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CHAPTER II.

[1] ACCORDING to this disposition, the first portion towards the north and the Ocean is inhabited by certain tribes of Scythians, shepherds, (nomades,) and Hamaxoeci (or those who live in waggon-houses). Within these tribes live Sarmatians, who also are Scythians, Aorsi,¹ and Siraci, extending as far as the Caucasian Mountains towards the south. Some of these are Nomades, or shepherd tribes, others Scenitae, (or dwellers in tents,) and Georgi, or tillers of the ground. About the lake Maeotis live the Moeotae. Close to the sea is the Asiatic portion of the Bosporus and Sindica.² Next follow Achaei, Zygi, Heniochi,³ Cercetae, and Macropogones (or the longbeards). Above these people are situated the passes of the Phtheirophagi (or Lice-eaters). After the Heniochi is Colchis, lying at the foot of the Caucasian and Moschic mountains. Having assumed the Tanaïs as the boundary of Europe and Asia, we must begin our description in detail from this river.

[2] The Tanaïs or Don flows from the northern parts. It does not however flow in a direction diametrically opposite to the Nile, as some suppose, but its course is more to the east than that of the latter river; its sources, like those of the Nile, are unknown. A great part of the course of the Nile is apparent, for it traverses a country the whole of which is easy of access, and its stream is navigable to a great distance from its mouth. We are acquainted with the mouths of the Don, (there are two in the most northerly parts of the Maeotis, distant 60 stadia from each other,) but a small part only of the tract above the mouths is explored, on account of the severity of the cold, and the destitute state of the country; the natives are able to endure it, who subsist, like the wandering shepherd tribes, on the flesh of their animals and on milk, but strangers cannot bear the climate nor its privations. Besides, the nomades dislike intercourse with other people, and being a strong and numerous tribe have excluded travellers from every part of the country which is accessible, and from all such rivers as are navigable. For this reason some have supposed that the sources of the river are among the Caucasian mountains, that, after flowing in a full stream towards the north, it then makes a bend, and discharges itself into the Maeotis. Theophanes⁴ of Mitylene is of the same opinion with these writers. Others suppose that it comes from the higher parts of the Danube, but they do not produce any proof of so remote a source, and in other climates, though they seem to think it impossible for it to rise at no great distance and in the north.

[3] Upon the river, and on the lake, stands a city Tanaïs, founded by the Greeks, who possess the Bosporus; but lately the King Polemon⁵ laid it waste on account of the refractory disposition of the inhabitants. It was the common mart both of the Asiatic and of the European nomades, and of those who navigate the lake from the Bosporus, some of whom bring slaves and hides, or any other nomadic commodity; others exchange wine for clothes, and other articles peculiar to a civilized mode of life. In front of the mart at the distance of 100 stadia is an is land Alopecia, a settlement of a mixed people. There are other small islands not far off in the lake. The city Tanaïs,⁶ to those who sail in a direct line towards the north, is distant from the mouth of the Maeotis 2200 stadia, nor is the distance much greater in sailing along the coast (on the east).

[4] In the voyage along the coast, the first object which presents itself to those who have proceeded to the distance of 800 stadia from the Tanaïs, is the Great Rhombites, as it is called, where large quantities of fish are captured for the purpose of being salted. Then at the distance of 800 stadia more is the Lesser Rhombites,⁷ and a promontory, which has smaller fisheries. The [nomades] at the former have small islands as stations for their vessels, those at the Lesser Rhombites are the Maeotae who cultivate the ground. For along the whole of this coasting voyage live Maeotae, who are husbandmen, but not less addicted to war than the nomades. They are divided into several tribes; those near the Tanaïs are more savage, those contiguous to the Bosporus are more gentle in their manners.

From the Lesser Rhombites to Tyrambe, and the river Anticeites, are 600 stadia; then 120 to the Cimmerian village, whence vessels set out on their voyage along the lake. In this coasting voyage we meet with some look-out places, (for observing the fish,) said to belong to the Clazomenians.

[5] Cimmericum was formerly a city built upon a peninsula, the isthmus of which it enclosed with a ditch and mound. The Cimmerii once possessed great power in the Bosporus, whence it was called the Cimmerian Bosporus. These are the people who overran the territory of the inhabitants of the inland parts, on the right of the Euxine, as far as Ionia. They were dislodged from these places by Scythians, and the Scythians by Greeks, who founded Panticapaeum,⁸ and the other cities on the Bosporus.

[6] Next to the village Achilleium,⁹ where is the temple of Achilles, are 20 stadia. Here is the narrowest passage, 20 stadia or more, across the mouth of the Maeotis; on the opposite continent is Myrmecium, a village. Near are Heracleium and Parthenium.

[7] Thence to the monument of Satyrus are 90 stadia; this is a mound raised on a promontory,¹⁰ in memory of one of the illustrious princes of the Bosporus.

[8] Near it is Patraeus,¹¹ a village, from which to Corocondame,¹² a village, are 130 stadia. This is the termination of the Cimmerian Bosporus, as it is called. The narrow passage at the mouth of the Moeotis derives its name from the straits opposite the Achilleium, and the Myrmecium; it extends as far as Corocondame and a small village opposite to it in the territory of the Panticapaeans, called Acra,¹³ and separated by a channel of 70 stadia in width. The ice reaches even to this place, for the Maeotis is frozen during severe frost so as to become passable on foot. The whole of this narrow passage has good harbours.

[9] Beyond Corocondame is a large lake¹⁴ which is called from the place Corocondametis. It discharges itself into the sea at the distance of 10 stadia from the village. A branch¹⁵ of the river Anticeites empties itself into the lake, and forms an island, which is surrounded by the waters of the lake, of the Maeotis, and of the river. Some persons give this river the name of Hypanis,¹⁶ as well as to that¹⁷ near the Borysthenes.¹⁸

[10] Upon sailing¹⁹ into the Corocondametis, we meet with Phanagoria, a considerable city, Cepi, Hermonassa, and Apa turum, the temple of Venus (Apatura). Of these cities Phanagoria and Cepi are situated in the above-mentioned island on the left hand at the entrance of the lake; the others are on the right hand in Sindica beyond the Hypanis. There is Gorgipia,²⁰ but the royal seat of the Sindi is in Sindica near the sea, and Aborace.

All those who are subject to the princes of the Bosporus are called Bosporani. The capital of the European Bosporani is Panticapaeum, and of the Asian Bosporani, the city of Phanagorium,²¹ for this is the name given to it. Phanagoria seems to be the mart for those commodities which are brought down from the Maeotis, and from the barbarous country lying above it; and Panticapaeum, the mart for the commodities which are transported thither from the sea. There is also in Phanagoria a magnificent temple of Venus Apatura, the Deceitful. This epithet of the goddess is derived from a fable, according to which the giants assaulted her in this place. Having obtained the assistance of Hercules she hid him in a cave, and then admitted the giants one by one into her presence, and delivered them over to Hercules, thus craftily²² to be put to death.

[11] The Sindi, Dandarii, Toreatae, Agri, Arrhechi, and besides these, the Tarpetes, Obidiaceni, Sittaceni, Dosci, and many others, belong to the Maeotae; to this people belong the Aspurgiani also, who live between Phanagoria and Gorgipia, at the distance of 500 stadia [from the Maeotis?]. Polemon, the king, entered the country of these people under a show of friendship, but his design was discovered, and they on their part attacked him unawares. He was taken prisoner, and put to death.

With respect to the Asian Maeotae in general, some of them were the subjects of those who possessed the mart on the Tanaïs; others, of the Bosporani; and different bodies have revolted at different times. The princes of the Bosporani were frequently masters of the country as far as the Tanaïs, and particularly the last princes, Pharnaces, Asander, and Polemon.

Pharnaces is said to have once brought even the river Hypanis over the territory of the Dandarii through some ancient canal, which he had caused to be cleared, and inundated the country.

[12] Next to Sindica, and Gorgipia upon the sea, is the sea-coast inhabited by the Achaei, Zygi, and Heniochi. It is for the most part without harbours and mountainous, being a portion of the Caucasus.

These people subsist by piracy.

Their boats are slender, narrow, light, and capable of holding about five and twenty men, and rarely thirty. The Greeks call them camarae. They say, that at the time of the expedition of Jason the Achaei Phthio$tae founded the Achaia there, and the Lacedaemonians, Heniochia. Their leaders were Rhecas, and Amphistratus, the charioteers²³ of the Dioscuri; it is probable that the Heniochi had their name from these persons. They equip fleets consisting of these camarae, and being masters of the sea sometimes attack vessels of burden, or invade a territory, or even a city. Sometimes even those who occupy the Bosporus assist them, by furnishing places of shelter for their vessels, and supply them with provision and means for the disposal of their booty. When they return to their own country, not having places suitable for mooring their vessels, they put their camarae on their shoulders, and carry them up into the forests, among which they live, and where they cultivate a poor soil. When the season arrives for navigation, they bring them down again to the coast. Their habits are the same even in a foreign country, for they are acquainted with wooded tracts, in which, after concealing their camarae, they wander about on foot day and night, for the purpose of capturing the inhabitants and reducing them to slavery. But they readily allow whatever is taken to be ransomed, and signify this after their departure to those who have lost their property. In places where there is a regular government, the injured find means of repelling them. For, frequently, the pirates are attacked in return, and are carried off together with their camarae. But the country subject to the Romans is not so well protected, in consequence of the neglect of those who are sent there.

