμένους οἰωνίσασθαι τὸν τόπον ἐκεῖνον, εἴτε διὰ τὰς συμφορὰς εἴτε καὶ καταρασαμένου τοῦ Ἀγαμέμνονος κατὰ παλαιὸν ἔθος, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ Κροῖσος ἐξελὼν τὴν Σιδήνην, εἰς ἣν ὁ τύραννος κατέφυγε Γλαυκίας, ἀρὰς ἔθετο κατὰ τῶν τειχιούντων πάλιν τὸν τόπον. ἐκείνου μὲν οὖν ἀποστῆναι τοῦ χωρίου, ἕτερον δὲ τειχίσαι. πρῶτοι μὲν οὖν Ἀστυπαλαιεῖς οἱ τὸ Ῥοίτειον κατασχόντες συνῴκισαν πρὸς τῷ Σιμόεντι Πόλιον, ὃ νῦν καλεῖται Πόλισμα, οὐκ ἐν εὐερκεῖ τόπῳ· διὸ κατεσπάσθη ταχέως. ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν Λυδῶν ἡ νῦν ἐκτίσθη κατοικία καὶ τὸ ἱερόν· οὐ μὴν πόλις γε ἦν, ἀλλὰ πολλοῖς χρόνοις ὕστερον καὶ κατʼ ὀλίγον, ὡς εἴρηται, τὴν αὔξησιν ἔσχεν. Ἑλλάνικος δὲ χαριζόμενος τοῖς Ἰλιεῦσιν, οἷος ἐκείνου θυμός, συνηγορεῖ τὸ τὴν αὐτὴν εἶναι πόλιν τὴν νῦν τῇ τότε. τὴν δὲ χώραν ἀφανισθείσης τῆς πόλεως οἱ τὸ Σίγειον καὶ τὸ Ῥοίτειον ἔχοντες διενείμαντο καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὡς ἕκαστοι τῶν πλησιοχώρων, ἀπέδοσαν δʼ ἀνοικισθείσης.

[43] πολυπίδακον δὲ τὴν Ἴδην ἰδίως οἴονται λέγεσθαι διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἐξ αὐτῆς ῥεόντων ποταμῶν καθʼ ἃ μάλιστα ἡ Δαρδανικὴ ὑποπέπτωκεν αὐτῇ καὶ μέχρι Σκήψεως καὶ τὰ περὶ Ἴλιον. ἔμπειρος δʼ ὢν τῶν τόπων ὡς ἂν ἐπιχώριος ἀνὴρ ὁ Δημήτριος τοτὲ μὲν οὕτως λέγει περὶ αὐτῶν· ἔστι γὰρ λόφος τις τῆς Ἴδης Κότυλος· ὑπέρκειται δʼ οὗτος ἑκατόν που καὶ εἴκοσι σταδίοις Σκήψεως, ἐξ οὗ ὅ τε Σκάμανδρος ῥεῖ καὶ ὁ Γράνικος καὶ Αἴσηπος, οἱ μὲν πρὸς ἄρκτον καὶ τὴν Προποντίδα ἐκ πλειόνων πηγῶν συλλειβόμενοι, ὁ δὲ Σκάμανδρος ἐπὶ δύσιν ἐκ μιᾶς πηγῆς· πᾶσαι δʼ ἀλλήλαις πλησιάζουσιν ἐν εἴκοσι σταδίων περιεχόμεναι διαστήματι· πλεῖστον δʼ ἀφέστηκεν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς τὸ τοῦ Αἰσήπου τέλος, σχεδόν τι καὶ πεντακοσίους σταδίους. παρέχει δὲ λόγον πῶς φησὶν ὁ ποιητής

κρουνὼ δʼ ἵκανον καλλιρρόω, ἔνθα δὲ πηγαὶ

δοιαὶ ἀναΐσσουσι Σκαμάνδρου δινήεντος·

ἡ μὲν γάρ θʼ ὕδατι λιαρῷ ῥέει,

⁶⁶ ὅ ἐστι θερμῷ· ἐπιφέρει δέ

ἀμφὶ δὲ καπνὸς

γίγνεται ἐξ αὐτῆς ὡσεὶ πυρός.

ἡ δʼ ἑτέρη θέρεϊ προρέει εἰκυῖα χαλάζῃ

ἢ χιόνι ψυχρῇ.

⁶⁷οὔτε γὰρ θερμὰ νῦν ἐν τῷ τόπῳ εὑρίσκεται, οὔθʼ ἡ τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου πηγὴ ἐνταῦθα ἀλλʼ ἐν τῷ ὄρει, καὶ μία, ἀλλʼ οὐ δύο. τὰ μὲν οὖν θερμὰ ἐκλελεῖφθαι εἰκός, τὸ δὲ ψυχρὸν κατὰ διάδυσιν ὑπεκρέον ἐκ τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου κατὰ τοῦτʼ ἀνατέλλειν τὸ χωρίον, ἢ καὶ διὰ τὸ πλησίον εἶναι τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ὕδωρ λέγεσθαι τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου πηγήν· οὕτω γὰρ λέγονται πλείους πηγαὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ποταμοῦ.

[44] συμπίπτει δʼ εἰς αὐτὸν ὁ Ἄνδιρος ἀπὸ τῆς Καρησηνῆς, ὀρεινῆς τινος πολλαῖς κώμαις συνοικουμένης καὶ γεωργουμένης καλῶς, παρακειμένης τῇ Δαρδανικῇ μέχρι τῶν περὶ Ζέλειαν καὶ Πιτύειαν τόπων· ὠνομάσθαι δὲ τὴν χώραν φασὶν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καρήσου ποταμοῦ, ὃν ὠνόμακεν ὁ ποιητής

Ῥῆσός θʼ Ἑπτάπορός τε Κάρησός τε Ῥοδίος τε·

⁶⁸ τὴν δὲ πόλιν κατεσπάσθαι τὴν ὁμώνυμον τῷ ποταμῷ. πάλιν δʼ οὕτως φησίν ὁ μὲν Ῥῆσος ποταμὸς νῦν καλεῖται Ῥοείτης, εἰ μὴ ἄρα ὁ εἰς τὸν Γράνικον ἐμβάλλων Ῥῆσός ἐστιν. Ἑπτάπορος δέ, ὃν καὶ Πολύπορον λέγουσιν, ἑπτάκις διαβαινόμενος ἐκ τῶν περὶ τὴν καλὴν πεύκην χωρίων ἐπὶ Μελαινὰς κώμην ἰοῦσι καὶ τὸ Ἀσκληπίειον, ἵδρυμα Λυσιμάχου. περὶ δὲ τῆς καλῆς πεύκης Ἄτταλος ὁ πρῶτος βασιλεύσας οὕτως γράφει· τὴν μὲν περίμετρον εἶναί φησι ποδῶν τεττάρων καὶ εἴκοσι, τὸ δὲ ὕψος ἀπὸ μὲν ῥίζης ἀνιέναι ἐπὶ ἑξήκοντα καὶ ἑπτὰ πόδας, εἶτʼ εἰς τρία σχιζομένην ἴσον ἀλλήλων διέχοντα, εἶτα πάλιν συναγομένην εἰς μίαν κορυφήν, ἀποτελοῦσαν τὸ πᾶν ὕψος δυεῖν πλέθρων καὶ πεντεκαίδεκα πηχῶν· Ἀδραμυττίου δὲ διέχει πρὸς ἄρκτον ἑκατὸν καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα σταδίους. Κάρησος δʼ ἀπὸ Μαλοῦντος ῥεῖ, τόπου τινὸς κειμένου μεταξὺ Παλαισκήψεως καὶ Ἀχαιίου τῆς Τενεδίων περαίας· ἐμβάλλει δὲ εἰς τὸν Αἴσηπον. Ῥοδίος δὲ ἀπὸ Κλεανδρίας καὶ Γόρδου, ἃ διέχει τῆς καλῆς πεύκης ἑξήκοντα σταδίους· ἐμβάλλει δʼ εἰς τὸν Αἴνιον.

[45] τοῦ δʼ αὐλῶνος τοῦ περὶ τὸν Αἴσηπον ἐν ἀριστερᾷ τῆς ῥύσεως αὐτοῦ πρῶτον ἔστι Πολίχνα τειχῆρες χωρίον, εἶθʼ ἡ Παλαίσκηψις, εἶτʼ Ἀλαζόνιον. τοῦτʼ ἤδη πεπλασμένον πρὸς τὴν τῶν Ἁλιζώνων ὑπόθεσιν, περὶ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν. εἶτα Κάρησος ἐρήμη καὶ ἡ Καρησηνὴ καὶ ὁμώνυμος ποταμός, ποιῶν καὶ αὐτὸς αὐλῶνα ἀξιόλογον, ἐλάττω δὲ τοῦ περὶ τὸν Αἴσηπον. τὰ δʼ ἑξῆς ἤδη τὰ τῆς Ζελείας ἐστὶ πεδία καὶ ὀροπέδια καλῶς γεωργούμενα· ἐν δεξιᾷ δὲ τοῦ Αἰσήπου μεταξὺ Πολίχνας τε καὶ Παλαισκήψεως ἡ Νέα κώμη καὶ Ἀργυρία. καὶ τοῦτο πάλιν πλάσμα⁶⁹ πρὸς τὴν αὐτὴν ὑπόθεσιν, ὅπως σωθείη τὸ

ὅθεν ἀργύρου ἐστὶ γενέθλη.

⁷⁰ ἡ οὖν Ἀλύβη ποῦ ἢ Ἀλόπη ἢ ὅπως βούλονται παρονομάζειν; ἐχρῆν γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο πλάσαι παρατριψαμένους τὸ μέτωπον, καὶ μὴ χωλὸν ἐᾶν καὶ ἕτοιμον πρὸς ἔλεγχον ἅπαξ ἤδη ἀποτετολμηκότας. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἔνστασιν ἔχει τοιαύτην, τἆλλα δὲ ὑπολαμβάνομεν, ἢ τά γε πλεῖστα, δεῖν προσέχειν ὡς ἀνδρὶ ἐμπείρῳ καὶ ἐντοπίῳ, φροντίσαντί τε τοσοῦτον περὶ τούτων ὥστε τριάκοντα βίβλους συγγράψαι στίχων ἐξήγησιν μικρῷ πλειόνων ἑξήκοντα, τοῦ καταλόγου τῶν Τρώων. φησὶ δʼ οὖν τὴν Παλαίσκηψιν τῆς μὲν Νέας διέχειν πεντήκοντα σταδίους, τοῦ δὲ ποταμοῦ τοῦ Αἰσήπου τριάκοντα· ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς Παλαισκήψεως ταύτης διατεῖναι τὴν ὁμωνυμίαν καὶ εἰς ἄλλους πλείους τόπους. ἐπάνιμεν δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν παραλίαν ὅθενπερ ἀπελίπομεν.

[46] ἔστι δὴ μετὰ τὴν Σιγειάδα ἄκραν καὶ τὸ Ἀχίλλειον ἡ Τενεδίων περαία τὸ Ἀχαίιον καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ Τένεδος, οὐ πλείους τῶν τετταράκοντα σταδίων διέχουσα τῆς ἠπείρου· ἔχει δὲ τὴν περίμετρον ὅσον ὀγδοήκοντα σταδίων καὶ πόλιν Αἰολίδα καὶ λιμένας δύο καὶ ἱερὸν τοῦ Σμινθέως Ἀπόλλωνος, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ ποιητὴς μαρτυρεῖ

Τενέδοιό τε ἶφι ἀνάσσεις,

Σμινθεῦ.

⁷¹ περίκειται δʼ αὐτῇ νησία πλείω, καὶ δὴ καὶ δύο ἃ καλοῦσι Καλύδνας, κειμένας κατὰ τὸν ἐπὶ Λεκτὸν πλοῦν· καὶ αὐτὴν δὲ τὴν Τένεδον Κάλυδναν τινὲς εἶπον, ἄλλοι δὲ Λεύκοφρυν. μυθεύουσι δʼ ἐν αὐτῇ τὰ περὶ τὸν Τέννη ἀφʼ οὗ καὶ τοὔνομα τῇ νήσῳ, καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν Κύκνον, Θρᾷκα τὸ γένος, πατέρα δʼ, ὥς τινες, τοῦ Τέννου, βασιλέα δὲ Κολωνῶν.

[47] ἦν δὲ τῷ Ἀχαιίῳ συνεχὴς ἥ τε Λάρισα καὶ Κολωναί, τῆς Τενεδίων περαίας οὖσαι πρότερον, καὶ ἡ νῦν Χρῦσα, ἐφʼ ὕψους τινὸς πετρώδους ὑπὲρ τῆς θαλάττης ἱδρυμένη, καὶ ἡ Ἁμαξιτὸς ἡ τῷ Λεκτῷ ὑποκειμένη συνεχής· νῦν δʼ ἡ Ἀλεξάνδρεια συνεχής ἐστι τῷ Ἀχαιίῳ· τὰ δὲ πολίσματα ἐκεῖνα συνῳκισμένα τυγχάνει, καθάπερ καὶ ἄλλα πλείω τῶν φρουρίων, εἰς τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν, ὧν καὶ Κεβρήνη καὶ Νεανδρία ἐστὶ καὶ τὴν χώραν ἔχουσιν ἐκεῖνοι· ὁ δὲ τόπος ἐν ᾧ νῦν κεῖται ἡ Ἀλεξάνδρεια Σιγία ἐκαλεῖτο.

[48] ἐν δὲ τῇ Χρύσῃ ταύτῃ καὶ τὸ τοῦ Σμινθέως Ἀπόλλωνός ἐστιν ἱερόν, καὶ τὸ σύμβολον τὸ τὴν ἐτυμότητα τοῦ ὀνόματος σῶζον, ὁ μῦς, ὑπόκειται τῷ ποδὶ τοῦ ξοάνου· Σκόπα δʼ ἐστὶν ἔργα τοῦ Παρίου· συνοικειοῦσι δὲ καὶ τὴν ἱστορίαν εἴτε μῦθον τούτῳ τῷ τόπῳ τὴν περὶ τῶν μυῶν. τοῖς γὰρ ἐκ τῆς Κρήτης ἀφιγμένοις Τεύκροις (οὓς πρῶτος παρέδωκε Καλλῖνος ὁ τῆς ἐλεγείας ποιητής, ἠκολούθησαν δὲ πολλοί) χρησμὸς ἦν, αὐτόθι ποιήσασθαι τὴν μονὴν ὅπου ἂν οἱ γηγενεῖς αὐτοῖς ἐπιθῶνται· συμβῆναι δὲ τοῦτʼ αὐτοῖς φασι περὶ Ἁμαξιτόν· νύκτωρ γὰρ πολὺ πλῆθος ἀρουραίων μυῶν ἐξανθῆσαν διαφαγεῖν ὅσα σκύτινα τῶν τε ὅπλων καὶ τῶν χρηστηρίων· τοὺς δὲ αὐτόθι μεῖναι· τούτους δὲ καὶ τὴν Ἴδην ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν Κρήτῃ προσονομάσαι. Ἡρακλείδης δʼ ὁ Ποντικὸς πληθύοντάς φησι τοὺς μύας περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν νομισθῆναί τε ἱεροὺς καὶ τὸ ξόανον οὕτω κατασκευασθῆναι βεβηκὸς ἐπὶ τῷ μυΐ. ἄλλοι δʼ ἐκ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἀφῖχθαί τινα Τεῦκρόν φασιν ἐκ δήμου Τρώων, ὃς νῦν οἱ Ξυπετεῶνες λέγεται, Τεύκρους δὲ μηδένας ἐλθεῖν ἐκ τῆς Κρήτης. τῆς δὲ πρὸς τοὺς Ἀττικοὺς ἐπιπλοκῆς τῶν Τρώων τιθέασι σημεῖον καὶ τὸ παρʼ ἀμφοτέροις Ἐριχθόνιόν τινα γενέσθαι τῶν ἀρχηγετῶν. λέγουσι μὲν οὖν οὕτως οἱ νεώτεροι, τοῖς δʼ Ὁμήρου μᾶλλον ἔπεσι συμφωνεῖ τὰ ἐν τῷ Θήβης πεδίῳ καὶ τῇ αὐτόθι Χρύσῃ ἱδρυμένῃ ποτὲ δεικνύμενα ἴχνη, περὶ ὧν αὐτίκα ἐροῦμεν. πολλαχοῦ δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ τοῦ Σμινθέως ὄνομα· καὶ γὰρ περὶ αὐτὴν τὴν Ἁμαξιτὸν χωρὶς τοῦ κατὰ τὸ ἱερὸν Σμινθίου δύο τόποι καλοῦνται Σμίνθια· καὶ ἄλλοι δʼ ἐν τῇ πλησίον Λαρισαίᾳ· καὶ ἐν τῇ Παριανῇ δʼ ἔστι χωρίον τὰ Σμίνθια καλούμενον, καὶ ἐν Ῥόδῳ καὶ ἐν Λίνδῳ, καὶ ἄλλοθι δὲ πολλαχοῦ· καλοῦσι δὲ νῦν τὸ ἱερὸν Σμίνθιον. χωρὶς γοῦν καὶ τὸ Ἁλήσιον πεδίον οὐ μέγα ἐντὸς τοῦ Λεκτοῦ καὶ τὸ Τραγασαῖον ἁλοπήγιον αὐτόματον τοῖς ἐτησίαις πηγνύμενον πρὸς Ἁμαξιτῷ. ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ Λεκτῷ βωμὸς τῶν δώδεκα θεῶν δείκνυται, καλοῦσι δʼ Ἀγαμέμνονος ἵδρυμα· ἐν ἐπόψει δὲ τῷ Ἰλίῳ ἐστὶ τὰ χωρία ταῦτα, ὡς ἐν διακοσίοις σταδίοις ἢ μικρῷ πλείοσιν· ὡς δʼ αὕτως καὶ τὰ περὶ Ἄβυδον ἐκ θατέρου μέρους, μικρὸν δʼ ὅμως ἐγγυτέρω ἡ Ἄβυδος.

[49] κάμψαντι δὲ τὸ Λεκτὸν ἐλλογιμώταται πόλεις τῶν Αἰολέων καὶ ὁ Ἀδραμυττηνὸς κόλπος ἐκδέχεται, ἐν ᾧ τοὺς πλείους τῶν Λελέγων κατοικίζων ὁ ποιητὴς φαίνεται καὶ τοὺς Κίλικας διττοὺς ὄντας. ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ ὁ τῶν Μιτυληναίων ἐστὶν αἰγιαλός, κώμας τινὰς ἔχων τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἤπειρον τῶν Μιτυληναίων. τὸν δὲ αὐτὸν κόλπον καὶ Ἰδαῖον λέγουσιν· ἡ γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ Λεκτοῦ ῥάχις ἀνατείνουσα πρὸς τὴν Ἴδην ὑπέρκειται τῶν πρώτων τοῦ κόλπου μερῶν, ἐν οἷς πρῶτον τοὺς Λέλεγας ἱδρυμένους ὁ ποιητὴς πεποίηκεν.

[50] εἴρηται δὲ περὶ αὐτῶν καὶ πρότερον· καὶ νῦν δὲ προσληπτέον ὅτι Πήδασόν τινα λέγει πόλιν αὐτῶν ὑπὸ Ἄλτῃ τεταγμένην

Ἄλτεω, ὃς Λελέγεσσι φιλοπτολέμοισιν ἀνάσσει,

Πήδασον αἰπήεσσαν ἔχων ἐπὶ Σατνιόεντι.

⁷² καὶ νῦν ὁ τόπος δείκνυται τῆς πόλεως ἔρημος. γράφουσι δέ τινες οὐκ εὖ ὑπὸ Σατνιόεντι, ὡς ὑπὸ ὄρει Σατνιόεντι κειμένης τῆς πόλεως· οὐδὲν δʼ ἐστὶν ὄρος ἐνταῦθα Σατνιόεις προσαγορευόμενον, ἀλλὰ ποταμὸς ἐφʼ ᾧ ἵδρυται ἡ πόλις· νῦν δʼ ἐστὶν ἐρήμη. ὀνομάζει δὲ τὸν ποταμὸν ὁ ποιητής·

Σάτνιον⁷³ οὔτασε δουρὶ

Οἰνοπίδην, ὃν ἄρα νύμφη τέκε Νηὶς ἀμύμων

οἴνοπι βουκολέοντι παρʼ ὄχθαις Σατνιόεντος

⁷⁴ καὶ πάλιν

ναῖε δὲ Σατνιόεντος ἐυρρείταο παρʼ ὄχθαις

Πήδασον αἰπεινήν.

⁷⁵ Σατνιόεντα δʼ ὕστερον εἶπον, οἱ δὲ Σαφνιόεντα· ἔστι δὲ χείμαρρος μέγας· ἄξιον δὲ μνήμης πεποίηκεν ὀνομάζων ὁ ποιητὴς αὐτόν. οὗτοι δʼ οἱ τόποι συνεχεῖς εἰσι τῇ Δαρδανίᾳ καὶ τῇ Σκηψίᾳ, ὥσπερ ἄλλη τις Δαρδανία, ταπεινοτέρα δέ.

[51] Ἀσσίων δʼ ἐστὶ νῦν καὶ Γαργαρέων ἕως τῆς κατὰ Λέσβον θαλάττης περιεχόμενα τῇ τε Ἀντανδρίᾳ καὶ τῇ Κεβρηνίων καὶ Νεανδριέων καὶ Ἁμαξιτέων. τῆς μὲν γὰρ Ἁμαξιτοῦ Νεανδριεῖς ὑπέρκεινται, καὶ αὐτοὶ ὄντες ἐντὸς Λεκτοῦ, μεσογειότεροι δὲ καὶ πλησιαίτεροι τῷ Ἰλίῳ· διέχουσι γὰρ ἑκατὸν καὶ τριάκοντα σταδίους. τούτων δὲ καθύπερθε Κεβρήνιοι, τούτων δὲ Δαρδάνιοι μέχρι Παλαισκήψεως καὶ αὐτῆς τῆς Σκήψεως. τὴν δὲ Ἄντανδρον Ἀλκαῖος μὲν καλεῖ Λελέγων πόλιν

πρῶτα μὲν Ἄντανδρος Λελέγων πόλις.

