20 Diction as a whole ¹ is made up of these parts: letter, syllable, conjunction, joint, ² noun, verb, case, phrase.

A letter is an indivisible sound, not every such sound but one of which an intelligible sound can be formed. Animals utter indivisible sounds but none that I should call a letter.

Such sounds may be subdivided into vowel, semi-vowel, and mute. A vowel is that which without any addition has an audible sound; a semivowel needs the addition of another letter to give it audible sound, for instance S and R; a mute is that which with addition has no sound of its own but becomes audible when combined with some of the letters which have a sound. Examples of mutes are G and D.

Letters differ according to the shape of the mouth and the place at which they are sounded; in being with or without aspiration; in being long and short; and lastly in having an acute, grave, or intermediate accent. But the detailed study of these matters properly concerns students of metre.

A syllable is a sound without meaning, composed of a mute and a letter that has a sound. GR, for example, without A is a syllable just as much as GRA with an A. But these distinctions also belong to the theory of metre.

A conjunction is a sound without meaning, 1457a 1 which neither hinders nor causes the formation of a single significant sound or phrase out of several sounds, and which, if the phrase stands by itself, cannot properly stand at the beginning of it, e.g. μέν, δή, τοί, δέ; or else it is a sound without meaning capable of forming one significant sound or phrase out of several sounds having each a meaning of their own, e.g. ἀμφί, περί.

A joint is a sound without meaning which marks the beginning or end of a phrase or a division in it, and naturally stands at either end or in the middle. ³

A noun is a composite sound with a meaning, not indicative of time, no part of which has a meaning by itself; for in compounds we do not use each part as having a meaning of its own, for instance, in Theodorus, there is no meaning of δῶρον (gift).

A verb is a composite sound with a meaning, indicative of time, no part of which has a meaning by itself—just as in nouns. Man or white does not signify time, but walks and has walked connote present and past time respectively.

A case (or inflection) of a noun or verb is that which signifies either of or to a thing and the like; 20 or gives the sense of one or many e.g. men and man; or else it may depend on the delivery, for example question and command. Walked? and Walk! are verbal cases of this kind.

A phrase ⁴ is a composite sound with a meaning, some parts of which mean something by themselves.

It is not true to say that every phrase is made up of nouns and verbs, e.g. the definition of man ⁵ ; but although it is possible to have a phrase without verbs, yet some part of it will always have a meaning of its own, for example, Cleon in Cleon walks.

A phrase may be a unit in two ways; either it signifies one thing or it is a combination of several phrases. The unity of the Iliad, for instance, is due to such combination, but the definition of man is one phrase because it signifies one thing.

[Language in general includes the following parts :-
Letter, Syllable, Connecting word, Noun, Verb, Inflexion
or Case, Sentence or Phrase.]

A Letter is an indivisible sound, yet not every such
sound, but only one which can form part of a group of
sounds.
For even brutes utter indivisible sounds, none
of which I call a letter.

The sound I mean may be
either a vowel, a semi-vowel, or a mute.
A vowel is
that which without impact of tongue or
lip has an
audible sound.
A semi-vowel, that which
with such
impact has an audible sound, as S and R. A mute,
that which with such impact has by itself no sound,
but joined to a vowel sound becomes audible, as G and
D.

These are distinguished according to the form
assumed by the mouth and the place where they are
produced;
according as they are aspirated or smooth,
long or short;
as they are acute, grave, or of an inter-
mediate tone;
which inquiry belongs in detail to the
writers on metre.

A Syllable is a non-significant sound, composed of a
mute and a vowel:
for GR without A is a syllable, as
also with A, GRA.

A Connecting word is a non-significant sound, which
neither causes nor hinders the union of many sounds
into one significant sound;
it may be placed at either
end or in the middle of a sentence.

Or, a non-significant
sound, which out of several sounds, each of them signi-
ficant, is capable of forming one significant sound, as
ἀμφί, περί, and the like.
Or, a non-significant sound,
which marks the beginning, end, or division of a sentence;
such, however, that it cannot correctly stand by itself at
the beginning of a sentence, -as μέν, ἤτοι, δέ.

A Noun is a composite significant sound, not marking
time, of which no part is in itself significant:
for in
double or compound words we do not employ the
separate parts as if each were in itself significant. Thus
in Theodorus, 'god-given,' the δῶρον or 'gift' is not in
itself significant.

A Verb is a composite significant sound, marking
time, in which, as in the noun, no part is in itself signi-
ficant.
For 'man,' or 'white' does not express the idea
of 'when';
but 'he walks,' or 'he has walked' does
connote time, present or past.