[13] Such then is their mode of life. But even these people are governed by persons called Sceptuchi, and these again are subject to the authority of tyrants, or of kings. The Heniochi had four kings at the time that Mithridates Eupator fled from the country of his ancestors to the Bosporus, and passed through their country, which was open to him, but he avoided that of the Zygi on account of its ruggedness, and the savage character of the people. He proceeded with difficulty along the sea-coast, frequently embarking in vessels, till he came to the country of the Achaei, by whom he was hospitably received. He had then completed a journey from the Phasis of not much less than 4000 stadia.

[14] From Corocondame, the course of the voyage is directly towards the east. At the distance of 180 stadia is the Sindic harbour, and a city. Then at the distance of 400 stadia is Bata,²⁴ as it is called, a village with a harbour. It is at this place that Sinope on the south seems to be directly opposite to this coast, as Carambis²⁵ has been said to be opposite to Criu-Metopon.²⁶

Next to Bata Artemidorus places the coast of the Cercetae, which has places of shelter for vessels, and villages along an extent of about 850 stadia; then at 500 stadia more the coast of the Achaei, then that of the Heniochi, at 1000 stadia, then the Great Pityus, from which to Dioscurias are 360 stadia.

The authors most worthy of credit who have written the history of the Mithridatic wars, enumerate the Achaei first, then Zygi, then Heniochi, then Cercetae, Moschi, Colchi, and above these the Phtheirophagi, Soanes, and other smaller nations about the Caucasus. The direction of the sea-coast is at first, as I have said, towards the east, with a southern aspect; but from Bata it makes a bend for a small distance, then fronts the west, and terminates towards Pityus, and Dioscurias, for these places are contiguous to the coast of Colchis, which I have already mentioned. Next to Dioscurias is the remainder of the coast of Colchis, and Trapezus contiguous to it; where the coast, having made a considerable turn, then extends nearly in a straight line, and forms the side on the right hand of the Euxine, looking to the north.

The whole of the coast of the Achaei, and of the other nations, as far as Dioscurias, and the inland places lying in a straight line towards the south, are at the foot of the Caucasus.

[15] This mountain overhangs both the Euxine and the Caspian seas, forming a kind of rampart to the isthmus which separates one sea from the other. To the south it is the boundary of Albania and Iberia, to the north, of the plains of the Sarmatians. It is well wooded, and contains various kinds of timber, and especially trees adapted to shipbuilding. Eratosthenes says that the Caucasus is called Mount Caspius by the natives, a name borrowed perhaps from the Caspii. It throws out forks towards the south, which embrace the middle of Iberia, and touch the Armenian and those called the Moschic mountains,²⁷ and besides these the mountains of Scydises, and the Paryadres. All these are portions of the Taurus, which forms the southern side of Armenia, and are broken off in a manner from it towards the north, and extend as far as Caucasus, and the coast of the Euxine which lies between Colchis and Themiscyra.²⁸

[16] Situated on a bay of this kind, and occupying the most easterly point of the whole sea, is Dioscurias,²⁹ called the recess of the Euxine Sea, and the extreme boundary of navigation, for in this sense we are to understand the proverbial saying,

To Phasis where ships end their course.

Not as if the author of the iambic intended to speak of the river, nor of the city of the same name upon the river, but Colchis designated by a part, because from the city and the river there remains a voyage of not less than 600 stadia in a straight line to the recess of the bay. This same Dioscurias is the commencement of the isthmus lying between the Caspian Sea and the Euxine. It is a common mart of the nations situated above it, and in its neighbourhood. There assemble at Dioscurias 70 or, according to some writers who are careless in their statements,³⁰ 300 nations. All speak different languages, from living dispersed in various places and without intercourse, in consequence of their fierce and savage manners. They are chiefly Sarmatians, but all of them Caucasian tribes. So much then respecting Dioscurias.

[17] The greater part of the rest of Colchis lies upon the sea. The Phasis,³¹ a large river, flows through it. It has its source in Armenia, and receives the Glaucus,³² and the Hippus,³³ which issue from the neighbouring mountains. Vessels ascend it as far as the fortress of Sarapana,³⁴ which is capable of containing the population even of a city. Persons proceed thence by land to the Cyrus in four days along a carriage road.³⁵ Upon the Phasis is a city of the same name, a mart of the Colchians, bounded on one side by the river, on another by a lake, on the third by the sea. Thence it is a voyage of three or two³⁶ days to Amisus and Sinope, on account of the softness of the shores caused by the discharge of rivers.³⁷

The country is fertile and its produce is good, except the honey, which has generally a bitter taste. It furnishes all materials for ship-building. It produces them in great plenty, and they are conveyed down by its rivers. It supplies flax, hemp, wax, and pitch, in great abundance. Its linen manufacture is celebrated, for it was exported to foreign parts; and those who wish to establish an affinity of race between the Colchians and the Aegyptians, advance this as a proof of it.

Above the rivers which I have mentioned in the Moschic territory is the temple of Leucothea,³⁸ founded by Phrixus³⁹ and his oracle, where a ram is not sacrificed. It was once rich, but was plundered in our time by Pharnaces, and a little afterwards by Mithridates of Pergamus.⁴⁰ For when a country is devastated, in the words of Euripides,

respect to the gods languishes, and they are not honoured.

Eurip. Troad. 26.

[18] How great anciently was the celebrity of this country, appears from the fables which refer obscurely to the expedition of Jason, who advanced as far even as Media; and still earlier intimations of it are found in the fables relative to the expedition of Phrixus. The kings that preceded, and who possessed the country when it was divided into Sceptuchies,⁴¹ were not very powerful, but when Mithridates Eupator had enlarged his territory, this country fell under his dominion. One of his courtiers was always sent as sub-governor and administrator of its public affairs. Of this number was Moaphernes, my mother’s paternal uncle. It was from this country that the king derived the greatest part of his supplies for the equipment of his naval armament. But upon the overthrow of Mithridates, all the country subject to his power was disunited, and divided among several persons. At last Polemon obtained possession of Colchis, and after his death his wife Pythodoris reigned over the Colchians, Trapezus, Pharnacia, and the Barbarians situated above them, of whom I shall speak in another place.

The territory of the Moschi, in which is situated the temple, is divided into three portions, one of which is occupied by Colchians, another by Iberians, and the third by Armenians. There is in Iberia on the confines of Colchis, a small city, the city of Phrixus, the present Idessa, a place of strength. The river Charis⁴² flows near Dioscurias.

[19] Among the nations that assemble at Dioscurias are the Phtheiropagi, who have their appellation from their dirt and filth.

Near them live the Soanes, not less dirty in their habits, but superior perhaps to all the tribes in strength and courage. They are masters of the country around them, and occupy the heights of Caucasus above Dioscurias. They have a king, and a council of three hundred persons. They can assemble, it is said, an army of two hundred thousand men, for all their people are fighting men, but not distributed into certain orders. In their country the winter torrents are said to bring down even gold, which the Barbarians collect in troughs pierced with holes, and lined with fleeces; and hence the fable of the golden fleece. Some⁴³ say that they are called Iberians (the same name as the western Iberians) from the gold mines found in both countries. The Soanes use poison of an extraordinary kind for the points of their weapons; even the odour of this poison is a cause of suffering to those who are wounded by arrows thus prepared.

The other neighbouring nations about the Caucasus occupy barren and narrow tracts of land. But the tribes of the Albanians and Iberians, who possess nearly the whole of the above-mentioned isthmus, may also be denominated Caucasian, and yet they live in a fertile country and capable of being well peopled.

Geography. Strabo. Hans Claude Hamilton (Translator), William Falconer (Translator). London. 1854-1857.

Sponsored by Perseus Project, Tufts University.

Funding provided by Tufts University.

Current edition Perseus

Geography (English) (Strabo. The Geography of Strabo, Vols. 1-3. Hamilton, Hans Claude, translator; Falconer, William, translator. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854-1857.)

Editions (1)

Γεωγραφικά Perseus (Strabo. Strabonis Geographica, Vols. 1-3. Meineke, August, editor. Leipzig: Teubner. 1877.) — 11.2 focus

[1] οὕτω δὲ διακειμένων τὸ πρῶτον μέρος οἰκοῦσιν ἐκ μὲν τῶν πρὸς ἄρκτον μερῶν καὶ τὸν Ὠκεανὸν Σκυθῶν τινὲς νομάδες καὶ ἁμάξοικοι, ἐνδοτέρω δὲ τούτων Σαρμάται, καὶ οὗτοι Σκύθαι, Ἄορσοι καὶ Σιρακοὶ μέχρι τῶν Καυκασίων ὀρῶν ἐπὶ μεσημβρίαν τείνοντες, οἱ μὲν νομάδες οἱ δὲ καὶ σκηνῖται καὶ γεωργοί, περὶ δὲ τὴν λίμνην Μαιῶται· πρὸς δὲ τῇ θαλάττῃ τοῦ Βοσπόρου τὰ κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ Σινδική· μετὰ δὲ ταύτην Ἀχαιοὶ καὶ Ζυγοὶ καὶ Ἡνίοχοι Κερκέται τε καὶ Μακροπώγωνες. ὑπέρκειται δὲ τούτων καὶ τὰ τῶν Φθειροφάγων στενά· μετὰ δὲ τοὺς Ἡνιόχους ἡ Κολχὶς ὑπὸ τοῖς Καυκασίοις ὄρεσι κειμένη καὶ τοῖς Μοσχικοῖς. ἐπεὶ δʼ ὅριον ὑπόκειται τῆς Εὐρώπης καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας ὁ Τάναϊς ποταμός, ἐντεῦθεν ἀρξάμενοι τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα ὑπογράψομεν.