⁷⁶ ὁ δὲ Σκήψιος ἐν ταῖς παρακειμέναις τίθησιν, ὥστʼ ἐκπίπτοι ἂν εἰς τὴν τῶν Κιλίκων· οὗτοι γάρ εἰσι συνεχεῖς τοῖς Λέλεξι μᾶλλόν πως τὸ νότιον πλευρὸν τῆς Ἴδης ἀφορίζοντες· ταπεινοὶ δʼ ὅμως καὶ οὗτοι καὶ τῇ παραλίᾳ συνάπτοντες μᾶλλον τῇ κατὰ Ἀδραμύττιον. μετὰ γὰρ τὸ Λεκτὸν τὸ Πολυμήδειον ἔστι χωρίον τι ἐν τετταράκοντα σταδίοις, εἶτʼ ἐν ὀγδοήκοντα Ἄσσος μικρὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς θαλάττης, εἶτʼ ἐν ἑκατὸν καὶ τετταράκοντα Γάργαρα· κεῖται δὲ τὰ Γάργαρα ἐπʼ ἄκρας ποιούσης τὸν ἰδίως Ἀδραμυττηνὸν καλούμενον κόλπον. λέγεται γὰρ καὶ πᾶσα ἡ ἀπὸ Λεκτοῦ μέχρι Κανῶν παραλία τῷ αὐτῷ τούτῳ ὀνόματι, ἐν ᾧ καὶ ὁ Ἐλαϊτικὸς περιλαμβάνεται· ἰδίως μέντοι τοῦτον φασὶν Ἀδραμυττηνόν, τὸν κλειόμενον ὑπὸ ταύτης τε τῆς ἄκρας ἐφʼ ᾗ τὰ Γάργαρα, καὶ τῆς Πυρρᾶς ἄκρας προσαγορευομένης ἐφʼ ᾗ καὶ ἀφροδίσιον ἵδρυται. πλάτος δὲ τοῦ στόματός ἐστιν ἀπὸ τῆς ἄκρας ἐπὶ τὴν ἄκραν δίαρμα ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι σταδίων. ἐντὸς δὲ ἥ τε Ἄντανδρός ἐστιν ὑπερκείμενον ἔχουσα ὄρος ὃ καλοῦσιν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν, ὅπου τὰς θεὰς κριθῆναί φασιν ὑπὸ τοῦ Πάριδος, καὶ ὁ Ἀσπανεὺς τὸ ὑλοτόμιον τῆς Ἰδαίας ὕλης· ἐνταῦθα γὰρ διατίθενται κατάγοντες τοῖς δεομένοις. εἶτʼ Ἄστυρα, κώμη καὶ ἄλσος τῆς Ἀστυρηνῆς Ἀρτέμιδος ἅγιον. πλησίον δʼ εὐθὺς τὸ Ἀδραμύττιον, Ἀθηναίων ἄποικος πόλις ἔχουσα καὶ λιμένα καὶ ναύσταθμον· ἔξω δὲ τοῦ κόλπου καὶ τῆς Πυρρᾶς ἄκρας ἥ τε Κισθήνη ἐστὶ πόλις ἔρημος ἔχουσα λιμένα. ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς δʼ ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τό τε τοῦ χαλκοῦ μέταλλον καὶ Περπερηνὴ καὶ Τράριον καὶ ἄλλαι τοιαῦται κατοικίαι. ἐν δὲ τῇ παραλίᾳ τῇ ἐφεξῆς αἱ τῶν Μιτυληναίων κῶμαι Κορυφαντίς τε καὶ Ἡράκλεια, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα Ἄττεα, εἶτʼ Ἀταρνεὺς καὶ Πιτάνη καὶ αἱ τοῦ Καΐκου ἐκβολαί· ταῦτα δʼ ἤδη τοῦ Ἐλαϊτῶν κόλπου· καὶ ἔστιν ἐν τῇ περαίᾳ ἡ Ἐλαία καὶ ὁ λοιπὸς μέχρι Κανῶν κόλπος. λέγωμεν δὲ ἀναλαβόντες περὶ τῶν καθʼ ἕκαστα πάλιν, εἴ τι παραλέλειπται μνήμης ἄξιον, καὶ πρῶτον περὶ τῆς Σκήψεως.

[52] ἔστι δʼ ἡ μὲν Παλαίσκηψις ἐπάνω Κεβρῆνος κατὰ τὸ μετεωρότατον τῆς Ἴδης ἐγγὺς Πολίχνας· ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ τότε Σκῆψις, εἴτʼ ἄλλως εἴτʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ περίσκεπτον εἶναι τὸν τόπον, εἰ δεῖ τὰ παρὰ τοῖς βαρβάροις ἐν τῷ τότε ὀνόματα ταῖς Ἑλληνικαῖς ἐτυμολογεῖσθαι φωναῖς· ὕστερον δὲ κατωτέρω σταδίοις ἑξήκοντα εἰς τὴν νῦν Σκῆψιν μετῳκίσθησαν ὑπὸ Σκαμανδρίου τε τοῦ Ἕκτορος καὶ Ἀσκανίου τοῦ Αἰνείου παιδός· καὶ δύο γένη ταῦτα βασιλεῦσαι πολὺν χρόνον ἐν τῇ Σκήψει λέγεται· μετὰ ταῦτα δʼ εἰς ὀλιγαρχίαν μετέστησαν, εἶτα Μιλήσιοι συνεπολιτεύθησαν αὐτοῖς καὶ δημοκρατικῶς ᾤκουν· οἱ δʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ γένους οὐδὲν ἧττον ἐκαλοῦντο βασιλεῖς, ἔχοντές τινας τιμάς· εἶτʼ εἰς τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν συνεπόλισε τοὺς Σκηψίους Ἀντίγονος, εἶτʼ ἀπέλυσε Λυσίμαχος, καὶ ἐπανῆλθον εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν.

[53] οἴεται δʼ ὁ Σκήψιος καὶ βασίλειον τοῦ Αἰνείου γεγονέναι τὴν Σκῆψιν, μέσην οὖσαν τῆς τε ὑπὸ τῷ Αἰνείᾳ καὶ Λυρνησσοῦ, εἰς ἣν φυγεῖν εἴρηται διωκόμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως· φησὶ γοῦν ὁ Ἀχιλλεύς

ἢ οὐ μέμνῃ, ὅτε πέρ σε βοῶν ἄπο μοῦνον ἐόντα

σεῦα κατʼ Ἰδαίων ὀρέων ταχέεσσι πόδεσσι,

κεῖθεν δʼ ἐς Λυρνησσὸν ὑπέκφυγες· αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ τὴν

πέρσα, μεθορμηθείς.

⁷⁷ οὐχ ὁμολογεῖ δὲ τῷ περὶ τῶν ἀρχηγετῶν τῆς Σκήψεως λόγῳ τῷ λεχθέντι νῦν τὰ περὶ τοῦ Αἰνείου θρυλούμενα. περιγενέσθαι γὰρ δὴ τοῦτόν φασιν ἐκ τοῦ πολέμου διὰ τὴν πρὸς Πρίαμον δυσμένειαν·

ἀεὶ γὰρ Πριάμῳ ἐπεμήνιε δίῳ,

οὕνεκʼ ἄρʼ ἐσθλὸν ἐόντα μετʼ ἀνδράσιν οὔ τι τίεσκε,

⁷⁸ τοὺς δὲ συνάρχοντας Ἀντηνορίδας καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν Ἀντήνορα διὰ τὴν Μενελάου παρʼ αὐτῷ ξενίαν. Σοφοκλῆς γοῦν ἐν τῇ ἁλώσει τοῦ Ἰλίου παρδαλέαν φησὶ πρὸ τῆς θύρας τοῦ Ἀντήνορος προτεθῆναι σύμβολον τοῦ ἀπόρθητον ἐαθῆναι τὴν οἰκίαν. τὸν μὲν οὖν Ἀντήνορα καὶ τοὺς παῖδας μετὰ τῶν περιγενομένων Ἑνετῶν εἰς τὴν Θρᾴκην περισωθῆναι κἀκεῖθεν διαπεσεῖν εἰς τὴν λεγομένην κατὰ τὸν Ἀδρίαν Ἑνετικήν, τὸν δὲ Αἰνείαν μετʼ Ἀγχίσου τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ παιδὸς Ἀσκανίου λαὸν ἀθροίσαντα πλεῦσαι· καὶ οἱ μὲν οἰκῆσαι περὶ τὸν Μακεδονικὸν Ὄλυμπον φασίν, οἱ δὲ περὶ Μαντίνειαν τῆς Ἀρκαδίας κτίσαι Καπύας, ἀπὸ Κάπυος θέμενον τοὔνομα τῷ πολίσματι, οἱ δʼ εἰς Αἴγεσταν κατᾶραι τῆς Σικελίας σὺν Ἐλύμῳ Τρωὶ καὶ Ἔρυκα καὶ Λιλύβαιον κατασχεῖν, καὶ ποταμοὺς περὶ Αἴγεσταν προσαγορεῦσαι Σκάμανδρον καὶ Σιμόεντα· ἔνθεν δʼ εἰς τὴν Λατίνην ἐλθόντα μεῖναι κατά τι λόγιον τὸ κελεῦον μένειν ὅπου ἂν τὴν τράπεζαν καταφάγῃ· συμβῆναι δὲ τῆς Λατίνης περὶ τὸ Λαουίνιον τοῦτο, ἄρτου μεγάλου τεθέντος ἀντὶ τραπέζης κατὰ ἀπορίαν καὶ ἅμα ἀναλωθέντος τοῖς ἐπʼ αὐτῷ κρέασιν. Ὅμηρος μέντοι συνηγορεῖν οὐδετέροις ἔοικεν, οὐδὲ τοῖς περὶ τῶν ἀρχηγετῶν τῆς Σκήψεως λεχθεῖσιν· ἐμφαίνει γὰρ μεμενηκότα τὸν Αἰνείαν ἐν τῇ Τροίᾳ καὶ διαδεδεγμένον τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ παραδεδωκότα παισὶ παίδων τὴν διαδοχὴν αὐτῆς, ἠφανισμένου τοῦ τῶν Πριαμιδῶν γένους·

ἤδη γὰρ Πριάμου γενεὴν ἤχθηρε Κρονίων.

νῦν δὲ δὴ Αἰνείαο βίη Τρώεσσιν ἀνάξει

καὶ παίδων παῖδες, τοί κεν μετόπισθε γένωνται.

⁷⁹ οὕτω δʼ οὐδʼ ἡ τοῦ Σκαμανδρίου διαδοχὴ σώζοιτʼ ἄν. πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον τοῖς ἑτέροις διαφωνεῖ τοῖς μέχρι καὶ Ἰταλίας αὐτοῦ τὴν πλάνην λέγουσι καὶ αὐτόθι ποιοῦσι τὴν καταστροφὴν τοῦ βίου. τινὲς δὲ γράφουσιν

Αἰνείαο γένος πάντεσσιν ἀνάξει,

καὶ παῖδες παίδων,

τοὺς Ῥωμαίους λέγοντες.

[54] ἐκ δὲ τῆς Σκήψεως οἵ τε Σωκρατικοὶ γεγόνασιν Ἔραστος καὶ Κορίσκος καὶ ὁ τοῦ Κορίσκου υἱὸς Νηλεύς, ἀνὴρ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλους ἠκροαμένος καὶ Θεοφράστου, διαδεδεγμένος δὲ τὴν βιβλιοθήκην τοῦ Θεοφράστου, ἐν ᾗ ἦν καὶ ἡ τοῦ Ἀριστοτέλους· ὁ γοῦν Ἀριστοτέλης τὴν ἑαυτοῦ Θεοφράστῳ παρέδωκεν, ᾧπερ καὶ τὴν σχολὴν ἀπέλιπε, πρῶτος ὧν ἴσμεν συναγαγὼν βιβλία καὶ διδάξας τοὺς ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ βασιλέας βιβλιοθήκης σύνταξιν. Θεόφραστος δὲ Νηλεῖ παρέδωκεν· ὁ δʼ εἰς Σκῆψιν κομίσας τοῖς μετʼ αὐτὸν παρέδωκεν, ἰδιώταις ἀνθρώποις, οἳ κατάκλειστα εἶχον τὰ βιβλία οὐδʼ ἐπιμελῶς κείμενα· ἐπειδὴ δὲ ᾔσθοντο τὴν σπουδὴν τῶν Ἀτταλικῶν βασιλέων ὑφʼ οἷς ἦν ἡ πόλις, ζητούντων βιβλία εἰς τὴν κατασκευὴν τῆς ἐν Περγάμῳ βιβλιοθήκης, κατὰ γῆς ἔκρυψαν ἐν διώρυγί τινι· ὑπὸ δὲ νοτίας καὶ σητῶν κακωθέντα ὀψέ ποτε ἀπέδοντο οἱ ἀπὸ τοῦ γένους Ἀπελλικῶντι τῷ Τηίῳ πολλῶν ἀργυρίων τά τε Ἀριστοτέλους καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοφράστου βιβλία· ἦν δὲ ὁ Ἀπελλικῶν φιλόβιβλος μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόσοφος· διὸ καὶ ζητῶν ἐπανόρθωσιν τῶν διαβρωμάτων εἰς ἀντίγραφα καινὰ μετήνεγκε τὴν γραφὴν ἀναπληρῶν οὐκ εὖ, καὶ ἐξέδωκεν ἁμαρτάδων πλήρη τὰ βιβλία. συνέβη δὲ τοῖς ἐκ τῶν περιπάτων τοῖς μὲν πάλαι τοῖς μετὰ Θεόφραστον οὐκ ἔχουσιν ὅλως τὰ βιβλία πλὴν ὀλίγων, καὶ μάλιστα τῶν ἐξωτερικῶν, μηδὲν ἔχειν φιλοσοφεῖν πραγματικῶς, ἀλλὰ θέσεις ληκυθίζειν· τοῖς δʼ ὕστερον, ἀφʼ οὗ τὰ βιβλία ταῦτα προῆλθεν, ἄμεινον μὲν ἐκείνων φιλοσοφεῖν καὶ ἀριστοτελίζειν, ἀναγκάζεσθαι μέντοι τὰ πολλὰ εἰκότα λέγειν διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν. πολὺ δὲ εἰς τοῦτο καὶ ἡ Ῥώμη προσελάβετο· εὐθὺς γὰρ μετὰ τὴν Ἀπελλικῶντος τελευτὴν Σύλλας ἦρε τὴν Ἀπελλικῶντος βιβλιοθήκην ὁ τὰς Ἀθήνας ἑλών, δεῦρο δὲ κομισθεῖσαν Τυραννίων τε ὁ γραμματικὸς διεχειρίσατο φιλαριστοτέλης ὤν, θεραπεύσας τὸν ἐπὶ τῆς βιβλιοθήκης, καὶ βιβλιοπῶλαί τινες γραφεῦσι φαύλοις χρώμενοι καὶ οὐκ ἀντιβάλλοντες, ὅπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων συμβαίνει τῶν εἰς πρᾶσιν γραφομένων βιβλίων καὶ ἐνθάδε καὶ ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ. περὶ μὲν οὖν τούτων ἀπόχρη.

[55] ἐκ δὲ τῆς Σκήψεως καὶ ὁ Δημήτριος ἔστιν οὗ μεμνήμεθα πολλάκις, ὁ τὸν Τρωικὸν διάκοσμον ἐξηγησάμενος γραμματικός, κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον γεγονὼς Κράτητι καὶ Ἀριστάρχῳ· καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον Μητρόδωρος, ἀνὴρ ἐκ τοῦ φιλοσόφου μεταβεβληκὼς ἐπὶ τὸν πολιτικὸν βίον καὶ ῥητορεύων τὸ πλέον ἐν τοῖς συγγράμμασιν· ἐχρήσατο δὲ φράσεώς τινι χαρακτῆρι καινῷ καὶ κατεπλήξατο πολλούς· διὰ δὲ τὴν δόξαν ἐν Χαλκηδόνι γάμου λαμπροῦ πένης ὢν ἔτυχε καὶ ἐχρημάτιζε Χαλκηδόνιος· Μιθριδάτην δὲ θεραπεύσας τὸν Εὐπάτορα συναπῆρεν εἰς τὸν Πόντον ἐκείνῳ μετὰ τῆς γυναικὸς καὶ ἐτιμήθη διαφερόντως, ταχθεὶς ἐπὶ τῆς δικαιοδοσίας, ἀφʼ ἧς οὐκ ἦν τῷ κριθέντι ἀναβολὴ τῆς δίκης ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα. οὐ μέντοι διηυτύχησεν, ἀλλʼ ἐμπεσὼν εἰς ἔχθραν ἀδικωτέρων ἀνθρώπων ἀπέστη τοῦ βασιλέως κατὰ τὴν πρὸς Τιγράνην τὸν Ἀρμένιον πρεσβείαν· ὁ δʼ ἄκοντα ἀνέπεμψεν αὐτὸν τῷ Εὐπάτορι, φεύγοντι ἤδη τὴν προγονικήν, κατὰ δὲ τὴν ὁδὸν κατέστρεψε τὸν βίον εἴθʼ ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως εἴθʼ ὑπὸ νόσου· λέγεται γὰρ ἀμφότερα. περὶ μὲν τῶν Σκηψίων ταῦτα.

[56] μετὰ δὲ Σκῆψιν Ἄνδειρα καὶ Πιονίαι καὶ ἡ Γαργαρίς. ἔστι δὲ λίθος περὶ τὰ Ἄνδειρα, ὃς καιόμενος σίδηρος γίνεται· εἶτα μετὰ γῆς τινος καμινευθεὶς ἀποστάζει ψευδάργυρον, ἣ προσλαβοῦσα χαλκὸν τὸ καλούμενον γίνεται κρᾶμα, ὅ τινες ὀρείχαλκον καλοῦσι· γίνεται δὲ ψευδάργυρος καὶ περὶ τὸν Τμῶλον. ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶ τὰ χωρία, ἃ οἱ Λέλεγες κατεῖχον· ὡς δʼ αὕτως καὶ τὰ περὶ Ἄσσον.

[57] ἔστι δὲ ἡ Ἄσσος ἐρυμνὴ καὶ εὐτειχής, ἀπὸ θαλάττης καὶ τοῦ λιμένος ὀρθίαν καὶ μακρὰν ἀνάβασιν ἔχουσα, ὥστʼ ἐπʼ αὐτῆς οἰκείως εἰρῆσθαι δοκεῖ τὸ τοῦ Στρατονίκου τοῦ κιθαριστοῦ

Ἄσσον ἴθʼ, ὥς κεν θᾶσσον ὀλέθρου πείραθʼ ἵκηαι.

⁸⁰ ὁ δὲ λιμὴν χώματι κατεσκεύασται μεγάλῳ. ἐντεῦθεν ἦν Κλεάνθης, ὁ στωικὸς φιλόσοφος, ὁ διαδεξάμενος τὴν Ζήνωνος τοῦ Κιτιέως σχολήν, καταλιπὼν δὲ Χρυσίππῳ τῷ Σολεῖ· ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης διέτριψε διὰ τὴν πρὸς Ἑρμείαν τὸν τύραννον κηδείαν. ἦν δὲ Ἑρμείας εὐνοῦχος, τραπεζίτου τινὸς οἰκέτης· γενόμενος δʼ Ἀθήνησιν ἠκροάσατο καὶ Πλάτωνος καὶ Ἀριστοτέλους· ἐπανελθὼν δὲ τῷ δεσπότῃ συνετυράννησε, πρῶτον ἐπιθεμένῳ τοῖς περὶ Ἀταρνέα καὶ Ἄσσον χωρίοις· ἔπειτα διεδέξατο ἐκεῖνον καὶ μετεπέμψατο τόν τε Ἀριστοτέλην καὶ Ξενοκράτην καὶ ἐπεμελήθη αὐτῶν, τῷ δʼ Ἀριστοτέλει καὶ θυγατέρα ἀδελφοῦ συνῴκισε. Μέμνων δʼ ὁ Ῥόδιος ὑπηρετῶν τότε τοῖς Πέρσαις καὶ στρατηγῶν, προσποιησάμενος φιλίαν καλεῖ πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ξενίας τε ἅμα καὶ πραγμάτων προσποιητῶν χάριν, συλλαβὼν δʼ ἀνέπεμψεν ὡς τὸν βασιλέα, κἀκεῖ κρεμασθεὶς ἀπώλετο· οἱ φιλόσοφοι δʼ ἐσώθησαν φεύγοντες τὰ χωρία ἃ οἱ Πέρσαι κατέσχον.

[58] φησὶ δὲ Μυρσίλος Μηθυμναίων κτίσμα εἶναι τὴν Ἄσσον, Ἑλλάνικός τε καὶ Αἰολίδα φησίν, ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ Γάργαρα καὶ ἡ Λαμπωνία Αἰολέων. Ἀσσίων γάρ ἐστι κτίσμα τὰ Γάργαρα, οὐκ εὖ συνοικούμενα· ἐποίκους γὰρ οἱ βασιλεῖς εἰσήγαγον ἐκ Μιλητουπόλεως ἐρημώσαντες ἐκείνην, ὥστε ἡμιβαρβάρους γενέσθαι φησὶ Δημήτριος αὐτοὺς ὁ Σκήψιος ἀντὶ Αἰολέων. καθʼ Ὅμηρον μέντοι ταῦτα πάντα ἦν Λελέγων, οὓς τινὲς μὲν Κᾶρας ἀποφαίνουσιν, Ὅμηρος δὲ χωρίζει

πρὸς μὲν ἁλὸς Κᾶρες καὶ Παίονες ἀγκυλότοξοι

καὶ Λέλεγες καὶ Καύκωνες.

⁸¹ ἕτεροι μὲν τοίνυν τῶν Καρῶν ὑπῆρξαν, ᾤκουν δὲ μεταξὺ τῶν ὑπὸ τῷ Αἰνείᾳ καὶ τῶν καλουμένων ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ Κιλίκων· ἐκπορθηθέντες δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως μετέστησαν εἰς τὴν Καρίαν, καὶ κατέσχον τὰ περὶ τὴν νῦν Ἁλικαρνασὸν χωρία.

[59] ἡ μὲν τοίνυν ἐκλειφθεῖσα ὑπʼ αὐτῶν πόλις Πήδασος οὐκέτʼ ἐστίν, ἐν δὲ τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τῶν Ἁλικαρνασέων τὰ Πήδασα ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ὀνομασθέντα ἦν πόλις, καὶ νῦν ἡ χώρα Πηδασὶς λέγεται. φασὶ δʼ ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ ὀκτὼ πόλεις ᾠκίσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν Λελέγων πρότερον εὐανδρησάντων, ὥστε καὶ τῆς Καρίας κατασχεῖν τῆς μέχρι Μύνδου καὶ Βαργυλίων, καὶ τῆς Πισιδίας ἀποτεμέσθαι πολλήν. ὕστερον δʼ ἅμα τοῖς Καρσὶ στρατευόμενοι κατεμερίσθησαν εἰς ὅλην τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ ἠφανίσθη τὸ γένος, τῶν δʼ ὀκτὼ πόλεων τὰς ἓξ Μαύσωλος εἰς μίαν τὴν Ἁλικαρνασὸν συνήγαγεν, ὡς Καλλισθένης ἱστορεῖ· Συάγγελα δὲ καὶ Μύνδον διεφύλαξε. τοῖς δὲ Πηδασεῦσι τούτοις φησὶν Ἡρόδοτος ὅτε μέλλοι τι ἀνεπιτήδειον ἔσεσθαι καὶ τοῖς περιοίκοις, τὴν ἱέρειαν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς πώγωνα ἴσχειν· τρὶς δὲ συμβῆναι τοῦτο αὐτοῖς. Πήδασον δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ νῦν Στρατονικέων πολίχνιόν ἐστιν. ἐν ὅλῃ δὲ Καρίᾳ καὶ ἐν Μιλήτῳ Λελέγων τάφοι καὶ ἐρύματα καὶ ἴχνη κατοικιῶν δείκνυται.

