Strabo, Geography, Hans Claude Hamilton (Translator), William Falconer (Translator), 11.11.7

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[7] It is said that the termination of Taurus, which is called Imaus, approaches close to the Indian Sea, and neither advances towards nor recedes from the East more than India itself. But on passing to the northern side, the sea contracts (throughout the whole coast) the length and breadth of India, so as to shorten on the East the portion of Asia we are now describing, comprehended between the Taurus and the Northern Ocean, which forms the Caspian Sea.

The greatest length of this portion, reckoned from the Hyrcanian Sea to the (Eastern) Ocean opposite Imaus, is about 30,000 stadia,¹ the route being along the mountainous tract of Taurus; the breadth is less than 10,000 stadia.² We have said before, that³ from the bay of Issus to the eastern sea along the coast of India is about 40,000 stadia, and to Issus from the western extremities at the pillars 30,000 stadia. The recess of the bay of Issus is little, if at all, more to the east than Amisus; from Amisus to Hyrcania is about 10,000 stadia in a line parallel to that which we have described as drawn from the bay of Issus to India. There remains therefore for the portion now delineated the above-mentioned length towards the east, namely, 30,000 stadia.⁴ Again, since the breadth of the longest part of the habitable earth, which has the shape of a chlamys, (or a military cloak,) is about 30,000 stadia, this distance would be near the meridian line drawn through the Hyrcanian and the Persian Seas, for the length of the habitable earth is 70,000 stadia. If therefore from Hyrcania to Artemita⁵ in Babylonia are 8000 stadia according to Apollodorus of Artemita, and thence to the mouth of the Persian Sea 8000, and again 8000, or a little short of that number, to the places on the same parallel with the extremities of Aethiopia, there would remain, to complete the breadth as I have described it, of the habitable earth, the number of stadia⁶ which I have mentioned, reckoning from the recess of the Hyrcanian Sea to its mouth. This segment of the earth being truncated towards the eastern parts, its figure would resemble a cook’s knife, for the mountainous range being prolonged in a straight line, answers to the edge, while the shape of the coast from the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea to Tamarus on the other side terminates in a circular truncated line.

Geography. Strabo. Hans Claude Hamilton (Translator), William Falconer (Translator). London. 1854-1857.

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Current edition Perseus

Geography (English) (Strabo. The Geography of Strabo, Vols. 1-3. Hamilton, Hans Claude, translator; Falconer, William, translator. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854-1857.)

Editions (1)

Γεωγραφικά Perseus (Strabo. Strabonis Geographica, Vols. 1-3. Meineke, August, editor. Leipzig: Teubner. 1877.) — 11.11.7 focus