[2] φέρεται μὲν οὖν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀρκτικῶν μερῶν, οὐ μὴν ὡς ἂν κατὰ διάμετρον ἀντίρρους τῷ Νείλῳ, καθάπερ νομίζουσιν οἱ πολλοί, ἀλλὰ ἑωθινώτερος ἐκείνου, παραπλησίως ἐκείνῳ τὰς ἀρχὰς ἀδήλους ἔχων· ἀλλὰ τοῦ μὲν πολὺ τὸ φανερὸν χώραν διεξιόντος πᾶσαν εὐεπίμικτον καὶ μακροὺς ἀνάπλους ἔχοντος, τοῦ δὲ Τανάιδος τὰς μὲν ἐκβολὰς ἴσμεν (δύο δʼ εἰσὶν εἰς τὰ ἀρκτικώτατα μέρη τῆς Μαιώτιδος ἑξήκοντα σταδίους ἀλλήλων διέχουσαι), τοῦ δʼ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐκβολῶν ὀλίγον τὸ γνώριμόν ἐστι διὰ τὰ ψύχη καὶ τὰς ἀπορίας τῆς χώρας, ἃς οἱ μὲν αὐτόχθονες δύνανται φέρειν σαρξὶ καὶ γάλακτι τρεφόμενοι νομαδικῶς, οἱ δʼ ἀλλοεθνεῖς οὐχ ὑπομένουσιν. ἄλλως τε οἱ νομάδες δυσεπίμικτοι τοῖς ἄλλοις ὄντες καὶ πλήθει καὶ βίᾳ διαφέροντες ἀποκεκλείκασιν εἰ καί τι πορεύσιμον τῆς χώρας ἐστὶν ἢ εἴ τινας τετύχηκεν ἀνάπλους ἔχων ὁ ποταμός. ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς αἰτίας ταύτης οἱ μὲν ὑπέλαβον τὰς πηγὰς ἔχειν αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς Καυκασίοις ὄρεσι, πολὺν δʼ ἐνεχθέντα ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους εἶτʼ ἀναστρέψαντα ἐκβάλλειν εἰς τὴν Μαιῶτιν (τούτοις δὲ ὁμοδοξεῖ καὶ Θεοφάνης ὁ Μιτυληναῖος), οἱ δʼ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄνω μερῶν τοῦ Ἴστρου φέρεσθαι· σημεῖον δὲ φέρουσιν οὐδὲν τῆς πόρρωθεν οὕτω ῥύσεως καὶ ἀπʼ ἄλλων κλιμάτων, ὥσπερ οὐ δυνατὸν ὂν καὶ ἐγγύθεν καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρκτων.

[3] ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ ποταμῷ καὶ τῇ λίμνῃ πόλις ὁμώνυμος οἰκεῖται Τάναϊς, κτίσμα τῶν τὸν Βόσπορον ἐχόντων Ἑλλήνων. νεωστὶ μὲν οὖν ἐξεπόρθησεν αὐτὴν Πολέμων ὁ βασιλεὺς ἀπειθοῦσαν, ἦν δʼ ἐμπόριον κοινὸν τῶν τε Ἀσιανῶν καὶ τῶν Εὐρωπαίων νομάδων καὶ τῶν ἐκ τοῦ Βοσπόρου τὴν λίμνην πλεόντων, τῶν μὲν ἀνδράποδα ἀγόντων καὶ δέρματα καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο τῶν νομαδικῶν, τῶν δʼ ἐσθῆτα καὶ οἶνον καὶ τἆλλα ὅσα τῆς ἡμέρου διαίτης οἰκεῖα ἀντιφορτιζομένων. πρόκειται δʼ ἐν ἑκατὸν σταδίοις τοῦ ἐμπορίου νῆσος Ἀλωπεκία, κατοικία μιγάδων ἀνθρώπων· ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλα νησίδια πλησίον ἐν τῇ λίμνῃ. διέχει δὲ τοῦ στόματος τῆς Μαιώτιδος εὐθυπλοοῦσιν ἐπὶ τὰ βόρεια δισχιλίους καὶ διακοσίους σταδίους ὁ Τάναϊς, οὐ πολὺ δὲ πλείους εἰσὶ παραλεγομένῳ τὴν γῆν.

[4] ἐν δὲ τῷ παράπλῳ τῷ παρὰ γῆν πρῶτον μέν ἐστιν ἀπὸ τοῦ Τανάιδος προϊοῦσιν ἐν ὀκτακοσίοις σταδίοις ὁ μέγας καλούμενος Ῥομβίτης, ἐν ᾧ τὰ πλεῖστα ἁλιεύματα τῶν εἰς ταριχείας ἰχθύων· ἔπειτα ἐν ἄλλοις ὀκτακοσίοις ὁ ἐλάττων Ῥομβίτης καὶ ἄκρα ἔχουσα καὶ αὐτὴ ἁλιείας ἐλάττους· ἔχουσι δὲ οἱ μὲν πρότερον νησία ὁρμητήρια, οἱ δʼ ἐν τῷ μικρῷ Ῥομβίτῃ αὐτοί εἰσιν οἱ Μαιῶται ἐργαζόμενοι· οἰκοῦσι γὰρ ἐν τῷ παράπλῳ τούτω παντὶ οἱ Μαιῶται, γεωργοὶ μὲν οὐχ ἧττον δὲ τῶν νομάδων πολεμισταί. διῄρηνται δὲ εἰς ἔθνη πλείω τὰ μὲν πλησίον τοῦ Τανάιδος ἀγριώτερα, τὰ δὲ συνάπτοντα τῷ Βοσπόρῳ χειροήθη μᾶλλον. ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ μικροῦ Ῥομβίτου στάδιοί εἰσιν ἑξακόσιοι ἐπὶ Τυράμβην καὶ τὸν Ἀντικείτην ποταμόν· εἶθʼ ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσιν ἐπὶ τὴν κώμην τὴν Κιμμερικήν, ἥτις ἐστὶν ἀφετήριον τοῖς τὴν λίμνην πλέουσιν· ἐν δὲ τῷ παράπλῳ τούτῳ καὶ σκοπαί τινες λέγονται Κλαζομενίων.

[5] τὸ δὲ Κιμμερικὸν πόλις ἦν πρότερον ἐπὶ χερρονήσου ἱδρυμένη, τὸν ἰσθμὸν τάφρῳ καὶ χώματι κλείουσα· ἐκέκτηντο δʼ οἱ Κιμμέριοι μεγάλην ποτὲ ἐν τῷ Βοσπόρῳ δύναμιν, διόπερ καὶ Κιμμερικὸς Βόσπορος ὠνομάσθη. οὗτοι δʼ εἰσὶν οἱ τοὺς τὴν μεσόγαιαν οἰκοῦντας ἐν τοῖς δεξιοῖς μέρεσι τοῦ Πόντου μέχρι Ἰωνίας ἐπιδραμόντες. τούτους μὲν οὖν ἐξήλασαν ἐκ τῶν τόπων Σκύθαι, τοὺς δὲ Σκύθας Ἕλληνες οἱ Παντικάπαιον καὶ τὰς ἄλλας οἰκίσαντες πόλεις τὰς ἐν Βοσπόρῳ.

[6] εἶτʼ ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀχίλλειον κώμην εἴκοσιν, ἐν ᾗ τὸ Ἀχιλλέως ἱερόν· ἐνταῦθα δʼ ἐστὶν ὁ στενώτατος πορθμὸς τοῦ στόματος τῆς Μαιώτιδος ὅσον εἴκοσι σταδίων ἢ πλειόνων, ἔχων ἐν τῇ περαίᾳ κώμην τὸ Μυρμήκιον (πλησίον δʼ ἐστὶ τοῦ Ἡρακλείου) καὶ τὸ Παρθένιον.

[7] ἐντεῦθεν δʼ ἐπὶ τὸ Σατύρου μνῆμα ἐνενήκοντα στάδιοι· τοῦτο δʼ ἐστὶν ἐπʼ ἄκρας τινὸς χωστὸν ἀνδρὸς τῶν ἐπιφανῶς δυναστευσάντων τοῦ Βοσπόρου.

[8] πλησίον δὲ κώμη Πατραεύς, ἀφʼ ἧς ἐπὶ κώμην Κοροκονδάμην ἑκατὸν τριάκοντα· αὕτη δʼ ἐστὶ τοῦ Κιμμερικοῦ καλουμένου Βοσπόρου πέρας. καλεῖται δὲ οὕτως ὁ στενωπὸς ἐπὶ τοῦ στόματος τῆς Μαιώτιδος ἀπὸ τῶν κατὰ τὸ Ἀχίλλειον καὶ τὸ Μυρμήκιον στενῶν διατείνων μέχρι πρὸς τὴν Κοροκονδάμην καὶ τὸ ἀντικείμενον αὐτῇ κώμιον τῆς Παντικαπαίων γῆς ὄνομα Ἄκραν ἑβδομήκοντα σταδίων διειργόμενον πορθμῷ· μέχρι γὰρ δεῦρο καὶ ὁ κρύσταλλος διατείνει, πηττομένης τῆς Μαιώτιδος κατὰ τοὺς κρυμοὺς ὥστε πεζεύεσθαι. ἅπας δʼ ἐστὶν εὐλίμενος ὁ στενωπὸς οὗτος.