Inflexion belongs both to the noun and verb, and
expresses either the relation 'of,' 'to,' or the like;
or
that of number, whether one or many, as 'man' or
'men';
or the modes or tones in actual delivery, e.g. a
question or a command. 'Did he go?'
and 'go' are
verbal inflexions of this kind.

A Sentence or Phrase is a composite significant
sound, some at least of whose parts are in themselves
significant;

for not every such group of words consists
of verbs and nouns—the definition of man,' for example
—but it may dispense even with the verb.
Still it will
always have some significant part, as 'in walking,' or
'Cleon son of Cleon'.

A sentence or phrase may form
a unity in two ways, either as signifying one thing, or
as consisting of several parts linked together.
Thus the
Iliad is one by the linking together of parts, the definition
of man by the unity of the thing signified.]

The Diction viewed as a whole is made up of the following
parts: the Letter (or ultimate element), the Syllable, the
Conjunction, the Article, the Noun, the Verb, the Case, and
the Speech.

The Letter is an indivisible sound of a par-
ticular kind, one that may become a factor in an intelligible
sound. Indivisible sounds are uttered by the brutes also,
but no one of these is a Letter in our sense of the term.

These elementary sounds are either vowels, semivowels, or
mutes. A vowel is a Letter having an audible sound without
the addition of another Letter. A semivowel, one having
an audible sound by the addition of another Letter; e. g.
S and R. A mute, one having no sound at all by itself,
but becoming audible by an addition, that of one of the
Letters which have a sound of some sort of their own;
e.g. D and G.

The Letters differ in various ways: as
produced by different conformations or in different regions
of the mouth; as aspirated, not aspirated, or sometimes one
and sometimes the other; as long, short, or of variable
quantity; and further as having an acute, grave, or inter-
mediate accent. The details of these matters we must leave
to the metricians.

(2) A Syllable is a non-significant composite
sound, made up of a mute and a Letter having a sound
(a vowel or semivowel); for GR, without an A, is just as
much a Syllable as GRA, with an A. The various forms
of the Syllable also belong to the theory of metre.

(3) A Conjunction is (a) a non-significant sound which,
when one significant sound is formable out of several, neither
hinders nor aids the union, and which, if the Speech thus
formed stands by itself (apart from other Speeches) must
not be inserted at the beginning of it; e. g. μέν,
δή, τοί, δέ. Or (b) a non-significant sound capable of
combining two or more significant sounds into one; e. g.
ἀμφί, περί, etc.

(4) An Article is a non-significant sound marking the
beginning, end, or dividing-point of a Speech, its natural
place being either at the extremities or in the middle.

(5) A Noun or name is a composite significant sound not
involving the idea of time, with parts which have no signi-
ficance by themselves in it. It is to be remembered that in
a compound we do not think of the parts as having a signifi-
cance also by themselves; in the name 'Theodorus,' for
instance, the δῶρον means nothing to us.

(6) A Verb is a composite significant sound involving the
idea of time, with parts which (just as in the Noun) have
no significance by themselves in it. Whereas the word
'man' or 'white' does not imply when, 'walks' and 'has
walked' involve in addition to the idea of walking that
of time present or time past.

(7) A Case of a Noun or Verb is when the word means
'of' or 'to' a thing, and so forth, or for one or many
(e.g. 'man' and 'men'); or it may consist merely in the
mode of utterance, e.g. in question, command, etc.
'Walked?' and 'Walk!' are Cases of the verb 'to walk'
of this last kind.

(8) A Speech is a composite significant sound, some of
the parts of which have a certain significance by themselves.

It may be observed that a Speech is not always made up of
Noun and Verb; it may be without a Verb, like the
definition of man; but it will always have some part with
a certain significance by itself. In the Speech 'Cleon
walks,' 'Cleon' is an instance of such a part.

A Speech is
said to be one in two ways, either as signifying one thing,
or as a union of several Speeches made into one by
conjunction. Thus the Iliad is one Speech by conjunction
of several; and the definition of man is one through its
signifying one thing.