[7] λέγεται δὲ διότι τοῦ Ταύρου τὸ τελευταῖον, ὃ καλοῦσιν Ἴμαιον, τῇ Ἰνδικῇ θαλάττῃ ξυνάπτον, οὐδὲν οὔτε προὔχει πρὸς ἕω τῆς Ἰνδικῆς μᾶλλον οὔτʼ εἰσέχει· παριόντι δʼ εἰς τὸ βόρειον πλευρὸν ἀεί τι τοῦ μήκους ὑφαιρεῖ καὶ τοῦ πλάτους ἡ θάλαττα, ὥστʼ ἀποφαίνειν μύουρον πρὸς ἕω τὴν νῦν ὑπογραφομένην μερίδα τῆς Ἀσίας, ἣν ὁ Ταῦρος ἀπολαμβάνει πρὸς τὸν ὠκεανὸν τὸν πληροῦντα τὸ Κάσπιον πέλαγος. μῆκος δʼ ἐστὶ ταύτης τῆς μερίδος τὸ μέγιστον ἀπὸ τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης ἐπὶ τὸν ὠκεανὸν τὸν κατὰ τὸ Ἴμαιον τρισμυρίων που σταδίων, παρὰ τὴν ὀρεινὴν τοῦ Ταύρου τῆς πορείας οὔσης, πλάτος δʼ ἔλαττον τῶν μυρίων. εἴρηται γὰρ ὅτι περὶ τετρακισμυρίους σταδίους ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰσσικοῦ κόλπου μέχρι τῆς ἑῴας θαλάττης τῆς κατὰ Ἰνδούς, ἐπὶ δʼ Ἰσσὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ἑσπερίων ἄκρων τῶν κατὰ στήλας ἄλλοι τρισμύριοι· ἔστι δὲ ὁ μυχὸς τοῦ Ἰσσικοῦ κόλπου μικρὸν ἢ οὐδὲν Ἀμισοῦ ἑωθινώτερος, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ Ἀμισοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν Ὑρκανίαν γῆν περὶ μυρίους ἐστὶ σταδίους, παράλληλον ὂν τῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰσσοῦ λεχθέντι ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἰνδούς. λείπεται δὴ τὸ λεχθὲν μῆκος ἐπὶ τὴν ἕω τῆς περιωδευμένης νυνὶ μερίδος οἱ τρισμύριοι στάδιοι. πάλιν δὲ τοῦ πλάτους τοῦ μεγίστου τῆς οἰκουμένης ὄντος περὶ τρισμυρίους σταδίους, χλαμυδοειδοῦς οὔσης, τὸ διάστημα τοῦτο ἐγγὺς ἂν εἴη τοῦ μεσημβρινοῦ τοῦ διὰ τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης γραφομένου καὶ τῆς Περσικῆς, εἴπερ ἐστὶ τὸ μῆκος τῆς οἰκουμένης ἑπτὰ μυριάδες· εἰ οὖν ἀπὸ τῆς Ὑρκανίας ἐπὶ Ἀρτεμίταν τὴν ἐν τῇ Βαβυλωνίᾳ στάδιοί εἰσιν ὀκτακισχίλιοι, καθάπερ εἴρηκεν Ἀπολλόδωρος ὁ ἐκ τῆς Ἀρτεμίτας, ἐκεῖθεν δʼ ἐπὶ τὸ στόμα τῆς κατὰ Πέρσας θαλάττης ἄλλο τοσοῦτόν ἐστι, καὶ πάλιν τοσοῦτον ἢ μικρὸν ἀπολεῖπον εἰς τὰ ἀνταίροντα τοῖς ἄκροις τῆς Αἰθιοπίας, λοιπὸν ἂν εἴη τοῦ πλάτους τῆς οἰκουμένης τοῦ λεχθέντος ἀπὸ τοῦ μυχοῦ τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης ἐπὶ τοῦ στόματος αὐτῆς ὅσον εἰρήκαμεν. μυούρου δʼ ὄντος τοῦ τμήματος τούτου τῆς γῆς ἐπὶ τὰ πρὸς ἕω μέρη, γίνοιτʼ ἂν τὸ σχῆμα προσόμοιον μαγειρικῇ κοπίδι, τοῦ μὲν ὄρους ἐπʼ εὐθείας ὄντος καὶ νοουμένου κατὰ τὴν ἀκμὴν τῆς κοπίδος, τῆς δʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ Ὑρκανίου παραλίας ἐπὶ Τάμαρον κατὰ θάτερον πλευρὸν εἰς περιφερῆ καὶ μύουρον γραμμὴν ἀπολῆγον.

Translations (1)

Geography (Books 6-14) Perseus (Strabo. The Geography of Strabo, Vols. 3-6. Jones, Horace Leonard, translator. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1924-1929 (printing).) — 11.11.7 focus

