Nouns are of two kinds. There is the simple noun, by which I mean one made up of parts that have no meaning, like γῆ, and there is the compound noun.

These may be made up either of a part which has no meaning and a part which has a meaning—though it does not have its meaning in the compound—or of two parts both having a meaning.

A compound noun may be triple and quadruple and multiple, e.g. many of the bombastic names like Hermocaicoxanthus. ¹ 1457b 1 . . .

Every noun is either ordinary ² or rare or metaphorical or ornamental or invented or lengthened or curtailed or altered.

An ordinary word is one used by everybody, a rare word one used by some;

so that a word may obviously be both ordinary and rare, but not in relation to the same people. σίγυνον, ³ for instance, is to the Cypriots an ordinary word but to us a rare one.

Metaphor is the application of a strange term either transferred from the genus and applied to the species or from the species and applied to the genus, or from one species to another or else by analogy.

An example of a term transferred from genus to species is Here stands my ship. Riding at anchor is a species of standing.

An example of transference from species to genus is Indeed ten thousand noble things Odysseus did, for ten thousand, which is a species of many, is here used instead of the word many.

An example of transference from one species to another is Drawing off his life with the bronze and Severing with the tireless bronze, where drawing off is used for severing and severing for drawing off, both being species of removing. ⁴

Metaphor by analogy means this: when B is to A as D is to C, then instead of B the poet will say D and B instead of D.

And sometimes they add that to which the term supplanted by the metaphor is relative. ⁵ 20 For instance, a cup is to Dionysus what a shield is to Ares; so he will call the cup Dionysus’s shield and the shield Ares’ cup.

Or old age is to life as evening is to day; so he will call the evening day’s old-age or use Empedocles’ phrase ⁶ ; and old age he will call the evening of life or life’s setting sun.

Sometimes there is no word for some of the terms of the analogy but the metaphor can be used all the same. For instance, to scatter seed is to sow, but there is no word for the action of the sun in scattering its fire. Yet this has to the sunshine the same relation as sowing has to the seed, and so you have the phrase sowing the god-created fire.

Besides this another way of employing metaphor is to call a thing by the strange name and then to deny it some attribute of that name.

For instance, suppose you call the shield not Ares’ cup but a “wineless cup.” . . . ⁷

An invented word is one not used at all by any people and coined by the poet. There seem to be such words, eg. sprouters for horns and pray-er for priest.

A word is lengthened or curtailed, 1458a 1 the former when use is made of a longer vowel than usual or a syllable inserted, and the latter when part of the word is curtailed.

An example of a lengthened word is πόληος for πολέως and Πηληιάδεω for Πηλείδου; and of a curtailed word κρῖ and δῶ, and e.g. μία γίνεται ἀμφοτέρων ὄψ. ⁸

A word is altered when the poet coins part of the word and leaves the rest unchanged, e.g. δεξιτερὸν κατὰ μαζόν instead of δεξιόν.

Of the nouns themselves, some are masculine, some feminine, and some neuter. ⁹

Masculine are all that end in N and P and Σ and in the two compounds of Σ, Ψ and Ξ.

Feminine are all that end in those of the vowels that are always long, for instance Η and Ω, and in Α among vowels that can be lengthened.

The result is that the number of masculine and feminine terminations is the same, for Ψ and Ξ are the same as Σ.

No noun ends in a mute or in a short vowel.

Only three end in Ι, μέλι, κόμμι, and πέπερι. Five end in Υ. The neuters end in these letters and in Ν and Σ.

Words are of two kinds, simple and double. By
simple I mean those composed of non-significant elements,
such as γῆ.

By double or compound, those composed
either of a significant and non-significant element
(though within the whole word no element is significant),
or of elements that are both significant.

A word may likewise be triple, quadruple, or multiple in form, like
so many Massilian expressions, e.g. 'Hermo-caico-xanthus
.'

Every word is either current, or strange, or meta-
phorical, or ornamental, or newly-coined, or lengthened,
or contracted, or altered.

By a current or proper word I mean one which is
in general use among a people;

by a strange word, one
which is in use in another country.
Plainly, therefore,
the same word may be at once strange and current, but
not in relation to the same people.
The word σίγυνον,
'lance,' is to the Cyprians a current term but to us a
strange one.

Metaphor is the application of an alien name by
transference either from genus to species, or from species
to genus, or from species to species, or by analogy, that is,
proportion.

Thus from genus to species, as: 'There lies
my ship';
for lying at anchor is a species of lying.

From species to genus, as: 'Verily ten thousand noble
deeds hath Odysseus wrought';
for ten thousand is a
species of large number, and is here used for a large
number generally.

From species to species, as: 'With
blade of bronze drew away the life,' and 'Cleft the water
with the vessel of unyielding bronze.'
Here ἀρύσαι, 'to
draw away,' is used for ταμεῖν, 'to cleave,' and ταμεῖν
again for ἀρύσαι, —each being a species of taking away.

Analogy or proportion is when the second term is to the
first as the fourth to the third.
We may then use the
fourth for the second, or the second for the fourth.