[9] ὑπέρκειται δὲ τῆς Κοροκονδάμης εὐμεγέθης λίμνη, ἣν καλοῦσιν ἀπʼ αὐτῆς Κοροκονδαμῖτιν· ἐκδίδωσι δʼ ἀπὸ δέκα σταδίων τῆς κώμης εἰς τὴν θάλατταν· ἐμβάλλει δὲ εἰς τὴν λίμνην ἀπορρώξ τις τοῦ Ἀντικείτου ποταμοῦ, καὶ ποιεῖ νῆσον περίκλυστόν τινα ταύτῃ τε τῇ λίμνῃ καὶ τῇ Μαιώτιδι καὶ τῷ ποταμῷ. τινὲς δὲ καὶ τοῦτον τὸν ποταμὸν Ὕπανιν προσαγορεύουσι, καθάπερ καὶ τὸν πρὸς τῷ Βορυσθένει.

[10] εἰσπλεύσαντι δʼ εἰς τὴν Κοροκονδαμῖτιν ἥ τε Φαναγόρειά ἐστι πόλις ἀξιόλογος καὶ Κῆποι καὶ Ἑρμώνασσα καὶ τὸ Ἀπάτουρον τὸ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης ἱερόν· ὧν ἡ Φαναγόρεια καὶ οἱ Κῆποι κατὰ τὴν λεχθεῖσαν νῆσον ἵδρυνται εἰσπλέοντι ἐν ἀριστερᾷ, αἱ δὲ λοιπαὶ πόλεις ἐν δεξιᾷ πέραν Ὑπάνιος ἐν τῇ Σινδικῇ. ἔστι δὲ καὶ Γοργιπία ἐν τῇ Σινδικῇ, τὸ βασίλειον τῶν Σινδῶν πλησίον θαλάττης, καὶ Ἀβοράκη. τοῖς δὲ τοῦ Βοσπόρου δυνάσταις ὑπήκοοι ὄντες ἅπαντες Βοσπορανοὶ καλοῦνται· καὶ ἔστι τῶν μὲν Εὐρωπαίων Βοσπορανῶν μητρόπολις τὸ Παντικάπαιον, τῶν δʼ Ἀσιανῶν τὸ Φαναγόρειον (καλεῖται γὰρ καὶ οὕτως ἡ πόλις), καὶ δοκεῖ τῶν μὲν ἐκ τῆς Μαιώτιδος καὶ τῆς ὑπερκειμένης βαρβάρου κατακομιζομένων ἐμπόριον εἶναι τὰ Φαναγόρεια, τῶν δʼ ἐκ τῆς θαλάττης ἀναφερομένων ἐκεῖσε τὸ Παντικάπαιον. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ Φαναγορείᾳ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης ἱερὸν ἐπίσημον τῆς Ἀπατούρου· ἐτυμολογοῦσι δὲ τὸ ἐπίθετον τῆς θεοῦ μῦθόν τινα προστησάμενοι, ὡς ἐπιθεμένων ἐνταῦθα τῇ θεῷ τῶν γιγάντων ἐπικαλεσαμένη τὸν Ἡρακλέα κρύψειεν ἐν κευθμῶνί τινι, εἶτα τῶν γιγάντων ἕκαστον δεχομένη καθʼ ἕνα τῷ Ἡρακλεῖ παραδιδοίη δολοφονεῖν ἐξ ἀπάτης.

[11] τῶν Μαιωτῶν δʼ εἰσὶν αὐτοί τε οἱ Σινδοὶ καὶ Δανδάριοι καὶ Τορέται καὶ Ἄγροι καὶ Ἀρρηχοί, ἔτι δὲ Τάρπητες Ὀβιδιακηνοὶ Σιττακηνοὶ Δόσκοι, ἄλλοι πλείους· τούτων δʼ εἰσὶ καὶ οἱ Ἀσπουργιανοὶ μεταξὺ Φαναγορείας οἰκοῦντες καὶ Γοργιπίας ἐν πεντακοσίοις σταδίοις, οἷς ἐπιθέμενος Πολέμων ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐπὶ προσποιήσει φιλίας οὐ λαθὼν ἀντεστρατηγήθη καὶ ζωγρίᾳ ληφθεὶς ἀπέθανε. τῶν τε συμπάντων Μαιωτῶν τῶν Ἀσιανῶν οἱ μὲν ὑπήκουον τῶν τὸ ἐμπόριον ἐχόντων τὸ ἐν τῷ Τανάιδι οἱ δὲ τῶν Βοσπορανῶν· τοτὲ δʼ ἀφίσταντο ἄλλοτʼ ἄλλοι. πολλάκις δʼ οἱ τῶν Βοσπορανῶν ἡγεμόνες καὶ τὰ μέχρι τοῦ Τανάιδος κατεῖχον καὶ μάλιστα οἱ ὕστατοι, Φαρνάκης καὶ Ἄσανδρος καὶ Πολέμων. Φαρνάκης δέ ποτε καὶ τὸν Ὕπανιν τοῖς Δανδαρίοις ἐπαγαγεῖν λέγεται διά τινος παλαιᾶς διώρυγος ἀνακαθάρας αὐτὴν καὶ κατακλύσαι τὴν χώραν.

[12] μετὰ δὲ τὴν Σινδικὴν καὶ τὴν Γοργιπίαν ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ ἡ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν καὶ Ζυγῶν καὶ Ἡνιόχων παραλία τὸ πλέον ἀλίμενος καὶ ὀρεινή, τοῦ Καυκάσου μέρος οὖσα. ζῶσι δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν κατὰ θάλατταν λῃστηρίων, ἀκάτια ἔχοντες λεπτὰ στενὰ καὶ κοῦφα, ὅσον ἀνθρώπους πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι δεχόμενα, σπάνιον δὲ τριάκοντα δέξασθαι τοὺς πάντας δυνάμενα· καλοῦσι δʼ αὐτὰ οἱ Ἕλληνες καμάρας. φασὶ δʼ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰάσονος στρατιᾶς τοὺς μὲν Φθιώτας Ἀχαιοὺς τὴν ἐνθάδε Ἀχαΐαν οἰκίσαι, Λάκωνας δὲ τὴν Ἡνιοχίαν, ὧν ἦρχον Κρέκας καὶ Ἀμφίστρατος οἱ τῶν Διοσκούρων ἡνίοχοι, καὶ τοὺς Ἡνιόχους ἀπὸ τούτων εἰκὸς ὠνομάσθαι. τῶν δʼ οὖν καμαρῶν στόλους κατασκευαζόμενοι καὶ ἐπιπλέοντες τοτὲ μὲν ταῖς ὁλκάσι τοτὲ δὲ χώρᾳ τινὶ ἢ καὶ πόλει θαλαττοκρατοῦσι. προσλαμβάνουσι δʼ ἔσθʼ ὅτε καὶ οἱ τὸν Βόσπορον ἔχοντες ὑφόρμους χορηγοῦντες καὶ ἀγορὰν καὶ διάθεσιν τῶν ἁρπαζομένων· ἐπανιόντες δὲ εἰς τὰ οἰκεῖα χωρία, ναυλοχεῖν οὐκ ἔχοντες, ἀναθέμενοι τοῖς ὤμοις τὰς καμάρας ἀναφέρουσιν ἐπὶ τοὺς δρυμοὺς ἐν οἷσπερ καὶ οἰκοῦσι, λυπρὰν ἀροῦντες γῆν· καταφέρουσι δὲ πάλιν ὅταν ᾖ καιρὸς τοῦ πλεῖν. τὸ δʼ αὐτὸ ποιοῦσι καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀλλοτρίᾳ γνώριμα ἔχοντες ὑλώδη χωρία, ἐν οἷς ἀποκρύψαντες τὰς καμάρας αὐτοὶ πλανῶνται πεζῇ νύκτωρ καὶ μεθʼ ἡμέραν ἀνδραποδισμοῦ χάριν. ἃ δʼ ἂν λάβωσιν ἐπίλυτρα ποιοῦσι ῥᾳδίως μετὰ τοὺς ἀνάπλους μηνύοντες τοῖς ἀπολέσασιν. ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς δυναστευομένοις τόποις ἐστί τις βοήθεια ἐκ τῶν ἡγεμόνων τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις· ἀντεπιτίθενται γὰρ πολλάκις καὶ κατάγουσιν αὐτάνδρους τὰς καμάρας· ἡ δʼ ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίοις ἀβοηθητοτέρα ἐστὶ διὰ τὴν ὀλιγωρίαν τῶν πεμπομένων.

[13] τοιοῦτος μὲν ὁ τούτων βίος· δυναστεύονται δὲ καὶ οὗτοι ὑπὸ τῶν καλουμένων Σκηπτούχων; καὶ αὐτοὶ δὲ οὗτοι ὑπὸ τυράννοις ἢ βασιλεῦσίν εἰσιν. οἱ γοῦν Ἡνίοχοι τέτταρας εἶχον βασιλέας, ἡνίκα Μιθριδάτης ὁ Εὐπάτωρ φεύγων ἐκ τῆς προγονικῆς εἰς Βόσπορον διῄει τὴν χώραν αὐτῶν· καὶ αὕτη μὲν ἦν πορεύσιμος αὐτῷ, τῆς δὲ τῶν Ζυγῶν ἀπογνοὺς διά τε δυσχερείας καὶ ἀγριότητας τῇ παραλίᾳ χαλεπῶς ᾔει, τὰ πολλὰ ἐμβαίνων ἐπὶ τὴν θάλατταν, ἕως ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἧκε· καὶ προσλαβόντων τούτων ἐξετέλεσε τὴν ὁδὸν τὴν ἐκ Φάσιδος οὐ πολὺ τῶν τετρακισχιλίων λείπουσαν σταδίων.