[7] It is said that the last part of the Taurus, which is called Imaïus and borders on the Indian Sea, neither extends eastwards farther than India nor into it;¹ but that, as one passes to the northern side, the sea gradually reduces the length and breadth of the country, and therefore causes to taper towards the east the portion of Asia now being sketched, which is comprehended between the Taurus and the ocean that fills the Caspian Sea. The maximum length of this portion from the Hyrcanian Sea to the ocean that is opposite the Imaïus is about thirty thousand stadia, the route being along the mountainous tract of the Taurus, and the breadth less than ten thousand; for, as has been said,² the distance from the Gulf of Issus to the eastern sea at India is about forty thousand stadia, and to Issus from the western extremity at the Pillars of Heracles thirty thousand more.³ The recess of the Gulf of Issus is only slightly, if at all, farther east than Amisus, and the distance from Amisus to the Hyrcanian land is about ten thousand stadia, being parallel to that of the above-mentioned distance from Issus to India. Accordingly, there remain thirty thousand stadia as the above-mentioned length towards the east of the portion now described. Again, since the maximum breadth of the inhabited world, which is chlamys-shaped,⁴ is about thirty thousand stadia, this distance would be measured near the meridian line drawn through the Hyrcanian and Persian Seas, if it be true that the length of the inhabited world is seventy thousand stadia. Accordingly, if the distance from Hyrcania to Artemita in Babylonia is eight thousand stadia, as is stated by Apollodorus of Artemita, and the distance from there to the mouth of the Persian Sea another eight thousand, and again eight thousand, or a little less, to the places that lie on the same parallel as the extremities of Ethiopia, there would remain of the above-mentioned breadth of the inhabited world the distance which I have already given,⁵ from the recess of the Hyrcanian Sea to the mouth of that sea. Since this segment of the earth tapers towards the eastern parts, its shape would be like a cook’s knife, the mountain being in a straight line and conceived of as corresponding to the edge of the knife, and the coast from the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea to Tamarum as corresponding to the other side of the knife, which ends in a line that curves sharply to the point.

Notes on the current edition

Geography

1. That is, from the Caspian Gates to Thinae. Gossellin.

2. Strabo does not here determine either the parallel from which we are to measure, nor the meridian we are to follow to discover this greatest breadth, which according to him is less than 10,000 stadia. This passage therefore seems to present great difficulties. The difficulties respecting the parallel can only be perceived by an examination and comparison of the numerous passages where our author indicates the direction of the chain of mountains which form the Taurus.

3. I do not see where this statement is to be found, except implicitly. Strabo seems to refer us in general to various passages where he endeavours to determine the greatest length of the habitable world, in b. ii. Du Theil.

4. I am unable to fix upon the author’s train of thought. For immediately after having assigned to this portion of the Habitable Earth (whose dimensions he wishes to determine) 30,000 stadia as its greatest length, and 10,000 stadia as its greatest breadth, Strabo proceeds to prove what he had just advanced respecting its greatest length. Then he should, it seems, have endeavoured to furnish us, in the same manner, with a proof that its greatest breadth is not more, as he says, than 10,000. But in what follows there is nothing advanced on this point; all that he says is to develope another proposition, viz. that the extent of the Hyrcanian—Caspian Sea is at the utmost 6000 stadia.

The arguments contained in this paragraph on the whole appear to me strange; they rest on a basis which it is difficult to comprehend; they establish explicitly a proposition which disagrees with what the author has said elsewhere, and lastly they present an enormous geographical error.

It will therefore be useful to the reader to explain, as far as I understand it the argument of our author.

1.The exact form of the chlamys is unknown to us, but it was such, that its greatest breadth was to be found, if not exactly in, at least near, the middle of its length. The Habitable Earth being of the form of a Chlamys, its greatest breadth would be found about the middle of its greatest length.

2. The greatest length of the Habitable World being 70,000 stadia, its greatest breadth ought to be found at the distance of 35,000 stadia from its eastern or western extremity, but this greatest breadth is only 30,000 stadia, and it does not extend, on the north, beyond the parallel of the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea. B. ii.

3. The meridian which passes at the distance of 35,000 stadia from the eastern or western extremities of the Habitable Earth, is that which, drawn from the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea to the Northern Ocean, and prolonged in another direction through the mouth of the Persian Gulf to the sea called Erythraean, would pass through the city Artemita. Consequently it is on the meridian of Artemita that we must look for the greatest breadth of the Habitable Earth.

4. On this same meridian, we must reckon from the parallel of the last habitable country in the south to the mouth of the Persian Gulf; about 8000 stadia; then from the mouth of the Persian Gulf to Artemita, 8000 stadia; and from Artemita to the bottom of the Hyrcanian Sea, 8000 stadia: total 24,000 stadia.

5. It being established that the breadth of the Habitable Earth is 30,000 stadia, and not to extend it northwards beyond the parallel of the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea, where it communicates with the Northern Ocean, the distance to this point from the bottom of this same sea must. be calculated at 6000 stadia. Du Theil.

5. The modern Shirban is supposed to occupy its site.

6. Namely 6000. B. ii. c. i. § 17.

Strabo Geography 11.11.7

Hans Claude Hamilton (Translator), William Falconer (Translator)

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