Sometimes too we qualify the metaphor by adding the
term to which the proper word is relative.
Thus the
cup is to Dionysus as the shield to Ares.
The cup may,
therefore, be called 'the shield of Dionysus,' and the
shield 'the cup of Ares.'

Or, again, as old age is to life,
so is evening to day.
Evening may therefore be called
'the old age of the day,' and old age, 'the evening of
life,' or, in the phrase of Empedocles, 'life's setting sun.'

For some of the terms of the proportion there is at times
no word in existence;
still the metaphor may be used.
For instance, to scatter seed is called sowing: but the
action of the sun in scattering his rays is nameless.
Still
this process bears to the sun the same relation as sowing
to the seed.
Hence the expression of the poet 'sowing
the god-created light.'

There is another way in which
this kind of metaphor may be employed.
We may apply
an alien term, and then deny of that term one of its
proper attributes;

as if we were to call the shield, not
'the cup of Ares,' but 'the wineless cup.'

A newly-coined word is one which has never been
even in local use, but is adopted by the poet himself.
Some such words there appear to be: as ἐρνύγες,
'sprouters,' for κέρατα, 'horns,' and ἀρητήρ, 'supplicator,'
for ἱερεύς, 'priest.'

A word is lengthened when its own vowel is exchanged
for a longer one, or when a syllable is inserted.
A
word is contracted when some part of it is removed.

Instances of lengthening are, —πόληος for πόλεως, and
Πηληιάδεω for Πηλείδου: of contraction, — κρῖ, δῶ, and
ὄψ, as in μία γίνεται ἀμφοτέρων ὄψ.

An altered word is one in which part of the ordinary
form is left unchanged, and part is re-cast;
as in δεξι-
τερὸν κατὰ μαζόν, δεξιτερόν is for δεξιόν.

[Nouns in themselves are either masculine, feminine,
or neuter.

Masculine are such as end in ν, ρ, ς, or in
some letter compounded with ς, — these being two,
ψ and ξ.

Feminine, such as end in vowels that are always
long, namely η and ω, and of vowels that admit of
lengthening—those in α.

Thus the number of letters in
which nouns masculine and feminine end is the same;
for ψ and ξ are equivalent to endings in ς.

No noun ends
in a mute or a vowel short by nature.

Three only end in
ι, μέλι, κόμμι, πέπερι: five end in υ. Neuter nouns
end in these two latter vowels;
also in ν and ς.]

Nouns are of two kinds, either (1) simple, i. e.
made up of non-significant parts, like the word γῆ

or (2) double; in the
latter case the word may be made up either of a significant
and a non-significant part (a distinction which disappears in
the compound), or of two significant parts.

It is possible also
to have triple, quadruple or higher compounds, like most of
our amplified names; e.g. 'Hermocaïcoxanthus' and the like.

Whatever its structure, a Noun must always be either
(1) the ordinary word for the thing, or (2) a strange word,
or (3) a metaphor, or (4) an ornamental word, or (5) a coined
word, or (6) a word lengthened out, or (7) curtailed, or (8)
altered in form.

By the ordinary word I mean that in
general use in a country;

and by a strange word, one in
use elsewhere. So that the same word may obviously be
at once strange and ordinary, though not in reference to the
same people; σίγυνος, for instance, is an ordinary word in
Cyprus, and a strange word with us.

Metaphor consists
in giving the thing a name that belongs to something else;
the transference being either from genus to species, or from
species to genus, or from species to species, or on grounds
of analogy.

That from genus to species is exemplified
in 'Here stands my ship'; for lying at anchor is the
'standing' of a particular kind of thing.

That from
species to genus in 'Truly ten thousand good deeds has
Ulysses wrought,' where 'ten thousand,' which is a par-
ticular large number, is put in place of the generic 'a large
number.'

That from species to species in 'Drawing the
life with the bronze,' and in 'Severing with the enduring
bronze'; where the poet uses 'draw' in the sense of 'sever'
and 'sever' in that of 'draw,' both words meaning to 'take
away' something.

That from analogy is possible whenever
there are four terms so related that the second (B) is to the
first (A), as the fourth (D) to the third (C); for one may
then metaphorically put B in lieu of D, and D in lieu of B.

Now and then, too, they qualify the metaphor by adding
on to it that to which the word it supplants is relative.
Thus a cup (B) is in relation to Dionysus (A) what a shield
(D) is to Ares (C). The cup accordingly will be metaphorically
described as the 'shield of Dionysus' (D + A), and the shield
as the 'cup of Ares' (B + C).

Or to take another instance:
As old age (D) is to life (C), so is evening (B) to day (A).
One will accordingly describe evening (B) as the 'old age
of the day' (D + A) - or by the Empedoclean equivalent;
and old age (D) as the 'evening' or 'sunset of life' (B + C).

It
may be that some of the terms thus related have no special
name of their own, but for all that they will be metaphorically
described in just the same way. Thus to cast forth seed-
corn is called 'sowing'; but to cast forth its flame, as said
of the sun, has no special name. This nameless act (B),
however, stands in just the same relation to its object,
sunlight (A), as sowing (D) to the seed-corn (C). Hence
the expression in the poet, 'sowing around a god-created
flame' (D + A).

