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but the epopee derives its length from them. The simple argument of the Odyssey is short [G]. • A man, absent from home for many years, is detained by Neptune, • and loses his companions. In the mean time, his domestic affairs are • wasted by suitors to his wife and there is a conspiracy against his son. At length, being driven on his own coast by a tempest and disco- ، vering himself to a few friends, he attacks the suitors, is preserved • himself

Poetics. Aristotle. ed. Henry James Pye. London. 1792.

Current edition Experimental

The Poetic of Aristotle (Henry James Pye, revised 1792) (OCR draft) (English) (Henry James Pye's revised 1792 English translation, corrected against the 1788 first edition, aligned to the Kassel reference edition, and supplied with a selective apparatus of substantive 1788 readings.)

Provisional text from uncorrected OCR; expect errors.

Editions (4)

Περὶ ποιητικῆς (OCR draft) (Aristotle, Poetics. Immanuel Bekker, editor, Aristotelis Opera, volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1837.) — 17 focus

Δεῖ δὲ τοὺς μύθους συνιστάναι καὶ τῇ λέξει συναπεργάζεσθαι ὅτι μάλιστα πρὸ ὀμμάτων τιθέμενον· οὕτω γὰρ ἂν ἐναργέστατα ὁρῶν, ὥσπερ παρ᾿ αὐτοῖς γιγνόμενος τοῖς πραττομένοις, εὑρίσκοι τὸ πρέπον, καὶ ἥκιστ᾿ ἂν λανθάνοιτο τὰ ὑπεναντία.

Σημεῖον δὲ τούτου ὃ ἐπετιμᾶτο Καρκίνῳ· ὁ γὰρ Ἀμφιάραος ἐξ ἱεροῦ ἀνῄει, ὃ μὴ ὁρῶντα τὸν θεατὴν ἐλάνθανεν, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς σκηνῆς ἐξέπεσε, δυσχερανάντων τοῦτο τῶν θεατῶν.

Ὅσα δὲ δυνατόν, καὶ τοῖς σχήμασι συναπεργαζόμενον. Πιθανώτατοι γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς φύσεως οἱ ἐν τοῖς πάθεσίν εἰσι, καὶ χειμαίνει ὁ χειμαζόμενος καὶ χαλεπαίνει ὁ ὀργιζόμενος ἀληθινώτατα.

Διὸ εὐφυοῦς ἡ ποιητική ἐστιν ἢ μανικοῦ· τούτων γὰρ οἱ μὲν εὔπλαστοι οἱ δὲ ἐξεταστικοί εἰσιν.

Τούς τε λόγους τοὺς πεποιημένους δεῖ καὶ αὐτὸν ποιοῦντα ἐκτίθεσθαι καθόλου, εἶθ᾿ οὕτως ἐπεισοδιοῦν καὶ παρατείνειν.

Λέγω δὲ οὕτως ἂν θεωρεῖσθαι τὸ καθόλου, οἷον τῆς Ἰφιγενείας. Τυθείσης τινὸς κόρης καὶ ἀφανισθείσης ἀδήλως τοῖς θύσασιν, ἱδρυνθείσης δὲ εἰς ἄλλην χώραν, ἐν ᾗ νόμος ἦν τοὺς ξένους θύειν τῇ θεῷ, ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν ἱερωσύνην. Χρόνῳ δ᾿ ὕστερον τῷ ἀδελφῷ συνέβη ἐλθεῖν τῆς ἱερείας. Τὸ δὲ ὅτι ἀνεῖλεν ὁ θεὸς διά τιν᾿ αἰτίαν ἔξω τοῦ καθόλου ἐλθεῖν ἐκεῖ, καὶ ἐφ᾿ ὅ τι δέ, ἔξω τοῦ μύθου. Ἐλθὼν δὲ καὶ ληφθεὶς θύεσθαι μέλλων ἀνεγνώρισεν, εἴθ᾿ ὡς Εὐριπίδης εἴθ᾿ ὡς Πολύειδος ἐποίησεν, κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς εἰπὼν ὅτι οὐκ ἄρα μόνον τὴν ἀδελφὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὸν ἔδει τυθῆναι· καὶ ἐντεῦθεν ἡ σωτηρία.

Μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ ἤδη ὑποθέντα τὰ ὀνόματα ἐπεισοδιοῦν,

ὅπως δὲ ἔσται οἰκεῖα τὰ ἐπεισόδια σκοπεῖν, οἷον ἐν τῷ Ὀρέστῃ ἡ μανία δι᾿ ἧς ἐλήφθη, καὶ ἡ σωτηρία διὰ τῆς καθάρσεως.

Ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς δράμασι τὰ ἐπεισόδια σύντομα, ἡ δ᾿ ἐποποιία τούτοις μηκύνεται.

Τῆς γὰρ Ὀδυσσείας μακρὸς ὁ λόγος ἐστίν, ἀποδημοῦντός τινος ἔτη πολλὰ καὶ παραφυλαττομένου ὑπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος καὶ μόνου ὄντος, ἔτι δὲ τῶν οἴκοι οὕτως ἐχόντων ὥστε τὰ χρήματα ὑπὸ μνηστήρων ἀναλίσκεσθαι καὶ τὸν υἱὸν ἐπιβουλεύεσθαι· αὐτὸς δὲ ἀφικνεῖται χειμασθείς, καὶ ἀναγνωρίσας τινὰς αὐτοῖς ἐπιθέμενος αὐτὸς μὲν ἐσώθη, τοὺς δ᾿ ἐχθροὺς διέφθειρεν.

Τὸ μὲν οὖν ἴδιον τοῦτο, τὰ δ᾿ ἄλλα ἐπεισόδια.

Περὶ ποιητικῆς (OCR draft) Perseus (Aristotle, De arte poetica liber. Rudolf Kassel, editor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965. Reference edition for passage alignment.) — 17 focus

δεῖ δὲ τοὺς μύθους συνιστάναι καὶ τῇ λέξει συναπεργάζεσθαι ὅτι μάλιστα πρὸ ὀμμάτων τιθέμενον· οὕτω γὰρ ἂν ἐναργέστατα ὁ ὁρῶν ὥσπερ παρ’ αὐτοῖς γιγνόμενος τοῖς 25 πραττομένοις εὑρίσκοι τὸ πρέπον καὶ ἥκιστα ἂν λανθάνοι τὸ τὰ ὑπεναντία.

σημεῖον δὲ τούτου ὃ ἐπετιμᾶτο Καρκίνῳ. ὁ γὰρ Ἀμφιάραος ἐξ ἱεροῦ ἀνῄει, ὃ μὴ ὁρῶντα τὸν θεατὴν ἐλάνθανεν, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς σκηνῆς ἐξέπεσεν δυσχερανάντων τοῦτο τῶν θεατῶν.

ὅσα δὲ δυνατὸν καὶ τοῖς σχήμασιν 30 συναπεργαζόμενον· πιθανώτατοι γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς φύσεως οἱ ἐν τοῖς πάθεσίν εἰσιν, καὶ χειμαίνει ὁ χειμαζόμενος καὶ χαλεπαίνει ὁ ὀργιζόμενος ἀληθινώτατα.

διὸ εὐφυοῦς ἡ ποιητική ἐστιν ἢ μανικοῦ· τούτων γὰρ οἱ μὲν εὔπλαστοι οἱ δὲ ἐκστατικοί εἰσιν.

τούς τε λόγους καὶ τοὺς πεποιημένους δεῖ καὶ 1455b 1 αὐτὸν ποιοῦντα ἐκτίθεσθαι καθόλου, εἶθ’ οὕτως ἐπεισοδιοῦν καὶ παρατείνειν.