[60] μετὰ δὲ τοὺς Λέλεγας τὴν ἑξῆς παραλίαν ᾤκουν Κίλικες καθʼ Ὅμηρον, ἣν νῦν ἔχουσιν Ἀδραμυττηνοί τε καὶ Ἀταρνεῖται καὶ Πιταναῖοι μέχρι τῆς ἐκβολῆς τοῦ Καΐκου. διῄρηντο δʼ εἰς δύο δυναστείας οἱ Κίλικες, καθάπερ εἴπομεν, τήν τε ὑπὸ τῷ Ἠετίωνι καὶ τὴν ὑπὸ Μύνητι.

[61] τοῦ μὲν οὖν Ἠετίωνος λέγει πόλιν Θήβην

ᾠχόμεθʼ ἐς Θήβην ἱερὴν πόλιν Ἠετίωνος

⁸² τούτου δὲ καὶ τὴν Χρῦσαν τὴν ἔχουσαν τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Σμινθέως Ἀπόλλωνος ἐμφαίνει, εἴπερ ἡ Χρυσηὶς ἐκ τῆς Θήβης ἑάλω· ᾠχόμεθα γάρ, φησίν,

ἐς Θήβην·

τὴν δὲ διεπράθομέν τε καὶ ἤγομεν ἐνθάδε πάντα.

καὶ τὰ μὲν εὖ δάσσαντο μετὰ σφίσιν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν,

ἐκ δʼ ἕλον Ἀτρείδῃ Χρυσηίδα.

⁸³ τοῦ δὲ Μύνητος τὴν Λυρνησσόν· ἐπειδὴ

Λυρνησσὸν διαπορθήσας καὶ τείχεα Θήβης

⁸⁴ τόν τε Μύνητα καὶ τὸν Ἐπίστροφον ἀνεῖλεν Ἀχιλλεύς, ὥστε ὅταν φῇ ἡ Βρισηίς

οὐδέ μʼ ἔασκες, ὅτʼ ἄνδρʼ ἐμὸν ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς

ἔκτεινεν, πέρσεν δὲ πόλιν θείοιο Μύνητος,

⁸⁵ οὐ τὴν Θήβην λέγοι ἄν (αὕτη γὰρ Ἠετίωνος) ἀλλὰ τὴν Λυρνησσόν· ἀμφότεραι δʼ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ κληθέντι μετὰ ταῦτα Θήβης πεδίῳ, ὃ διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν περιμάχητον γενέσθαι φασὶ Μυσοῖς μὲν καὶ Λυδοῖς τὸ πρότερον, τοῖς δʼ Ἕλλησιν ὕστερον τοῖς ἐποικήσασιν ἐκ τῆς Αἰολίδος καὶ τῆς Λέσβου. ἔχουσι δὲ νῦν Ἀδραμυττηνοὶ τὸ πλέον· ἐνταῦθα γὰρ καὶ ἡ Θήβη καὶ ἡ Λυρνησσός, ἐρυμνὸν χωρίον· ἔρημοι δʼ ἀμφότεραι· διέχουσι δὲ Ἀδραμυττίου σταδίους ἡ μὲν ἑξήκοντα ἡ δὲ ὀγδοήκοντα καὶ ὀκτὼ ἐπὶ θάτερα.

[62] ἐν δὲ τῇ Ἀδραμυττηνῇ ἔστι καὶ ἡ Χρῦσα καὶ ἡ Κίλλα· πλησίον οὖν τῆς Θήβης ἔτι νῦν Κίλλα τις τόπος λέγεται, ἐν ᾧ Κιλλαίου Ἀπόλλωνος ἔστιν ἱερόν· παραρρεῖ δʼ αὐτῷ ἐξ Ἴδης φερόμενος ὁ Κίλλαιος ποταμός· ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶ κατὰ τὴν Ἀντανδρίαν· καὶ τὸ ἐν Λέσβῳ δὲ Κίλλαιον ἀπὸ ταύτης τῆς Κίλλης ὠνόμασται· ἔστι δὲ καὶ Κίλλαιον ὄρος μεταξὺ Γαργάρων καὶ Ἀντάνδρου. φησὶ δὲ Δάης ὁ Κολωναεὺς ἐν Κολωναῖς ἱδρυθῆναι πρῶτον ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος πλευσάντων Αἰολέων τὸ τοῦ Κιλλαίου Ἀπόλλωνος ἱερόν· καὶ ἐν Χρύσῃ δὲ λέγουσι Κίλλαιον Ἀπόλλωνα ἱδρῦσθαι, ἄδηλον εἴτε τὸν αὐτὸν τῷ Σμινθεῖ εἴθʼ ἕτερον.

[63] ἡ δὲ Χρῦσα ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ πολίχνιον ἦν ἔχον λιμένα, πλησίον δὲ ὑπέρκειται ἡ Θήβη· ἐνταῦθα δʼ ἦν καὶ τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Σμινθέως Ἀπόλλωνος καὶ ἡ Χρυσηίς· ἠρήμωται δὲ νῦν τὸ χωρίον τελέως· εἰς δὲ τὴν νῦν Χρῦσαν τὴν κατὰ Ἁμαξιτὸν μεθίδρυται τὸ ἱερόν, τῶν Κιλίκων τῶν μὲν εἰς τὴν Παμφυλίαν ἐκπεσόντων τῶν δὲ εἰς Ἁμαξιτόν. οἱ δʼ ἀπειρότεροι τῶν παλαιῶν ἱστοριῶν ἐνταῦθα τὸν Χρύσην καὶ τὴν Χρυσηίδα γεγονέναι φασὶ καὶ τὸν Ὅμηρον τούτου τοῦ τόπου μεμνῆσθαι. ἀλλʼ οὔτε λιμήν ἐστιν ἐνταῦθα, ἐκεῖνος δέ φησιν

οἱ δʼ ὅτε δὴ λιμένος πολυβενθέος ἐντὸς ἵκοντο,

⁸⁶ οὔτʼ ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ τὸ ἱερόν ἐστιν, ἐκεῖνος δʼ ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ ποιεῖ τὸ ἱερόν

ἐκ δὲ Χρυσηὶς νηὸς βῆ ποντοπόροιο·

τὴν μὲν ἔπειτʼ ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεὺς

πατρὶ φίλῳ ἐν χερσὶ τίθει

⁸⁷ οὔτε Θήβης πλησίον, ἐκεῖνος δὲ πλησίον· ἐκεῖθεν γοῦν ἁλοῦσαν λέγει τὴν Χρυσηίδα. ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ Κίλλα τόπος οὐδεὶς ἐν τῇ Ἀλεξανδρέων χώρᾳ δείκνυται, οὐδὲ Κιλλαίου Ἀπόλλωνος ἱερόν· ὁ ποιητὴς δὲ συζεύγνυσιν

ὃς Χρύσην ἀμφιβέβηκας

Κίλλαν τε ζαθέην

⁸⁸ ἐν δὲ τῷ Θήβης πεδίῳ δείκνυται πλησίον· ὅ τε πλοῦς ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς Κιλικίου Χρύσης ἐπὶ τὸ ναύσταθμον ἑπτακοσίων που σταδίων ἐστὶν ἡμερήσιός πως, ὅσον φαίνεται πλεύσας ὁ Ὀδυσσεύς. ἐκβὰς γὰρ εὐθὺς παρίστησι τὴν θυσίαν τῷ θεῷ καὶ τῆς ἑσπέρας ἐπιλαβούσης μένει αὐτόθι, πρωὶ δὲ ἀποπλεῖ· ἀπὸ δὲ Ἁμαξιτοῦ τὸ τρίτον μόλις τοῦ λεχθέντος διαστήματός ἐστιν, ὥστε παρῆν τῷ Ὀδυσσεῖ αὐθημερὸν ἀναπλεῖν ἐπὶ τὸ ναύσταθμον τελέσαντι τὴν θυσίαν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ Κίλλου μνῆμα περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Κιλλαίου Ἀπόλλωνος, χῶμα μέγα· ἡνίοχον δὲ τοῦτον Πέλοπός φασιν ἡγησάμενον τῶν τόπων, ἀφʼ οὗ ἴσως ἡ Κιλικία ἢ ἔμπαλιν.

[64] τὰ οὖν περὶ τοὺς Τεύκρους καὶ τοὺς μύας, ἀφʼ ὧν ὁ Σμινθεύς, ἐπειδὴ σμίνθοι οἱ μύες, δεῦρο μετενεκτέον. παραμυθοῦνται δὲ τὴν ἀπὸ μικρῶν ἐπίκλησιν τοιούτοις τισί· καὶ γὰρ ἀπὸ τῶν παρνόπων, οὓς οἱ Οἰταῖοι κόρνοπας λέγουσι, Κορνοπίωνα τιμᾶσθαι παρʼ ἐκείνοις Ἡρακλέα ἀπαλλαγῆς ἀκρίδων χάριν· ἰποκτόνον δὲ παρʼ Ἐρυθραίοις τοῖς τὸν Μίμαντα οἰκοῦσιν, ὅτι φθαρτικὸς τῶν ἀμπελοφάγων ἰπῶν· καὶ δὴ παρʼ ἐκείνοις μόνοις τῶν Ἐρυθραίων τὸ θηρίον τοῦτο μὴ γίνεσθαι. Ῥόδιοι δὲ ἐρυθιβίου Ἀπόλλωνος ἔχουσιν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ ἱερόν, τὴν ἐρυσίβην καλοῦντες ἐρυθίβην· παρʼ Αἰολεῦσι δὲ τοῖς ἐν Ἀσίᾳ μείς τις καλεῖται Πορνοπίων, οὕτω τοὺς πάρνοπας καλούντων Βοιωτῶν, καὶ θυσία συντελεῖται Πορνοπίωνι Ἀπόλλωνι.

[65] Μυσία μὲν οὖν ἔστιν ἡ περὶ τὸ Ἀδραμύττιον· ἦν δέ ποτε ὑπὸ Λυδοῖς, καὶ νῦν πύλαι Λύδιαι καλοῦνται ἐν Ἀδραμυττίῳ, Λυδῶν (ὥς φασι) τὴν πόλιν ἐκτικότων. Μυσίας δὲ καὶ Ἄστυρα τὴν πλησίον κώμην φασίν. ἦν δὲ πολίχνη ποτέ, ἐν ᾗ τὸ τῆς Ἀστυρηνῆς Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερὸν ἐν ἄλσει, προστατούμενον μετὰ ἁγιστείας ὑπʼ Ἀντανδρίων, οἷς μᾶλλον γειτνιᾷ· διέχει δὲ τῆς παλαιᾶς Χρύσης εἴκοσι σταδίους, καὶ αὐτῆς ἐν ἄλσει τὸ ἱερὸν ἐχούσης. αὐτοῦ δὲ καὶ ὁ Ἀχίλλειος χάραξ· ἐν δὲ τῇ μεσογαίᾳ ἀπὸ πεντήκοντα σταδίων ἐστὶν ἡ Θήβη ἔρημος, ἥν φησιν ὁ ποιητής ὑπὸ Πλάκῳ ὑληέσσῃ. οὔτε δὲ Πλάκος ἢ Πλὰξ ἐκεῖ τι λέγεται, οὔθʼ ὕλη ὑπέρκειται καίτοι πρὸς τῇ Ἴδῃ. Ἀστύρων δʼ ἡ Θήβη διέχει εἰς ἑβδομήκοντα σταδίους, Ἀνδείρων δὲ ἑξήκοντα. πάντα δὲ ταῦτά ἐστι τὰ ὀνόματα τόπων ἐρήμων ἢ φαύλως οἰκουμένων ἢ ποταμῶν χειμάρρων· τεθρύληται δὲ διὰ τὰς παλαιὰς ἱστορίας.

[66] πόλεις δʼ εἰσὶν ἀξιόλογοι Ἄσσος τε καὶ Ἀδραμύττιον. ἠτύχησε δὲ τὸ Ἀδραμύττιον ἐν τῷ Μιθριδατικῷ πολέμῳ· τὴν γὰρ βουλὴν ἀπέσφαξε τῶν πολιτῶν Διόδωρος στρατηγὸς χαριζόμενος τῷ βασιλεῖ, προσποιούμενος δʼ ἅμα τῶν τε ἐξ Ἀκαδημίας φιλοσόφων εἶναι καὶ δίκας λέγειν καὶ σοφιστεύειν τὰ ῥητορικά· καὶ δὴ καὶ συναπῆρεν εἰς τὸν Πόντον τῷ βασιλεῖ· καταλυθέντος δὲ τοῦ βασιλέως ἔτισε δίκας τοῖς ἀδικηθεῖσιν· ἐγκλημάτων γὰρ ἐπενεχθέντων ἅμα πολλῶν, ἀπεκαρτέρησεν αἰσχρῶς οὐ φέρων τὴν δυσφημίαν ἐν τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ πόλει. ἀνὴρ δὲ Ἀδραμυττηνὸς ῥήτωρ ἐπιφανὴς γεγένηται Ξενοκλῆς, τοῦ μὲν Ἀσιανοῦ χαρακτῆρος, ἀγωνιστὴς δὲ εἴ τις ἄλλος καὶ εἰρηκὼς ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἀσίας ἐπὶ τῆς συγκλήτου καθʼ ὃν καιρὸν αἰτίαν εἶχε Μιθριδατισμοῦ.

[67] πρὸς δὲ τοῖς Ἀστύροις λίμνη καλεῖται Σάπρα βαραθρώδης εἰς ῥαχιώδη τῆς θαλάττης αἰγιαλὸν τὸ ἔκρηγμα ἔχουσα. ὑπὸ δὲ τοῖς Ἀνδείροις ἱερόν ἐστι μητρὸς θεῶν Ἀνδειρηνῆς ἅγιον καὶ ἄντρον ὑπόνομον μέχρι Παλαιᾶς. ἔστι δʼ ἡ Παλαιὰ κατοικία τις οὕτω καλουμένη, διέχουσα τῶν Ἀνδείρων ἑκατὸν καὶ τριάκοντα σταδίους· ἔδειξε δὲ τὴν ὑπονομὴν χίμαρος ἐμπεσὼν εἰς τὸ στόμα καὶ ἀνευρεθεὶς τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ κατὰ Ἄνδειρα ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιμένος κατὰ τύχην ἐπὶ θυσίαν ἥκοντος. Ἀταρνεὺς δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ τοῦ Ἑρμείου τυραννεῖον, εἶτα Πιτάνη πόλις Αἰολική, δύο ἔχουσα λιμένας, καὶ ὁ παραρρέων αὐτὴν ποταμὸς Εὔηνος, ἐξ οὗ τὸ ὑδραγωγεῖον πεποίηται τοῖς Ἀδραμυττηνοῖς. ἐκ δὲ τῆς Πιτάνης ἐστὶν Ἀρκεσίλαος ὁ ἐκ τῆς Ἀκαδημίας, Ζήνωνος τοῦ Κιτιέως συσχολαστὴς παρὰ Πολέμωνι. καλεῖται δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ Πιτάνῃ τις τόπος ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ Ἀταρνεὺς ὑπὸ τῇ Πιτάνῃ κατὰ τὴν καλουμένην νῆσον Ἐλαιοῦσσαν. φασὶ δʼ ἐν τῇ Πιτάνῃ τὰς πλίνθους ἐπιπολάζειν ἐν τοῖς ὕδασι, καθάπερ καὶ ἐν τῇ Τυρρηνίᾳ νησὶς πέπονθε· κουφοτέρα γὰρ ἡ γῆ τοῦ ἐπισόγκου ὕδατός ἐστιν ὥστʼ ἐποχεῖσθαι. ἐν Ἰβηρίᾳ δέ φησιν ἰδεῖν Ποσειδώνιος ἐκ τινος γῆς ἀργιλώδους, ᾗ τὰ ἀργυρώματα ἐκμάττεται, πλίνθους πηγνυμένας καὶ ἐπιπλεούσας. μετὰ δὲ τὴν Πιτάνην ὁ Κάικος εἰς τὸν Ἐλαΐτην καλούμενον κόλπον ἐν τριάκοντα σταδίοις ἐκδίδωσιν. ἐν δὲ τῷ πέραν τοῦ Καΐκου δώδεκα διέχουσα τοῦ ποταμοῦ σταδίους Ἐλαία πόλις Αἰολικὴ καὶ αὕτη, Περγαμηνῶν ἐπίνειον, ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι σταδίους διέχουσα τοῦ Περγάμου.

[68] εἶτʼ ἐν ἑκατὸν σταδίοις ἡ Κάνη, τὸ ἀνταῖρον ἀκρωτήριον τῷ Λεκτῷ καὶ ποιοῦν τὸν Ἀδραμυττηνὸν κόλπον, οὗ μέρος καὶ ὁ Ἐλαϊτικός ἐστι. Κάναι δὲ πολίχνιον Λοκρῶν τῶν ἐκ Κύνου κατὰ τὰ ἄκρα τῆς Λέσβου τὰ νοτιώτατα κείμενον ἐν τῇ Καναίᾳ· αὕτη δὲ μέχρι τῶν Ἀργινουσσῶν διήκει καὶ τῆς ὑπερκειμένης ἄκρας, ἣν Αἶγά τινες ὀνομάζουσιν ὁμωνύμως τῷ ζῴῳ. δεῖ δὲ μακρῶς τὴν δευτέραν συλλαβὴν ἐκφέρειν Αἰγάν, ὡς ἀκτὰν καὶ ἀρχάν· οὕτω γὰρ καὶ τὸ ὄρος ὅλον ὠνομάζετο, ὃ νῦν Κάνην καὶ Κάνας λέγουσι. κύκλῳ δὲ περὶ τὸ ὄρος πρὸς νότον μὲν καὶ δύσιν ἡ θάλαττα, πρὸς ἕω δὲ τὸ Καΐκου πεδίον ὑπόκειται, πρὸς ἄρκτον δὲ ἡ Ἐλαῗτις· αὐτὸ δὲ καθʼ αὑτὸ ἱκανῶς συνέσταλται, προσνεύει δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ Αἰγαῖον πέλαγος, ὅθεν αὐτῷ καὶ τοὔνομα· ὕστερον δὲ αὐτὸ τὸ ἀκρωτήριον Αἰγὰ κεκλῆσθαι⁸⁹, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν Κάνη καὶ Κάναι.

[69] μεταξὺ δὲ Ἐλαίας τε καὶ Πιτάνης καὶ Ἀταρνέως καὶ Περγάμου Τευθρανία ἐστί, διέχουσα οὐδεμιᾶς αὐτῶν ὑπὲρ ἑβδομήκοντα σταδίους ἐντὸς τοῦ Καΐκου, καὶ ὁ Τεύθρας Κιλίκων καὶ Μυσῶν ἱστόρηται βασιλεύς. Εὐριπίδης δʼ ὑπὸ Ἀλέου φησὶ τοῦ τῆς Αὔγης πατρὸς εἰς λάρνακα τὴν Αὔγην κατατεθεῖσαν ἅμα τῷ παιδὶ Τηλέφῳ καταποντωθῆναι, φωράσαντος τὴν ἐξ Ἡρακλέους φθοράν· Ἀθηνᾶς δὲ προνοίᾳ τὴν λάρνακα περαιωθεῖσαν ἐκπεσεῖν εἰς τὸ στόμα τοῦ Καΐκου, τὸν δὲ Τεύθραντα ἀναλαβόντα τὰ σώματα τῇ μὲν ὡς γαμετῇ χρήσασθαι τῷ δʼ ὡς ἑαυτοῦ παιδί. τοῦτο μὲν οὖν μῦθος, ἄλλην δέ τινα δεῖ γεγονέναι συντυχίαν, διʼ ἣν ἡ τοῦ Ἀρκάδος θυγάτηρ τῷ Μυσῶν βασιλεῖ συνῆλθε καὶ ὁ ἐξ αὐτῆς διεδέξατο τὴν ἐκείνου βασιλείαν. πεπίστευται δʼ οὖν ὅτι καὶ ὁ Τεύθρας καὶ ὁ Τήλεφος ἐβασίλευσαν τῆς χώρας τῆς περὶ τὴν Τευθρανίαν καὶ τὸν Κάικον, ὁ δὲ ποιητὴς ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον μέμνηται μόνον τῆς ἱστορίας ταύτης

ἀλλʼ οἷον τὸν Τηλεφίδην κατενήρατο χαλκῷ

ἥρω Εὐρύπυλον, πολλοὶ δʼ ἀμφʼ αὐτὸν ἑταῖροι

Κήτειοι κτείνοντο γυναίων εἵνεκα δώρων,

⁹⁰ αἴνιγμα τιθεὶς ἡμῖν μᾶλλον ἢ λέγων τι σαφές. οὔτε γὰρ τοὺς Κητείους ἴσμεν οὕστινας δέξασθαι δεῖ, οὔτε τὸ γυναίων εἵνεκα δώρων. ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ γραμματικοὶ μυθάρια παραβάλλοντες εὑρεσιλογοῦσι μᾶλλον ἢ λύουσι τὰ ζητούμενα.

[70] ἐάσθω δὴ ταῦτα, ἐκεῖνο δʼ ὅπερ ἐστὶ μᾶλλον ἐν φανερῷ λαβόντες λέγωμεν, ὅτι ἐν τοῖς περὶ τὸν Κάικον τόποις φαίνεται βεβασιλευκὼς καθʼ Ὅμηρον ὁ Εὐρύπυλος, ὥστʼ ἴσως καὶ τῶν Κιλίκων τι μέρος ἦν ὑπʼ αὐτῷ, καὶ οὐ δύο δυναστεῖαι μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τρεῖς ὑπῆρξαν ἐν αὐτοῖς. τῷ δὲ λόγῳ τούτῳ συνηγορεῖ τὸ ἐν τῇ Ἐλαΐτιδι χειμαρρῶδες ποτάμιον δείκνυσθαι Κήτειον· ἐμπίπτει δʼ οὗτος εἰς ἄλλον ὅμοιον, εἶτʼ ἄλλον, καταστρέφουσι δὲ εἰς τὸν Κάικον· ὁ δὲ Κάικος οὐκ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἴδης ῥεῖ, καθάπερ εἴρηκε Βακχυλίδης, οὐδʼ ὀρθῶς Εὐριπίδης τὸν Μαρσύαν φησί

τὰς διωνομασμένας

ναίειν Κελαινὰς ἐσχάτοις Ἴδης τόποις.