[14] εὐθὺς δʼ οὖν ἀπὸ τῆς Κοροκονδάμης πρὸς ἕω μὲν ὁ πλοῦς ἐστιν. ἐν δὲ σταδίοις ἑκατὸν ὀγδοήκοντα ὁ Σινδικός ἐστι λιμὴν καὶ πόλις, εἶτα ἐν τετρακοσίοις τὰ καλούμενα Βατὰ κώμη καὶ λιμήν, καθʼ ὃ μάλιστα ἀντικεῖσθαι δοκεῖ πρὸς νότον ἡ Σινώπη ταύτῃ τῇ παραλίᾳ, καθάπερ ἡ Κάραμβις εἴρηται τοῦ Κριοῦ μετώπῳ· ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν Βατῶν ὁ μὲν Ἀρτεμίδωρος τὴν Κερκετῶν λέγει παραλίαν ὑφόρμους ἔχουσαν καὶ κώμας ὅσον ἐπὶ σταδίους ὀκτακοσίους καὶ πεντήκοντα, εἶτα τὴν τῶν Ἀχαιῶν σταδίων πεντακοσίων, εἶτα τὴν τῶν Ἡνιόχων χιλίων, εἶτα τὸν Πιτυοῦντα τὸν μέγαν τριακοσίων ἑξήκοντα μέχρι Διοσκουριάδος· οἱ δὲ τὰ Μιθριδατικὰ συγγράψαντες, οἷς μᾶλλον προσεκτέον, Ἀχαιοὺς λέγουσι πρώτους, εἶτα Ζυγούς, εἶτα Ἡνιόχους, εἶτα Κερκέτας καὶ Μόσχους καὶ Κόλχους καὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τούτων Φθειροφάγους καὶ Σοάνας καὶ ἄλλα μικρὰ ἔθνη τὰ περὶ τὸν Καύκασον. κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν οὖν ἡ παραλία, καθάπερ εἶπον, ἐπὶ τὴν ἕω τείνει καὶ βλέπει πρὸς νότον, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν Βατῶν ἐπιστροφὴν λαμβάνει κατὰ μικρόν, εἶτʼ ἀντιπρόσωπος γίνεται τῇ δύσει καὶ τελευτᾷ πρὸς τὸν Πιτυοῦντα καὶ τὴν Διοσκουριάδα· ταῦτα γὰρ τὰ χωρία τῆς Κολχίδος συνάπτει τῇ λεχθείσῃ παραλίᾳ. μετὰ δὲ τὴν Διοσκουριάδα ἡ λοιπὴ τῆς Κολχίδος ἐστὶ παραλία καὶ ἡ συνεχὴς Τραπεζοῦς καμπὴν ἀξιόλογον ποιήσασα, εἶτα εἰς εὐθεῖαν ταθεῖσά πως πλευρὰν τὴν τὰ δεξιὰ τοῦ Πόντου ποιοῦσαν τὰ βλέποντα πρὸς ἄρκτον. ἅπασα δʼ ἡ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων παραλία μέχρι Διοσκουριάδος καὶ τῶν ἐπʼ εὐθείας πρὸς νότον ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τόπων ὑποπέπτωκε τῷ Καυκάσῳ.

[15] ἔστι δʼ ὄρος τοῦτο ὑπερκείμενον τοῦ πελάγους ἑκατέρου τοῦ τε Ποντικοῦ καὶ τοῦ Κασπίου, διατειχίζον τὸν ἰσθμὸν τὸν διείργοντα αὐτά. ἀφορίζει δὲ πρὸς νότον μὲν τήν τε Ἀλβανίαν καὶ τὴν Ἰβηρίαν, πρὸς ἄρκτον δὲ τὰ τῶν Σαρματῶν πεδία· εὔδενδρον δʼ ἐστὶν ὕλῃ παντοδαπῇ τῇ τε ἄλλῃ καὶ τῇ ναυπηγησίμῳ. φησὶ δʼ Ἐρατοσθένης ὑπὸ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων καλεῖσθαι Κάσπιον τὸν Καύκασον, ἴσως ἀπὸ τῶν Κασπίων παρονομασθέντα. ἀγκῶνες δέ τινες αὐτοῦ προπίπτουσιν ἐπὶ τὴν μεσημβρίαν, οἳ τήν τε Ἰβηρίαν περιλαμβάνουσι μέσην καὶ τοῖς Ἀρμενίων ὄρεσι συνάπτουσι καὶ τοῖς Μοσχικοῖς καλουμένοις, ἔτι δὲ τῷ Σκυδίσῃ καὶ τῷ Παρυάδρῃ· ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶ μέρη τοῦ Ταύρου πάντα τοῦ ποιοῦντος τὸ νότιον τῆς Ἀρμενίας πλευρόν, ἀπερρωγότα πως ἐκεῖθεν πρὸς ἄρκτον καὶ προσπίπτοντα μέχρι τοῦ Καυκάσου καὶ τῆς τοῦ Εὐξείνου παραλίας τῆς ἐπὶ Θεμίσκυραν διατεινούσης ἀπὸ τῆς Κολχίδος.

[16] ἡ δʼ οὖν Διοσκουριὰς ἐν κόλπῳ τοιούτῳ κειμένη καὶ τὸ ἑωθινώτατον σημεῖον ἐπέχουσα τοῦ σύμπαντος πελάγους, μυχός τε τοῦ Εὐξείνου λέγεται καὶ ἔσχατος πλοῦς· τό τε παροιμιακῶς λεχθὲν οὕτω δεῖ δέξασθαι

εἰς Φᾶσιν ἔνθα ναυσὶν ἔσχατος δρόμος,

¹οὐχ ὡς τὸν ποταμὸν λέγοντος τοῦ ποιήσαντος τὸ ἰαμβεῖον, οὐδὲ δὴ ὡς τὴν ὁμώνυμον αὐτῷ πόλιν κειμένην ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ, ἀλλʼ ὡς τὴν Κολχίδα ἀπὸ μέρους, ἐπεὶ ἀπό γε τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ τῆς πόλεως οὐκ ἐλάττων ἑξακοσίων σταδίων λείπεται πλοῦς ἐπʼ εὐθείας εἰς τὸν μυχόν. ἡ δʼ αὐτὴ Διοσκουριάς ἐστι καὶ ἀρχὴ τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ τοῦ μεταξὺ τῆς Κασπίας καὶ τοῦ Πόντου καὶ ἐμπόριον τῶν ὑπερκειμένων καὶ σύνεγγυς ἐθνῶν κοινόν· συνέρχεσθαι γοῦν εἰς αὐτὴν ἑβδομήκοντα, οἱ δὲ καὶ τριακόσια ἔθνη φασίν, οἷς οὐδὲν τῶν ὄντων μέλει, πάντα δὲ ἑτερόγλωττα διὰ τὸ σποράδην καὶ ἀμίκτως οἰκεῖν ὑπὸ αὐθαδείας καὶ ἀγριότητος· Σαρμάται δʼ εἰσὶν οἱ πλείους, πάντες δὲ Καυκάσιοι. ταῦτα μὲν δὴ τὰ περὶ τὴν Διοσκουριάδα.

[17] καὶ ἡ λοιπὴ δὲ Κολχὶς ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ ἡ πλείων ἐστί· διαρρεῖ δʼ αὐτὴν ὁ Φᾶσις, μέγας ποταμὸς ἐξ Ἀρμενίας τὰς ἀρχὰς ἔχων, δεχόμενος τόν τε Γλαῦκον καὶ τὸν Ἵππον ἐκ τῶν πλησίον ὀρῶν ἐκπίπτοντας· ἀναπλεῖται δὲ μέχρι Σαραπανῶν ἐρύματος δυναμένου δέξασθαι καὶ πόλεως συνοικισμόν, ὅθεν πεζεύουσιν ἐπὶ τὸν Κῦρον ἡμέραις τέτταρσι διʼ ἁμαξιτοῦ. ἐπίκειται δὲ τῷ Φάσιδι ὁμώνυμος πόλις, ἐμπόριον τῶν Κόλχων, τῇ μὲν προβεβλημένη τὸν ποταμὸν τῇ δὲ λίμνην τῇ δὲ τὴν θάλατταν. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ πλοῦς ἐπʼ Ἀμισοῦ καὶ Σινώπης τριῶν ἡμερῶν ἢ δύο διὰ τὸ τοὺς αἰγιαλοὺς μαλακοὺς εἶναι καὶ τὰς τῶν ποταμῶν ἐκβολάς. ἀγαθὴ δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ χώρα καὶ καρποῖς πλὴν τοῦ μέλιτος (πικρίζει γὰρ τὸ πλέον) καὶ τοῖς πρὸς ναυπηγίαν πᾶσιν· ὕλην τε γὰρ καὶ φύει καὶ ποταμοῖς κατακομίζει, λίνον τε ποιεῖ πολὺ καὶ κάνναβιν καὶ κηρὸν καὶ πίτταν. ἡ δὲ λινουργία καὶ τεθρύληται· καὶ γὰρ εἰς τοὺς ἔξω τόπους ἐξεκόμιζον, καί τινες βουλόμενοι συγγένειάν τινα τοῖς Κόλχοις πρὸς τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους ἐμφανίζειν ἀπὸ τούτων πιστοῦνται. ὑπέρκειται δὲ τῶν λεχθέντων ποταμῶν ἐν τῇ Μοσχικῇ τὸ τῆς Λευκοθέας ἱερὸν Φρίξου ἵδρυμα, καὶ μαντεῖον ἐκείνου, ὅπου κριὸς οὐ θύεται, πλούσιόν ποτε ὑπάρξαν, συληθὲν δὲ ὑπὸ Φαρνάκου καθʼ ἡμᾶς καὶ μικρὸν ὕστερον ὑπὸ Μιθριδάτου τοῦ Περγαμηνοῦ. κακωθείσης γὰρ χώρας

νοσεῖ τὰ τῶν θεῶν οὐδὲ τιμᾶσθαι θέλει,

²φησὶν Εὐριπίδης.