λέγω δὲ οὕτως ἂν θεωρεῖσθαι τὸ καθόλου, οἷον τῆς Ἰφιγενείας· τυθείσης τινὸς κόρης καὶ ἀφανισθείσης ἀδήλως τοῖς θύσασιν, ἱδρυνθείσης δὲ εἰς ἄλλην χώραν, ἐν ᾗ 5 νόμος ἦν τοὺς ξένους θύειν τῇ θεῷ, ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν ἱερωσύνην· χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον τῷ ἀδελφῷ συνέβη ἐλθεῖν τῆς ἱερείας, τὸ δὲ ὅτι ἀνεῖλεν ὁ θεὸς διά τινα αἰτίαν ἔξω τοῦ καθόλου ἐλθεῖν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἐφ’ ὅ τι δὲ ἔξω τοῦ μύθου· ἐλθὼν δὲ καὶ ληφθεὶς θύεσθαι μέλλων ἀνεγνώρισεν, εἴθ’ ὡς 10 Εὐριπίδης εἴθ’ ὡς Πολύιδος ἐποίησεν, κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς εἰπὼν ὅτι οὐκ ἄρα μόνον τὴν ἀδελφὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὸν ἔδει τυθῆναι, καὶ ἐντεῦθεν ἡ σωτηρία.

μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ ἤδη ὑποθέντα τὰ ὀνόματα ἐπεισοδιοῦν·

ὅπως δὲ ἔσται οἰκεῖα τὰ ἐπεισόδια, οἷον ἐν τῷ Ὀρέστῃ ἡ μανία δι’ ἧς ἐλήφθη καὶ ἡ 15 σωτηρία διὰ τῆς καθάρσεως.

ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς δράμασιν τὰ ἐπεισόδια σύντομα, ἡ δ’ ἐποποιία τούτοις μηκύνεται.

τῆς γὰρ Ὀδυσσείας οὐ μακρὸς ὁ λόγος ἐστίν· ἀποδημοῦντός τινος ἔτη πολλὰ καὶ παραφυλαττομένου ὑπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος καὶ μόνου ὄντος, ἔτι δὲ τῶν οἴκοι οὕτως ἐχόντων ὥστε τὰ 20 χρήματα ὑπὸ μνηστήρων ἀναλίσκεσθαι καὶ τὸν υἱὸν ἐπιβουλεύεσθαι, αὐτὸς δὲ ἀφικνεῖται χειμασθείς, καὶ ἀναγνωρίσας τινὰς ἐπιθέμενος αὐτὸς μὲν ἐσώθη τοὺς δ’ ἐχθροὺς διέφθειρε.

τὸ μὲν οὖν ἴδιον τοῦτο, τὰ δ’ ἄλλα ἐπεισόδια.

Poetics, Greek text (Ingram Bywater, 1909) (OCR draft) Experimental (Ingram Bywater's Greek text of Aristotle's Poetics, published in 1909.) — 17 focus

Δεῖ δὲ τοὺς μύθους συνιστάναι καὶ τῇ λέξει συναπεργάζεσθαι
ὅτι μάλιστα πρὸ ὀμμάτων τιθέμενον· οὕτω γὰρ
ἂν ἐναργέστατα ὁ ὁρῶν ὥσπερ παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς γιγνόμενος τοῖς
πραττομένοις εὑρίσκοι τὸ πρέπον καὶ ἥκιστα ἂν λανθάνοι
τὸ τὰ ὑπεναντία.

σημεῖον δὲ τούτου ὃ ἐπετιμᾶτο Καρκίνῳ.
ὁ γὰρ Ἀμφιάραος ἐξ ἱεροῦ ἀνῄει, ὃ μὴ ὁρῶντ᾽ ἂν τὸν
θεατὴν ἐλάνθανεν, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς σκηνῆς ἐξέπεσεν δυσχερανάντων
τοῦτο τῶν θεατῶν,

ὅσα δὲ δυνατὸν καὶ τοῖς σχήμασιν
συναπεργαζόμενον· πιθανώτατοι γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς
φύσεως οἱ ἐν τοῖς πάθεσίν εἰσιν, καὶ χειμαίνει ὁ χειμαζόμενος
καὶ χαλεπαίνει ὁ ὀργιζόμενος ἀληθινώτατα.

διὸ εὐφυοῦς ἡ
ποιητική ἐστιν ἢ μανικοῦ· τούτων γὰρ οἱ μὲν εὔπλαστοι οἱ δὲ
ἐκστατικοί εἰσιν.

τούς τε λόγους καὶ τοὺς πεποιημένους
δεῖ καὶ αὐτὸν ποιοῦντα ἐκτίθεσθαι καθόλου, εἶθ᾽ οὕτως ἐπεισοδιοῦν
καὶ παρατείνειν.

λέγω δὲ οὕτως ἂν θεωρεῖσθαι τὸ καθόλου,
οἷον τῆς Ἰφιγενείας· τυθείσης τινὸς κόρης καὶ ἀφανισθείσης
ἀδήλως τοῖς θύσασιν, ἱδρυνθείσης δὲ εἰς ἄλλην
χώραν, ἐν ᾗ νόμος ἦν τοὺς ξένους θύειν τῇ θεῷ, ταύτην ἔσχε
τὴν ἱερωσύνην· χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον τῷ ἀδελφῷ συνέβη ἐλθεῖν
τῆς ἱερείας, τὸ δὲ ὅτι ἀνεῖλεν ὁ θεὸς διά τινα αἰτίαν ἔξω τοῦ
καθόλου ἐλθεῖν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἐφ᾽ ὅ τι δὲ ἔξω τοῦ μύθου· ἐλθὼν
δὲ καὶ ληφθεὶς θύεσθαι μέλλων ἀνεγνώρισεν, εἴθ᾽ ὡς Εὐριπίδης
εἴθ᾽ ὡς Πολύιδος ἐποίησεν, κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς εἰπὼν ὅτι
οὐκ ἄρα μόνον τὴν ἀδελφὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὸν ἔδει τυθῆναι,
καὶ ἐντεῦθεν ἡ σωτηρία.

μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ ἤδη ὑποθέντα τὰ
ὀνόματα ἐπεισοδιοῦν·

ὅπως δὲ ἔσται οἰκεῖα τὰ ἐπεισόδια,
οἷον ἐν τῷ Ὀρέστῃ ἡ μανία δι᾽ ἧς ἐλήφθη καὶ ἡ σωτηρία
διὰ τῆς καθάρσεως.

ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς δράμασιν τὰ
ἐπεισόδια σύντομα, ἡ δ᾽ ἐποποιία τούτοις μηκύνεται.

τῆς γὰρ
Ὀδυσσείας οὐ μακρὸς ὁ λόγος ἐστίν· ἀποδημοῦντός τινος
ἔτη πολλὰ καὶ παραφυλαττομένου ὑπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος καὶ
μόνου ὄντος, ἔτι δὲ τῶν οἴκοι οὕτως ἐχόντων ὥστε τὰ χρήματα
ὑπὸ μνηστήρων ἀναλίσκεσθαι καὶ τὸν υἱὸν ἐπιβουλεύεσθαι,
αὐτὸς δὲ ἀφικνεῖται χειμασθείς, καὶ ἀναγνωρίσας
†τινὰς† αὐτὸς ἐπιθέμενος αὐτὸς μὲν ἐσώθη τοὺς δ᾽ ἐχθροὺς
διέφθειρε.