⁹¹ πολὺ γὰρ τῆς Ἴδης ἄπωθεν αἱ Κελαιναί, πολὺ δὲ καὶ αἱ τοῦ Καΐκου πηγαί· δείκνυνται γὰρ ἐν πεδίῳ. Τῆμνον δʼ ἔστιν ὄρος ὃ διορίζει τοῦτό τε καὶ τὸ καλούμενον Ἀπίας πεδίον, ὃ ὑπέρκειται ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τοῦ Θήβης πεδίου· ῥεῖ δʼ ἐκ τοῦ Τήμνου ποταμὸς Μύσιος ἐμβάλλων εἰς τὸν Κάικον ὑπὸ ταῖς πηγαῖς αὐτοῦ, ἀφʼ οὗ δέχονταί τινες εἰπεῖν Αἰσχύλον κατὰ τὴν εἰσβολὴν τοῦ ἐν Μυρμιδόσι προλόγου

ἰὼ Κάικε Μύσιαί τʼ ἐπιρροαί.

⁹² ἐγγὺς δὲ τῶν πηγῶν κώμη Γέργιθα ἔστιν, εἰς ἣν μετῴκισεν Ἄτταλος τοὺς ἐν τῇ Τρῳάδι τὸ χωρίον ἐξελών.

Translations (1)

Geography (Books 6-14) Perseus (Strabo. The Geography of Strabo, Vols. 3-6. Jones, Horace Leonard, translator. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1924-1929 (printing).) — 13.1 focus

[1] Let this, then, mark the boundary of Phrygia.¹ I shall now return again to the Propontis and the coast that comes next after the Aesepus River, and follow the same order of description as before. The first country on this seaboard is the Troad, the fame of which, although it is left in ruins and in desolation, nevertheless prompts in writers no ordinary prolixity. With this fact in view, I should ask the pardon of my readers and appeal to them not to fasten the blame for the length of my discussion upon me rather than upon those who strongly yearn for knowledge of the things that are famous and ancient. And my discussion is further prolonged by the number of the peoples who have colonized the country, both Greeks and barbarians, and by the historians, who do not write the same things on the same subjects, nor always clearly either; among the first of these is Homer, who leaves us to guess about most things. And it is necessary for me to arbitrate between his statements and those of the others, after I shall first have described in a summary way the nature of the region in question.

[2] The seaboard of the Propontis, then, extends from Cyzicene and the region of the Aesepus and Granicus Rivers as far as Abydus and Sestus, whereas the parts round Ilium and Tenedos and the Trojan Alexandreia extend from Abydus to Lectum. Accordingly, Mt. Ida, which extends down to Lectum, lies above all these places. From Lectum to the Caïcus River, and to Canae,² as it is called, are the parts round Assus and Adramyttium and Atarneus and Pitane and the Elaïtic Gulf; and the island of the Lesbians extends alongside, and opposite, all these places. Then come next the parts round Cyme, extending to the Hermus and Phocaea, which latter constitutes the beginning of Ionia and the end of Aeolis. Such being the position of the places, the poet indicates in a general way that the Trojans held sway from the region of the Aesepus River and that of the present Cyzicene to the Caïcus River,³ their country being divided by dynasties into eight, or nine, portions, whereas the mass of their auxiliary forces are enumerated among the allies.

[3] But the later authors do not give the same boundaries, and they use their terms differently, thus allowing us several choices. The main cause of this difference has been the colonizations of the Greeks; less so, indeed, the Ionian colonization, for it was farther distant from the Troad; but most of all that of the Aeolians, for their colonies were scattered throughout the whole of the country from Cyzicene to the Caïcus River, and they went on still farther to occupy the country between the Caïcus and Hermus Rivers. In fact, the Aeolian colonization, they say, preceded the Ionian colonization by four generations, but suffered delays and took a longer time; for Orestes, they say, was the first leader of the expedition, but he died in Arcadia, and his son Penthilus succeeded him and advanced as far as Thrace sixty years after the Trojan War, about the time of the return of the Heracleidae to the Peloponnesus; and then Archelaüs⁴ the son of Penthilus led the Aeolian expedition across to the present Cyzicene near Dascylium; and Gras, the youngest son of Archelaüs, advanced to the Granicus River, and, being better equipped, led the greater part of his army across to Lesbos and occupied it. And they add that Cleues, son of Dorus, and Malaüs, also descendants of Agamemnon, had collected their army at about the same time as Penthilus, but that, whereas the fleet of Penthilus had already crossed over from Thrace to Asia, Cleues and Malaüs tarried a long time round Locris and Mt. Phricius, and only later crossed over and founded the Phryconian Cyme, so named after the Locrian mountain.

[4] The Aeolians, then, were scattered throughout the whole of that country which, as I have said, the poet called Trojan. As for later authorities, some apply the name to all Aeolis, but others to only a part of it; and some to the whole of Troy, but others to only a part of it, not wholly agreeing with one another about anything. For instance, in reference to the places on the Propontis, Homer makes the Troad begin at the Aesepus River,⁵ whereas Eudoxus makes it begin at Priapus and Artace, the place on the island of the Cyziceni that lies opposite Priapus,⁶ and thus contracts the limits; but Damastes contracts the country still more, making it begin at Parium; and, in fact, Damastes prolongs the Troad to Lectum, whereas other writers prolong it differently. Charon of Lampsacus diminishes its extent by three hundred stadia more, making it begin at Practius,⁷ for that is the distance from Parium to Practius; however, he prolongs it to Adramyttium. Scylax of Caryanda makes it begin at Abydus; and similarly Ephorus says that Aeolis extends from Abydus to Cyme, while others define its extent differently.⁸

[5] But the topography of Troy, in the proper sense of the term, is best marked by the position of Mt. Ida, a lofty mountain which faces the west and the western sea but makes a slight bend also towards the north and the northern seaboard. ⁹ This latter is the seaboard of the Propontis, extending from the strait in the neighborhood of Abydus to the Aesepus River and Cyzicene, whereas the western sea consists of the outer Hellespont¹⁰ and the Aegaean Sea. Mt. Ida has many foothills, is like the scolopendra¹¹ in shape, and is defined by its two extreme limits: by the promontory in the neighborhood of Zeleia and by the promontory called Lectum the former terminating in the interior slightly above Cyzicene (in fact, Zeleia now belongs to the Cyziceni), whereas Lectum extends to the Aegaean Sea, being situated on the coasting voyage between Tenedos and Lesbos. When the poet says that Hypnos and Hera

came to many-fountained Ida, mother of wild beasts, to Lectum, where first the two left the sea,

¹²he describes Lectum in accordance with the facts; for he rightly states that Lectum is a part of Mt. Ida, and that Lectum is the first place of disembarkation from the sea for those who would go up to Mt. Ida, and also that the mountain is “many-fountained,” for there in particular the mountain is abundantly watered, as is shown by the large number of rivers there,

all the rivers that flow forth from the Idaean mountains to the sea, Rhesus and Heptaporus

¹³and the following,¹⁴ all of which are named by the poet and are now to be seen by us. Now while Homer thus describes Lectum¹⁵ and Zeleia¹⁶ as the outermost foothills of Mt. Ida in either direction, he also appropriately distinguishes Gargarus from them as a summit, calling it “topmost.”¹⁷ And indeed at the present time people point out in the upper parts of Ida a place called Gargarum, after which the present Gargara, an Aeolian city, is named. Now between Zeleia and Lectum, beginning from the Propontis, are situated first the parts extending to the straits at Abydus, and then, outside the Propontis, the parts extending to Lectum.

[6] On doubling Lectum one encounters a large wide-open gulf, which is formed by Mt. Ida as it recedes from Lectum to the mainland, and by Canae, the promontory opposite Lectum on the other side. Some call it the Idaean Gulf, others the Adramyttene. On this gulf¹⁸ are the cities of the Aeolians, extending to the outlets of the Hermus River, as I have already said.¹⁹ I have stated in the earlier parts of my work²⁰ that, as one sails from Byzantium towards the south, the route lies in a straight line, first to Sestus and Abydus through the middle of the Propontis, and then along the coast of Asia as far as Caria. It behooves one, then, to keep this supposition in mind as one listens to the following; and, if I speak of certain gulfs on the coast, one must think of the promontories which form them as lying in the same line, a meridian line, as it were.

[7] Now as for Homer’s statements, those who have studied the subject more carefully²¹ conjecture from them that the whole of this coast became subject to the Trojans, and, though divided into nine dynasties, was under the sway of Priam at the time of the Trojan War and was called Troy. And this is clear from his detailed statements. For instance, Achilles and his army, seeing at the outset that the inhabitants of Ilium were enclosed by walls, tried to carry on the war outside and, by making raids all round, to take away from them all the surrounding places:

Twelve cities of men I have laid waste with my ships, and eleven, I declare, by land throughout the fertile land of Troy.

²²For by “Troy” he means the part of the mainland that was sacked by him; and, along with other places, Achilles also sacked the country opposite Lesbos in the neighborhood of Thebe and Lyrnessus and Pedasus,²³ which last belonged to the Leleges, and also the country of Eurypylus the son of Telephus.

But what a man was that son of Telephus who was slain by him with the bronze,

²⁴that is, the hero Eurypylus, slain by Neoptolemus. Now the poet says that these places were sacked, including Lesbos itself:

when he himself took well-built Lesbos;

²⁵and

he sacked Lyrnessus and Pedasus;

²⁶and

when he laid waste Lyrnessus and the walls of Thebe.

²⁷It was at Lyrnessus that Briseïs was taken captive,

whom he carried away from Lyrnessus;

²⁸and it was at her capture, according to the poet, that Mynes and Epistrophus fell, as is shown by the lament of Briseïs over Patroclus:

thou wouldst not even, not even, let me weep when swift Achilles slew my husband and sacked the city of divine Mynes;

²⁹for in calling Lyrnessus “the city of divine Mynes” the poet indicates that Mynes was dynast over it and that he fell in battle there. But it was at Thebe that Chryseïs was taken captive:

We went into Thebe, the sacred city of Eëtion;

³⁰and the poet says that Chryseïs was part of the spoil brought from that place.³¹ Thence, too, came Andromache:

Andromache, daughter of great hearted Eëtion; Eëtion who dwelt ’neath wooded Placus in Thebe Hypoplacia,³² and was lord over the men of Cilicia.

³³This is the second Trojan dynasty after that of Mynes. And consistently with these facts writers think that the following statement of Andromache,

Hector, woe is me! surely to one doom we were born, both of us—thou in Troy in the house of Priam, but I at Thebae,

³⁴should not be interpreted strictly, I mean the words “thou in Troy, but I at Thebae” (or Thebe), but as a case of hyperbaton, meaning “both of us in Troy—thou in the house of Priam, but I at Thebae.” The third dynasty was that of the Leleges, which was also Trojan:

Of Altes, who is lord over the war-loving Leleges,

³⁵by whose daughter Priam begot Lycaon and Polydorus. And indeed those who are placed under Hector in the Catalogue are called Trojans:

The Trojans were led by great Hector of the flashing helmet.

³⁶And then come those under Aeneias:

The Dardanians in turn were commanded by the valiant son of Anchises

³⁷and these, too, were Trojans; at any rate, the poet says,

Aeneias, counsellor of the Trojans.

³⁸And then come the Lycians under Pandarus, and these also he calls Trojans:

And those who dwelt in Zeleia beneath the nethermost foot of Ida, Aphneiï,³⁹ who drink the dark water of the Aesepus, Trojans; these in turn were commanded by Pandarus, the glorious son of Lycaon.

⁴⁰And this was the sixth dynasty. And indeed those who lived between the Aesepus River and Abydus were Trojans; for not only were the parts round Abydus subject to Asius,

and they who dwelt about Percote and Practius⁴¹ and held Sestus and Abydus and goodly Arisbe⁴²—these in turn were commanded by Asius the son of Hyrtacus,

⁴³but a son of Priam lived at Abydus, pasturing mares, clearly his father’s:

But he smote Democoön, the bastard son of Priam, who had come at Priam’s bidding from his swift mares;

⁴⁴while in Percote a son of Hicetaon was pasturing kine, he likewise pasturing kine that belonged to no other:⁴⁵

And first he rebuked mighty Melanippus the son of Hicetaon, who until this time had been wont to feed the kine of shambling gait in Percote;

⁴⁶so that this country would be a part of the Troad, as also the next country after it as far as Adrasteia, for the leaders of the latter were

the two sons of Merops of Percote.

⁴⁷Accordingly, the people from Abydus to Adrasteia were all Trojans, although they were divided into two groups, one under Asius and the other under the sons of Merops, just as Cilicia⁴⁸ also was divided into two parts, the Theban Cilicia and the Lyrnessian;⁴⁹ but one might include in the Lyrnessian Cilicia the territory subject to Eurypylus, which lay next to the Lyrnessian Cilicia.⁵⁰ But that Priam was ruler of these countries, one and all, is clearly indicated by Achilles’ words to Priam:

And of thee, old sire, we hear that formerly thou wast blest; how of all that is enclosed by Lesbos, out at sea, city of Macar, and by Phrygia in the upland, and by the boundless Hellespont.

⁵¹

[8] Now such were the conditions at the time of the Trojan War, but all kinds of changes followed later; for the parts round Cyzicus as far as the Practius were colonized by Phrygians, and those round Abydus by Thracians; and still before these two by Bebryces and Dryopes.⁵² And the country that lies next was colonized by the Treres, themselves also Thracians; and the Plain of Thebe by Lydians, then called Maeonians, and by the survivors of the Mysians who had formerly been subject to Telephus and Teuthras. So then, since the poet combines Aeolis and Troy, and since the Aeolians held possession of all the country from the Hermus River⁵³ to the seaboard at Cyzicus, and founded their cities there, I too might not be guilty of describing them wrongly if I combined Aeolis, now properly so called, extending from the Hermus River to Lectum, and the country next after it, extending to the Aesepus River; for in my detailed treatment of the two, I shall distinguish them again, setting forth, along with the facts as they now are, the statements of Homer and others.

[9] According to Homer, then, the Troad begins after the city of the Cyziceni and the Aesepus River. And he so speaks of it:

And those who dwelt in Zeleia beneath the nethermost foot of Ida, Aphneii,⁵⁴ who drink the dark water of the Aesepus, Trojans; these in turn were commanded by Pandarus the glorious son of Lycaon.

⁵⁵These he also calls Lycians.⁵⁶ And they are thought to have been called “Aphneii” after Lake “Aphnitis,” for Lake Dascylitis is also called by that name.

[10] Now Zeleia⁵⁷ is situated on the farthermost foothill of Mt. Ida, being one hundred and ninety stadia distant from Cyzicus and about eighty stadia from the nearest part of the sea, where the Aesepus empties. And the poet mentions severally, in continuous order, the places that lie along the coast after the Aesepus River:

And they who held Adrasteia and the land of Apaesus, and held Pityeia and the steep mountain of Tereia—these were led by Adrastus and Amphius of the linen corslet, the two sons of Merops of Percote.

⁵⁸These places lie below Zeleia,⁵⁹ but they are occupied by Cyziceni and Priapeni even as far as the coast. Now near Zeleia is the Tarsius River,⁶⁰ which is crossed twenty times by the same road, like the Heptaporus River,⁶¹.which is mentioned by the poet.⁶² And the river that flows from Nicomedeia into Nicaea is crossed twenty-four times, and the river that flows from Pholoe into the Eleian country⁶³ is crossed many times . . . Scarthon twenty-five times,⁶⁴ and the river that flows from the country of the Coscinii into Alabanda is crossed many times, and the river that flows from Tyana into Soli through the Taurus is crossed seventy-five times.

[11] About . . .⁶⁵ stadia above the outlet of the Aesepus River is a hill, where is shown the tomb of Memnon, son of Tithonus; and near by is the village of Memnon. The Granicus River flows between the Aesepus River and Priapus, mostly through the plain of Adrasteia,⁶⁶ where Alexander utterly defeated the satraps of Dareius in battle, and gained the whole of the country inside the Taurus and the Euphrates River. And on the Granicus was situated the city Sidene, with a large territory of the same name; but it is now in ruins. On the boundary between the territory of Cyzicus and that of Priapus is a place called Harpagia,⁶⁷ from which, according to some writers of myths, Ganymede was snatched, though others say that he was snatched in the neighborhood of the Dardanian Promontory, near Dardanus.

[12] Priapus⁶⁸ is a city on the sea, and also a harbor. Some say that it was founded by Milesians, who at the same time also colonized Abydus and Proconnesus, whereas others say that it was founded by Cyziceni. It was named after Priapus, who was worshipped there; then his worship was transferred thither from Orneae near Corinth, or else the inhabitants felt an impulse to worship the god because he was called the son of Dionysus and a nymph; for their country is abundantly supplied with the vine, both theirs and the countries which border next upon it, I mean those of the Pariani and the Lampsaceni. At any rate, Xerxes gave Lampsacus to Themistocles to supply him with wine. But it was by people of later times that Priapus was declared a god, for even Hesiod does not know of him; and he resembles the Attic deities Orthane, Conisalus, Tychon, and others like them.

[13] This country was called “Adrasteia”⁶⁹ and “Plain of Adrasteia,” in accordance with a custom whereby people gave two names to the same place, as “Thebe” and “Plain of Thebe,” and “Mygdonia” and “Plain of Mygdonia.” According to Callisthenes, among others, Adrasteia was named after King Adrastus, who was the first to found a temple of Nemesis. Now the city is situated between Priapus and Parium; and it has below it a plain that is named after it, in which there was an oracle of Apollo Actaeus and Artemis. . . .⁷⁰ But when the temple was torn down, the whole of its furnishings and stonework were transported to Parium, where was built an altar,⁷¹ the work of Hermocreon, very remarkable for its size and beauty; but the oracle was abolished like that at Zeleia. Here, however, there is no temple of Adrasteia, nor yet of Nemesis, to be seen, although there is a temple of Adrasteia near Cyzicus. Antimachus says as follows:

There is a great goddess Nemesis, who has obtained as her portion all these things from the Blessed.⁷² Adrestus⁷³ was the first to build an altar to her beside the stream of the Aesepus River, where she is worshipped under the name of Adresteia.

[14] The city Parium is situated on the sea; it has a larger harbor than Priapus, and its territory has been increased at the expense of Priapus; for the Parians curried favor with the Attalic kings, to whom the territory of Priapus was subject, and by their permission cut off for themselves a large part of that territory. Here is told the mythical story that the Ophiogeneis⁷⁴ are akin to the serpent tribe:⁷⁵ and they say that the males of the Ophiogeneis cure snake-bitten people by continuous stroking, after the manner of enchanters, first transferring the livid color to their own bodies and then stopping both the inflammation and the pain. According to the myth, the original founder of the tribe, a certain hero, changed from a serpent into a man. Perhaps he was one of the Libyan Psylli,⁷⁶ whose power persisted in his tribe for a certain time.⁷⁷ Parium was founded by Milesians and Erythraeans and Parians.

[15] Pitya⁷⁸ is in Pityus in the territory of Parium, lying below a pine covered mountain;⁷⁹ and it lies between Parium and Priapus in the direction of Linum, a place on the seashore, where are caught the Linusian snails, the best in the world.

[16] On the coasting voyage from Parium to Priapus lie both the old Proconnesus and the present Proconnesus, the latter having a city and also a great quarry of white marble that is very highly commended; at any rate, the most beautiful works of art⁸⁰ in the cities of that part of the world, and especially those in Cyzicus, are made of this marble. Aristeas was a Proconnesian—the author of the Arimaspian Epic, as it is called—a charlatan if ever there was one.⁸¹

[17] As for “the mountain of Tereia,”⁸² some say that it is the range of mountains in Peirossus which are occupied by the Cyziceni and are adjacent to Zeleia, where a royal hunting ground was arranged by the Lydians, and later by the Persians;⁸³ but others point out a hill forty stadia from Lampsacus, on which there is a temple sacred to the mother of the gods, entitled “Tereia’s” temple.

[18] Lampsacus,⁸⁴ a!so, is a city on the sea, a notable city with a good harbor, and still flourishing, like Abydus. It is about one hundred and seventy stadia distant from Abydus; and it was formerly called Pityussa, as also, it is said, was Chios. On the opposite shore of the Chersonesus is Callipolis, a small town. It is on the headland and runs far out towards Asia in the direction of the city of the Lampsaceni, so that the passage across to Asia from it is no more than forty stadia.

[19] In the interval between Lampsacus and Parium lay a city and river called Paesus; but the city is in ruins. The Paeseni changed their abode to Lampsacus, they too being colonists from the Milesians, like the Lampsaceni. But the poet refers to the place in two ways, at one time adding the first syllable,

and the land of Apaesus,

⁸⁵and at another omitting it,

a man of many possessions, who dwelt in Paesus.

⁸⁶And the river is now spelled in the latter way. Colonae,⁸⁷ which lies above Lampsacus in the interior of Lampsacene, is also a colony of the Milesians; and there is another Colonae on the outer Hellespontine sea, which is one hundred and forty stadia distant from Ilium and is said to be the birthplace of Cycnus.⁸⁸ Anaximenes says that there are also places in the Erythraean territory and in Phocis and in Thessaly that are called Colonae. And there is an Iliocolone in the territory of Parium. In the territory of Lampsacus is a place called Gergithium⁸⁹ which is rich in vines; and there was also a city called Gergitha from Gergithes in the territory of Cyme, for here too there was a city called Gergithes, in the feminine plural, the birthplace of Cephalon the Gergithian. And still today a place called Gergithium is pointed out in the territory of Cyme near Larissa. Now Neoptolemus,⁹⁰ called the Glossographer, a notable man, was from Parium; and Charon the historian⁹¹ and Adeimantus⁹² and Anaximenes the rhetorician⁹³ and Metrodorus the comrade of Epicurus were from Lampsacus; and Epicurus himself was in a sense a Lampsacenian, having lived in Lampsacus and having been on intimate terms with the ablest men of that city, Idomeneus and Leonteus and their followers. It was from here that Agrippa transported the Fallen Lion, a work of Lysippus; and he dedicated it in the sacred precinct between the Lake and the Euripus.⁹⁴

[20] After Lampsacus come Abydus and the intervening places of which the poet, who comprises with them the territory of Lampsacus and part of the territory of Parium (for these two cities were not yet in existence in the Trojan times), speaks as follows:

And those who dwelt about Percote and Practius, and held Sestus and Abydus and goodly Arisbe—these in turn were led by Asius, the son of Hyrtacus, . . . who was brought by his sorrel horses from Arisbe, from the River Sellëeis.

⁹⁵In speaking thus, the poet seems to set forth Arisbe, whence he says Asius came, as the royal residence of Asius:

who was brought by his horses from Arisbe, from the River Sellëeis.

But these places⁹⁶ are so obscure that even investigators do not agree about them, except that they are in the neighborhood of Abydus and Lampsacus and Parium, and that the old Percote,⁹⁷ the site, underwent a change of name.

[21] Of the rivers, the Sellëeis flows near Arisbe, as the poet says, if it be true that Asius came both from Arisbe and from the Sellëeis River. The River Practius is indeed in existence, but no city of that name is to be found, as some have wrongly thought. This river also⁹⁸ flows between Abydus and Lampsacus. Accordingly, the words,

and dwelt about Practius,

should be interpreted as applying to a river, as should also those other words,

and those who dwelt beside the goodly Cephisus River,

⁹⁹and

those who had their famed estates about the Parthenius River.