[1] ¹ 20.1 [1 OF all diction, however, the following are the parts; viz. the letter, the syllable, the conjunction, the noun, the verb, the article, the case, and the sentence. The ^{2 3 4} letter, therefore, indeed, is an indivisible sound2; ⁵ yet not every such sound, 20.2 but that from which an intelligible sound is adapted to be produced. For there are indivisible vocal sounds of brutes, no one of which ⁶ I call a letter3. But the parts of this indivisible sound are, vowel, semi vowel, 20.3 and mute. And a vowel, indeed, is that which has an audible sound, without percussion 4; such as a and o. But a semivowel is that which has an audible sound, with percussion ; as s and r. And a mute is that which, even with the concurrence of the tongue, has of itself, indeed, no sound, but becomes audible in conjunction with things which have a certain sound; 20.4 as g and d. ⁷ But these differ by the configurations of the mouth, in the parts [of the mouth 5] by density and tenuity of aspiration, by length and shortness; and further still, they differ by acuteness and gravity, and by the medium between both these; the theory respecting each of which pertains to the metrical art. ⁸ 20.5 But a syllable is a sound without signification, composed from a mute, and an element which has sound [i. e. from a vowel, or semivowel]. For g r without a is a syllable6, and also with a, as g r a. ^{9 10 11 12 13} The study, however, of the differences of these, pertains also to the metrical art. ¹⁴ But a conjunction is a sound void of signification, which neither impedes nor produces one significant sound adapted to be composed from many sounds, and which may be placed either at the beginning or the end of the period, unless something requires that it should be placed by itself at the beginning; 20.6 such as μὲν, ἥτοι, δή. Or it is a sound without signification, composed from more sounds than one, but naturally adapted to produce one significant sound. ¹⁵ 20.7 An article is a sound without signification, which snows the beginning, or end, or distinction of a word 7; as τὸ φημί, and ὸro περί, and others of the like kind. Or it is a sound without signification, which neither impedes nor produces one significant sound naturally adapted to be composed from many sounds, both in the extremes and in the middle. ^{16 17} 20.8 But a noun is a composite sound, significant without time, of which no part is of itself significant. For in double nouns, we do not use the parts as of themselves significant. Thus, in the word Theodorus, [though Theos signifies God and doron a gift,] yet doron signifies nothing. ¹⁸ 20.9 A verb is a composite sound, significant with time, 01 which no part is of itself significant, in the same manner also as in nouns. For man or white does not signify time; but he walks, or he did walk, signify, the former indeed the present, and the latter the past time. ¹⁹ But case pertains to noun or verb. And one case, indeed, [in nouns] signifies that something is said of this thing, or is attributed to this thing, and the like; ^{20 21} but another is that which pertains to one thing or many things; as men, or man. 20.10 And another case pertains to acting9, such as what relates to interrogation or demand. ²² For "did he walk" ? 20.11 Or walk is a case of a verb according to these species. And a sentence is a composite significant sound, of which certain parts of themselves signify something; 20.12 for not every sentence is composed from nouns and verbs, (since the definition of man10 is a sentence without a verb,) but there may be a sentence without verbs. A sentence, however, will always have some part significant; as in the sentence Cleon walks, the word Cleon is significant. ²³ But a sentence is one in a twofold respect; for it is either that which signifies one thing, or that which becomes one from many by conjunction 11. 20.13 Thus the Iliad, indeed, is one by conjunction; but the definition of man is one, because it signifies one thing.]

[Totius autem sermonis hae sunt partes, elementum, syllaba, convinctio, nomen, verbum, articulus, casus, oratio.

elementum est vox indivisa, non quidem omnis, sed ex qua potest intelligibilis fieri vox: nam bestiarum quoque sunt indivisae voces, quarum nullam dico elementum. huius autem partes sunt vocale et semivocale et mutum.

est autem vocale quod sine allisu. vocem habet quae audiri potest, ut A et O, semivocale autem quod cum allisu vocem habet quae audiri potest, ut S et R, mutum autem quod cum allisu per se quidem nullam habet vocem, sed coniunctum iis quae habent vocem quandam audiri potest, ut G et D.

haec autem differunt et oris habitu et locis et densitate et tenuitate et longitudine et brevitate, praeterea acuto accentu et gravi et medio: de quibus singulis in metricis dispicere convenit.

syllaba autem est vox significationis expers, componenda ex consonante et vocali: nam etiam GR sine A syllaba, et cum A, ut GRA. sed horum quoque discrepantias considerare metricae doctrinae est.

convinctio autem est vox significationis expers, quae neque impedit neque facit vocem unam significativam, ex pluribus vocibus componi aptam, et in extremitatibus et in medio, si non conveniat in principio enuntiati ponere per se, ut μέν, ἤτοι, δή. vel vox significationis expers, ex pluribus quidem vocibus quam una, sed significativis, facere apta unam significativam vocem.

articulus autem est vox significationis expers, quae enuntiati principium vel finem vel distinctionem declarat, ut τὸ φημί et τὸ περί et cetera. sive vox significationis expers, quae neque impedit neque facit vocem unam significativam ex pluribus vocibus, apta ut ponatur et in extremitatibus et in medio.

nomen autem est vox componenda, significativa sine tempore, cuius pars nulla per se est significativa: nam in duplicibus non ita utimur, ut ipsa per se significet, velut in Theodoro illud δῶρον non significat.