τὸ μὲν οὖν ἴδιον τοῦτο, τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλα ἐπεισόδια.

Poetics, Greek text (Franz Ritter, 1839) (OCR draft) Experimental (Franz Ritter's 1839 Greek edition, corrected against OCR of the represented copy and aligned to the conventional Perseus chapter-and-subchapter sequence.) — 17 focus

Δεῖ δὲ τοὺς μύθους συνιστάναι καὶ τῇ λέξει συναπεργάζεσθαι ὅτι μάλιστα πρὸ ὀμμάτων τιθέμενον (οὕτω γὰρ ἂν ἐναργέστατα ὁρῶν, ὥσπερ παρ' αὐτοῖς γιγνόμενος τοῖς πραττομένοις, εὑρίσκοι τὸ πρέπον, καὶ ἥκιστ᾽ ἂν λανθάνοιτο τὰ¹ ὑπεναντία.

σημεῖον δὲ τούτου ὃ ἐπετιμᾶτο Καρκίνῳ· ὁ γὰρ Ἀμφιάραος ἐξ ἱεροῦ ἀνῄει, ὃ μὴ ὁρῶντα τὸν θεατὴν ἐλάνθανεν, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς σκηνῆς ἐξέπεσε, δυσχερανάντων τοῦτο τῶν θεατῶν),

ὅσα δὲ δυνατόν, καὶ τοῖς σχήμασι συναπεργαζόμενον. πιθανώτατοι γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς φύσεως οἱ ἐν τοῖς πάθεσίν εἰσι, καὶ χειμαίνει ὁ χειμαζόμενος καὶ χαλεπαίνει ὁ ὀργιζόμενος ἀληθινώτατα,

διὸ εὐφυοῦς ἡ ποιητική ἐστιν ἢ μανικοῦ· τούτων γὰρ οἱ μὲν εὔπλαστοι οἱ δὲ ἐξεταστικοί εἰσιν.

τούτους τε λόγους καὶ τοὺς πεποιημένους δεῖ καὶ αὐτὸν ποιοῦντα ἐκτίθεσθαι καθόλου, εἶθ' οὕτως ἐπεισοδιοῦν καὶ παρατείνειν.

λέγω δὲ οὕτως ἂν θεωρεῖσθαι τὸ καθόλου, οἷον τῆς Ιφιγενείας. τυθείσης τινὸς κόρης καὶ ἀφανισθείσης ἀδήλως τοῖς θύσασιν, ἱδρυνθείσης δὲ εἰς ἄλλην χώραν, ἐν ᾗ νόμος ἦν τοὺς ξένους θύειν τῇ θεῷ, ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν ἱερωσύνην. χρόνῳ δ᾽ ὕστερον τῷ ἀδελφῷ συνέβη [ἐλθεῖν] τῆς² ἱερείας [. τὸ δέ, ὅτι ἀνεῖλεν ὁ θεός, διὰ τίν' αἰτίαν, ἔξω τοῦ καθόλου] ἐλθεῖν ἐκεῖ [, καὶ ἐφ᾽ ὅ τι δέ, ἔξω τοῦ μύθου.], ἐλθὼν δὲ καὶ ληφθεὶς θύεσθαι μέλλων ἀνεγνώρισεν, εὔθ᾽ ὡς Εὐριπίδης εὔθ᾽ ὡς Πολύειδος ἐποίησεν, κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς εἰπὼν ὅτι οὐκ ἄρα μόνον τὴν ἀδελφὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὸν ἔδει τυθῆναι· καὶ ἐντεῦθεν ἡ σωτηρία.

μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ ἤδη ὑποθένταξ τὰ ὀνόματα ἐπεισοδιοῦν,

ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς δράμασι τὰ ἐπεισόδια σύντομα, ἡ δ᾽ ἐποποιία τούτοις μηκύνεται.

τῆς γὰρ Ὀδυσσείας μακρὸς ὁ λόγος ἐστίν, ἀποδημοῦντός τινος ἔτη πολλὰ καὶ παραφυλαττομένου ὑπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος καὶ μόνου ὄντος, ἔτι δὲ τῶν οἴκοι οὕτως ἐχόντων ὥστε τὰ χρήματα ὑπὸ μνηστήρων ἀναλίσκεσθαι καὶ τὸν υἱὸν ἐπιβουλεύεσθαι· αὐτὸς δὲ ἀφικνεῖται χειμασθείς, καὶ ἀναγνωρίσας³ τινὰς αὐτοῖς ἐπιθέμενος αὐτὸς μὲν ἐσώθη, τοὺς δ᾽ ἐχθροὺς διέφθειρεν.

τὸ μὲν οὖν ἴδιον τοῦτο, τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλα ἐπεισόδια.

Translations (13)

Poetics (W. H. Fyfe) (OCR draft) Perseus (William Hamilton Fyfe's English translation of Aristotle's Poetics, Loeb Classical Library, 1939 printing.) — 17 focus

In constructing plots and completing the effect by the help of dialogue the poet should, as far as possible, keep the scene before his eyes. Only thus by getting the picture as clear as if he were present at the actual event, will he find what is fitting and detect contradictions.

The censure upon Carcinos is evidence of this. Amphiaraos was was made to rise from a temple. The poet did not visualize the scene and therefore this escaped his notice, but on the stage it was a failure since the audience objected.¹

The poet should also, as far as possible, complete the effect by using the gestures. For, if their natural powers are equal, those who are actually in the emotions are the most convincing; he who is agitated blusters and the angry man rages with the maximum of conviction.²

And that is why poetry needs either a sympathetic nature or a madman,³ the former being impressionable and the latter inspired.

The stories, whether they are traditional or whether you make them up yourself, 1455b 1 should first be sketched in outline and then expanded by putting in episodes.

I mean that one might look at the general outline, say of the Iphigeneia, like this: A certain maiden has been sacrificed, and has disappeared beyond the ken of those who sacrificed her and has been established in another country, where it is a custom to sacrifice strangers to the goddess; and this priesthood she holds. Some time afterwards it happens that the brother of the priestess arrives there—the fact that the god told him to go there, and why, and the object of his journey, lie outside the outline-plot. He arrives, is seized, and is on the point of being sacrificed, when he reveals his identity either by Euripides’ method or according to Polyidos, by making the very natural remark that after all it is not only his sister who was born to be sacrificed but himself too; and thus he is saved.

Not until this has been done should you put in names and insert the episodes;

and you must mind that the episodes are appropriate, as, for instance, in the case of Orestes the madness that led to his capture and his escape by means of the purification.⁴

Now in drama the episodes are short, but it is by them that the epic gains its length.

The story of the Odyssey is quite short. A man is for many years away from home and his footsteps are dogged by Poseidon and he is all alone. Moreover, 20 affairs at home are in such a state that his estate is being wasted by suitors and a plot laid against his son, but after being storm-tossed he arrives himself, reveals who he is, and attacks them, with the result that he is saved and destroys his enemies.

That is the essence, the rest is episodes.

Arabic Poetics (Badawī edition, 1953) (OCR draft) (The ancient Arabic translation of Aristotle's Poetics in ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Badawī's 1953 edition.) — 17 focus

〈إرشادات لشعراء المآسى〉

وقد ينبغى أن تقوم الخرافات وتتمم بالمقولة، من قبل أن الأمور توضع أمام العينين جداً (وذلك أنه على هذه الجهة عندما يرى الشاعر على ما عند الأمور المعمولة أنفسها، وعندما يصير هناك بحد الشىء الأولى والأحرى والأجمل، ولا يذهب عليه ألبتة المضاد لهذه. ودليل هذا هو ما يبكت به لقارقينس؛ وذلك أن ذاك صعد فيما يقال إلى ذاك كأنه صاعد من إيار، أى من الهيكل من حيث لم يكن يرى، وكان يذهب على الناظر، ووقع فى الخيمة وعندما يصعب السامعين فى هذا) بمقدار ما كأنه يمكن كان يفعل مع الأشكال على مجرى الاذعان والانقياد.