¹⁰⁰There was also a city Arisba in Lesbos, whose territory is occupied by the Methymnaeans. And there is an Arisbus River in Thrace, as I have said before,¹⁰¹ near which are situated the Thracian Cebrenians. There are many names common to the Thracians and the Trojans; for example, there are Thracians called Scaeans, and a river Scaeus, and a Scaean Wall, and at Troy the Scaean Gates. And there are Thracian Xanthians, and in Troy-land a river Xanthus. And in Troy-land there is a river Arisbus which empties into the Hebrus, as also a city Arisbe. And there was a river Rhesus in Troy-land; and there was a Rhesus who was the king of the Thracians. And there is also, of the same name as this Asius, another Asius in Homer,

who was maternal uncle to horse-taming Hector, and own brother to Hecabe, but son of Dymas, who dwelt in Phrygia by the streams of the Sangarius.

¹⁰²

[22] Abydus was founded by Milesians, being founded by permission of Gyges, king of the Lydians; for this district and the whole of the Troad were under his sway; and there is a promontory named Gygas near Dardanus. Abydus lies at the mouth of the Propontis and the Hellespont; and it is equidistant from Lampsacus and Ilium, about one hundred and seventy stadia.¹⁰³ Here, separating Europe and Asia, is the Heptastadium,¹⁰⁴ which was bridged by Xerxes. The European promontory that forms the narrows at the place of the bridge is called the Chersonesus¹⁰⁵ because of its shape. And the place of the bridge lies opposite Abydus. Sestus¹⁰⁶ is the best of the cities in the Chersonesus; and, on account of its proximity to Abydus, it was assigned to the same governor as Abydus in the times when governorships had not yet been delimited by continents. Now although Abydus and Sestus are about thirty stadia distant from one another from harbor to harbor, yet the line of the bridge across the strait is short, being drawn at an angle to that between the two cities, that is, from a point nearer than Abydus to the Propontis on the Abydus side to a point farther away from the Propontis on the Sestus side. Near Sestus is a place named Apobathra,¹⁰⁷ where the pontoon-bridge was attached to the shore. Sestus lies farther in towards the Propontis, farther up the stream that flows out of the Propontis. It is therefore easier to cross over from Sestus, first coasting a short distance to the Tower of Hero and then letting the ships make the passage across by the help of the current. But those who cross over from Abydus must first follow the coast in the opposite direction about eight stadia to a tower opposite Sestus, and then sail across obliquely and thus not have to meet the full force of the current. After the Trojan War Abydus was the home of Thracians, and then of Milesians. But when the cities were burned by Dareius, father of Xerxes, I mean the cities on the Propontis, Abydus shared in the same misfortune. He burned them because he had learned after his return from his attack upon the Scythians that the nomads were making preparations to cross the strait and attack him to avenge their sufferings, and was afraid that the cities would provide means for the passage of their army. And this too, in addition to the other changes and to the lapse of time, is a cause of the confusion into which the topography of the country has fallen. As for Sestus and the Chersonesus in general, I have already spoken of them in my description of the region of Thrace.¹⁰⁸ Theopompus says that Sestus is small but well fortified, and that it is connected with its harbor by a double wall of two plethra,¹⁰⁹ and that for this reason, as also on account of the current, it is mistress of the passage.

[23] Above the territory of the Abydeni, in the Troad, lies Astyra. This city, which is in ruins, now belongs to the Abydeni, but in earlier times it was independent and had gold mines. These mines are now scant, being used up, like those on Mt. Tmolus in the neighborhood of the Pactolus River. From Abydus to the Aesepus the distance is said to be about seven hundred stadia, but less by straight sailing.¹¹⁰

[24] Outside Abydus lies the territory of Ilium—the parts on the shore extending to Lectum, and the places in the Trojan Plain, and the parts on the side of Mt. Ida that were subject to Aeneias. The poet names these last parts in two ways, at one time saying as follows:

The Dardanii in turn were led by the valiant son of Anchises,

¹¹¹calling the inhabitants “Dardanii”; and at another time, “Dardani”:

The Trojans and Lycians and Dardani that fight in close combat.

¹¹²And it is reasonable to suppose that this was in ancient times.the site of the Dardania mentioned by the poet when he says,

At first Dardanus was begotten by Zeus the cloud-gatherer, and he founded Dardania;

¹¹³for at the present time there is not so much as a trace of a city preserved in that territory.¹¹⁴

[25] Plato¹¹⁵ conjectures, however, that after the time of the floods three kinds of civilization were formed: the first, that on the mountain tops, which was simple and wild, when men were in fear of the waters which still deeply covered the plains; the second, that on the foothills, when men were now gradually taking courage because the plains were beginning to be relieved of the waters; and the third, that in the plains. One might speak equally of a fourth and fifth, or even more, but last of all that on the seacoast and in the islands, when men had been finally released from all such fear; for the greater or less courage they took in approaching the sea would indicate several different stages of civilization and manners, first as in the case of the qualities of goodness and wildness, which in some way further served as a foundation for the milder qualities in the second stage. But in the second stage also there is a difference to be noted, I mean between the rustic and semi-rustic and civilized qualities; and, beginning with these last qualities, the gradual assumption of new names ended in the polite and highest culture, in accordance with the change of manners for the better along with the changes in places of abode and in modes of life. Now these differences, according to Plato,¹¹⁶ are suggested by the poet, who sets forth as an example of the first stage of civilization the life of the Cyclopes, who lived on uncultivated fruits and occupied the mountain tops, living in caves: “but all these things,” he says, “grow unsown and unploughed” for them. . . .

And they have no assemblies for council, nor appointed laws, but they dwell on the tops of high mountains in hollow caves, and each is lawgiver to his children and his wives.

¹¹⁷ And as an example of the second stage, the life in the time of Dardanus, who

founded Dardania; for not yet had sacred Ilios been builded to be a city of mortal men, but they were living on the foothills of many-fountained Ida.

¹¹⁸ And of the third stage, the life in the plains in the time of Ilus;¹¹⁹ for he is the traditional founder of Ilium, and it was from him that the city took its name. And it is reasonable to suppose, also, that he was buried in the middle of the plain for this reason—that he was the first to take up his abode in the plains:

And they sped past the tomb of ancient Ilus, son of Dardanus, through the middle of the plain past the wild fig tree.

¹²⁰Yet even Ilus did not have full courage, for he did not found the city at the place where it now is, but about thirty stadia higher up towards the east, and towards Mt. Ida and Dardania, at the place now called “Village of the Ilians.”¹²¹ But the people of the present Ilium, being fond of glory and wishing to show that their Ilium was the ancient city, have offered a troublesome argument to those who base their evidence on the poetry of Homer, for their Ilium does not appear to have been the Homeric city. Other inquirers also find that the city changed its site several times, but at last settled permanently where it now is at about the time of Croesus.¹²² I take for granted, then, that such removals into the parts lower down, which took place in those times, indicate different stages in modes of life and civilization; but this must be further investigated at another time.

[26] It is said that the city of the present Ilians was for a time a mere village, having its temple of Athena, a small and cheap temple, but that when Alexander went up there after his victory at the Granicus¹²³ River he adorned the temple with votive offerings, gave the village the title of city, and ordered those in charge to improve it with buildings, and that he adjudged it free and exempt from tribute; and that later, after the overthrow of the Persians, he sent down a kindly letter to the place, promising to make a great city of it, and to build a magnificent sanctuary, and to proclaim sacred games.¹²⁴ But after his death Lysimachus¹²⁵ devoted special attention to the city, and built a temple there and surrounded the city with a wall about forty stadia in circuit, and also incorporated into it the surrounding cities, which were now old and in bad plight. At that time he had already devoted attention to Alexandreia, which had indeed already been founded by Antigonus and called Antigonia, but had changed its name, for it was thought to be a pious thing for the successors of Alexander to found cities bearing his name before they founded cities bearing their own. And indeed the city endured and grew, and at present it not only has received a colony of Romans but is one of the notable cities of the world.

[27] Also the Ilium of today was a kind of village-city when the Romans first set foot on Asia and expelled Antiochus the Great from the country this side of Taurus. At any rate, Demetrius of Scepsis says that, when as a lad he visited the city about that time, he found the settlement so neglected that the buildings did not so much as have tiled roofs. And Hegesianax says that when the Galatae crossed over from Europe they needed a stronghold and went up into the city for that reason, but left it at once because of its lack of walls. But later it was greatly improved. And then it was ruined again by the Romans under Fimbria, who took it by siege in the course of the Mithridatic war. Fimbria had been sent as quaestor with Valerius Flaccus the consul when the latter was appointed¹²⁶ to the command against Mithridates; but Fimbria raised a mutiny and slew the consul in the neighborhood of Bithynia, and was himself set up as lord of the army; and when he advanced to Ilium, the llians would not admit him, as being a brigand, and therefore he applied force and captured the place on the eleventh day. And when he boasted that he himself had overpowered on the eleventh day the city which Agamemnon had only with difficulty captured in the tenth year, although the latter had with him on his expedition the fleet of a thousand vessels and the whole of Greece, one of the Ilians said: “Yes, for the city’s champion was no Hector.” Now Sulla came over and overthrew Fimbria, and on terms of agreement sent Mithridates away to his homeland, but he also consoled the Ilians by numerous improvements. In my time, however, the deified Caesar¹²⁷ was far more thoughtful of them, at the same time also emulating the example of Alexander; for Alexander set out to provide for them on the basis of a renewal of ancient kinship, and also because at the same time he was fond of Homer; at any rate, we are told of a recension of the poetry of Homer, the Recension of the Casket, as it is called, which Alexander, along with Callisthenes and Anaxarchus, perused and to a certain extent annotated, and then deposited in a richly wrought casket which he had found amongst the Persian treasures.¹²⁸ Accordingly, it was due both to his zeal for the poet and to his descent from the Aeacidae who reigned as kings of the Molossians—where, as we are also told, Andromache, who had been the wife of Hector, reigned as queen—that Alexander was kindly disposed towards the Ilians. But Caesar, not only being fond of Alexander, but also having better known evidences of kinship with the llians, felt encouraged to bestow kindness upon them with all the zest of youth: better known evidences, first, because he was a Roman, and because the Romans believe Aeneias to have been their original founder; and secondly, because the name Iulius was derived from that of a certain Iulus who was one of his ancestors,¹²⁹ and this Iulus got his appellation from the Iulus who was one of the descendants of Aeneas. Caesar therefore allotted territory to them end also helped them to preserve their freedom and their immunity from taxation; and to this day they remain in possession of these favors. But that this is not the site of the ancient Ilium, if one considers the matter in accordance with Homer’s account, is inferred from the following considerations. But first I must give a general description of the region in question, beginning at that point on the coast where I left off.

[28] After Abydus, then, comes the Dardanian Promontory, which I mentioned a little while ago,¹³⁰ and also the city Dardanus, which is seventy stadia distant from Abydus. Between the two places empties the Rhodius River, opposite which, in the Chersonesus, is Cynos-Sema,¹³¹ which is said to be the tomb of Hecabe. But some say that the Rhodius empties into the Aesepus. This too is one of the rivers mentioned by the poet:

Rhesus, Heptaporus, Caresus, and Rhodius.

¹³²Dardanus was an ancient settlement, but it was held in such contempt that it was oftentimes transplanted by some of the kings to Abydus and then resettled again by others on the ancient site. It was here that Cornelius Sulla, the Roman commander, and Mithridates surnamed Eupator met and arranged the terms for the conclusion of the war.

[29] Near by is Ophrynium, near which, in a conspicuous place, is the sacred precinct of Hector.¹³³ And next comes the Lake¹³⁴ of Pteleos.

[30] Then come Rhoeteium, a city situated on a hill, and, adjacent to Rhoeteium, a low-lying shore, on which are a tomb and temple of Aias, and also a statue of him, which was taken up by Antony and carried of to Aegypt; but Augustus Caesar gave it back again to the Rhoeteians, just as he gave back other statues to their owners. For Antony took away the finest dedications from the most famous temples, to gratify the Egyptian woman,¹³⁵ but Augustus gave them back to the gods.

[31] After Rhoeteium come Sigeium, a destroyed city, and the Naval Station and the Harbor of the Achaeans and the Achaean Camp and Stomalimne,¹³⁶ as it is called, and the outlets of the Scamander; for after the Simoeis and the Scamander meet in the plain, they carry down great quantities of alluvium, silt up the coat, and form a blind mouth, lagoons, and marshes. Opposite the Sigeian Promontory on the Chersonesus are Eleussa¹³⁷ and the temple of Protesilaüs, both of which I have mentioned in my description of Thrace.¹³⁸

[32] The length of this coast, I mean on a straight voyage from Rhoeteium to Sigeium, and the monument of Achilles, is sixty stadia; and the whole of it lies below Ilium, not only the present Ilium, from which, at the Harbor of the Achaeans, it is about twelve stadia distant, but also the earlier Ilium, which lies thirty stadia farther inland in the direction of Mt. Ida. Now there are a temple and a monument of Achilles near Sigeium, as also monuments of Patroclus and Antilochus; and the Ilians offer sacrifices to all four heroes, both to these and to Aias. But they do not honor Heracles, giving as their reason his sacking of the city. But one might say that, although Heracles did sack it, yet he sacked it in such a way as still to leave it a city, even though damaged, for those who were later to sack it utterly; and for this reason the poet states it thus:

He sacked the city of Ilios and widowed her streets;

¹³⁹for “widowed” means a loss of the male population, not a complete annihilation. But the others, whom they think fit to worship with sacrifices and to honor as gods, completely annihilated the city. Perhaps they might give as their reason for this that these waged a just war, whereas Heracles waged an unjust one “on account of the horses of Laomedon.”¹⁴⁰ But writers set over against this reason the myth that it was not on account of the horses but of the reward offered for Hesione and the sea-monster.¹⁴¹ But let us disregard these reasons, for they end merely in controversies about myths. And perhaps we fail to notice certain more credible reasons why it occurred to the Ilians to honor some and not others. And it appears that the poet, in what he says about Heracles, represents the city as small, if it be true that

with only six ships and fewer men he sacked the city of Ilium.

¹⁴²And it is clearly shown by this statement that Priam became great and king of kings from a small beginning, as I have said before.¹⁴³ Advancing a little farther along this shore, one comes to the Achaeïum, where begins the part of the mainland that belongs to Tenedos.

[33] Such, are the places on the sea. Above these lies the Trojan Plain, which extends inland for many stadia in the direction of the east as far as Mt. Ida. The part of this plain alongside the mountain is narrow, extending on one side towards the south as far as the region of Scepsis, and on the other towards the north as far as the Lycians of Zeleia. This is the country which the poet makes subject to Aeneias and the sons of Antenor, calling it Dardania; and below this is Cebrenia, which is level for the most part and lies approximately parallel to Dardania; and in it there was once a city called Cebrene.¹⁴⁴ Demetrius suspects that the territory of Ilium subject to Hector extended inland from the naval station as far a Cebrenia, for he says that the tomb of Alexander¹⁴⁵ is pointed out there, as also that of Oenone, who, according to historians, had been the wife of Alexander before he carried off Helen. And, he continues, the poet mentions

Cebriones, bastard son of glorious Priam,

¹⁴⁶after whom, as one may suppose, the country was named—or the city too, which is more plausible; and Cebrenia extends as far as the territory of Scepsis; and the Scamander, which flows between, is the boundary; and the Cebreni and Scepsians were always hostile to one another and at war until Antigonus settled both peoples together in Antigonia, as it was then called, or Alexandreia, as it is now called; now the Cebreni, he adds, remained with the rest in Alexandreia, but the Scepsians, by permission of Lysimachus, went back to their homeland.

[34] From the mountain range of Ida in this region, according to Demetrius, two spurs extend to the sea, one straight to Rhoeteium and the other straight to Sigeium, forming together a semicircular line, and they end in the plain at the same distance from the sea as the present Ilium; this Ilium, accordingly, lies between the ends of the two spurs mentioned, whereas the old settlement lies between their beginnings; and, he adds, the spurs include both the Simoeisian Plain, through which the Simoeis runs, and the Scamandrian Plain, through which the Scamander flows. This is called the Trojan Plain in the special sense of the term; and here it is that the poet represents most of the fights as taking place, for it is wider; and here it is that we see pointed out the places named by the poet Erineus,¹⁴⁷ the tomb of Aesyetes,¹⁴⁸ Batieia,¹⁴⁹ and the monument of Ilus.¹⁵⁰ The Scamander and Simoeis Rivers, after running near to Sigeium and Rhoeteium respectively, meet a little in front of the present Ilium, and then issue towards Sigeium and form Stomalimne,¹⁵¹ as it is called. The two plains above mentioned are separated from each other by a great neck of land which runs in a straight line between the aforesaid spurs, starting from the present Ilium, with which it is connected, and stretches as far as Cebrenia and, along with the spur’s on either side,¹⁵² forms a complete letter .¹⁵³

[35] A little above this¹⁵⁴ is the Village of the Ilians, where the ancient Ilium is thought to have been situated in earlier times, at a distance of thirty stadia from the present city. And ten stadia above the Village of the Ilians is Callicolone, a hill, past which, at a distance of five stadia, flows the Simoeis. It therefore becomes easy to understand, first, the reference to Ares:

And over against her leaped Ares, like unto a dreadful whirlwind, in shrill tones cheering the Trojans from the topmost part of the city, and now again as he sped alongside Simoeis o’er Callicolone;

¹⁵⁵for if the battle was fought on the Scamandrian Plain, it is plausible that Ares should at one time shout his cheers from the acropolis and at another from the region near the Simoeis and Callicolone, up to which, in all probability, the battle would have extended. But since Callicolone is forty stadia distant from the present llium, for what useful purpose would the poet have taken in places so far away that the line of battle could not have reached them? Again, the words,

And towards Thymbra fell the lot of the Lycians,

¹⁵⁶are more suitable to the ancient settlement, for the plain of Thymbra is near it, as also the Thymbrius River, which flows through the plain and empties into the Scamander at the temple of the Thymbraean Apollo, but Thymbra is actually fifty stadia distant from the present Ilium, And again, Erineus,¹⁵⁷ a place that is rugged and full of wild fig trees, lies at the foot of the ancient site, so that Andromache might appropriately say,

Stay thy host beside Erineus, where best the city can be approached and the wall scaled,

¹⁵⁸but Erineus stands at a considerable distance from the present Ilium. Further, a little below Erineus is Phegus,¹⁵⁹ in reference to which Achilles says,

But so long as I was carrying on war amid the Achaeans, Hector was unwilling to rouse battle away from the wall, but would come only as far as the Scaean Gates and Phegus.

¹⁶⁰

[36] However, the Naval Station, still now so called, is so near the present Ilium that one might reasonably wonder at the witlessness of the Greeks and the faintheartedness of the Trojans; witlessness, if the Greeks kept the Naval Station unwalled for so long a time, when they were near to the city and to so great a multitude, both that in the city and that of the allies; for Homer says that the wall had only recently been built (or else it was not built at all, but fabricated and then abolished by the poet, as Aristotle says); and faintheartedness, if the Trojans, when the wall was built, could besiege it and break into the Naval Station itself and attack the ships, yet did not have the courage to march up and besiege the station when it was still unwalled and only a slight distance away; for it is near Sigeium, and the Scamander empties near it, at a distance of only twenty stadia from Ilium. But if one shall say that the Harbor of Achaeans, as it is now called, is the Naval Station, he will be speaking of a place that is still closer, only about twelve stadia distant from the city, even if one includes the plain by the sea, because the whole of this plain is a deposit of the rivers—I mean the plain by the sea in front of the city; so that, if the distance between the sea and the city is now twelve stadia, it must have been no more than half as great at that time. Further, the feigned story told by Odysseus to Eumaeus clearly indicates that the distance from the Naval Station to the city is great, for after saying,

as when we led our ambush beneath the walls of Troy,

¹⁶¹ he adds a little below,

for we went very far from the ships.

¹⁶²And spies are sent forth to find whether the Trojans will stay by the ships “far away,” far separated from their own walls,

or will withdraw again to the city.

¹⁶³And Polydamas says,

on both sides, friends, bethink ye well, for I, on my own part, bid you now to go to the city; afar from the walls are we.

¹⁶⁴Demetrius cites also Hestiaea of Alexandreia as a witness, a woman who wrote a work on Homer’s Iliad and inquired whether the war took place round the present Ilium and the Trojan Plain, which latter the poet places between the city and the sea; for, she says, the plain now to be seen in front of the present Ilium is a later deposit of the rivers.

[37] Again, Polites,

who was wont to sit as a sentinel of the Trojans, trusting in his fleetness of foot, on the topmost part of the barrow of aged Aesyetes,

¹⁶⁵was doing a foolish thing, for even though he sat on the topmost part of it, still he might have kept watch from the much greater height of the acropolis, at approximately the same distance, with no need of fleetness of foot for safety; for the barrow of Aesyetes now pointed out is five stadia distant on the road to Alexandreia. Neither is the “clear running space”¹⁶⁶ of Hector round the city easy to understand, for the present Ilium has no “clear running space,” on account of the ridge that joins it. The ancient city, however, has a “clear running space” round it.

[38] But no trace of the ancient city survives; and naturally so, for while the cities all round it were sacked, but not completely destroyed, yet that city was so utterly demolished that all the stones were taken from it to rebuild the others. At any rate, Archaeanax of Mitylene is said to have built a wall round Sigeium with stones taken from there. Sigeium was seized by Athenians under Phrynon the Olympian victor, although the Lesbians laid claim to almost the whole of the Troad. Most of the settlements in the Troad belong, in fact, to the Lesbians, and some endure to this day, while others have disappeared. Pittacus of Mitylene, one of the Seven Wise Men, as they are called, sailed against Phrynon the general¹⁶⁷ and for a time carried on the war, but with poor management and ill consequences. It was at this time that the poet Alcaeus says that he himself, being sorely pressed in a certain battle, threw away his arms. He addresses his account of it to a certain herald, whom he had bidden to report to the people at home that “Alcaeus is safe, but his arms have been hung up as an offering to Ares by the Attic army in the temple of Athena Glaucopis.”¹⁶⁸ But later, on being challenged to single combat by Phrynon, he took up his fishing-tackle, ran to meet him, entangled him in his fishing net, and stabbed and slew him with trident and dagger. But since the war still went on, Periander was chosen by both sides as arbiter and ended it.

[39] Demetrius says that Timaeus falsifies when he informs us that Periander fortified Achilleium against the Athenians with stones from Ilium, to help the army of Pittacus; for this place, he says, was indeed fortified by the Mitylenaeans against Sigeium, though not with such stones as those, nor yet by Periander. For how could the opponent of the Athenians have been chosen as arbiter? Achilleium is the place where stands the monument of Achilles and is only a small settlement. Sigeium, also, has been razed to the ground by the Ilians, because of its disobedience; for the whole of the coast as far as Dardanus was later subject to the Ilians and is now subject to them. In ancient times the most of it was subject to the Aeolians, so that Ephorus does not hesitate to apply the name Aeolis to the whole of the coast from Abydus to Cyme.¹⁶⁹ Thucydides says that Troy was taken away from the Mitylenaeans by the Athenians in the Pachetian part¹⁷⁰ of the Peloponnesian War.