[18] τὸ μὲν γὰρ παλαιὸν ὅσην ἐπιφάνειαν ἔσχεν ἡ χώρα αὕτη δηλοῦσιν οἱ μῦθοι, τὴν Ἰάσονος στρατείαν αἰνιττόμενοι προελθόντος μέχρι καὶ Μηδίας, ἔτι δὲ πρότερον τὴν Φρίξου. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα διαδεξάμενοι βασιλεῖς εἰς σκηπτουχίας διῃρημένην ἔχοντες τὴν χώραν μέσως ἔπραττον· αὐξηθέντος δὲ ἐπὶ πολὺ Μιθριδάτου τοῦ Εὐπάτορος, εἰς ἐκεῖνον ἡ χώρα περιέστη· ἐπέμπετο δʼ ἀεί τις τῶν φίλων ὕπαρχος καὶ διοικητὴς τῆς χώρας. τούτων δὲ ἦν καὶ Μοαφέρνης, ὁ τῆς μητρὸς ἡμῶν θεῖος πρὸς πατρός· ἦν δʼ ἔνθεν ἡ πλείστη τῷ βασιλεῖ πρὸς τὰς ναυτικὰς δυνάμεις ὑπουργία. καταλυθέντος δὲ Μιθριδάτου συγκατελύθη καὶ ἡ ὑπʼ αὐτῷ πᾶσα καὶ διενεμήθη πολλοῖς· ὕστατα δὲ Πολέμων ἔσχε τὴν Κολχίδα, κἀκείνου τελευτήσαντος ἡ γυνὴ Πυθοδωρὶς κρατεῖ, βασιλεύουσα καὶ Κόλχων καὶ Τραπεζοῦντος καὶ Φαρνακίας καὶ τῶν ὑπερκειμένων βαρβάρων, περὶ ὧν ἐροῦμεν ἐν τοῖς ὕστερον. ἡ δʼ οὖν Μοσχική, ἐν ᾗ τὸ ἱερόν, τριμερής ἐστι· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἔχουσιν αὐτῆς Κόλχοι τὸ δὲ Ἴβηρες τὸ δὲ Ἀρμένιοι. ἔστι δὲ καὶ πολίχνιον ἐν τῇ Ἰβηρίᾳ Φρίξου πόλις ἡ νῦν Ἰδήεσσα, εὐερκὲς χωρίον ἐν μεθορίοις τῆς Κολχίδος³.

[19] τῶν δὲ συνερχομένων ἐθνῶν εἰς τὴν Διοσκουριάδα καὶ οἱ Φθειροφάγοι εἰσίν, ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐχμοῦ καὶ τοῦ πίνου λαβόντες τοὔνομα. πλησίον δὲ καὶ οἱ Σοάνες, οὐδὲν βελτίους τούτων τῷ πίνῳ δυνάμει δὲ βελτίους, σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ κράτιστοι κατὰ ἀλκὴν καὶ δύναμιν· δυναστεύουσι γοῦν τῶν κύκλῳ τὰ ἄκρα τοῦ Καυκάσου κατέχοντες τὰ ὑπὲρ τῆς Διοσκουριάδος· βασιλέα δʼ ἔχουσι καὶ συνέδριον ἀνδρῶν τριακοσίων, συνάγουσι δʼ ὥς φασι στρατιὰν καὶ εἴκοσι μυριάδων· ἅπαν γάρ ἐστι τὸ πλῆθος μάχιμον, οὐ συντεταγμένον δέ. παρὰ τούτοις δὲ λέγεται καὶ χρυσὸν καταφέρειν τοὺς χειμάρρους, ὑποδέχεσθαι δʼ αὐτὸν τοὺς βαρβάρους φάτναις κατατετρημέναις καὶ μαλλωταῖς δοραῖς· ἀφʼ οὗ δὴ μεμυθεῦσθαι καὶ τὸ χρυσόμαλλον δέρος· εἰ μὴ καὶ Ἴβηρας ὁμωνύμως τοῖς ἑσπερίοις καλοῦσιν ἀπὸ τῶν ἑκατέρωθι χρυσείων. χρῶνται δʼ οἱ Σοάνες φαρμάκοις πρὸς τὰς ἀκίδας θαυμαστοῖς καὶ τοὺς ἀφαρμάκτοις τετρωμένους βέλεσι λυπεῖ κατὰ τὴν ὀσμήν. τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλα ἔθνη τὰ πλησίον τὰ περὶ τὸν Καύκασον λυπρὰ καὶ μικρόχωρα, τὸ δὲ τῶν Ἀλβανῶν ἔθνος καὶ τὸ τῶν Ἰβήρων, ἃ δὴ πληροῖ μάλιστα τὸν λεχθέντα ἰσθμόν, Καυκάσια μὲν καὶ αὐτὰ λέγοιτʼ ἄν, εὐδαίμονα δὲ χώραν ἔχει καὶ σφόδρα καλῶς οἰκεῖσθαι δυναμένην.

Translations (1)

Geography (Books 6-14) Perseus (Strabo. The Geography of Strabo, Vols. 3-6. Jones, Horace Leonard, translator. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1924-1929 (printing).) — 11.2 focus

[1] Of the portions thus divided, the first is inhabited, in the region toward the north and the ocean, by Scythian nomads and wagon-dwellers, and south of these, by Sarmatians, these too being Scythians, and by Aorsi and Siraci,¹ who extend towards the south as far as the Caucasian Mountains, some being nomads and others tent-dwellers and farmers. About Lake Maeotis live the Maeotae. And on the sea lies the Asiatic side of the Bosporus, or the Syndic territory. After this latter, one comes to the Achaei and the Zygi and the Heniochi, and also the Cercetae and the Macropogones.² And above these are situated the narrow passes of the Phtheirophagi;³ and after the Heniochi the Colchian country, which lies at the foot of the Caucasian, or Moschian, Mountains. But since I have taken the Tanaïs River as the boundary between Europe and Asia, I shall begin my detailed description therewith.

[2] Now the Tanaïs flows from the northerly region—not, however, as most people think, in a course diametrically opposite to that of the Nile, but more to the east than the Nile—and like the Nile its sources are unknown. Yet a considerable part of the Nile is well known, since it traverses a country which is everywhere easily accessible and since it is navigable for a great distance inland. But as for the Tanaïs, although we know its outlets (they are two in number and are in the most northerly region of Lake Maeotis, being sixty stadia distant from one another), yet but little of the part that is beyond its outlets is known to us, because of the coldness and the poverty of the country. This poverty can indeed be endured by the indigenous peoples, who, in nomadic fashion, live on flesh and milk, but people from other tribes cannot stand it. And besides, the nomads, being disinclined to intercourse with any other people and being superior both in numbers and in might, have blocked off whatever parts of the country are passable, or whatever parts of the river happen to be navigable. This is what has caused some to assume that the Tanaïs has its sources in the Caucasian Mountains, flows in great volume towards the north, and then, making a bend, empties into Lake Maeotis (Theophanes of Mitylene⁴ has the same opinion as these), and others to assume that it flows from the upper region of the Ister, although they produce no evidence of its flowing from so great a distance or from other “climata,” as though it were impossible for the river to flow both from a nearby source and from the north.

[3] On the river and the lake is an inhabited city bearing the same name, Tanaïs; it was founded by the Greeks who held the Bosporus. Recently, however, it was sacked by King Polemon⁵ because it would not obey him. It was a common emporium, partly of the Asiatic and the European nomads, and partly of those who navigated the lake from the Bosporus, the former bringing slaves, hides, and such other things as nomads possess, and the latter giving in exchange clothing, wine, and the other things that belong to civilized life. At a distance of one hundred stadia off the emporium lies an island called Alopecia, a settlement of promiscuous people. There are also other small islands near by in the lake. The Tanaïs⁶ is two thousand two hundred stadia distant from the mouth of Lake Maeotis by a direct voyage towards the north; but it is not much farther by a voyage along the coast.

[4] In the voyage along the coast, one comes first, at a distance of eight hundred stadia from Tanaïs, to the Greater Rhombites River, as it is called, where are made the greatest catches of the fish that are suitable for salting. Then, at a distance of eight hundred more, to the Lesser Rhombites and a cape, which latter also has fisheries, although they are smaller. The people who live about the Greater Rhombites have small islands as bases for their fishing; but the people who carry on the business at the Lesser Rhombites are the Maeotae themselves, for the Maeotae live along the whole of this coast; and though farmers, they are no less warlike than the nomads. They are divided into several tribes, those who live near the Tanaïs being rather ferocious, but those whose territory borders on the Bosporus being more tractable. It is six hundred stadia from the Lesser Rhombites to Tyrambe and the Anticeites River; then a hundred and twenty to the Cimmerian village, which is a place of departure for those who navigate the lake; and on this coast are said to be some look-out places⁷ belonging to the Clazomenians.