فالذين هم فى الآلام هم فى طبيعة واحدة بعينها، وإن كان الذى فى الهزائز يتعذب ويتقلب وكان الذى يتسخط بالحق يتصعب. ولذلك فإن صناعة الشعر هى للماهر أكثر منها للذين هم يلهبن العقول، وذلك أن هؤلاء منهم من هو بسيط محسن، أعنى فى الأقاويل والخرافات التى عملت. وقد يجب عليه هو أيضاً أن يكون عندما يعمل أن يضعها على طريق الكلية، ومن بعد ذلك أن يتخذ تدخل شىء وأن يركب.

وأعنى بقولى أن يكون معنى الكل بهذا النحو كالحال فى أمر ايباغانيا عندما نحرت صبيةً ما وأخفيت لكيما لا تظهر، قامت بين المنحورين ووضعت فى بلد آخر فوق القائم 〈و〉قد كانت السنة جرت فى ذلك البلد أن يضحى لله ضحايا، واقتنت هذا الفوز. وفى زمان ما بالأخرة عرض أن ورد أخوها وجاء من قبل أن الوالى أخطأ من قبل أن العلة هنا لك خارج عن معنى الكل، وفى البلد أيضاً الذى عملت فيه هذه فما رأى فيه غير الخرافة مما يخبر به زعم: فقل الآن إذ قد جئت. ولهذا أخذ وقدم ولينحر تعرف أخته، فان على ما يعمل أوريفدس للقينة 〈أو〉 على مذهب الحق أعواج كثيرة، فلأنه قال إنه ليس أخته إذا كان يجب أن ينحر لكن هو أيضاً قد كان يجب أن يمتثل فيه ذلك، — ومن ها هنا يكون الخلاص.

ومن ذلك تدخل أسماء قد وصفت وفرغ من وصفها، وتكون الأسماء المداخلة مناسبة، بمنزلة ما لأورسطس، وهو الذى تدبيره كان الخلاص بالتطهير...

إلا فى القينات الدخيلة هى معتدلة، و〈أ〉ما صنعة الأنواع فى هذه فتطول. وذلك أن لأودوسيا فالقول ليس هو بالطويل. فانه عند ما شخص إنسان وغاب سنين كثيرة قد يتوقى عن فوسيدين، وقد كان وحيد〈اً〉 وأيضاً فان حال من كانت حال أنه الأمر معها أن باد جميع أملاكه فى الخطاب والآملات وأن يمكرون به ويخونونه. وأما هو فبلغ بعد أن تاه تيهاً كثيراً ولما تفرق أناس ما، أما هو فسقا سقياً عظيما ونجا وتخلص، وأما أعداؤه فأبادهم.

فهذه هى خاصة هذا؛ وأما الأشياء الأخر فهى دخيلة.

Poetics (S. H. Butcher, 1911) (OCR draft) Experimental (S. H. Butcher's English translation from Aristotle's Theory of Poetry and Fine Art, fourth edition, 1911.) — 17 focus

In constructing the plot and working it out with
the proper diction, the poet should place the scene,
as far as possible, before his eyes.
In this way, seeing
everything with the utmost vividness, as if he were a
spectator of the action, he will discover what is in keeping
with it, and be most unlikely to overlook inconsistencies.

The need of such a rule is shown by the fault found in
Carcinus.
Amphiaraus was on his way from the temple.
This fact escaped the observation of one who did not see
the situation.
On the stage, however, the piece failed,
the audience being offended at the oversight.

Again, the poet should work out his play, to the
best of his power, with appropriate gestures; for
those who feel emotion are most convincing through
natural sympathy with the characters they represent;

and one who is agitated storms, one who is angry rages,
with the most life-like reality.
Hence poetry implies
either a happy gift of nature or a strain of madness.
In
the one case a man can take the mould of any character;
in the other, he is lifted out of his proper self.

As for the story, whether the poet takes it ready
made or constructs it for himself, he should first sketch
its general outline, and then fill in the episodes and
amplify in detail.

The general plan may be illustrated by
the Iphigenia. A young girl is sacrificed;
she disappears
mysteriously from the eyes of those who sacrificed her;
she is transported to another country, where the custom is
to offer up all strangers to the goddess.
To this ministry
she is appointed. Some time later her own brother
chances to arrive.
The fact that the oracle for some reason
ordered him to go there, is outside the general plan of
the play.
The purpose, again, of his coming is outside the
action proper.
However, he comes, he is seized, and, when
on the point of being sacrificed, reveals who he is.
The
mode of recognition may be either that of Euripides or of
Polyidus, in whose play he exclaims very naturally : —
'So it was not my sister only, but I too, who was doomed
to be sacrificed';
and by that remark he is saved.

After this, the names being once given, it remains
to fill in the episodes.

We must see that they are
relevant to the action.
In the case of Orestes, for
example, there is the madness which led to his capture,
and his deliverance by means of the purificatory rite.

In the drama the episodes are short, but it is these that
give extension to Epic poetry.

Thus the story of the
Odyssey can be stated briefly.
A certain man is absent
from home for many years; he is jealously watched by
Poseidon, and left desolate.
Meanwhile his home is in
a wretched plight — suitors are wasting his substance and
plotting against his son.
At length, tempest-tost, he him-
self arrives; he makes certain persons acquainted with
him;
he attacks the suitors with his own hand, and is
himself preserved while he destroys them.

This is the
essence of the plot; the rest is episode.

Aristotle on the Art of Poetry (Ingram Bywater, 1909) (OCR draft) Experimental (Ingram Bywater's English translation of Aristotle's Poetics, published in 1909.) — 17 focus

At the time when he is constructing his Plots, and en-
gaged on the Diction in which they are worked out, the
poet should remember (1) to put the actual scenes as far
as possible before his eyes. In this way, seeing everything
with the vividness of an eye-witness as it were, he will
devise what is appropriate, and be least likely to overlook
incongruities.

This is shown by what was censured in
Carcinus, the return of Amphiaraus from the sanctuary; it
would have passed unnoticed, if it had not been actually
seen by the audience; but on the stage his play failed, the
incongruity of the incident offending the spectators.

(2) As
far as may be, too, the poet should even act his story with
the very gestures of his personages. Given the same natural
qualifications, he who feels the emotions to be described
will be the most convincing; distress and anger, for
instance, are portrayed most truthfully by one who is feeling
them at the moment.

Hence it is that poetry demands
a man with a special gift for it, or else one with a touch of
madness in him; the former can easily assume the required
mood, and the latter may be actually beside himself with
emotion.

(3) His story, again, whether already made or of
his own making, he should first simplify and reduce to a
universal form, before proceeding to lengthen it out by the
insertion of episodes.

The following will show how the
universal element in Iphigenia, for instance, may be viewed:
A certain maiden having been offered in sacrifice, and spirited
away from her sacrificers into another land, where the custom
was to sacrifice all strangers to the Goddess, she was made
there the priestess of this rite. Long after that the brother
of the priestess happened to come; the fact, however, of
the oracle having for a certain reason bidden him go thither,
and his object in going, are outside the Plot of the play.
On his coming he was arrested, and about to be sacrificed,
when he revealed who he was either as Euripides puts
it, or (as suggested by Polyidus) by the not improbable
exclamation, 'So I too am doomed to be sacrificed, as my
sister was'; and the disclosure led to his salvation.