[40] The present Ilians further tell us that the city was, in fact, not completely wiped out at its capture by the Achaeans and that it was never even deserted. At any rate the Locrian maidens, beginning a little later, were sent every year.¹⁷¹ But this too is non-Homeric, for Homer knows not of the violation of Cassandra, but he says that she was a maiden at about that time,

for he¹⁷² slew Othryoneus, a sojourner in Troy from Cabesus, who had but recently come, following after the rumor of war,¹⁷³ and he was asking Cassandra in marriage, the comeliest of the daughters of Priam, without gifts of wooing,

¹⁷⁴ and yet he does not so much as mention any violation of her or say that the destruction of Aias in the shipwreck took place because of the wrath of Athena or any such cause; instead, he speaks of Aias as “hated by Athena,”¹⁷⁵ in accordance with her general hatred (for since they one and all committed sacrilege against her temple, she was angry at them all), but says that he was destroyed by Poseidon because of his boastful speech.¹⁷⁶ But the fact is that the Locrian maidens were first sent when the Persians were already in power.

[41] So the Ilians tell us, but Homer expressly states that the city was wiped out:

The day shall come when sacred Ilios shall perish;

¹⁷⁷and

surely we have utterly destroyed the steep city of Priam,

¹⁷⁸

by means of counsels and persuasiveness;

¹⁷⁹

and in the tenth year the city of Priam was destroyed.

¹⁸⁰And other such evidences of the same thing are set forth; for example, that the wooden image of Athena now to be seen stands upright, whereas Homer clearly indicates that it was sitting, for orders are given to “put” the robe

upon Athena’s knees

¹⁸¹ Hom. Il. 6.273 (compare

that never should there sit upon his knees a dear child).

¹⁸²For it is better to interpret it¹⁸³ in this way than, as some do, to interpret it as meaning “to put the robe ‘beside’ her knees,” comparing the words

and she sits upon the hearth in the light of the fire,

¹⁸⁴which they take to mean “beside” the hearth. For how could one conceive of the dedication of a robe “beside” the knees? Moreover, others, changing the accent on γούνασιν¹⁸⁵ accenting it γουνάσιν,¹⁸⁶ like θυιάσιν¹⁸⁷ (in whichever of two ways they interpret it), talk on endlessly. . . There are to be seen many of the ancient wooden images of Athena in a sitting posture, as, for example, in Phocaea, Massalia, Rome, Chios, and several other places. Also the more recent writers agree that the city was wiped out, among whom is the orator Lycurgus, who, in mentioning the city of the Ilians, says:

Who has not heard that once for all it was razed to the ground by the Greeks, and is uninhabited?

¹⁸⁸

[42] It is surmised that those who later thought of refounding the city regarded that site as ill-omened, either on account of its misfortune or also because, in accordance with an ancient custom, a curse had been laid upon it by Agamemnon, just as Croesus, after he destroyed Sidene, whither the tyrant Glaucias had fled for refuge, put a curse on any persons who should re-fortify the site; and that they therefore avoided that place and fortified another. Now the Astypalaeans who held possession of Rhoeteium were the first to settle Polium, now called Polisma, on the Simoeis River, but not on a well protected site; and therefore it was soon demolished. It was in the time of the Lydians that the present settlement¹⁸⁹ was founded, as also the temple. It was not a city, however, and it was only after many ages, and gradually, as I have said,¹⁹⁰ that it increased. But Hellanicus, to gratify the Ilians, “such is the spirit of that man,”¹⁹¹ agrees with them that the present Ilium is the same as the ancient. When the city was wiped out, its territory was divided up between the inhabitants of Sigeium and Rhoeteium and several other neighboring peoples, but the territory was given back when the place was refounded.

[43] The epithet “many fountained”¹⁹² is thought to be especially applied to Mt. Ida because of the great number of rivers that flow from it, particularly in those parts below it where lie the territory of Dardanus—even as far as Scepsis—and the region of Ilium. Demetrius, who as a native was acquainted with the topography of the country, says in one place as follows: There is a hill of Ida called Cotylus; and this hill lies about one hundred and twenty stadia above Scepsis; and from it flow the Scamander, the Granicus, and the Aesepus, the two latter flowing towards the north and the Propontis and constituting a collection of streams from several sources, while the Scamander flows towards the west from only one source; and all the sources lie close together, being comprised within a distance of twenty stadia; but the end of the Aesepus stands farthest away from its beginning, approximately five hundred stadia. But it is a matter of argument what the poet means when he says:

And they came to the two fair-flowing streams, where well up the two springs of eddying Scamander; for the one flows with soft water

¹⁹³(that is, with “hot water”), and the poet adds,

and round about a smoke arises from it as if from a blazing fire, whereas the other even in summer flows forth cold as hail or chill snow.

¹⁹⁴But, in the first place, no hot waters are now to be found at the site,¹⁹⁵ and, secondly, the source of the Scamander is not to be found there, but in the mountain; and it has only one source, not two. It is reasonable to suppose, therefore, that the hot spring has given out, and that the cold one is evacuated from the Scamander through an underground passage and rises to the surface here, or else that because of the nearness of the Scamander this water is called a source of the Scamander; for people are wont to ascribe several sources to one and the same river in this way.

[44] The Scamander is joined by the Andirus, which flows from Caresene, a mountainous country settled with many villages and beautifully cultivated; it extends alongside Dardania as far as the regions of Zeleia and Pityeia. It is said that the country was named after the Caresus River, which is named by the poet,

Rhesus, Heptaporus, Caresus, and Rhodius,

¹⁹⁶and that the city of the same name as the river was torn down. Again, Demetrius says as follows: “The Rhesus River is now called Rhoeites, unless it be that the river which empties into the Granicus is the Rhesus. The Heptaporus, also called Polyporus, is crossed seven times by one travelling from the region of the Beautiful Pine to the village called Melaenae and the Asclepieium that was founded by Lysimachus. Concerning the Beautiful Pine, King Attalus the First writes as follows: “Its circumference is twenty-four feet; and its trunk rises to a height of sixty-seven feet from the root and then splits into three forks equidistant from one another, and then contracts again into one head, thus completing a total height of two plethra and fifteen cubits.”¹⁹⁷ It is one hundred and eighty stadia distant from Adramyttium, to the north of it. The Caresus flows from Malus, a place situated between Palaescepsis and the Achaeïum, the part of the mainland that belongs to the Tenedians;¹⁹⁸ and it empties into the Aesepus. The Rhodius flows from Cleandria and Gordus, which are sixty stadia distant from the Beautiful Pine; and it empties into the Aenius.¹⁹⁹

[45] In the dale of the Aesepus, on the left of the stream, one comes first to Polichna, a place enclosed by walls; and then to Palaescepsis; and then to Alizonium (this last name having been fabricated²⁰⁰ to support the hypothesis about the Halizones, whom I have already discussed);²⁰¹ and then to Caresus, which is deserted, and Caresene, and the river of the same name,²⁰² which also forms a notable dale, though smaller than that of the Aesepus; and next follow the plains and plateaux of Zeleia, which are beautifully cultivated. On the right of the Aesepus, between Polichna and Palaescepsis, one comes to Nea²⁰³ Come and Argyria,²⁰⁴ and this again is a name fabricated to support the same hypothesis, in order to save the words,

where is the birthplace of silver.

²⁰⁵Now where is Alybe, or Alope, or however they wish to alter the spelling of the name?²⁰⁶ For having once made their bold venture, they should have rubbed their faces²⁰⁷ and fabricated this name too, instead of leaving it lame and readily subject to detection. Now these things are open to objections of this kind, but, in the case of the others, or at least most of them, I take it for granted that we must give heed to him²⁰⁸ as a man who was acquainted with the region and a native of it, who gave enough thought to this subject to write thirty books of commentary on a little more than sixty lines of Homer, that is, on the Catalogue of the Trojans.²⁰⁹ He says, at any rate, that Palaescepsis is fifty stadia distant from Aenea and thirty from the Aesepus River, and that from this Palaescepsis²¹⁰ the same name was extended to several other sites. But I shall return to the coast at the point where I left off.

[46] After the Sigeian Promontory and the Achilleium one comes to the Achaeïum, the part of the mainland that belongs to the Tenedians;²¹¹ and to Tenedos itself, which is not more than forty stadia distant from the mainland. It is about eighty stadia in circumference, and has an Aeolian city and two harbors and a temple of Sminthian Apollo, as the poet testifies:

And dost rule mightily over Tenedos, O Sminthian.

²¹²Round it lie several small islands, in particular two, which are called the Calydnae and are situated on the voyage to Lectum. And some give the name Calydna to Tenedos itself, while others call it Leucophrys. In it is laid the scene of the myth of Tennes,²¹³ after whom the island was named, as also that of Cycnus, a Thracian by birth and, according to some, father of Tennes and king of Colonae.²¹⁴

[47] Both Larisa and Colonae used to be adjacent to the Achaeïum, formerly being on the part of the mainland that belonged to the Tenedians; and then one comes to the present Chrysa, which was founded on a rocky height above the sea, and to Hamaxitus, which lies below Lectum and adjacent to it. At the present time Alexandreia is adjacent to the Achaeïum; and those other towns, like several others of the strongholds, have been incorporated with Alexandreia, among them Cebrene and Neandria; and Alexandreia holds their territory. But the site on which Alexandreia now lies used to be called Sigia.

[48] In this Chrysa is also the temple of Sminthian Apollo; and the symbol which preserves the etymology of the name,²¹⁵ I mean the mouse, lies beneath the foot of his image. These are the works of Scopas of Paros; and also the history, or myth, about the mice is associated with this place: When the Teucrians arrived from Crete (Callinus the elegiac poet was the first to hand down an account of these people, and many have followed him), they had an oracle which bade them to “stay on the spot where the earth-born should attack them”; and, he says the attack took place round Hamaxitus, for by night a great multitude of field-mice swarmed out of the ground and ate up all the leather in their arms and equipment; and the Teucrians remained there; and it was they who gave its name to Mt. Ida, naming it after the mountain in Crete. Heracleides of Pontus says that the mice which swarmed round the temple were regarded as sacred, and that for this reason the image was designed with its foot upon the mouse. Others say that a certain Teucer came from the deme of Troes, now called Xypeteones, in Attica, but that no Teucrians came from Crete. As a further sign of the close relationship of the Trojans with the people of Attica they record the fact the Erichthonius was one of the original founders on both tribes. Now this is the account of the more recent writer; but more in agreement with Homer are the traces to be seen in the plane of Thebe and in the Chrysa which was once founded there, which I shall soon discuss. The name of Smintheus is used in many places, for in the neighborhood of Hamaxitus itself, apart from the Sminthium at the temple, there are two places called Sminthia; and there are others in the neighboring territory of Larisa. And also in the territory of Parium there is a place called Sminthia, as also in Rhodes and in Lindus and in many other places. And they now call the temple Sminthium. Apart, at any rate,²¹⁶ lie both the Halesian Plain, of no great size, and inland from Lectum, and the Tragasaean salt-pan near Hamaxitus, where salt is naturally caused to congeal by the Etesian winds. On Lectum is to be seen an altar of the twelve gods, said to have been founded by Agamemnon. These places are all in sight of Ilium, at a distance of about two hundred stadia or a little more; and the same is the case with the places round Abydus on the other side, although Abydus is a little closer.

[49] On doubling Lectum one comes next to the most notable cities of the Aeolians, and to the Gulf of Adramyttium, on which the poet obviously places the majority of the Leleges, as also the Cilicians, who were twofold.²¹⁷ Here too is the shore-land of the Mitylenaeans, with certain villages²¹⁸ belonging to the Mitylenaeans who live on the mainland. The same gulf is also called the Idaean Gulf, for the ridge which extends from Lectum to Mt. Ida lies above the first part of the gulf, where the poet represents the Leleges as first settled.²¹⁹

[50] But I have already discussed these matters.²²⁰ I must now add that Homer speaks of a Pedasus, a city of the Leleges, as subject to lord Altes:

Of Altes, who is lord over the war-loving Leleges, who hold steep Pedasus on the Satnioeis.

²²¹And the site of the place, now deserted, is still to be seen. Some write, though wrongly, “at the foot of Satnioeis,”²²² as though the city lay at the foot of a mountain called Satnioeis; but there is no mountain here called Satinoeis, but only a river of that name, on which the city is situated; but the city is now deserted. The poet names the river, for, according to him,

he wounded Satnius with a thrust of his spear, even the son of Oenops, whom a peerless Naiad nymph bore unto Oenops, as he tended his herds by the banks of the Satnioeis;

²²³and again:

And he dwelt by the banks of the fair-flowing Satnioeis in steep Pedasus.

²²⁴And in later times it was called Satnioeis, though some called it Saphnioeis. It is only a large winter torrent, but the naming of it by the poet has made it worthy of mention. These places are continuous with Dardania and Scepsia, and are, as it were, a second Dardania, but it is lower-lying.

[51] To the Assians and the Gargarians now belong all the parts as far as the sea off Lesbos that are surrounded by the territory of Antandrus and that of the Cebrenians and Neandrians and Hamaxitans; for the Antandrians are situated above Hamaxitus, like it being situated inside Lectum, though farther inland and nearer to Ilium, for they are one hundred and thirty stadia distant from Ilium. Higher up than these are the Cebrenians, and still higher up than the latter are the Dardanians, who extend as far as Palaescepsis and Scepsis itself. Antandrus is called by Alcaeus “city of the Leleges”:

First, Antandrus, city of the Leleges

²²⁵ but it is placed by the Scepsian among the cities adjacent to their territory,²²⁶ so that it would fall within the territory of the Cilicians; for the territory of the Cilicians is continuous with that of the Leleges, the former, rather than the latter, marking off the southern flank of Mt. Ida. But still the territory of the Cilicians also lies low and, rather than that of the Leleges, joins the part of the coast that is near Adramyttium.²²⁷ For after Lectum one comes to a place called Polymedium, at a distance of forty stadia; then, at a distance of eighty,²²⁸ to Assus, slightly above the sea; and then, at a distance of one hundred and twenty,²²⁹ to Gargara, which lies on a promontory²³⁰ that forms the Adramyttene Gulf, in the special sense of that term; for the whole of the coast from Lectum to Canae is also called by this same name, in which is also included the Elaïtic Gulf. In the special sense of the term, however, only that part of it is called Adramyttene which is enclosed by that promontory on which Gargara lies and the promontory called Pyrrha, on which the Aphrodisium²³¹ is situated. The breadth of the mouth across from promontory to promontory is a distance of one hundred and twenty stadia. Inside is Antandrus, above which lies a mountain called Alexandreia, where the Judgment of Paris is said to have taken place, as also Aspaneus, the market for the timber from Mt. Ida; for here people bring it down and sell it to those who want it. And then comes Astyra, a village with a precinct sacred to the Astyrene Artemis. And quite near Astyra is Adramyttium, a city colonized by the Athenians, which has both a harbor and a naval station. Outside the gulf and the promontory called Pyrrha lies Cisthene, a deserted city with a harbor. Above it, in the interior, lie the copper mine and Perperene and Trarium and other settlements like these two. On the next stretch of coast one comes to the villages of the Mitylenaeans, I mean Coryphantis and Heracleia; and after these places to Attea, and then to Atarneus and Pitane and the outlets of the Caïcus River; and here we have already reached the Elaïtic Gulf. On the far side of the river lie Elaea and the rest of the gulf as far as Canae. But let me go back and discuss in detail the several places, if anything worthy of mention has been passed over; and first of all, Scepsis.

[52] Palaescepsis lies above Cebren near the highest part of Mt. Ida, near Polichna; and it was then called Scepsis (whether for another reason or from the fact that the place is visible all round, if it is right to derive from Greek words names then used by barbarians),²³² but later the inhabitants were removed sixty stadia²³³ lower down to the present Scepsis by Scamandrius the son of Hector and Ascanius the son of Aeneias; and their two families are said to have held the kingship over Scepsis for a long time. After this they changed to an oligarchy, and then Milesians settled with them as fellow-citizens;²³⁴ and they began to live under a democracy. But the heirs of the royal family none the less continued to be called kings and retained certain prerogatives. Then the Scepsians were incorporated into Alexandreia by Antigonus; and then they were released by Lysimachus and went back to their home-land.

[53] Demetrius thinks that Scepsis was also the royal residence of Aeneias, since it lies midway between the territory subject to Aeneias and Lyrnessus, to which latter he fled, according to Homer’s statement, when he was being pursued by Achilles. At any rate, Achilles says:

Dost thou not remember how from the kine, when thou wast all alone, I made thee run down the Idaean mountains with swift feet? And thence thou didst escape to Lyrnessus, but I rushed in pursuit of thee and sacked it.

²³⁵However, the oft-repeated stories of Aeneias are not in agreement with the account which I have just given of the founders of Scepsis. For according to these stories he survived the war because of his enmity to Priam:

For always he was wroth against goodly Priam, because, although he was brave amid warriors, Priam would not honor him at all;

²³⁶and his fellow-rulers, the sons of Antenor and Antenor himself, survived because of the hospitality shown Menelaüs at Antenor’s house. At any rate, Sophocles²³⁷ says that at the capture of Troy a leopard’s skin was put before the doors of Antenor as a sign that his house was to be left unpillaged; and Antenor and his children safely escaped to Thrace with the survivors of the Heneti, and from there got across to the Adriatic Henetice,²³⁸ as it is called, whereas Aeneias collected a host of followers and set sail with his father Anchises and his son Ascanius; and some say that he took up his abode near the Macedonian Olympus, others that he founded Capyae near Mantineia in Arcadia, deriving the name he gave the settlement from Capys, and others say that he landed at Aegesta in Sicily with Elymus the Trojan and took possession of Eryx and Lilybaeum, and gave the names Scamander and Simoeis to rivers near Aegesta, and that thence he went into the Latin country and made it his abode, in accordance with an oracle which bade him abide where he should eat up his table, and that this took place in the Latin country in the neighborhood of Lavinium, where a large loaf of bread was put down for a table, for want of a better table, and eaten up along with the meats upon it. Homer, however, appears not to be in agreement with either of the two stories, nor yet with the above account of the founders of Scepsis; for he clearly indicates that Aeneias remained in Troy and succeeded to the empire and bequeathed the succession thereto to his sons’ sons, the family of the Priamidae having been wiped out:

For already the race of Priam was hated, by the son of Cronus; and now verily the mighty Aeneias will rule over the Trojans, and his sons’ sons that are hereafter to be born.

²³⁹And in this case one cannot even save from rejection the succession of Scamandrius.²⁴⁰ And Homer is in far greater disagreement with those who speak of Aeneias as having wandered even as far as Italy and make him die there. Some write,

the family of Aeneias will rule over all,²⁴¹ and his sons’ sons,

meaning the Romans.

[54] From Scepsis came the Socratic philosophers Erastus and Coriscus and Neleus the son of Coriscus, this last a man who not only was a pupil of Aristotle and Theophrastus, but also inherited the library of Theophrastus, which included that of Aristotle. At any rate, Aristotle bequeathed his own library to Theophrastus, to whom he also left his school; and he is the first man, so far as I know, to have collected books and to have taught the kings in Egypt how to arrange a library. Theophrastus bequeathed it to Neleus; and Neleus took it to Scepsis and bequeathed it to his heirs, ordinary people, who kept the books locked up and not even carefully stored. But when they heard bow zealously the Attalic kings²⁴² to whom the city was subject were searching for books to build up the library in Pergamum, they hid their books underground in a kind of trench. But much later, when the books had been damaged by moisture and moths, their descendants sold them to Apellicon²⁴³ of Teos for a large sum of money, both the books of Aristotle and those of Theophrastus. But Apellicon was a bibliophile rather than a philosopher; and therefore, seeking a restoration of the parts that had been eaten through, he made new copies of the text, filling up the gaps incorrectly, and published the books full of errors. The result was that the earlier school of Peripatetics who came after Theophrastus had no books at all, with the exception of only a few, mostly exoteric works, and were therefore able to philosophize about nothing in a practical way, but only to talk bombast about commonplace propositions, whereas the later school, from the time the books in question appeared, though better able to philosophise and Aristotelise, were forced to call most of their statements probabilities, because of the large number of errors.²⁴⁴ Rome also contributed much to this; for, immediately after the death of Apellicon, Sulla, who had captured Athens, carried off Apellicon’s library to Rome, where Tyrannion the grammarian, who was fond of Aristotle, got it in his hands by paying court to the librarian, as did also certain booksellers who used bad copyists and would not collate the texts—a thing that also takes place in the case of the other books that are copied for selling, both here²⁴⁵ and at Alexandria. However, this is enough about these men.

[55] From Scepsis came also Demetrius, whom I often mention, the grammarian who wrote a commentary on The Marshalling of the Trojan Forces, and was born at about the same time as Crates and Aristarchus; and later, Metrodorus, a man who changed from his pursuit of philosophy to political life, and taught rhetoric, for the most part, in his written works; and he used a brand-new style and dazzled many. On account of his reputation he succeeded, though a poor man, in marrying brilliantly in Chalcedon; and he passed for a Chalcedonian. And having paid court to Mithridates Eupator, he with his wife sailed away with him to Pontus; and he was treated with exceptional honor, being appointed to the judgeship from which there was no appeal to the king. However, his good fortune did not continue, but he incurred the enmity of men less just than himself and revolted from the king when he was on the embassy to Tigranes the Armenian.²⁴⁶ And Tigranes sent him back against his will to Eupator, who was already in flight from his ancestral realm; but Metrodorus died on the way, whether by order of the king²⁴⁷ or from disease; for both accounts are given of his death. So much for the Scepsians.

[56] After Scepsis come Andeira and Pioniae and the territory of Gargara. There is a stone in the neighborhood of Andeira which, when burned, becomes iron, and then, when heated in a furnace with a certain earth, distils mock-silver;²⁴⁸ and this, with the addition of copper, makes the “mixture,” as it is called, which by some is called “mountaincopper.”²⁴⁹ These are the places which the Leleges occupied; and the same is true of the places in the neighborhood of Assus.

[57] Assus is by nature strong and well-fortified; and the ascent to it from the sea and the harbor is very steep and long, so that the statement of Stratonicus the citharist in regard to it seems appropriate:

Go to Assus, in order that thou mayest more quickly come to the doom of death.

²⁵⁰ The harbor is formed by a great mole. From Assus came Cleanthes, the Stoic philosopher who succeeded Zeno of Citium as head of the school and left it to Chrysippus of Soli. Here too Aristotle tarried, because of his relationship by marriage with the tyrant Hermeias. Hermeias was a eunuch, the slave of a certain banker;²⁵¹ and on his arrival at Athens he became a pupil of both Plato and Aristotle. On his return he shared the tyranny with his master, who had already laid hold of the districts of Atarneus and Assus; and then Hermeias succeeded him and sent for both Aristotle and Xenocrates and took care of them; and he also married his brother’s daughter to Aristotle. Memnon of Rhodes, who was at that time serving the Persians as general, made a pretence of friendship for Hermeias, and then invited him to come for a visit, both in the name of hospitality and at the same time for pretended business reasons; but he arrested him and sent him up to the king, where he was put to death by hanging. But the philosophers safely escaped by flight from the districts above-mentioned, which were seized by the Persians.