verbum autem vox componenda, significativa cum tempore, cuius nulla pars significat per se, ut etiam in nominibus. nomen enim homo vel album non significat quando, sed ambulat vel ambulavit simul significat, illud praesens tempus, hoc praeteritum.

casus autem est nominis vel verbi, alius quod huius vel huic est significans et quae sunt eiusmodi, alius quod unius est vel multorum, ut homo vel homines, alius qui pertinet ad pronuntiationem, ut ad interrogationem vel mandatum: nam ambulavit vel am - bula casus verbi secundum has formas est.

oratio autem vox componenda significativa, cuius nonnullae partes per se significant aliquid:

non enim omnis oratio ex verbis et nominibus constat, ut hominis definitio, sed potest sine verbis esse oratio. partem tamen semper aliquam significantem habebit, quemadmodum in illo Cleo ambulat Cleo.

una autem est oratio dupliciter, aut quae unum significat, aut quae ex pluribus per coniunctionem, velut Ilias per coniunctionem una, sed hominis notio eo quod unum significat.]

1.

19.1 NOus avons ſuffiſament traité de toutes les autres parties de la Tragedie, il reſte à parler de la diction & des ſentimens. 19.2 Pour ce qui eſt des ſentimens, on peut voir ce qui en a été dit dans nos Livres de la Rhetorique; car ils ſont proprement du reſſort de ſon Art. 19.3 Les ſentimens, c'eſt tout ce qui fait la matiere du diſcours 19.4 & ils conſiſtent à prouver, à réfuter, à exciter les paſſions, comme la pitié, la colére, la crainte, & toutes les autres, à relever une choſe, ou à la rabaiffer.

2.

19.5 Il eſt donc évident que dans les ſujets du Poëme dramatique, les Poëtes doivent ſe ſervir des mêmes lieux que les Orateurs, lorſqu'il s'agit de faire paroître les choſes dignes de pitié, ou terri-bles, grandes, ou vray-ſemblables.

3.

19.6 Il y a pourtant cette difference entre toutes les choſes dont on traite, que les unes ſans le ſecours de l'art ſont naturellement telles qu'on veut les faire paroître, & que les autres ſont renduës telles par l'adreſſe de celuy qui parle, & qui par ſes paroles leur donne la forme qu'elles nous paroiſſent avoir. Car que reſteroit-il à faire pour luy, ſi toutes les choſes étoient touchantes par elles-mêmes, ſans l'aide de ſes diſcours?

4.

19.7 Pour ce qui eſt de la diction, il y en a une partie qui eſt pour le Spectacle & pour le Theatre, c'eſt la prononciation & le geſte; mais cela regarde proprement l'art des Comediens, ou de ceux qui font une ſemblable profeſſion. Car c'eſt à eux d'enſeigner ce que c'eſt qu'un commandement, une priere, une ſimple narration, une menace, une interrogation, une réponſe, & autres choſes ſemblables.

5.

19.8 En effet, qu'on obſerve, ou qu'on viole ces regles, cela ne fait rien pour la Poësie, qui de ce côté-là n'a à craindre aucun reproche digne de conſideration. Par exemple, qui eſt-ce qui s'aviſera jamais de recevoir la Critique de Protagoras, qui accuſe Homere d'avoir fait aux Muſes un commandement, lorſqu'il a crû leur faire une priere, ſous pretexte qu'il a dit par l'imperatif: Muſe chante-moy la colére. Sa raiſon eſt, que d'ordonner qu'on faſſe une choſe, ou qu'on ne la faſſe pas, c'eſt un com-mandement formel. 19.9 Mais comme le jugement de cette Critique dépend d'un autre art que celuy de la Poësie, nous ne nous arrêterons pas à l'examiner.

Ma le parti di tutta la Locutione ſono queſte, Lettera,ò Elemeto, Sillaba, Coniuntione,Nome, Verbo, Articolo, Cafo, & Oratione.

A Lettera e'vna voce indiuifibile, ma nó già ogni voce indiuifibile, è lettera:ma quella fola, onde fi può di ſua natura cõſtituire voce intelligibile cociofia che le fiere ſteſſe mandino fuori molte voci indiuifibili, che non mai debbono effer chiamate lettere.

Diurdonſi le lettere in vocali, in mezze vocali, & in mute. Lettera vocale è quella, che ſenza percufsione alcuna fa ſuono, che ſi può vdire. Meza vocale à quella, che fa vn' cotal fuono con la percuſsione, come è il o. & il g. Muta è quella, che con la percuſsione da ſe ſteſſa non fa vn' cotal ſuono; ma aggiunta à quelle, che l'hanno, diuenta in modo ch'ella s'ode:& tale è il y. & il d.