This
done, the next thing, after the proper names have been fixed
as a basis for the story, is to work in episodes or accessory
incidents.

One must mind, however, that the episodes are
appropriate, like the fit of madness in Orestes, which led
to his arrest, and the purifying, which brought about his
salvation.

In plays, then, the episodes are short; in epic
poetry they serve to lengthen out the poem.

The argu-
ment of the Odyssey is not a long one. A certain man has
been abroad many years; Poseidon is ever on the watch
for him, and he is all alone. Matters at home too have
come to this, that his substance is being wasted and his
son's death plotted by suitors to his wife. Then he arrives
there himself after his grievous sufferings; reveals himself,
and falls on his enemies;
and the end is his salvation and
their death.

This being all that is proper to the Odyssey,
everything else in it is episode.

Poetics (Thomas Twining, 1789) (OCR draft) Experimental (Thomas Twining's English translation of Aristotle's Poetics, published in 1789 and aligned to the Kassel reference passage sequence.) — 17.10 focus

The general story of the ODYSSEY, for example, lies in a small compass: "A certain man is supposed to be absent from his own country for many years-he is persecuted by Neptune, deprived of all his companions, and left alone. At home, his affairs are in disorder-the suitors of his wife dissipating his wealth, and plotting the destruction of his son. Tossed by many tempests, he at length arrives, and, making himself known to some of his family, attacks his ene-mies, destroys them, and remains himself in safety.".

The Poetic of Aristotle (Theodore Alois Buckley) (OCR draft) Experimental (Theodore Alois Buckley's English translation, first published in 1850 and represented from the Henry G. Bohn 1857 printing; corrected against a second OCR and aligned to the Kassel reference passage sequence.) — 17.10 focus

For the fable of the Odyssey is short, viz. a certain man wandering for many years, and persecuted by Neptune, and left alone. And besides this, his domestic affairs being so circumstanced, that his ¹² wealth is consumed by suitors, and stratagems are plotted against his son. But driven by a tempest, he returns, and making himself known to certain persons, he attacks the suitors, and is himself saved, but destroys his enemies. This, therefore, is the peculiarity of the fable,

Poetica Latine conversa (Franciscus Ritter, 1839) (OCR draft) Experimental (Franz Ritter's Latin translation, corrected against OCR of the represented copy and aligned to the conventional Perseus chapter-and-subchapter sequence.) — 17 focus

Oportet autem fabulas componere et oratione simul elaborare rem quam maxime oculis suis subiicientem (sic enim evidentissime dispiciens, quasi praesens in ipsis quae aguntur, inveniet quod deceat, et inimime latebunt contraria.

signum autem huius rei est quod Carcino vitio dabatur: Amphiaraus enim ex delubro rediebat, id quod spectatorem non adspicientem latebat, et in scena non stetit, aegre hoc spectatoribus ferentibus),

quantum autem fieri potest, etiam corporis habitu simul operantem. nam proxime ad verum accedunt, eiusdem quidem ingenii homines, qui animo commoti, ac perturbat perturbatus et exacerbat iratus proxime verum.

quamobrem solertis est poetica aut eius qui animo commotus: hi enim facile flectuntur, illi ad inquirendum proclives sunt.

tam haec argumenta quam ea quae ficta sunt debet et ipse fingens sibi explicare generatim, deinde iam episodiis instruere atque extendere.

dico autem sic ferme spectari quod generale est, velut in Iphigenia. immolata quaedam puella esset et sublata e conspectu immolantibus, collocataque in alia regione, ubi mos erat hospites mactare deae, hoc tenuit illa sacerdotium. interiecto autem cum tempore accidit ut [veniret] frater sacerdotis [. id autem, quod respondit deus, propter quam causam, extra id quod generale] veniret illuc [, et quam ob rem, extra fabulam.], sed cum venisset et captus in eo iam esset ut immolaretur, agnovit, sive ut Euripides sive ut Polyidus instituit, id quod verisimile prolocutus, non ergo sororem tantum sed ipsum etiam immolari fatale fuisse; atque inde ratio salutis.

post

haec autem iam subiccta nomina episodiis instruere debet, sed ut sint propria episodia videre, quemadmodum in Oreste furor quo captus est, et salus per lustrationem.

atque in fabulis scenicis episodia brevia, epopocia autem iis dilatatur.

Odysseae enim magnum est argumentum: dum quidam per multos annos peregrinatur et observatur a Neptuno et solus est, praeterea res domesticae sic se habent, ut opes a procis consumantur filiusque insidiis obiiciatur; ipse autem tempestatibus iactatus venit et, cum aliquos agnovisset, illos adgressus ipse quidem servatus est, inimicos autem perdidit.

proprium igitur hoc, cetera episodia.

La poëtique d'Aristote (André Dacier, 1692) (OCR draft) Experimental (André Dacier's French translation of Aristotle's Poetics, published in 1692.) — 17.10 focus

En effet le ſujet de l'Odyſſée, par exemple, eſt fort long: Un homme eſt abſent de ſon Pays depuis pluſieurs années; Neptune le perſecute, & fait périr de ſorte qu'il reſte ſeul. D'un autre côté tout eſt en deſordre dans ſa famille; les amans de ſa femme diſſipent tout ſon bien, & dreſſent des embuches à ſon fils. Enfin aprés avoir eſſuyé pluſieurs tempêtes, il arrive chez luy, reconnoît quelques-uns des ſiens, trompe les autres, rétablit ſes affaires & tuë ſes ennemis.

Poetica d'Aristotile (Bernardo Segni, 1549) (OCR draft) Experimental (Bernardo Segni's 1549 Florentine Italian translation, aligned to the Kassel reference passage sequence.) — 17 focus

M A e'biſogna in tal modo affettare la compoſitio ne della Fauola, & con la Locutione figurarla di tal maniera, ch'ella ti metta la coſa dauanti agli occhi;perchè in tal modo il Poeta veggedo le cofe manife ſtamente, come ſe e' fuffe lor preſente mentre che elle ſi fanno, trouerrà in eſſe il decoro: & quello, che gli è contrario non gli potrà effer naſcoſto.¹

Di ciò fia inditio quello, di che è biafimato Carcino, doue Anfiarao è introdotto, che vſciua del Tempio; & ciò era incognito agli Spettatori, che non lo vedeuono:& il Poe ta perciò fu dal Popolo deriſo, per hauere ei unatal coſa ſopportata maluolentieri.

Debbefi'adunche fingere il più che ſi può le coſe con gli habıti naturali; concioſia che quegli huomini mafsimamente commuouino di lor natura, che in effe perturbationi ſi ritrouano. Onde interuiene, che chi è afflitto, commoue altri ad afflittione; & l'adirato commuque veraméte à ſdegno.

Et però la Poeſia è coſa da huomini, che ſieno ô ingegnoſi, ô che ſieno ripieni di furore;

perchè li ſecondi ſono atti per natura alla Poefia, & li primi per eſſere in ueftigatori. Debbe anchora il Poeta le fintioni d'effe Fauole eſporle vniuerfalmente, & dipoi vſarui gli Epi fodii, & anneſtaruegli dentro.