[5] Cimmericum was in earlier times a city situated on a peninsula, and it closed the isthmus by means of a trench and a mound. The Cimmerians once possessed great power in the Bosporus, and this is why it was named Cimmerian Bosporus. These are the people who overran the country of those who lived in the interior on the right side of the Pontus as far as Ionia. However, these were driven out of the region by the Scythians; and then the Scythians were driven out by the Greeks who founded Panticapaeum and the other cities on the Bosporus.

[6] Then, twenty stadia distant, one comes to the village Achilleium, where is the temple of Achilles. Here is the narrowest passage across the mouth of Lake Maeotis, about twenty stadia or more; and on the opposite shore is a village, Myrmecium; and near by are Heracleium and Parthenium.⁸

[7] Thence ninety stadia to the monument of Satyrus, which consists of a mound thrown up on a certain cape in memory of one of the illustrious potentates of the Bosporus.⁹

[8] Near by is a village, Patraeus, from which the distance to a village Corocondame is one hundred and thirty stadia; and this village constitutes the limit of the Cimmerian Bosporus, as it is called. The Narrows at the mouth of the Maeotis are so called from the narrow passage at Achilleium and Myrmecium; they extend as far as Corocondame and the small village named Acra, which lies opposite to it in the land of the Panticapaeans, this village being separated from it by a strait seventy stadia wide; for the ice, also,¹⁰ extends as far as this, the Maeotis being so frozen at the time of frosts that it can be crossed on foot. And these Narrows have good harbors everywhere.

[9] Above Corocondame lies a lake of considerable size, which derives its name, Corocondamitis, from that of the village. It empties into the sea at a distance of ten stadia from the village. A branch of the Anticeites empties into the lake and forms a kind of island which is surrounded by this lake and the Maeotis and the river. Some apply the name Hypanis to this river, just as they do to the river near the Borysthenes.

[10] Sailing into Lake Corocondamitis one comes to Phanagoreia, a noteworthy city, and to Cepi, and to Hermonassa, and to Apaturum, the sanctuary of Aphrodite. Of these, Phanagoreia and Cepi are situated on the island above-mentioned, on the left as one sails in, but the other cities are on the right, across the Hypanis, in the Syndic territory. There is also a place called Gorgipia in the Syndic territory, the royal residence of the Sindi, near the sea; and also a place called Aborace. All the people who are subject to the potentates of the Bosporus are called Bosporians; and Panticapaeum is the metropolis of the European Bosporians, while Phanagoreium (for the name of the city is also spelled thus) is the metropolis of the Asiatic Bosporians. Phanagoreia is reputed to be the emporium for the commodities that are brought down from the Maeotis and the barbarian country that lies above it, and Panticapaeum for those which are carried up thither from the sea. There is also in Phanagoreia a notable temple of Aphrodite Apaturus. Critics derive the etymology of the epithet of the goddess by adducing a certain myth, according to which the Giants attacked the goddess there; but she called upon Heracles for help and hid him in a cave, and then, admitting the Giants one by one, gave them over to Heracles to be murdered through “treachery”¹¹

[11] Among the Maeotae are the Sindi themselves, Dandarii, Toreatae, Agri, and Arrechi, and also the Tarpetes, Obidiaceni, Sittaceni, Dosci, and several others. Among these belong also the Aspurgiani, who live between Phanagoreia and Gorgipia, within a stretch of five hundred stadia; these were attacked by King Polemon under a pretence of friendship, but they discovered his pretence, outgeneralled him, and taking him alive killed him. As for the Asiatic Maeotae in general, some of them were subjects of those who possessed the emporium on the Tanaïs, and the others of the Bosporians; but in those days different peoples at different times were wont to revolt. And often the rulers of the Bosporians held possession of the region as far as the Tanaïs, and particularly the latest rulers, Pharnaces, Asander, and Polemon. Pharnaces is said at one time actually to have conducted the Hypanis River over the country of the Dandarii through an old canal which he cleared out, and to have inundated the country.

[12] After the Sindic territory and Gorgipia, on the sea, one comes to the coast of the Achaei and the Zygi and the Heniochi, which for the most part is harborless and mountainous, being a part of the Caucasus. These peoples live by robberies at sea. Their boats are slender, narrow, and light, holding only about twenty-five people, though in rare cases they can hold thirty in all; the Greeks call them “camarae.”¹² They say that the Phthiotic Achaei¹³ in Jason’s crew settled in this Achaea, but the Laconians in Heniochia, the leaders of the latter being Rhecas¹⁴ and Amphistratus, the “heniochi”¹⁵ of the Dioscuri,¹⁶ and that in all probability the Heniochi were named after these. At any rate, by equipping fleets of “camarae” and sailing sometimes against merchant vessels and sometimes against a country or even a city, they hold the mastery of the sea. And they are sometimes assisted even by those who hold the Bosporus, the latter supplying them with mooring places, with market place, and with means of disposing of their booty. And since, when they return to their own land, they have no anchorage, they put the “camarae” on their shoulders and carry them to the forests where they live and where they till a poor soil. And they bring the “camarae” down to the shore again when the time for navigation comes. And they do the same thing in the countries of others, for they are well acquainted with wooded places; and in these they first hide their “camarae” and then themselves wander on foot night and day for the sake of kidnapping people. But they readily offer to release their captives for ransom, informing their relatives after they have put out to sea. Now in those places which are ruled by local chieftains the rulers go to the aid of those who are wronged, often attacking and bringing back the “camarae,” men and all. But the territory that is subject to the Romans affords but little aid, because of the negligence of the governors who are sent there.

[13] Such is the life of these people. They are governed by chieftains called “sceptuchi,”¹⁷ but the “sceptuchi” themselves are subject to tyrants or kings. For instance, the Heniochi had four kings at the time when Mithridates Eupator,¹⁸ in flight from the country of his ancestors to the Bosporus, passed through their country; and while he found this country passable, yet he despaired of going through that of the Zygi, both because of the ruggedness of it and because of the ferocity of the inhabitants; and only with difficulty could he go along the coast, most of the way marching on the edge of the sea, until he arrived at the country of the Achaei; and, welcomed by these, he completed his journey from Phasis, a journey not far short of four thousand stadia.

[14] Now the voyage from Corocondame is straight towards the east; and at a distance of one hundred and eighty stadia is the Sindic harbor and city; and then, at a distance of four hundred stadia, one comes to Bata, as it is called, a village and harbor, at which place Sinope on the south is thought to lie almost directly opposite this coast, just as Carambis has been referred to as opposite Criumetopon.¹⁹ After Bata Artemidorus²⁰ mentions the coast of the Cercetae, with its mooring places and villages, extending thence about eight hundred and fifty stadia; and then the coast of the Achaei, five hundred stadia; and then that of the Heniochi, one thousand; and then Greater Pityus, extending three hundred and sixty stadia to Dioscurias. The more trustworthy historians of the Mithridatic wars name the Achaei first, then the Zygi, then the Heniochi, and then the Cercetae and Moschi and Colchi, and the Phtheirophagi who live above these three peoples, and the Soanes, and other small tribes that live in the neighborhood of the Caucasus. Now at first the coast, as I have said, stretches towards the east and faces the south, but from Bata it gradually takes a turn, and then faces the west and ends at Pityus and Dioscurias; for these places border on the above-mentioned coast of Colchis. After Dioscurias comes the remaining coast of Colchis and the adjacent coast of Trapezus, which makes a considerable bend, and then, extending approximately in a straight line, forms the righthand side of the Pontus, which faces the north. The whole of the coast of the Achaei and of the other peoples as far as Dioscurias and of the places that lie in a straight line towards the south in the interior lie at the foot of the Caucasus.

[15] This mountain lies above both seas, both the Pontic and the Caspian, and forms a wall across the isthmus that separates the two seas. It marks the boundary, on the south, of Albania and Iberia, and, on the north, of the plains of the Sarmatae. It is well wooded with all kinds of timber, and especially the kind suitable for shipbuilding. According to Eratosthenes, the Caucasus is called “Caspius” by the natives, the name being derived perhaps from the “Caspii.” Branches of it project towards the south; and these not only comprise the middle of Albania but also join the mountains of Armenia and the Moschian Mountains, as they are called, and also the Scydises and the Paryadres Mountains. All these are parts of the Taurus, which forms the southern side of Armenia,parts broken off, as it were, from that mountain on the north and projecting as far as the Caucasus and that part of the coast of the Euxine which stretches from Colchis to Themiscyra.

[16] Be this as it may, since Dioscurias is situated in such a gulf and occupies the most easterly point of the whole sea, it is called not only the recess of the Euxine, but also the “farthermost” voyage. And the proverbial verse,

To Phasis, where for ships is the farthermost run,

must be interpreted thus, not as though the author²¹ of the iambic verse meant the river, much less the city of the same name situated on the river, but as meaning by a part of Colchis the whole of it, since from the river and the city of that name there is left a straight voyage into the recess of not less than six hundred stadia. The same Dioscurias is the beginning of the isthmus between the Caspian Sea and the Euxine, and also the common emporium of the tribes who are situated above it and in its vicinity; at any rate, seventy tribes come together in it, though others, who care nothing for the facts, actually say three hundred. All speak different languages because of the fact that, by reason of their obstinacy and ferocity, they live in scattered groups and without intercourse with one another. The greater part of them are Sarmatae, but they are all Caucasii. So much, then, for the region of Dioscurias.