[58] Myrsilus²⁵² says that Assus was founded by the Methymnaeans; and Hellanicus too calls it an Aeolian city, just as also Gargara and Lamponia belonged to the Aeolians. For Gargara was founded by the Assians; but it was not well peopled, for the kings brought into it colonists from Miletopolis when they devastated that city, so that instead of Aeolians, according to Demetrius of Scepsis, the inhabitants of Gargara became semi-barbarians. According to Homer, however, all these places belonged to the Leleges, who by some are represented to be Carians, although by Homer they are mentioned apart:

Towards the sea are the Carians and the Paeonians of the curved bow and the Leleges and the Cauconians.

²⁵³They were therefore a different people from the Carians; and they lived between the people subject to Aeneias and the people whom the poet called Cilicians, but when they were pillaged by Achilles they migrated to Caria and took possession of the district round the present Halicarnassus.²⁵⁴

[59] However, the city Pedasus, now abandoned by them, is no longer in existence; but in the inland territory of the Halicarnassians there used to be a city Pedasa, so named by them; and the present territory is called Pedasis. It is said that as many as eight cities were settled in this territory by the Leleges, who in earlier times were so numerous that they not only took possession of that part of Caria which extends to Myndus and Bargylia, but also cut off for themselves a large portion of Pisidia. But later, when they went out on expeditions with the Carians, they became distributed throughout the whole of Greece, and the tribe disappeared. Of the eight cities, Mausolus²⁵⁵ united six into one city, Halicarnassus, as Callisthenes tells us, but kept Syangela and Myndus as they were. These are the Pedasians of whom Herodotus²⁵⁶ says that when any misfortune was about to come upon them and their neighbors, the priestess of Athena would grow a beard; and that this happened to them three times. And there is also a small town called Pedasum in the present territory of Stratoniceia. And throughout the whole of Caria and in Miletus are to be seen tombs, fortifications, and traces of settlements of the Leleges.

[60] After the Leleges, on the next stretch of coast, lived the Cilicians, according to Homer; I mean the stretch of coast now held by the Adramytteni and Atarneitae and Pitanaei, as far as the outlet of the Caïcus. The Cilicians, as I have said,²⁵⁷ were divided into two dynasties,²⁵⁸ one subject to Eëtion and one to Mynes.

[61] Now Homer calls Thebe the city of Eëtion:

We went into Thebe, the sacred city of Eëtion;

²⁵⁹and he clearly indicates that also Chrysa, which had the temple of Sminthian Apollo, belonged to Eëtion, if it be true that Chryseïs was taken captive at Thebe, for he says,

We went into Thebe, and laid it waste and brought hither all the spoil. And this they divided aright among themselves, but they chose out Chryseïs for the son of Atreus;

²⁶⁰and that Lyrnessus belonged to Mynes, since Achilles

laid waste Lyrnessus and the walls of Thebe

²⁶¹and slew both Mynes and Epistrophus; so that when Briseïs says,

thou wouldst not even let me,²⁶² when swift Achilles slew my husband and sacked the city of divine Mynes,

²⁶³Homer cannot mean Thebe (for this belonged to Eëtion), but Lyrnessus. Both were situated in what was afterwards called the Plain of Thebe, which, on account of its fertility, is said to have been an object of contention between the Mysians and Lydians in earlier times, and later between the Greeks who colonized it from Aeolis and Lesbos. But the greater part of it is now held by the Adramytteni, for here lie both Thebe and Lyrnessus, the latter a natural stronghold; but both places are deserted. From Adramyttium the former is distant sixty stadia and the latter eighty-eight, in opposite directions.²⁶⁴

[62] In the territory of Adramyttium lie also Chrysa and Cilla. At any rate there is still today a place near Thebe called Cilla, where is a temple of the Cillaean Apollo; and the Cillaeus River, which runs from Mt. Ida, flows past it. These places lie near the territory of Antandrus. The Cillaeum in Lesbos is named after this Cilla; and there is also a Mt. Cillaeum between Gargara and Antandrus. Daës of Colonae says that the temple of the Cillaean Apollo was first founded in Colonae by the Aeolians who sailed from Greece; it is also said that a temple of Cillaean Apollo was established at Chrysa, though it is not clear whether he is the same as the Sminthian Apollo or distinct from him.

[63] Chrysa was a small town on the sea, with a harbor; and near by, above it, lies Thebe. Here too was the temple of the Sminthian Apollo; and here lived Chryseïs. But the place is now utterly deserted; and the temple was transferred to the present Chrysa near Hamaxitus when the Cilicians were driven out, partly to Pamphylia²⁶⁵ and partly to Hamaxitus. Those who are less acquainted with ancient history say that it was at this Chrysa that Chryses and Chryseïs lived, and that Homer mentions this place; but, in the first place, there is no harbor here, and yet Homer says,

And when they had now arrived inside the deep harbor;

²⁶⁶and, secondly, the temple is not on the sea, though Homer makes it on the sea;

and out from the seafaring ship stepped Chryseïs. Here then did Odysseus of many wiles lead to the altar, and place in the arms of her dear father;

²⁶⁷neither is it near Thebe, though Homer makes it near; at any rate, he speaks of Chryseïs as having been taken captive there. Again, neither is there any place called Cilla to be seen in the territory of the Alexandreians, nor any temple of Cillaean Apollo; but the poet couples the two,

who dost stand over Chrysa and sacred Cilla.

²⁶⁸But it is to be seen near by in the Plain of Thebe. And the voyage from the Cilician Chrysa to the Naval Station is about seven hundred stadia, approximately a day’s voyage, such a distance, obviously, as that sailed by Odysseus;²⁶⁹ for immediately upon disembarking he offered the sacrifice to the god, and since evening overtook him he remained on the spot and sailed away the next morning. But the distance from Hamaxitus is scarcely a third of that above mentioned, so that Odysseus could have completed the sacrifice and sailed back to the Naval Station on the same day. There is also a tomb of Cillus in the neighborhood of the temple of the Cillaean Apollo, a great barrow. He is said to have been the charioteer of Pelops and to have ruled over this region; and perhaps it was after him that Cilicia was named, or vice versa.

[64] Now the story of the Teucrians and the mice—whence the epithet “Sminthian,”²⁷⁰ since “sminthi” means “mice”—must be transferred to this place. And writers excuse this giving of epithets from small creatures by such examples as the following: It is from locusts,²⁷¹ they say, which the Oetaeans call “cornopes,” that Heracles is worshipped among the Oetaeans as “Cornopion,” for ridding them of locusts; and he is worshipped among the Erythraeans who live in Mimas as “Ipoctonus,”²⁷² because he is the destroyer of the vine-eating ips;²⁷³ and in fact, they add, these are the only Erythraeans in whose country this creature is not to be found. And the Rhodians, who call erysibe²⁷⁴ “erythibe,” have a temple of Apollo “Erythibius” in their country; and among the Aeolians in Asia a certain month is called Pornopion, since the Boeotians so call the locusts, and a sacrifice is offered to Apollo Pornopion.

[65] Now the territory round Adramyttium is Mysian, though it was once subject to the Lydians; and today there is a gate in Adramyttium which is called the Lydian Gate because, as they say, the city was founded by Lydians. And they say that the neighboring village Astyra belongs to Mysia. It was once a small town, where, in a sacred precinct, was the temple of the Astyrene Artemis, which was superintended, along with holy rites, by the Antandrians, who were its nearer neighbors. It is twenty stadia distant from the ancient Chrysa, which also had its temple in a sacred precinct. Here too was the Palisade of Achilles. And in the interior, fifty stadia away, is Thebe, now deserted, which the poet speaks of as “beneath wooded Placus”;²⁷⁵ but, in the first place, the name “Placus” or “Plax” is not found there at all, and, secondly, no wooded place lies above it, though it is near Mt. Ida. Thebe is as much as seventy stadia distant from Astyra and sixty from Andeira. But all these are names of deserted or scantily peopled places, or of winter torrents; and they are often mentioned only because of their ancient history.

[66] Both Assus and Adramyttium are notable cities. But misfortune befell Adramyttium in the Mithridatic War, for the members of the city council were slaughtered, to please the king, by Diodorus²⁷⁶ the general, who pretended at the same time to be a philosopher of the Academy, a dispenser of justice, and a teacher of rhetoric. And indeed he also joined the king on his journey to Pontus; but when the king was overthrown he paid the penalty for his misdeeds; for many charges were brought against him, all at the same time, and, being unable to bear the ignominy, he shamefully starved himself to death, in my own city. Another inhabitant of Adramyttium was the famous orator Xenocles,²⁷⁷ who belonged to the Asiatic school and was as able a debater a ever lived, having even made a speech on behalf of Asia before the Senate,²⁷⁸ at the time when Asia was accused of Mithridatism.

[67] Near Astyra is an abysmal lake called Sapra, which has an outbreak into a reefy seashore. Below Andeira is a temple sacred to the Andeirene Mother of the gods, and also a cave that runs underground as far as Palaea. Palaea is a settlement so named,²⁷⁹ at a distance of one hundred and thirty stadia from Andeira. The underground passage became known through the fact that a goat fell into the mouth of it and was found on the following day near Andeira by a shepherd who happened to have come to make sacrifice. Atarneus is the abode of the tyrant Hermeias; and then one comes to Pitane, an Aeolic city, which has two harbors, and the Evenus River, which flows past it, whence the aqueduct has been built by the Adramytteni. From Pitane came Arcesilaüs, of the Academy, a fellow-student with Zeno of Citium under Polemon. In Pitane there is also a place on the sea called “Atameus below Pitane,” opposite the island called Eleussa. It is said that in Pitane bricks float on water, as is also the case with a certain earth²⁸⁰ in Tyrrhenia, for the earth is lighter than an equal bulk of water, so that it floats. And Poseidonius says that in Iberia he saw bricks moulded from a clay-like earth, with which silver is cleaned, and that they floated on water. After Pitane one comes to the Caïcus River, which empties at a distance of thirty stadia into the Elaïtic Gulf, as it is called. On the far side of the Caïcus, twelve stadia distant from the river, is Elaea, an Aeolic city, which also is a seaport of the Pergamenians, being one hundred and twenty stadia distant from Pergamum.

[68] Then, at a distance of a hundred stadia, one comes to Cane, the promontory which rises opposite Lectum and forms the Adramyttene Gulf, of which the Elaïtic gulf is a part. Canae is a small town of Locrians from Cynus, and lies in the Canaean territory opposite the southernmost ends of Lesbos. This territory extends as far as the Arginussae Islands and the promontory above them, which some call Aega, making it the same as the word for the animal;²⁸¹ but the second syllable should be pronounced long, that is, “Aega,” like Acta and Archa, for Aega used to be the name of the whole of the mountain which is now called Cane or Canae. The mountain is surrounded on the south and west by the sea, and on the east by the plain of the Caïcus, which lies below it, and on the north by the territory of Elaea. This mountain forms a fairly compact mass off to itself, though it slopes towards the Aegaean Sea, whence it got its name.²⁸² Later the promontory itself was called Aega, as in Sappho,²⁸³ but the rest was called Cane or Canae.

[69] Between Elaea, Pitane, Atarneus, and Pergamum lies Teuthrania, which is at no greater distance than seventy stadia from any of them and is this side the Caïcus River; and the story told is that Teuthras was king of the Cilicians and Mysians. Euripides²⁸⁴ says that Auge, with her child Telephus, was put by Aleus, her father, into a chest and submerged in the sea when he had detected her ruin by Heracles, but that by the providence of Athena the chest was carried across the sea and cast ashore at the mouth of the Caïcus, and that Teuthras rescued the prisoners, and treated the mother as his wife and the child as his own son.²⁸⁵ Now this is the myth, but there must have been some other issue of fortune through which the daughter of the Arcadian consorted with the king of the Mysians and her son succeeded to his kingdom. It is believed, at any rate, that both Teuthras and Telephus reigned as kings over the country round Teuthrania and the Caïcus, though Homer goes only so far as to mention the story thus:

But what a man was the son of Telephus, the hero Eurypylus, whom he slew with the bronze; and round him were slain many comrades, Ceteians, on account of a woman’s gifts.

²⁸⁶The poet thus sets before us a puzzle instead of making a clear statement; for we neither know whom we should understand the poet to mean by the “Ceteians” nor what he means by “on account of the gifts of a woman”;²⁸⁷ but the grammarians too throw in petty myths, more to show their inventiveness than to solve questions.

[70] However, let us dismiss these; and let us, taking that which is more obvious, say that, according to Homer, Eurypylus clearly reigned in the region of the Caïcus, so that perhaps a part of the Cilicians were subject to him, in which case there were three dynasties among them and not merely two.²⁸⁸ This statement is supported by the fact that there is to be seen in the territory of Elaea a torrential stream called the Ceteius; this empties into another like it, and this again into another, and they all end in the Caïcus. But the Caïcus does not flow from Ida, as Bacchylides²⁸⁹ states; neither is Euripides correct in saying that Marsyas

dwells in widely famed Celaenae, in the farthermost region of Ida;

²⁹⁰ for Celaenae is very far from Ida, and the sources of the Caïcus are also very far, for they are to be seen in a plain. Temnus is a mountain which forms the boundary between this plain and the Plain of Apia, as it is called, which lies in the interior above the Plain of Thebe. From Temnus flows a river called Mysius, which empties into the Caïcus below its sources; and it was from this fact, as some interpret the passage, that Aeschylus said at the opening of the prologue to the Myrmidons,

Oh! thou Caïcus and ye Mysian in-flows.

²⁹¹Near the sources is a village called Gergitha, to which Attalus transferred the Gergithians of the Troad when he had destroyed their place.

Notes on the current edition

Geography

1. Satal-dere.

2. The Troad is called Biga by the Turks, from the name of a town which now commands that district. Biga is the ancient Sidene.

3. Kodscha-Tschai. Oustvola. Gossellin.

4. The ruins of Abydos are on the eastern side of the Hellespont, near a point called Nagara. Sestos, of which the ruins also exist, called Zemenic, are on the opposite coast.

5. Baba Kalessi.

6. Eski Stamboul, or Old Constantinople.

7. Bakir-Tschai, or Germasti.

8. Beiram-koi, or Asso, or Adschane.

9. Edremid or Adramytti.

10. Dikeli-koi.

11. Tschandarlik.

12. Mytilene.

13. Lamurt-koi.

14. Gedis-Tschai.

15. Karadscha-Fokia.

16. The return of the Heracleidae having taken place, according to Thucydides and other writers, eighty years after the capture of Troy, some critics have imagined that the text of Strabo in this passage should be changed from ἑξήκοντα ἔτεσι, sixty years, to όγδοήκοντα ἔτεσι, eighty years. Thucydides, in the same chapter, and in the space of a few lines, speaks of the return of the Boeotians to their own country, as having taken place sixty years after the capture of Troy; and of the return of the Heracleidae to the Peloponnesus, as having taken place eighty years after the same event; it is probable that Strabo, who followed Thucydides, substituted, through inattention, one number for another.

17. Kamaraes, or Kemer. (Kamar, Arab. the Moon.)

18. Near Mussatsch-Koi.

19. Il. xiv. 283.

20. The passage in brackets Meineke suspects to be an interpolation, as Rhesus and Heptaporus cannot be placed in this part of Ida, nor do any of the streams mentioned by Homer in the same passage flow into the Aegean Sea.

21. Il. xii. 19.

22. Il. ii. 824.

23. The whole range of Ida now bears various names: the highest summit is called Kas-dagh. Gossellin says that the range is called Karadagh, but this name (black mountain) like Kara-su (Black river) and Kara-Koi (Black village) are so commonly applied that they amount to no distinction; in more modern maps this name does not appear. It may be here observed that the confusion of names of those parts in the Turkish empire which were formerly under the Greeks, arises from the use of names in both languages.

24. Il. xiv. 292.

25. The Gulf of Edremid or Jalea, the ancient Elea.

26. The meridian, according to our author’s system, passing through Constantinople, Rhodes, Alexandria, Syene, and Meröe.

27. Il. ix. 328.

28. Od. xviii. 518.

29. Il. ix. 129.

30. Il. xx. 92.

31. Il. ii. 691.

32. Il. ii. 690.

33. Il. xix. 295.

34. Il. i. 366.

35. Il. vi. 395.

36. Il. xxi. 86.

37. Il. iii. 816.

38. Il. ii. 819.

39. Il. xx. 83.

40. Il. ii. 824.

41. Il. i. 835.

42. Il. iv. 499.

43. Bergas.

44. Il. xv. 546.

45. Il. ii. 831.

46. So that Cilicia was divided into three principalities, as Strabo observes below, c. i. § 70. But perhaps this division was only invented for the purpose of completing the number of the nine principalities, for Strabo above, c. i. § 2, speaks in a manner to let us suppose that other authors reckoned eight only. However this may be, the following is the number of the dynasties or principalities established by our author. 1. That of Mynes; 2. that of Eetion, both in Cilicia; 3. that of Altes; 4. that of Hector; 5. that of Aeneas; 6. that of Pandarus; 7. that of Asius; 8. that of the son of Merops; 9. that of Eurypylus, also in Cilicia. Coraÿ.

47. Granting to Priam the sovereignty of the districts just mentioned by Strabo, his dominion extended over a country about twenty maritime leagues in length and the same in breadth. It would be impossible to determine the exact limits of these different districts, but it is seen that

The Trojans, properly so called, occupied the basin of the Scamander (Menderes-Tschai).

The Cilicians, commanded by Eetion, occupied the territory which surrounds the present Gulf of Adramytti.

The Cilicians of Mynes were to the south of the above.

The Leleges extended along a part of the northern coast of the Gulf of Adramytti, from Cape Baba.

The Dardanians were above the Trojans, and the chain of Ida. On the north, extending on both sides of the Hellespont, were the people of Arisbe, Sestos, and Abydos.

The people of Adrasteia occupied the Propontis, as far as the Granicus.

The Lycians, the country beyond, as far as the Aesepus and Zeleia.

Strabo mentioned a ninth (c. i. § 2) principality subject to Priam; he does not mention it by name, or rather it is wanting in the text. M. de Choiseul-Gouffier, (Voyage Pittoresque de la Gréce, vol. ii.,) with much probability, thinks that this principality was that of the island of Lesbos. Gossellin.

48. Il. xxiv. 543.

49. Il. ii. 824.

50. M. Falconer prétend qu’ au lieu de 80 stades il faut lire 180.—Nos cartes modernes confirment la conjecture de M. Falconer. Gossellin.

51. Il. ii. 828.

52. Karadere.

53. For σκάοͅθων in the text—read ὁ δ’ ἐκ. . . . . εἰς σάροͅδωνα. Meineke, who however suspects the whole passage to be an interpolation.

54. Peor Apis, or Baal Peor?

55. Lapsaki or Lampsaki.

56. The reading is very doubtful.

57. Marmara, from the marble, μάρμαρον, found there.

58. Gallipoli.

59. Beiram-dere.

60. Il. ii. 328.

61. Il. v.612.

62. The same person probably as Cephalion, author of a History of the Trojan War.

63. Neoptolemus composed a glossary, or dictionary, divided into several books.

64. Charon was the author of a History of the Persian War, and of the Annals of Lampsacus.

65. Adeimantes was probably one of the courtiers of Demetrius Poliorcetes.

66. Anaximenes was the author of a History of Early Times, and of a work entitled, The Death of Kings. The Rhetoric addressed to Alexander, now known as The Rhetoric of Aristotle, has been ascribed to him. For the above see Athaenaeus.

67. Called Stagnum Agrippe in Tacit. Ann. b. xv. c. 37.

68. Il. ii. 835.

69. Il. iv. 522.

70. Il. ii. 254.

71. The Maritza in Roumelia.

72. Il. xvi. 717.

73. A bridge of boats which could be unfixed at pleasure for the passage of vessels.

74. Meineke reads κοͅατίστη, the strongest fortified, instead of ἀρίστη.

75. Il. ii. 819.

76. Il. xv. 425.

77. The ancient Dardania in the interior; a second Dardania was afterwards built on the sea-coast.

78. Il. xx. 215.

79. Od. ix 109, 112.

80. Il. xx. 216.

81. Il. xi. 166.

82. According to Arrian and Plutarch, it was before his victory.

83. A native of Alexandreia-Troas and a grammarian; he was the author of Commentaries on various authors and of a History of the Trojan War.— Athoeneus.

84. According to Pliny, b. vii. 29, this casket contained the perfumes of Darius, unguentorum scrinium. According to Plutarch, (Life of Alexander,) the poem of Homer was the Iliad revised and corrected by Aristotle. From what Strabo here says of Callisthenes and Anaxarchus, we may probably understand a second revision made by them under inspection of Alexander.

85. Called above, § 22, Cape Dardanium (Cape Barber). Pliny gives the name Dardanium to the town which Herodotus and Strabo call Dardanus, and places it at an equal distance from Rhoeteium and Abydos. The modern name Dardanelles is derived from it.

86. The name was given, it is said, in consequence of the imprecations of Hecuba on her captors. Others say that Hecuba was transformed into a bitch. The tomb occupied the site of the present castle in Europe called by the Turks Kilid-bahr.

87. Pliny states that in his time there were no traces of the Rhodius, nor of the other rivers mentioned by Strabo in following Homer. According to others, the Rhodius is the torrent which passes by the castle of the Dardanelles in Asia, called by the Turks Sultan-kalessi, and therefore cannot unite with the Aesepus.

88. Ienischer.

89. The Scamander no longer unites with the Simoïs, and for a considerable length of time has discharged itself into the Archipelago. The ancient mouth of these rivers preserve, however, the name Menderé, which is an evident alteration of Scamander, and the name Menderé has also become that of the ancient Simoïs. It is to be observed that Demetrius of Scepsis, whose opinions on what regards these rivers and the position of Troy are quoted by Strabo, constantly takes the Simoïs or Mender??é for the Scamander of Homer. The researches of M. de Choiseul-Gouffier on the Troad appear to me clearly to demonstrate that Demetrius of Scepsis is mistaken.— Gossellin.

90. The temple or tomb of Protesilaus, one of the Greek princes who went to the siege of Troy, and the first who was killed on disembarking. Artayctes, one of the generals of Xerxes, pillaged the temple and profaned it by his debauchery. According to Herodotus, (b. ix. 115,) who narrates the circumstance, the temple and the tomb of Protesilaus must have been in Eleussa (Paleo-Castro) itself, or at least very near this city. Chandler thought he had discovered this tomb near the village which surrounds the castle of Europe.