Io dico l'uniuerfale in tal modo douere eſſere confiderato, come è questo, Ifigenia vna certa fanciulla coſtituita dauanti all'Altare per eſſer ſacrificata, & fparita dinaſcoſto dagli occhi de' Sacerdoti, & in vnaltra regione traportata; doue à quella Dea era per legge ordinato, che gli foreftieri le fuſsino ſacrificati: ella,dico, fu à quello vffitio prepoſta. Dipoi auuenne ne tempi, che corfono, che il fratello di tal Sacerdoteſſa là perueniffe;ma perchè ciò gli incontraffe, che Dio cioe l'haueſſe là ſpinto per qualche ſua colpa, è coſa fuori dell'uniuerfale: & à che fine e'vi fuſſe venuto è coſa medefimamente fuori della Fauola. Ma venuto, che egli vi fu, & poi ch'e' fu preſo per douere eſſer ſacrificato, riconobbe la forella,ò vero ficome finge Euripide; o vero come finge Polide, hauendo detto per via di verifimile, che non pure la fo rella, ma che egli anchora doueua eſſere ſacrificato: dal qual diſcorſo coſi fatto ne nacque la fua falute.

Et doppo queſto ſubito, poſto i nomi, fi debbono comin ciare gli Epiſodii;

doue fi debbe auuertire, che e' fieno tolti propiamente, ſi come è la pazzia in Orefte, dalla quale e fu prefo: & la fua liberatione per hauerla efpur gata.

Nelle Fauole adunche gli Epiſodii debbono efferui fatti con breuità. Ma il Poema Heroico per tali debbe eſſere più allungato.

Che molto lunga inuero è nella Odiſſea la fintione di colui, ch'eſſendo ito molti annı in peregrinaggio, & da Nettuno eſſendo ſtato perſeguitato, & da tutti gli altri laſciato in abbandobaulba no,con hauere imprima in tal modo diſpoſte le fue fac cende, che tutta la roba ſua gli fuſsi confumata da Proci, & che al figliuolo ſopraſteſsino le infidie; egli alla fine dopo molte fortune in mare ſopportate à ca ſa ſe ne tornaffe, & quiui riconoſciuti inimici, & poſto loro l'infidie, di loro fi vendicaſſe, & egli rimaneffe faluo.

Questo è adunche il propio fuggetto di quel Poema, & tutto il resto vi ſono Epiſodii.

De poetica (Antonio Riccobono, 1587) (OCR draft) Experimental (Antonio Riccobono's Latin translation, first published in 1587; text represented from Immanuel Bekker's 1831 edition.) — 17 focus

Fabulae autem sunt constituendae et elocutione conficiendae quam maxime ante oculos ponendo: sic enim evidentissime perspiciens, tanquam rebus ipsis praesens fuerit dum gerebantur, inveniet quod decet, et ipsum minime fallent subcontraria.

signum autem huius rei est quod reprehenditur in Carcino: Amphiaraus enim e fano exiit; quod fefellit spectatorem non videntem: in scena vero lapsus est, aegre ferentibus id spectatoribus.

quantum autem fieri potest, oportet figuris exornando exercere poësim: maxime enim persuasibiles sunt ab eadem natura, qui in perturbationibus sunt; quamobrem et fluctuare facit Auctuans, et ad iram concitat iratus verissime.

itaque ingeniosi poëtica est vel furore perciti: ex his enim alii quidem bene fortunati,

alii vero extra se positi sunt. hos autem sermones oportet esse factos, et ipsum facientem expo- nere exponere in universum, deinde episodiis uti, eaque inserere.

dico vero sic universum spectari, ut Iphigeniae. cum esset immolata quaedam virgo sublataque immolantibus non manifesto ac compostata in aliam regionem, in qua lex erat hospites deae immolare, hoc sacerdotium obtinuit. tempore autem sequenti fratri sacerdotis huc venire contigit propter nescio quid, quoniam responsum dedit deus propter aliquam causam, quae extra universum est, eo venire: sed quamobrem, id extra fabulam est. cum vero venisset et captus esset, dum immolandus esset, agnovit, sive ut Euripides sive ut Po- lyides Polyides fecit, dicens secundum verisimile non solum sororem sed etiam ipsum sacrificari oportuisse, et hinc salutem.

post haec cum quis iam nomina supposuerit, eum episodiis uti oportebit.

et quando erunt propria episodia, considerare, ut in Oreste insania, propter quam captus est, et salus per expiationem.

ac in dramatibus quidem episodia concisa sunt, epopoeia vero his producitur.

Odysseae enim longus sermo est, de quodam multos annos peregrinante et observato a Neptuno, et dum solus esset; et praeterea sic se habentibus domesticis rebus ut fortunae ipsius a procis consumeren- tur consumerentur et filius insidiis peteretur, ipse venit tempestatibus perturbatus, et cum quosdam agnovisset, ipsos decipiens ipse quidem servatus est, inimicos vero perdidit.

ac proprium quidem est hoc, alia vero episodia.

De arte poetica liber (William of Moerbeke, ca. 1277) (OCR draft) Experimental (William of Moerbeke's medieval Latin translation, represented by the 1953 Aristoteles Latinus edition.) — 17 focus

Oportet enim fabulas consistere et locutione cooperari quam maxime pre oculis positum (sic enim utique efficacissime videns sicut apud ipsa gesta presens inveniet decens et minime utique latebunt que subcontraria ;

signum autem huius quod increpat Karkino ; nam Ámphiaraus ex sacro utique erat, quod non videntem inspectorem latebat, in skene autem decidit aspernantibus hoc inspectoribus),

quecumque autem possibile et scematibus cooperantem. Probabilissimi enim ab eadem natura quales in passionibus sunt et hyemizat hyematus et exasperat iratus verissime.

Propter quod eius qui apte nature poetica est quam manici ; horum enim hii quidem euplasti (idest facile plasmabiles), hii autem exquisitores sunt.

Hosque sermones et poetizatos oportet et ipsum facientem

exponere universaliter, puta Ifigeneie ; immolanda quadam puella et disparente occulte ab immolantibus, demorante autem in aliam regionem, in qua lex erat extraneis immolare dee, hanc habuit sanctificationem ; tempore autem posterius fratri accidit venire sanctificationis (istud quia responsum dederat deus propter quam causam extra universale venire illuc et ad quid autem extra fabulam), veniens autem et captus immolari futurus recognovit; sive ut Euripedes sive ut Polyeidus fecit, secundum verisimile dicens quod non ergo solum sororem sed et ipsum oportebat immolari ; et hinc salus.

Post hec autem iam supponentem nomina episodizare,

qualiter autem erunt congrua episodia, puta in Horeste mania per quam assumptus est et salus per purificationem.

In curribus quidem 3oigitur episodia brevia, epopoiia autem hiis producitur.

Nam Odysseie longus sermo est; peregrinante quodam annis multis et observato a Possidone et solo ente, in habentibus autem domi sic ut res a ministris consumerentur et filius insidias pateretur, ipse autem pervenit hyematus, et recognoscens quosdam ipse insiliens, ipse quidem salvatus est, inimicos autem peremit.

Proprium quidem igitur hoc, alia autem episodia.