Sono dipiù tutte le lettere differenti per la figura d'eſſe, per i luoghi, per lo afpirato, & per il tenue, pel lungo, & per il breue, & anchora per lo acuto,& per il graue;& dipiù per quello, che è inquel mezo. Delle quali tutte coſe ſta bene confiderarne all'arte verificatoria. Della Della Sillaba.

A Sillaba è voce no fignificatiua cõpoſta & di let tere mute, & di lettere, che habbino ſuonoscócio fia che il y.& il e.non faccia Sillaba ſenza l'ama ſi in ſua compagnia:come dire. yea. Ma la confideratione di tali differenze s'appartiene all'Arte detta diſopra. Della Coniuntione.

A Coniűtione è voce no fignificate, laquale non atta ad effer copoſta di piu voci;& è quella, che ſta ben' collocata nell'ultimo, & nel mezo dell'Oratione, ſe gia ella non s'accomodaſſe per ſe ſteſſa nel principio del parlare;com'è dire. ἤτοι δή. O vero è voce non ſignificante, ma atta di piu voci ſignificanti a fare vna fola vo ce fignificatiua. L Dello Articolo 'Articolo è voce fignificatiua, la quale dimoſtra ò il principio,ò il fine, ò la ſeparatione del parlare come è τὸ φήμι. & τὸ πέρι. & altri fimili.

O vero è voce non fignificatiua, che non impediſce, & non fa fignificare alcuna voce, che ſia atta ad eſſere compoſta di piu voci;& che ſi adatta ſi nell'ultimo, quanto nel mezo, t N Del Nome.

Ome è voce compoſta ſignificatiua, e ST ma fenza tempo, delquale non è parte alcuna, che per fe e ſteffa fignifichi; conciofia che ne Nomi doppi s'offerui anchora, chele parti da perloro non ui figni fichino nulla: come è in queſto nome. κολώρω. doue Αύρω non vi fignifica cofa alcuna.

monologus ni Del Verbo e TL verbo è vna voce compoſta ſignificatiua col tempo, del quale non è parte alcuna, che per le ſtellaf TT $30 gnifichi; ſicome ne Nomis'e detto; ma l'huomo, o il bianco non ſignificano inſieme tempo.

Ma queſta voce, che dice, Và, Andò inſieme ſignificano tempo ; l'uno, dico, il preſente & l'altro il paſſato. I Del Cafo. Caſi s'appartengono ſi al Nome ch'al verbo & certi ne ſono che ſignificano d'alcuno con la fleſsione, com'e dire Di coſtui, A coſtui; o in altro ſimil' modo. Et certi n'è, che ſignificano col moſtrare il numero ſin gulare, o'l plurale;come e dire l'huomo, ò gli huomini.

Et certi s'appartegono agli Iſtrioni, nel modo cioe da interrogare, ò da comadare, Perche andò?Quà.

Et que Ai coſi fatti nomi ſon' caſi del verbom คงรวมกลอง Della Oratione Digiboas Oratione è vna voce Lioratio compoſta ſignificatiua,del certe parti fono, che per loro ſteſſe ſignificano qualche coſa. Nè già è vero, che ogni oratione fſia compoſta di Nome, & di verbo, come e la diffinitio ne dell'huomo, ma daſsi dell'Orationi, che ſono ſenza verbo; nondimanco elle haranno qualche parte fignifi cante, come è in queſta, che dice, Cleone và:doue quel nome Cleone vi è ſignificante, In due modi fi dice l'Oratione eſſere vna.

In vno, quando ella ſignifica vna ſola coſa. Nell'altro,quádo ella, eſſendo compoſta di piu coſe, per uia delle cõiuntioni ella diuenta vna;come è 'Iliade, che per via di coniuntione ſarà una fola Oratione:ma la diffinitione dell'huomo è vna, perche ella fignifica vna fola coſa.

Iam vero elocutionis omnis hae sunt partes, elementum, syllaba, coniunctio, nomen, verbum, articulus, casus, oratio.

ac elementum quidem est vox individua, non omnis, sed ex qua naturaliter vox fit, quae intelligi possit: etenim beluarum sunt voces individuae, quarum nullam elementum voco.

huius autem partes sunt tum vocale tum semivocale tum mutum. atque vocale est, quod sine ictu vocem habet quae audiri potest, ut a et w; semivocale, quod cum ictu vocem habet quae audiri potest, ut σ et p; mutum, quod cum ictu per se quidem nullam habet vocem, sed cum habentibus aliquam vocem fit huiusmodi ut audiri possit, ut y et.