[17] Further, the greater part of the remainder of Colchis is on the sea. Through it flows the Phasis, a large river having its sources in Armenia and receiving the waters of the Glaucus and the Hippus, which issue from the neighboring mountains. It is navigated as far as Sarapana, a fortress capable of admitting the population even of a city. From here people go by land to the Cyrus in four days by a wagon road. On the Phasis is situated a city bearing the same name, an emporium of the Colchi, which is protected on one side by the river, on another by a lake, and on another by the sea. Thence people go to Amisus and Sinope by sea (a voyage of two or three days), because the shores are soft and because of the outlets of the rivers. The country is excellent both in respect to its produce—except its honey, which is generally bitter—and in respect to every thing that pertains to shipbuilding; for it not only produces quantities of timber but also brings it down on rivers. And the people make linen in quantities, and hemp, wax, and pitch. Their linen industry has been famed far and wide; for they used to export linen to outside places; and some writers, wishing to show forth a kinship between the Colchians and the Egyptians, confirm their belief by this. Above the aforesaid rivers in the Moschian country lies the temple of Leucothea, founded by Phrixus, and the oracle of Phrixus, where a ram is never sacrificed; it was once rich, but it was robbed in our time by Pharnaces, and a little later by Mithridates of Pergamum. For when a country is devastated,

things divine are in sickly plight and wont not even to be respected,

²²says Euripides.

[18] The great fame this country had in early times is disclosed by the myths, which refer in an obscure way to the expedition of Jason as having proceeded as far even as Media, and also, before that time, to that of Phrixus. After this, when kings succeeded to power, the country being divided into “sceptuchies,”²³ they were only moderately prosperous; but when Mithridates Eupator²⁴ grew powerful, the country fell into his hands; and he would always send one of his friends as sub-governor or administrator of the country. Among these was Moaphernes, my mother’s uncle on her father’s side. And it was from this country that the king received most aid in the equipment of his naval forces. But when the power of Mithridates had been broken up, all the territory subject to him was also broken up and distributed among many persons. At last Polemon got Colchis; and since his death his wife Pythodoris has been in power, being queen, not only of the Colchians, but also of Trapezus and Pharnacia and of the barbarians who live above these places, concerning whom I shall speak later on.²⁵ Now the Moschian country, in which is situated the temple,²⁶ is divided into three parts: one part is held by the Colchians, another by the Iberians, and another by the Armenians. There is also a small city in Iberia, the city of Phrixus,²⁷ the present Ideëssa, well fortified, on the confines of Colchis. And near Dioscurias flows the Chares River.

[19] Among the tribes which come together at Dioscurias are the Phtheirophagi,²⁸ who have received their name from their squalor and their filthiness. Near them are the Soanes, who are no less filthy, but superior to them in power,—indeed, one might almost say that they are foremost in courage and power. At any rate, they are masters of the peoples around them, and hold possession of the heights of the Caucasus above Dioscurias. They have a king and a council of three hundred men; and they assemble, according to report, an army of two hundred thousand; for the whole of the people are a fighting force, though unorganized. It is said that in their country gold is carried down by the mountain torrents, and that the barbarians obtain it by means of perforated troughs and fleecy skins, and that this is the origin of the myth of the golden fleece—unless they call them Iberians, by the same name as the western Iberians, from the gold mines in both countries. The Soanes use remarkable poisons for the points of their missiles; and even people who are not wounded by the poisoned missiles suffer from their odor. Now in general the tribes in the neighborhood of the Caucasus occupy barren and cramped territories, but the tribes of the Albanians and the Iberians, which occupy nearly all the isthmus above-mentioned, might also be called Caucasian tribes; and they possess territory that is fertile and capable of affording an exceedingly good livelihood.

Notes on the current edition

Geography

1. The Aorsi and Siraci occupied the country between the Sea of Azoff, the Don, the Volga, the Caspian Sea, and the Terek. May not the Aorsi, says Gossellin, be the same as the Thyrsagetae, Agathursi, Utidorsi, Adorsi, Alanorsi of other writers, but whose real name is Thyrsi? The Siraci do not appear to differ from the Soraci or Seraci of Tacitus, (Ann. xii. 15, etc.,) and may be the same as ̓ιυοͅκες, afterwards called Turcae.

2. The country to the N. and N. E. of Anapa. By Bosporus we are to understand the territory on each side of the Straits of Kertch.

3. B. ii. c.v. § 31.

4. Cn. Pompeius Theophanes was one of the more intimate friends of Pompey, by whom he was presented with the Roman franchise in the presence of his army. This occurred in all probability about B. C. C2. Smith, art. Theophanes.

5. About B. C. 16. Smith, art. Polemon I.

6. If there ever did exist such a city as Tanaïs I should expect to find it at the extremity of that northern embouchure of the Don, which I have before mentioned as bearing the very name the Greeks gave to the city, with the slightest variation of orthography, in the appellation Tdanaets or Danaetz. Clarke’s Travels in Russia, chap. 14.

7. Strabo makes the distance too great between the two rivers Rhombites.

8. Kertch.

9. According to La Motraye, Achilleum corresponds to Adasbournout, but Du Theil quotes also the following passage from Peyssonel. According to Strabo, Achilleum must have been situated opposite Casau-dip, the ancient Parthenium on the point Tchochekha-Bournou (the pig’s head). But perhaps the ancients placed Achilleum near the entrance of the Euxine into the Palus Maeotis. Is not the fort of Achou, which is 8 leagues more to the east on the Palus Maeotis, the true Achilleum, the name being corrupted and abridged by the Tartars?

10. The point Rubanova.

11. Ada.

12. Taman.

13. C. Takli.

14. Ak Tengis.

15. Another branch of the Kuban.

16. The Kuban, anciently also the Vardanus.

17. The Bog.

18. The Dnieper.

19. It is probable that the Kuban Lake is here confounded with, or considered a portion of, the Lake Ak Tengis. Considering the intricacy of all this coast, the changes that have taken place, and the absence of accurate knowledge, both in ancient and modern times, of these unfrequented parts, much must be left to conjecture. The positions therefore assigned to ancient cities are doubtful. The names indeed are inserted in Kiepert’s maps, but without the assistance of recent travellers it would be hazardous to pretend to fix upon their exact sites.

20. ἔστι δὲ καὶ γοοͅγιπία. Some word or words appear to be wanting here. Kiepert assigns a place to this name, but it seems doubtful whether a place or a district is to be understood. Below, § 14, the Sindic harbour and city are mentioned, which may have been situated at Sound-jouk-kale. D’ Anville places them here or at Anapa, but the contour of the coast in his map does not resemble that of any modern maps.

21. The modern town Phanagoria does not seem to occupy the site of the ancient city.

22. ἐξ ἀπάτης.

23. ἡνίοχοι.

24. Pschate.

25. Keremp.

26. C. Aia.

27. The Tschilder mountains, of which Scydeces and Paryandres are a continuation.

28. Thermeh.

29. On the mouth of the river Anthemus to the N. of Colchis. It was situated 100 M. P., or 790 stadia to the N. P. of the Phasis, and 2260 stadia from Trapezus (Trebizond). (Pliny, vi. 5; Arrian, Perip. pp. 10, 18.) Upon or near the spot to which the twin sons of Leda gave their name, (Mela, i. 19, § 5; comp. Am. Marc. xxii. 8, § 24,) the Romans built SEBASTOPOLIS, (Steph. B.; Procop. B. G. iv. 4,) which was deserted in the time of Pliny, but was afterwards garrisoned by Justinian. The SOTERIOPOLIS of later times has been identified with it. The position of this place must be looked for near the roadstead of Iskuria. Smith, art. Dioscurias.

30. οί͂ς οὐδὲν τῶν ὄντων μέλει, or careless of the truth. Kramer observes that these words are inconveniently placed in the Greek text.

31. The Rion.

32. The Tschorocsu.

33. The Ilori.

34. Choropani.

35. The point of embarkation on the Cyrus (the Kur) is supposed to have been Surham, the ancient Sura.

36. Gossellin, Groskurd, and Kramer, all agree that there is here an error. Kramer is of opinion that the conjecture of Gossellin may be adopted, viz. eight or nine, instead of three or two, the letters T and B being a corruption of η and θ.

37. Coray’s proposed reading is adopted, καιὰ for καὶ.

38. According to Heyne, this was an Assyrian goddess worshipped under various titles.

39. In consequence of the intrigues of his stepmother Ino he was to be sacrificed to Zeus, but his mother Nephele removed him and his sister Helle, and the two then rode away on the ram with the golden fleece, the gift of Hermes, through the air. Helle fell into the sea, which was afterwards called, after her, the Hellespont. Smith, art. Phrixus.

40. The son of Menodotus by a daughter o Adobogion, a descendant of the tetrarchs of Galatia. He was the personal friend of Caesar, who at the commencement of the Alexandrian war (B. C. 48) sent him into Syria and Cilicia to raise auxiliary forces. Smith, art. Mithridates, and see B. xiii. c. iv. § 3.

41. σκηπτουχίας.

42. Casaubon would read Corax.—The Sukum.

43. Adopting Kramer’s proposed reading, ἔνιοι in place of εἰ μὴ.

Strabo Geography 11.2

Hans Claude Hamilton (Translator), William Falconer (Translator)

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