Arabic Poetics (Abū Bishr Mattā; Tkatsch edition) (OCR draft) Experimental (The Arabic translation attributed to Abū Bishr Mattā, edited by Jaroslaus Tkatsch in 1928 and aligned to the Kassel reference passage sequence.) — 17 focus

‏وقد ينبغى ان تقوم الخرافات وتتمم بالمقولة من قبل ان الامور توضع امام العينين جدا وذلك انه على هذه الجهة عند ما برى الشاعر على ما عند الامور المعمولة انفسها وعند ما يصير هناك يجد الشى الاولى والاحرى والاجمل ولا يذهب عليه البتة المضاد لهذه

‏ودليل هذا هو ما تبكت به لڡادٯيٮس وذلك ان ذاك صعد فيما يقال الى ذاك كانه صاعد من اٮان اى من الهيكل من حيث لم يكن يرى وكان يذهب على الناظر ووقع فى الخيمة وعند ما يصعٮ السامعين فى هذا

‏بمقدار ما كانه يمكن كان يفعل مع الاشكال على مجرى الاذعان والانقياد فالذين هم فى الالام هم فى طبيعة واحدة بعينها وان كان الذى فى الهزاير يتعذب ويتقلب وكان الذى يتسخط بالحق بتصعب

‏ولذلك فان صناعة الشعر هى للماهو اكثر منها للذين هم تلهين المعقول وذلك ان هولا منهم من هو بسيط عحس

‏اعنى فى الاقاويل والخرافات النى عملت وقد يجب عليه هو ايضا ان يكون عند ما يعمل ان يضعها على طريق الكلية ومن بعد ذلك ان ٮتحد يدخل شى وان بركب

‏واعنى بقولى ان يكون معنى الكل بهذا النحو كالحال فى امر ايباغانيا عند ما نحرت صبية ما واخفيت لكيما لا تظهر قامت بين المنحورين ووضعت فى بلد اخر فوق الٯايم قد كانت السنة جرت فى ذلك البلد ان يضحا لله ضحايا واقتنت هذا الفوز وفى زمان ما بالاخرة عرض ان قدم اخوها وجا من قبل ان الوالى احطا من قبل ان العلة هنالك خارج عن معنى الكل وفى البلد وايضا الذى عملت فيه هذه فماذى غير الخرافة مما يخبر به زعم ڡعل الان اد قد حٮت ولها اخذ وقدم ولٮتحد يعرف احيه فان على ما يعمل اوريفدس القينة على مذهب الحق اعواح كثيرة فلانه قال انه ليس اخته اذا كان يجب ان ٮتحد لكن هو ايضا قد كان يجب ان ٮمٮٮل فيه ذلك ومن هاهنا يكون الخلاص

‏ومن ذلك يدخل اسما قد وصڡت وفرغ من وصڡها

‏ويكون الاسما المداخلة مناسبة بمنزلة ما لاورسطس وهو الذى تدبيره كان الخلاص بالطهير

‏الا فى القينات الدخيلة هى معتدلة وما صنعه الانواع فى هذه فتطول

‏وذلك ان لاودوسيا فالقول ليس هو بالطويل فانه عند ما شخص انسان وغاب سنين كثيرة قد ٮٮڡاق عن فوسيدس وقد كان وحيد وايضا فان حال من كانت حال انه الامر معها ان باد جميع املاكه فى الخطاب والملاملات وان يمكرون به ويحوبونه واما هو فبلغ بعد ان تاه تيه كثيرا ولما ٮڡرق اناس ما اما هو فشقا شقيا عظيما ونجا وتخلص واما اعداه فابادهم

‏فهذه هى خاصية هذا واما الاشيا الاخر فهى دخيلة

Arabic Poetics (Abū Bishr Mattā; Tkatsch edition, unaligned) (OCR draft) Experimental (Tkatsch's edition of the medieval Arabic translation in its original, unaligned segmentation.) — 17 focus

‏بمقدار ما كانه يمكن كان يفعل مع الاشكال

‏على مجرى الاذعان والانقياد فالذين هم فى الالام هم فى طبيعة واحدة بعينها وان كان الذى فى الهزاير يتعذب ويتقلب وكان الذى يتسخط بالحق بتصعب

‏ولذلك فان صناعة الشعر هى للماهو اكثر منها للذين هم تلهين المعقول وذلك ان هولا منهم من هو بسيط عحس

‏واعنى بقولى ان يكون معنى الكل بهذا النحو كالحال فى امر ايباغانيا

‏عند ما نحرت صبية ما واخفيت لكيما لا تظهر قامت بين المنحورين ووضعت فى بلد اخر فوق الٯايم قد كانت السنة جرت فى ذلك البلد ان يضحا لله ضحايا واقتنت هذا الفوز

‏وفى زمان ما بالاخرة عرض ان قدم اخوها وجا

‏من قبل ان الوالى احطا من قبل ان العلة هنالك خارج عن معنى الكل وفى البلد وايضا الذى عملت فيه هذه فماذى غير الخرافة

‏مما يخبر به زعم ڡعل الان اد قد حٮت ولها اخذ وقدم ولٮتحد يعرف احيه فان على ما يعمل اوريفدس القينة على مذهب الحق اعواح كثيرة فلانه قال انه ليس اخته اذا كان يجب ان ٮتحد لكن هو ايضا قد كان يجب ان ٮمٮٮل فيه ذلك ومن هاهنا يكون الخلاص

‏ومن ذلك يدخل اسما قد وصڡت وفرغ من وصڡها ويكون الاسما المداخلة مناسبة بمنزلة ما لاورسطس وهو الذى تدبيره كان الخلاص بالطهير

‏الا فى القينات الدخيلة هى معتدلة وما صنعه الانواع فى هذه فتطول

‏فهذه هى خاصية هذا واما الاشيا الاخر فهى دخيلة

Commentary

Commentary on the Poetics (Ingram Bywater, 1909) (OCR draft) (Ingram Bywater's English commentary on Aristotle's Poetics.) focus

10. mvp-aristotle-comment-637

παραφυλαττομένου: comp. the use of φυλάττειν in Hom. Od. 4 670

ὄφρα μιν αὐτὸν ἰόντα λοχήσομαι ἠδὲ φυλάξω ἐν πορθμῷ

10. mvp-aristotle-comment-638

αὐτὸς δὲ. In Aristotle, just as in other writers, a δέ is occasionally used after a participial clause to mark a contrast between the two parts of the sentence (see my Textual Criticism of the Nic. Ethics p. 34).

10. mvp-aristotle-comment-639

χειμασθείς: comp. 17, 1455 a 31 .

10. mvp-aristotle-comment-640

ἀναγνωρίσας †τινὰς† αὐτὸς. On behalf of the amended reading ( ὅτι instead of τινάς) it may be noted that in 25, 1461 b 1 A c has τί instead of τινάς. The language here is a reminiscence of that in Od. 21. 207 , where Ulysses reveals himself to the herdsmen: ἔνδον μὲν δὴ ὅδ᾽ αὐτὸς ἐγὼ κακὰ πολλά μογήσας ἤλυθον—the Homeric κακὰ πολλά μογήσας being represented by Aristotle's χειμασθείς, ἤλυθον by ἀφικνεῖται, and ὅδ᾽ αὐτὸς ἐγώ by ἀναγνωρίσας ὅτι αὐτός. Twining (followed by Vahlen, Beitr. 2 p. 86; comp. Berlin Academy, Sitzungsberichte 1898, p. 266¹) adopts a suggestion of Castelvetro's, that ἀναγνωρίσας τινάς (the traditional reading) may be taken to mean 'making himself known to some of his people'. The interpretation, besides being against Aristotelian usage (see on 16, 1454 b 32 ), requires us to take αὐτός with ἐπιθέμενος, and gives it an undue degree of emphasis. There is no point in saying that Ulysses attacked the suitors 'himself'; and it was not true that he attacked them 'by himself' or 'alone' (comp. Aristot. fr. 176 Teubn.). This difficulty was not felt by either Castelvetro or Twining, as the reading in the texts of their time was not αὐτός but αὐτοῖς.²

10. mvp-aristotle-comment-641

ἐσώθη: comp. the use of σωτηρία in b 12, 14 . The double plot of the Odyssey has been formally recognized already, in 13, 1453 a 32 .

τὸ ... ἴδιον: the peculiar or characteristic part of the Odyssey, as distinct from the 'episodes', or accessories.