atque haec inter se differunt tum figuris oris tum locis tum crassitudine tum tenuitate tum longitudine tum brevitate, praeterea vero acumine et gravitate et medio, de quibus singulis in metricis convenit contemplari.

syllaba est vox significationis expers, composita ex muto et vocem habente: etenim yp sine a syllaba est, et cum a, ut ypa. sed et horum intueri differentias metricae est. coniunctio est vox significationis expers,

quae neque impedit neque facit vocem unam significativam, quae ex pluribus vocibus componatur, tam in extremis quam in medio, nisi congruerit in principio orationis ponere per se, ut µáv, to, dn. vel vox non significativa ex pluribus quidem vocibus una sed significativis, idonea quae faciat unam vocem. articulus est vox significationis expers, orationis initium aut Gnem aut distinctionem indicans, ut τὸ φημί, τὸ περί et alia.

vel vox significationis expers, quae neque impedit neque facit vocem unam significativam ex pluribus vocibus, idoneam quae com ponatur et in extremis et in medio.

nomen est vox composita significativa sine tempore, cuius pars nulla est per se significativa: nam in duplicibus non utimur ut etiam ipsum per se significet, veluti in Theodoro illud Supov non significat.

verbum est vox composita significativa cum tempore, cuius per se pars nulla significat, ut etiam in nominibus.

illud enim homo vel album non adsignificat quando: at illud ambulat vel ambulavit adsignificat, alterum quidem praesens tempus, alterum vero praeteritum. casus est nominis aut verbi, nnus quidem secundum id quod est huius vel huic significans, et quaecunque talia; alter vero secundum id quod uni vel multis, vel homines vel homo;

alius autem secundum ea quae ad gestum pertinent, ut per interrogationem vel praeceptionem.

nam ambulavit vel ambulat casus verbi secundum has species est. oratio est vox composita significativa, cuius aliquae partes per se significant aliquid: nec enim omnis oratio ex verbis constat et nominibus, quemadmodum hominis definitio, sed contingit sine verbis esse orationem. atqui partem semper quampiam significantem habebit, ut in illo ambulat Cleon" id ipsum Cleon.

una autem est oratio duobus modis: aut enim quae unum significat, aut quae ex pluribus coniunctionibus est, ut Ilias quidem est coniunctione una, hominis vero definitio eo quod unum significet.

Locutionis autem omnis hee sunt partes' elementum, sillaba, coniunctio, nomen, verbum, articulus, casus, oratio. —

Elementum quidem igitur vox indivisibilis, non omnis autem sed ex qua nata est fieri intelligibilis vox (et enim bestiarum sunt indivisibiles voces, quarum nullam dico elementum),

huius autem partes vocalis et semivocalis et muta. Est autem vocalis quidem sine adiectione habens vocem audibilem ; semivocalis autem cum adiectione habens vocem audibilem, velut 's' et 'b'; muta autem que cum adiectione secundum se quidem nullam habet vocem, cum habentibus autem aliquam vocem facta audibilis, velut 'g' et 'd'.

Hec autem differunt figurisque oris et locis, et asperitate et lenitate, et longitudine et brevitate, adhuc autem acuitate et gravitate et medio; de quibus per singula in metricis congruit speculari. —

Sillaba autem est vox non significativa composita ex non vocali et vocem habente ; et enim ipsius 'gr' sine ipso 'a' sillaba et cum 'a', puta 'gra'. Sed horum considerare differentias metrice est. —

Coniunctio autem est vox non significativa que neque prohibet neque facit vocem unam significativam ex pluribus vocibus, natam componi et in extremis et in medio, quam non congruit in principio sermonis poni secundum se ipsam, velut 'quidem', 'vel', 'autem' ; vox non significativa, aut ex pluribus quidem vocibus una significativam facere nata est unam significativam vocem. —

Articulus autem est vox non significativa aut orationis principium aut finem aut determinationem palificat, puta 'f.m.i' et 'p.e.r.i' et alia. Vox non significativa aut neque prohibet neque facit vocem unam significativam ex pluribus vocibus, natam poni et in extremis et in medio. —

Nomen autem est vox conficta significativa sine tempore, cuius pars nulla est secundum se significativa ; in duplicibus enim non utimur tamquam et ipsa secundum se significet, puta in 'Theodoro' 'doron' (idest donum) non significat. —

Verbum autem vox conficta significativa cum tempore cuius nulla pars significat secundum se, sicut et in nominibus; 'homo' quidem enim aut 'album' non significat quando, *ambulat' autem aut 'ambulavit' consignificat, hoc quidem presens tempus, hoc autem preteritum. —

Casus autem est nominis aut verbi, hic quidem secundum 'huius' aut *huic' significans et quecumque talia, hic autem secundum quod uni aut multis, puta ' homines? aut 'homo', hic autem secundum ypocritica, puta secundum interrogationem, iussionem. Nam 'ambulavit' aut *ambulabat' casus verbi secundum has species sunt. —

Oratio autem vox significativa composita cuius quedam quidem secundum se significant aliquid ;

non enim omnis oratio ex verbis et nominibus componitur, puta hominis diffinitio, sed contingit sine verbis esse orationem, partem tamen semper aliquid significantem habebit, puta, in hac 'ambulat Kleon', 'Kleon'.