91. The port of the Achaeans, the spot, that is, where the Greeks disembarked on the coast of the Troad, at the entrance of the Hellespont, appears to have been comprehended between the hillock called the Tomb of Achilles and the southern base of the heights, on which is situated another tomb, which goes by the name of the Tomb of Ajax. This space of about 1500 toises in length, now sand and lagunes, where the village Koum Kale and the fortress called the New Castle of Asia stand, and which spreads across the mouth of the Menderé, once formed a creek, the bottom of which, from examination on the spot, extended 1200 or 1500 for desolation implies a deficiency of inhabitants, but not a complete destruction of the place; but those persons destroyed it entirely, whom they think worthy of sacred rites, and worship as gods; unless, perhaps, they should plead that these persons engaged in a just, and Hercules in an unjust, war, on account of the horses of Laomedon. To this is opposed a fabulous tale, that it was not on account of the horses but of the reward for the delivery of Hesione from the sea-monster. toises from the present shore. It is from the bottom of this marshy creek the 12 stadia must be measured which Strabo reckons from the Port of the Achaeans to New Ilium. These 12 stadia, estimated at 700 to a degree, (like the generality of other measures adopted by Strabo in this district,) are equal to 977 toises, and conduct in a straight line to the western point of the mountain Tchiblak, where there are remains of buildings which may be the vestiges of New Ilium.

The other 30 stadia, which, according to Strabo, or rather according to Demetrius of Scepsis, was the distance from New Ilium to the town of the Ilienses, are equal to 2440 toises, and terminate at the most eastern edge of the table-land of Tchiblak, in a spot where ruins of a temple and other edifices are seen. Thus there is nothing to prevent our taking this place for the site of the town of the Ilienses, and this is the opinion of many modern travellers. But did this town occupy the same ground as the ancient Ilium, as Demetrius of Scepsis believed? Strabo thinks not, and we shall hereafter see the objections he has to offer against the opinion of Demetrius.— Gossellin.

92. Consequently ancient Ilium, according to Strabo, was forty-two stadia from the coast. Scylax places it at twenty-five stadia; but probably the copyists of this latter writer have confounded the numerical Greek letters κε (25) with με (45).

93. According to Homer, (Od. xxiv. 75,) Patrocles must have the same tomb with Achilles, as their ashes were united in the same urn; those of Antilochus were contained in a separate urn.

94. Il. v. 641.

95. This plain, according to Demetrius, was to the east of the present Menderé, and was enclosed by this river and the mountain Tchiblak.

96. Il. xvi. 738.

97. If the name Cebrene or Cebrenia were derived from Cebriones, it would have been, according to analogy, Cebrionia; but it would have been better to have supposed the name to have been derived from Cebren, the more so as this river was supposed to be the father of Oenone the wife of Alexander (Paris). Whatever may be the origin of the name, the city Cebrene was, according to Ephorus, a colony of Cyme in Aeolia.

98. The position of the tomb of Aesyetes is said to be near a village called by the Turks Udjek, who also give the name Udjek-tepe to the tomb itself. The tomb of Ilus, it is presumed, must be in the neighbourhood of the ancient bed of Scamander, and Batieia below the village Bounarbachi.

99. This and the following paragraph more especially are at variance with the conjecture of those who place New Ilium at the village Tchiblak, situated beyond and to the north of the Simoïs.

100. As there are no mountains on the left bank of the Menderé, at the distance at which Demetrius places the town of the Ilienses, the long ridge or height of which Strabo speaks can only be referred to the hill of Tchiblak. In that case the Simoïs of Demetrius must be the stream Tchiblak, which modern maps represent as very small, but which Major Rennell, on authority as yet uncertain, extends considerably, giving it the name Shimar, which according to him recalls that of Simoïs.—Gossellin.

101. Kramer proposes the insertion of ὤν before τῶν εἰρηἐνων ἀγκώνων ἐπ’ εὺθείας, by which we are to understand that the extremities of the arms and of the ridge are in the same straight line.

Groskurd reads μεταξὺ before τ. ε. α., changes the construction of the sentence, and reads the letter ψ instead of ε. His translation is as follows: Both-mentioned plains are separated from each other by a long neck of land between the above-mentioned arms, which takes its commencement from the present Ilium and unites with it, extending itself in a straight line as far as Cebrenia, and forms with the arms on each side the letter ψ.

The topography of the plain of Troy and its neighbourhood is not yet sufficiently known to be able to distinguish all the details given by Demetrius. It appears only that he took the Tchiblak for the Simoïs, and placed the plain of Troy to the right of the present Menderé, which he called the Scamander. This opinion, lately renewed by Major Rennell, presents great and even insurmountable difficulties when we endeavour to explain on this basis the principal circumstances of the Iliad. It must be remembered that in the time of Demetrius the remembrance of the position of ancient Troy was entirely lost, and that this author constantly reasoned on the hypothesis, much contested in his time, that the town of the Ilienses corresponded with that of ancient Ilium. Observations on the Topography of the plain of Troy by James Rennell.— Gossellin.

102. Il. xx. 51.

103. Il. x. 430.

104. Tumbrek.

105. Erineos, a wild fig-tree. Homer, it is to be observed, speaks of a single wild fig-tree, whereas Strabo describes a spot planted with them. This place, or a place near the ancient Ilium, is called by the Turks, according to M. Choiseul-Gouffier, Indgirdagh—i. e. the mountain of figtrees, although none were to be found there whether cultivated or wild.

106. Il. vi. 433.

107. Il. ix. 352.

108. 1628 toises. The alluvial deposit has now extended the mouth of the Menderé 3400 toises from the ruins where the measurement indicated the position of New Ilium.— Gossellin.

109. The passage is corrupt, and the translation is rather a paraphrase, assisted by the conjectures of Kramer.

110. Od. xiv. 469.

111. Od. xiv. 496.

112. Il. xx. 209.

113. Il. xviii. 254.

114. Hestiaea was distinguished for her commentary on Homer somewhat in the same manner as Madame Dacier in modern times.

115. Il. ii. 792.

116. M. Lechevalier, who extends Ilium and its citadel Pergamus to the highest summit of the mountain Bounar-bachi, acknowledges that the nature of the ground would prevent the course of Hector and Achilles taking place round this position, in consequence of the rivers and the precipices which surround it on the S. E. To meet the objection which these facts would give rise to, M. Lechevalier interprets the expressions of Homer in a manner never thought of by the ancient grammarians, although they contorted the text in every possible manner, to bend it to their peculiar opinions. Would it not be more easy to believe that at the time of the siege of Troy this city was no longer on the summit of the mountain, nor so near its ancient acropolis as it was at first; and that the inhabitants moved under the reign of Ilus, as Plato says, and as Homer leads us to conclude, to the entrance of the plain and to the lower rising grounds of Ida? The level ground on the top mountain which rises above Bounar-bachi, and on which it has been attempted to trace the contour of the walls of ancient Ilium and of its citadel, is more than 3200 toises in circumference.

But it is difficult to conceive how, at so distant a period and among a people half savage, a space of ground so large and without water could be entirely occupied by a town, whose power scarcely extended beyond 25 leagues. On the other hand, as the exterior circuit of this mountain is more than 5500 toises, it is not to be conceived how Homer, so exact in his description of places, should have represented Achilles and Hector, already fatigued by a long-continued battle, as making an uninterrupted course of about seven leagues round this mountain, before commencing in single combat. It appears to me therefore that the Troy of Homer must have covered a much less space of ground than is generally supposed, and according to all appearances this space was bounded by a hillock, on which is now the village of Bounar-bachi. This hillock is about 700 or 800 toises in circumference; it is isolated from the rest of the mountain; and warriors in pursuing one another could easily make the circuit. This would not prevent Pergamus from being the citadel of Ilium, but it was separated from it by an esplanade, which served as a means of communication between the town and the fortress.— Gossellin.

117. This paragraph, according to Kramer is probably an interpolation.

118. Herod. viii. c. 85.

119. Thucyd., b. iii. c. 50, does not use the word Troad, but says all the towns possessed by the Mitylenaeans.

120. Poets and mythologists subsequent to Homer supposed Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, to have been violated by Ajax, the Locrian; that as a punishment for his crime this hero perished by shipwreck on his return from Troy, and that three years afterwards Locris was visited by a famine, which occasioned great destruction to the inhabitants. The oracle consulted on the occasion of this calamity advised the Locrians to send annually to Minerva of Ilium two young women chosen by lot. They obeyed and continued to send them for 1000 years, until the time of the sacred war.

121. Il. xiii. 363.

122. Il. vi. 92 and 273.

123. Il. ix. 455.

124. Il. vi. 305.

125. The corrupt passage replaced by asterisks is εὶ͂θ’ ἱκετεὐοντες τεθοͅένας, which is unintelligible.

126. The following is a translation of the passage, as found in the speech of Lycurgus, still preserved to us:

Who has not heard of Troy, the greatest

City of those times, and sovereign of all

Asia, that when once destroyed by

The Greeks it remained for ever uninhabited

127. Modern maps place the Cotylus, and consequently the sources of the river which Demetrius calls Scamander, at more than 30,000 toises, or nearly eleven leagues, to the S. E. of the entrance of the Hellespont, when the source of the Scamander should be near Troy; and Troy itself, according to the measurement adopted by Demetrius, ought not to be more than 3400 toises, or a league and a quarter, from the sea. There is therefore a manifest contradiction, and it appears, as I have already remarked, that the river called Scamander by Demetrius, is not the river so called by Homer, but the Simoïs of the poet.—Gossellin.

Modern travellers accuse Demetrius with having confounded the Scamander with the Simoïs. The Simoïs they say rises in Cotylus, (Kasdagh,) as also the Granicus, (Oustrola,) and the Aesepus, (Satal-dere,) but the sources of the Scamander are below, and to the W. of Ida, near the village called by the Turks Bounar-bachi, which signifies the head of the source. If it is an error, Demetrius is not alone responsible for it, as Hellenicus (Schol in Iliad xxi. 242) also says that the Scamander had its source in Mount Ida itself. Both probably rested on the authority of Homer, who places the source of the Scamander in Ida. They did not, however, observe that Homer employs the expression ἀπʼ?̓ιδαίων ὀρέων in a more extensive sense.— Du Theil.

128. Il xxii. 147.

129. We owe to the researches of M. de Choiseul Gouffier, published without his knowledge in 1793, an acquaintance with these two springs, which present nearly the same phenomena as described by Homer. These springs have since been seen by many travellers; they are situated at the foot of a small hill on which is Bounar-bachi, and about 6500 toises in a straight line from the mouth of the Menderé. The stream which flows from them never fails, and after having run for some time parallel to the Menderé, it turns suddenly to throw itself into the Archipelago, near the middle of the interval which separates the ruins of Alexandria-Troas from the cape Koum-kale, but still leaving traces of a bed through which it formerly flowed to join the Menderé. We are now convinced that this little river is the Scamander of Homer, that the present Menderé is the Simoïs of that poet, and that the ancient Ilium, which was near the sources of the Scamander, must have been situated on the heights of Bounar-bachi.

In the time of Homer these two rivers united together and discharged themselves into the sea by the same mouth: but the course of the Scamander has been changed for a long time, since, according to Pliny, (v. c. 33,)a part of its waters spread themselves over a marsh, and the remainder flowed unto the Aegaean Sea, between Alexandria-Troas and Sigeum. This ancient author therefore gave to the little river (which he called Palaescamander, the old Scamander) exactly the same course which the stream Bounar-bachi still follows. This change of direction in the course of the river appears to me to have been anterior to the time of Demetrius of Scepsis, for this alone can explain his error. For, no longer finding a stream which runs on the left of the present Menderé, and which might represent the Scamander, he thought proper to transfer this latter name to the Simoïs, and to look for the site of the Ilium of Homer, as also of the plain which was the scene of the combats described by the poet, on the right of this river. Thence he is persuaded that the town of the Ilienses occupied the same site as the ancient Ilium, and that the stream of the Tschiblak was the Simoïs.

I must remark that the Menderé is a torrent, the waters of which fail during a great part of the year, whilst the stream of the Bounar-bachi always continues to flow. This advantage is probably the reason why it preserved the name of Scamander to the sea, although it ran into the bed of the Simoïs and was far inferior to this torrent in the length of its course. Hence it may be perceived how the name of Scamander, now changed into that of Menderé, has remained attached to this ancient mouth, how ultimately it was given to the whole course of the Simoïs, and how Demetrius of Scepsis was led into error by the change in the course of the true Scamander, and by the transfer of its name to the Simois.—Voyage Pittorcsque de la Grèce par M. de Choiseul Gouffier. Le Voyage dans la

Troad, par M. Lechevalier. The Topography of Troy, W. Gell.—Gossellin.

130. Il. xii. 20.

131. B. xii. c. iii. § 21.

132. Below Strabo calls this same place Aenea, and in b. xii. c. iii. § 23, Enea-Come. Pliny calls it Nea; it is said to be the same place called by the Turks Ene.

133. ̓αοͅγύια, in the neuter gender, with the accent on the antipenultima, means silver mines. But ̓αοͅγυοͅία with the accent on the penultima, becomes the name of a town.

134. Il. ii. 856.

135. What other places? I do not think that Strabo or Demetrius have mentioned any other place bearing the name of Palaescepsis.—Du Theil.

136. Il. i. 38.

137. There are no islands to the south of Tenedos,—that is, between Tenedos and Cape Lectum (Baba). The state of the text might induce us to suppose that, instead of Lectum, Strabo wrote Sigeum. Then the Calydne islands would answer to the Mauro islands or to the isles des Lapins.— Gossellin.

138. Called also Lyrnessa and Phoenice. The first of these names is the sane as that of one of the 12 towns on the continent sacked by Achilles. The name Phoenice was given to it probably by a Phoenician colony. Leucolphrys, (white brows,) from the colour of the coast.

139. From σμίνθος a rat, in the Aeolic dialect. The worship of Apollo Smintheus was not confined to the town of Chrysa alone; it was common to all the continent of the Troad and to the adjacent islands; it extended along the whole coast to the island of Rhodes, as Strabo afterwards informs us. He has already told us that there was a temple of Apollo Smintheus in the island of Tenedos. Coins of this island exist, bearing the effigy of the god with a rat under the chin. The town of Hamaxitus, on the continent, had also its temple of Apollo Smintheus, where was not only to be seen the picture of a rat near the tripod of the god, but also tame rats, maintained at the public expense.

140. Sect. 63.

141. In the island of Rhodes more especially many Sminthia must have existed, as Andreas, a native of Lindus, one of the three cities of the island, made these temples the subject of a treatise entitled On the Sminthia of Rhodes.

142. The Turks call the place Fousla, the salt-pans.

143. Il. x. 429.

144. Il. xxi. 86.

145. Il. xiv. 443.

146. Il. vi. 34.

147. At the foot of the mountain on which is now the village Ine.

148. Palamedium? Pliny, b. v. c. 30.

149. Karatepe-bourlou, or Cape San Nicolo.

150. Antandro.

151. Diskeli-koi.

152. Tschandarlyk.

153. Ialea.

154. From σκέπτομαι, (sceptomai,) I see to a distance, from which the compound πεοͅισκέπτομαι, (perisceptomai,) I see to a distance around. Strabo perceived the absurdity of such an etymology. Others derived the name of this place from σκήτομαι, I pretend, whence σκῆψις, (skepsis,) a pretext, because it was on this part of the chain of Ida that Rhea, on the birth of Jupiter, substituted for him a stone clothed as an infant, and presented it to be devoured by Saturn in place of her child. This etymology is conformable to analogy, although founded on a ridiculous fable.

155. B. xiii. c. i. § 6.

156. Il. xx. 188.

157. Il. xiii. 460.

158. See note 4, vol. i. p. 76.

159. Some assert that Capys, the father of Anchises, was the founder of Capua or Capya in Italy. The town in Arcadia was afterwards called Caphya or Caphyae.

160. Segesta.

161. Trapani.

162. Cape Boë.

163. Il. xx. 306.

164. This statement is not in contradiction with those (A then. b. i. c. 3) who assert that Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, and Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, were the first who formed libraries. The libraries of these two princes, who lived six centuries before our time, were probably confined to half a dozen poets, and it may be supposed that the care Pisistratus took to collect the poems of Homer did not extend to poets posterior to his time. But in the time of Aristotle there existed many poems, a great number of oratorical discourses, historical works, and various treatises of philosophy.

165. Apellicon proclaimed himself a philosopher of the school of Aristotle. From what Athenaeus, b. v., says of him, he appears to have used his great wealth for the purposes of ostentation rather than of employing it for the benefit of others. He was sent by Aristion, (or Athenion, as Athenaeus calls him,) tyrant of Athens, to Delos, at the head of ten thousand soldiers, to remove the treasures of the temple. He was defeated by the Romans, and having lost his whole army, escaped with difficulty.

166. This name was given to books intended to be seen and read by every one, but which did not contain the fundamental dogmas which Aristotle only communicated to those of his own school. The books which contained these doctrines were called, by way of distinction, esoteric. Such at least is the opinion of those who admit of the existence of a secret doctrine, and a public doctrine, in the philosophy of Aristotle. This passage of Strabo however seems to favour those who maintained a different opinion, namely, that this celebrated distinction of exoteric and esoteric doctrines, which is peculiar to the works of Aristotle, is not founded on any essential difference of doctrine, but rather on a difference of method, so that the word esoteric was applied to works where the opinions of the philosopher were set forth in a manner to be understood by all intelligent readers, whether of his own school or strangers; and esoteric to those works where his opinions were thoroughly discussed, and in a scientific manner, and which, not being intelligible to every one, required to be explained by the master himself.

167. Tyrannion was a native of Amisus, whose lectures he attended (b. xii. c. iii. § 16). He is often quoted among the commentators of Homer. It was he also who gave copies of the works of Aristotle to Andronicus of Rhodes, for whom he made a catalogue of them.

168. Metrodorus was not only a fellow-countryman of Demetrius, who was one of the richest and most distinguished citizens of Scepsis, but also his contemporary and protegé. A small treatise of Metrodorus is cited, entitled πεοͅὶ ἀλειπτικῆς, which may mean on anointing with oil, or on oil used in the public exercises. It seems however very probable that the treatise on the Troad, ( τοͅωϊκὰ,) which Athenaeus attributes to another Metrodorus of Chios, was the work of this Metrodorus of Scepsis. The place of his birth, which was in the Troad, might have suggested, as it did to his patron, the idea of treating a subject liable to discussion, and to endeavour to throw light upon it by the words of Homer. Add to this that Strabo quotes also Metrodorus on the subject of the Amazons, whose history appears so closely connected with the Trojan war that all who have touched on the one, have also treated of the other. Pliny quotes also a Metrodorus on the subject of the serpents of the river Rhyndacus, near the Troad. It is also a question whether Metrodorus was one of those who occupied themselves with mnemonics, or the art of increasing and strengthening the memory. According to Plutarch, Metrodorus was the victim of Mithridates. Tigranes, who had placed the philosopher in his power, more from inadvertence than intentionally, so much regretted his death that he celebrated magnificent obsequies to his memory.

169. Gargara is the same town called above by Strabo Gargaris, unless he meant by the latter name the territory of Gargara, a distinction we find made below between Pedasa and Pedasis. The author of the Etymolo. gicum Magnum calls the place Gargarus, and informs us that the inhabitants abandoned it on account of the cold, it being situated on Mount Ida; that they founded a new town in the plain, and that the town abandoned afterwards received the name of Old Gargara.

The town called Lamponia by Strabo is called Lamponium by Hellanicus and Herodotus.

170. By the kings, we must probably understand the kings of Bithynra rather than the kings of Persia, as understood by Rambach (De Mileto ejusque colonize); for if we suppose that colonists are here meant who came to Gargara from Miletus after the destruction of this latter town by the Persians, how could Demetrius of Scepsis say of the Gargareans that, Eolians as they were, or instead of Aeolians they became semibarbarians? He ought at least to have said, that they became Ionians, for Miletus, a Greek city of Ionia, at the time of its destruction by the Persians, was far from being barbarous. But Miletopolis, although from its name and position in the territory of Cyzicus was probably, like Cyzicus, a colony of Miletus, yet might have been peopled with barbarians at the time Gargara received colonists. Mualitsh is the modern name of Miletopolis.

171. Il. x. 428.

172. Budrun, the birth-place of Herodotus.

173. Herod. i. 175; viii. 104.

174. Paitschin?

175. Eski-Hissar.

176. C. vii. § 49.

177. Il. i. 366.

178. Il. ii. 691.

179. Il. ii. 295.

180. Il. i. 439.

181. Il. i. 37.

182. Dikeh-koi.

183. For νησὶς Meineke reads γῆτις, a certain earth. Pliny, b. ii. c. 95 speaks of islands which are always floating; something of the kind occurs in volcanic lakes.

184. Ak-su or Bakir.

185. It is difficult to clear up this passage ἣν αιγα τινὲς ὀνομάζουσιν ὁμωνύμως τῷ ξώω δεῖ μακοͅῶς τὴν δευτὲραν συλλαβὴν ἐκφεοͅειν ̓αιγαν ὡς?̓ακταν καὶ?̓απχαν. There is no doubt that the first of these words in capitals, to be homonymous with goat, should be αἷγα, as is read in the old editions, and in many manuscripts, and not αἰγᾶ, αἰγὰ, or αἰγὰν, as in others. αὶ͂γα is the accusative of αϊξ (Aex,) a goat, which name Artemidorus actually gives to this promontory. But as our language has no termination of cases, the passage requires some explanation. If the Greeks desired to express in the nominative case the position of the promontory with respect to the island of Lesbos, they would say, according to Artemidorus, The cape Aex ( αϊξ) is in front of Lesbos; according to Strabo, The cape Aega ( αἰγᾶ) is in front of Lesbos. The first, Aex, signifies a goat, as Artemidorus intended; the second, Aega, in the Doric dialect (for Aege, αἰγῆ) means a goat’s skin. If they desired to employ the word in the accusative, they said, according to Artemidorus, We have doubled Cape Aega ( αῖγα); according to Strabo, We have doubled Cape Aegan ( αῖγα). The matter is clear thus far, but what follows, δεῖ δὲ μακοͅως * * * ὡς ἀκτᾶν καὶ ἀρχᾶν is difficult to explain. The two last words are Doric genitive plurals, the first for ἀκτῶν shores, the second for ἀρχῶν, beginnings; and yet one would expect to find examples of accusatives in the singular number, as ἀκτὰν and ἀοͅζὰν; the difference of accent is here of no importance, for the last syllables of these accusatives are long, as Strabo wishes to make the last syllable long of Aegan ( αἰγᾶν). If he had required examples agreeing with this last word in quantity, accent, and case, he might have cited sycan, ( συκᾶν, a fig-tree,) or some other word of this form. It might be supposed that ακτᾶν was here taken in the acceptation [ ἀκτέην, ἀκτῆν, and, in the Doric dialect, ἀκτᾶν]; but there still remains ἀοͅχᾶν, unless we change the word to ἀρχτᾶν a bear’s skin.— Coraÿ.

186. Od. xi. 521.

187. Eurypylus, son of Telephus, being invited by Priam to come to his assistance, answered that he could not do so without the permission of his mother, Astyoche. Priam by rich presents obtained from her this permission. There are other explanations equally uncertain. Bryant asserts that the Cetaei were pirates, and exacted young women as tribute from the people whom they attacked.

Strabo Geography 13.1

Hans Claude Hamilton (Translator), William Falconer (Translator)

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