Remarques sur la poëtique d'Aristote (André Dacier, 1692) (OCR draft) (André Dacier's French commentary on Aristotle's Poetics.) focus

16. mvp-aristotle-comment-423

17.10 En effet le ſujet de l'Odyſſée, par exemple, est fort long.]¹

17. mvp-aristotle-comment-424

17.10 Un homme eſt abſent de ſon païs pluſieurs années, Neptu-ne le perſecute, &c.]²

Commentary on the Poetics (Thomas Twining, 1789) (OCR draft) (Thomas Twining's notes on Aristotle's Poetics, aligned to the Kassel reference edition.) focus

145. mvp-aristotle-comment-145

NOTE 145. p. 99.

17.10 THE GENERAL STORY OF THE ODYSSEY—LIES IN A SMALL COMPASS

Μικρός

, (instead of

μακρός

,) has now the support of a manuscript. See, ed. Ox. 1780 , with the learned editor of which I perfectly agree.

Λόγος

is plainly used here in the same sense as before, for the general argument, or summary, of the Poem: whereas, if we read

μακρός

, it can mean only the entire story at full length, with all its episodes. Farther; the epitome of the Odyssey which follows, is evidently the exemplification of the preceding assertion, that the story of the Odyssey, stripped of its episodes, is very short.

Homer himself has given us a still more general outline of the Poem in two lines and a half;

—σύνοψιν πάσης τῆς Ὀδυσσείας

, as the scholiast has observed upon it:

Φῆν, κακὰ πολλὰ παθόντ', ὀλέσαντ' ἀπὸ πάντας ἑταίρους, Ἄγνωστον πάντεσσιν, ἐεικοστῷ ἐνιαυτῷ, Οἴκαδ' ἐλεύσεσθαι.

Od. B. 174. —where,

ὀλέσαντ' ἀπὸ πάντας ἑταίρους

, is equivalent to Aristotle's

μόνου ὄντος

146. mvp-aristotle-comment-146

NOTE 146. p. 99.

17.10 PERSECUTED BY NEPTUNE

ΠΑΡΑΦΥΛΑΤΤΟΜΕΝΟΥ ὑπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος

—The same idea is thus expressed by Virgil:

nec Teucris addita Juno Usquam aberit.

Æn. VI. 90. —upon which passage the reader will find an excellent and useful note in the best of all editions of this Poet, that of Heyne. Horace comes still nearer to the word

παραφυλάττεσθαι

Incontinentis nec Tityi jecur Relinquit ales, nequitiæ ADDITUS CUSTOS.

Lib. III. Ode iv.

147. mvp-aristotle-comment-147

NOTE 147. p. 99.

17.10 AND MAKING HIMSELF KNOWN TO SOME OF HIS FAMILY

Ἀναγνωρίσας τινάς, αὐτοῖς ἐπιθεμενΘ-.

This is all very strange, and, probably, very corrupt; as may appear, merely from the awkward and cacophonous repetition of the pronoun—

ΑΥΤΟΣ ἀφικνεῖται ---- ΑΥΤΟΙΣ ἐπιθέμενος, ΑΥΤΟΣ μὲν ἐσώθη.

And what is,

ἀναγνωρίσας τινάς

?—Certainly, not what one expects. Ulysses, we know, was discovered by the nurse, and discovered himself to Eumæus, and the herdsman, and to Telemachus; but I do not recollect that he discovers any one. Castelvetro saw this; and he says, that

οἰκείων

is to be understood; and that the signification of the word

ἀναγνωρίσας

here must be observed, which is, not that Ulysses discovered any of his friends, but that he made himself known to them. But we have no authority, that I know of, for this use of

ἀναγνωρίζειν

with an accusative case. Piccolomini, too, understands this passage as Castelvetro did—

"datofi à conoscere ad alcuni."

And the Abbé Batteux—

"se fait reconnoitre,"

&c.

But what, again, is,

αὐτοῖς ἐπιθέμενος

?—Does

αὐτοῖς

refer to the friends, or to the enemies, of Ulysses?—Is

ἐπιθέμενος

, deceiving, imposing on, as it is rendered by Victorius, and others after him, or, as others understand it, attacking? for it will bear either of these senses. I have preferred the latter as most obvious, and, on the whole, most to the purpose.

Ἐπιτιθέμενοι

is used by Aristotle in this sense, Rhet. II. 5 . It generally, I believe, implies an attack more or less insidious, such as that of Ulysses upon the suitors. The scholiast upon Homer, Od. Υ. 156 , observes, that a day of festivity was made choice of, as furnishing a favourable opportunity of attacking the suitors:

ἵνα τῶν ἀνδρῶν περὶ τὴν ἑορτὴν καταγινομένων, εὔκαιρον ἔχῃ τὸ ΕΠΙΤΙΘΕΣΘΑΙ ΤΟΙΣ ΜΝΗΣΤΗΡΣΙ.

Commentarius in Aristotelis Poeticam (Franciscus Ritter, 1839) (OCR draft) (Ritter's Latin commentary, extracted from the 1839 volume, divided by Ritter's chapters and sections, and linked to the corresponding Perseus reference subsections.) focus

5. mvp-aristotle-comment-122

Ritter, cap. 17 § 5

τῆς γὰρ Ὀδυσσείας μακρὸς ὁ λόγος ἐστίν: succinctum loquendi genus hunc locum subobscurum fecit. nam ubi dixit, epopoeiam episodiis extendi, moneresimul debuit, ipsum argumentum ( τὸν λόγον) epopoeiae late patere, ideoque et multis et maioribus episodiis locum concedere, sed ille hanc sententiam continuo per Odysseae exemplum illustrare maluit, qua in re manum excerpentis technici (is exemplis plurimum tribuit) deprehendere mihi videor. Odysseae argumentum quamvis paucis verbis a philosopho comprehensum, si Iphigeniae comparatur, magnum vocari potest. codex Na et M 14 μικρὸς pro μακρὸς offerunt, quod plurimis editoribus placuit. - καὶ παραφυλαττο μένου ὑπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος: Neptunus Ulixem maligne observabat ut eius reditum averteret. vid. Odyss. A. 74 sqq. pro ὑπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος rectius dedisset ὑπὸ θεοῦ τινος : nomina enim τῷ καθόλου repugnant. τοὺς δ᾽ ἐχθροὺς διέφθειρεν: G. Guil. Nitzschius in libro de Aristotele contra Wolfianos p. 69. (iam de Historia Homeri Meletem. II. p. 57) scribit: "incolumitas illa victoris non ipsâ modo victoria continetur, sed oportuit eum etiam ab ultione omni tutum esse. quapropter dubium non est, quin ultima quoque, quibus pax cum Itacensibus composita narratur, isto αὐτὸς ἐσώθη comprehenderit Aristoteles." cave credas viro sagacissimo. nam nonnisi generale argumentum Odysseae h. 1. propositum est: sed pax illa cum procorum affinibus composita (2. 412-547) ἐπεισόδιον est, et quidem οἰκεῖον ἐπεισόδιον. Praecepta sua tragoedias scripturis destinata nondum proposuit omnia, sed restat unum gravissimum illud, ne fabularum complexus ( ἐποποιικὸν sive πολύμυθον σύστημα) in tragoedia pertractetur, cui opportune adiungitur altera admonitio, ne quis chorum aliena intercinentem inducere velit. verum enim vero rerum alienarum explicatione huc illata (c. 18, 1-3), duo illa praecepta demum c. 18, 4-7 posita legimus, sed de his statim videbimus.

Aristotle Poetics 17.10

ed. Henry James Pye