Una autem est oratio dupliciter, aut enim que unum significat aut que ex pluribus coniunctionibus, puta Ilias quidem coniunctionibus una, hominis autem diffinitio per unum significare.

‏ويتول من غماٮ المقولة باسرها واحز الاسطقسات هى هذه الاقتضاب الرباط الفاصلة الاسم الكلمة التصريف القول

‏فاما الاسطقس فهو غير مقسوم وليس كله لكن ما كان منه من شان الصوت المركب ان يتركب ويكون منه وذلك ان اصوات اليهايم هى غير مفصلة وليس ولا واحد منها صوت مركب وليس ولا واحد من اجزا الاصوات ما اقول انه للاسطقسات

‏واما هذا الصوت المركب فاجزاه جزوان اعنى المصوت ولا مصوت ونصف المصوت غير ان الصوت الذى يكون من غير القرع الكاين عند الشفتين او الاسنان هو صوت غير مفصل واما نصف الصوت الذى يكون مع القرع فليس له على انفراده صوت مسموع اذا ما حرك الس والر واما لا مصوت فهو الذى مع القرع اما على انفراده فليس له ولا صوت واحد مركب مسموع واما مع التى لها صوت مركب قد يكون مسموعا بمنزلة الى والد

‏وهو بعينه مختلف بشكل الافواع والمواضع وبالاتصال والمرسل وبالطول والانقباض وايضا بالحدة والصلابة وبالتى هى موضوعة فى وسط كل واحد واحد فى جميع الاوزان وينبغى ان ٮداينها

‏واما الاقتضاب صوت مركب مدلول مركب من اسطقس مصوت ولا مصوت وذلك ان الح والر بلا ا ليسا اقتضاب اذا كان انما يكون اقتضاب مع ا لكن الح والر وا هى اقتضاب الا انه ينبغى ان ننظر فى اختلاف هذه اعنى هذه الوزنية

‏واما الرباط فهو صوت مركب غير مدلول بمنزلة اما ووالسيں وذلك ان ما يسمع منها هو غير مدلول مركب ا من اصوات كثيرة وهى دالة على صوت لفظة واحد مركب غير مدلول

‏واما الواصلة فهى صوت مركب غير مدلول اما لابتدا القول واما لاخره او حد دال بمنزلة فاواو من اجل او الا يقال صوت مركب غير مدلول الذى لا يمنع ولا يفعل الصوت والواحد المدلول الذى من شانه ان يركب من اصوات كثيرة وعلى الروس وعلى الوسط

‏واما الاسم فهو لفظة او صوت مركب دالة او دال خلو من الزمان جزو من اجزايه لا يدل على انفراده وليس يستعمل الاسما المركبة على ان جزو من اجزايها بدل على انفراده وذلك ان دورس من ثاودوس ليس يدل على شى

‏واما الكلمة فهى صوت دال او لفظة دالة تدل معما تدل عليه على الزمان جزو من اجزايه لا يدل على انفراده كما لا يدل جزو من اجزا الاسما على انفراده وذلك ان قولنا انسان او ابيض ليس يدلان على الزمان واما قولنا يمشى او مشى فقد يدلان على الزمان اما ذاك فعلى الزمان الحاضر واما هذا فعلى الزمان الماضى

‏واما التصريف فهو للاسم او للقول اما ذاك على ان لهذا وهذا وما اشبه ذلك بعضه يدل على واحد او على كثير بمنزلة الناس او الانسان واما ذاك فعلى هذه التى هى والاقاويل بمنزلة ما فى السوال وفى الامر وذلك ان قولنا مشى او يمشى [اذا دللنا به على الزمان المستقبل] هما تصاريف الكلمة وهذه هى انواعها ايضا

‏والقول هو لفظ دال او صوت دال مركب الواحد من اجزايه يدل على انفراده

‏وليس كل قول مركب من الكلمة بمنزلة حد الانسان لكن قد يمكن ان يكون القول من كلم جزو من القول الدال على ما هو الشى بمنزلة ان يكون له بمنزلة قولنا قاللناس فى قولنا قاللناس يمشى

‏والقول يكون واحدا على ضربين وذلك انه اما ان يكون القول واحدا بان يدل على واحد واما ان يكون واحدا برباطات كثيرة بمنزلة قولنا سفر او اوميروس هو المعروف بايلياس هو واحد وذلك ان هذا هو واحد برباط واما قولنا انسان يمشى فهو واحد من قبل انه يدل على واحد

‏ويتول من غماٮ المقولة باسرها واحز الاسطقسات هى هذه الاقتضاب الرباط الفاصلة الاسم الكلمة التصريف القول

‏فاما الاسطقس فهو غير مقسوم وليس كله لكن ما كان منه من شان الصوت المركب ان يتركب ويكون منه وذلك ان اصوات اليهايم هى غير مفصلة وليس ولا واحد منها صوت مركب وليس ولا واحد من اجزا الاصوات ما اقول انه للاسطقسات

‏واما هذا الصوت المركب فاجزاه جزوان اعنى المصوت ولا مصوت ونصف المصوت

‏غير ان الصوت الذى يكون من غير القرع الكاين عند الشفتين او الاسنان هو صوت غير مفصل واما نصف الصوت الذى يكون مع القرع فليس له على انفراده صوت مسموع اذا ما حرك الس والر واما لا مصوت فهو الذى مع القرع اما على انفراده فليس له ولا صوت واحد مركب مسموع واما مع التى لها صوت مركب قد يكون مسموعا بمنزلة الى والد

‏وهو بعينه مختلف بشكل الافواع والمواضع وبالاتصال والمرسل وبالطول والانقباض وايضا بالحدة والصلابة وبالتى هى موضوعة فى وسط كل واحد واحد فى جميع الاوزان وينبغى ان ٮداينها

‏واما الاقتضاب صوت مركب مدلول مركب من اسطقس مصوت ولا مصوت وذلك ان الح والر بلا ا ليسا اقتضاب اذا كان انما يكون اقتضاب مع ا لكن الح والر وا هى اقتضاب

‏الا انه ينبغى ان ننظر فى اختلاف هذه اعنى هذه الوزنية

‏واما الرباط فهو صوت مركب غير مدلول بمنزلة اما ووالسيں وذلك ان ما يسمع منها هو غير مدلول مركب ا من اصوات كثيرة وهى دالة على صوت لفظة واحد مركب غير مدلول

—

‏واما الواصلة فهى صوت مركب غير مدلول اما لابتدا القول واما لاخره او حد دال بمنزلة فاواو من اجل او

‏الا يقال صوت مركب غير مدلول الذى لا يمنع ولا يفعل الصوت والواحد المدلول الذى من شانه ان يركب من اصوات كثيرة وعلى الروس وعلى الوسط

‏واما الاسم فهو لفظة او صوت مركب دالة او دال خلو من الزمان جزو من اجزايه لا يدل على انفراده وليس يستعمل الاسما المركبة على ان جزو من اجزايها بدل على انفراده وذلك ان دورس من ثاودوس ليس يدل على شى

‏واما الكلمة فهى صوت دال او لفظة دالة تدل معما تدل عليه على الزمان جزو من اجزايه لا يدل على انفراده كما لا يدل جزو من اجزا الاسما على انفراده وذلك ان قولنا انسان او ابيض ليس يدلان على الزمان واما قولنا يمشى او مشى فقد يدلان على الزمان اما ذاك فعلى الزمان الحاضر واما هذا فعلى الزمان الماضى

‏واما التصريف فهو للاسم او للقول اما ذاك على ان لهذا وهذا وما اشبه ذلك بعضه يدل على واحد او على كثير بمنزلة الناس او الانسان واما ذاك فعلى هذه التى هى والاقاويل بمنزلة ما فى السوال وفى الامر وذلك ان قولنا مشى او يمشى [اذا دللنا به على الزمان المستقبل] هما تصاريف الكلمة وهذه هى انواعها ايضا

‏والقول هو لفظ دال او صوت دال مركب الواحد من اجزايه يدل على انفراده وليس كل قول مركب من الكلمة بمنزلة حد الانسان لكن قد يمكن ان يكون القول من كلم

‏جزو من القول الدال على ما هو الشى بمنزلة ان يكون له بمنزلة قولنا قاللناس فى قولنا قاللناس يمشى

‏والقول يكون واحدا على ضربين وذلك انه اما ان يكون القول واحدا بان يدل على واحد واما ان يكون واحدا برباطات كثيرة بمنزلة قولنا سفر او اوميروس هو المعروف بايلياس هو واحد وذلك ان هذا هو واحد برباط واما قولنا انسان يمشى فهو واحد من قبل انه يدل على واحد