There is also another form of qualified
metaphor. Having given the thing the alien name, one
may by a negative addition deny of it one of the attributes
naturally associated with its new name.

An instance of
this would be to call the shield not the 'cup of Ares,' as
in the former case, but a 'cup that holds no wine.'

A
coined word is a name which, being quite unknown among
a people, is given by the poet himself; e.g. (for there are some
words that seem to be of this origin) ἐρνύγες for horns, and
ἀρητήρ for priest.

A word is said to be lengthened out,
when it has a short vowel made long, or an extra syllable
inserted;

e.g. πόληος for πόλεως, Πηληιάδεω for Πηλείδου. It
is said to be curtailed, when it has lost a part; e.g. κρῖ, δῶ,
and ὄψ in

It is an altered word,
when part is left as it was and part is of the poet's making;
e. g. δεξιτερόν for δεξιόν, in

The Nouns themselves (to whatever class they may belong)
are either masculines, feminines, or intermediates (neuter).

All ending in N, P, Σ, or in the two compounds of this last,
Ψ and Ξ, are masculines.

All ending in the invariably long
vowels, Η and Ω, and in Α among the vowels that may be
long, are feminines.

So that there is an equal number of
masculine and feminine terminations, as Ψ and Ξ are the
same as Σ, and need not be counted.

There is no Noun,
however, ending in a mute or in either of the two short
vowels, Ε and Ο.

Only three ( μέλι, κόμμι, πέπερι) end in
Ι, and five in Υ. The intermediates, or neuters, end in the
variable vowels or in N, P, Σ.

[1] ¹ WITH respect to the species of a noun, one is simple; and I call the simple noun that which is not ^{2 3 4} posed from significant parts; but another is twofold. And this either consists of that which is significant, 21.1 and that which is without signification, 21.2 or of both parts significant. 21.3 A noun also may be triple and quadruple, as is the case with many of the nouns of the Megaliotae1; such as Hermocaïcoxanthus2. ⁵ 21.4 But every noun is either proper or foreign3, or metaphorical, [or ornamental4,] or invented, or extended, or contracted, or altered. ⁶ But I call that a proper name, which is used by every one; and that a foreign name which is used by other nations. Hence it is evident that the same noun may be both foreign and proper, though not to the same people. For the word Σίγυνον6 is proper to the Cyprians, ^{7 8 9 10 11 12} but foreign to us. ¹³ But a metaphor' is the transposition of a noun from its proper signification, either from the genus to the species, or from the species to the genus; or from species to species, or according to the analogous. ¹⁴ 21.5 I call, however, a transposition from genus to species, such as, For to be moored is a species of standing. 21.6 But a transposition from species to genus is such as, Ten thousand valiant deeds Ulysses has achieved9. For ten thousand is a great number, 21.7 and is now used instead of many. 21.8 And a transposition from species to species is such as, The brazen falchion drew away his life. 21.9 And, Cut by the ruthless sword 10. 21.10 For here to draw away, is used instead of to cut; and to cut is used instead of to draw away: since both imply the taking something away. ¹⁵ But I call it analogous, 21.11 when the relation of the second term to the first is similar to that of the fourth to the third; for then the fourth is used instead of the second, or the second instead of the fourth. 21.12 [And sometimes the proper term is added to the relative terms11.] I say, for instance, a cup has a similar relation to Bacchus that a shield has to Mars. Hence, a shield may be called the cup of Mars, and a cup the shield of Bacchus. 21.13 Again, evening has the same relation to day that old age has to life. One may therefore say that ^{16 17 18 19 20} evening is the old age of day, and that old age is the evening of life ; or as Empedocles calls it, " The setting of life 12." ²¹ In some instances, also, where there is no analogous name, this method may be no less similarly employed. Thus, to scatter grain is to sow; but there is no name for the scattering of light from the sun, 21.14 and yet this has a similar relation to the sun that sowing has to grain. Hence, it is said, Sowing his god-created flame. This mode of metaphor may likewise be used differ- ²² This mode of metaphor may likewise be used differently, when, calling a thing by a foreign name, something belonging to it is denied of it; as if one should call a shield not the cup of Mars, but the wineless cup. ²³ But an invented noun is that, in short, which, not being adopted by others, is introduced by the poet himself. For it appears that there are certain nouns of this kind ; as substituting ἒρνυγες instead of κέρατα for horns 13, and calling a priest άρητήρ14 instead of ίερεύς. ²⁴ 21.15 And a word is extended or contracted, partly by using a vowel longer than the proper one, or by inserting a syllable ; and partly by taking something away from it. An extended noun, indeed, is such as πόληοςfor πόλεως, and πηληϊάδεω for πηλείδου ; but the contracted, such as κρῖ, and δω̃ 15; and,

²⁵ 21.16 And a word is changed when the poet leaves part of it, and invents part; as, Changed. ^{26 27 28 29 30 31} Instead of δεξιόν. [18 Further still, of nouns some are masculine, others feminine, 21.17 and others between, [ or neuter]. 21.18 And the masculine, indeed, are such as end in v, and p, 21.19 and a,, and such as are composed from σ ; 21.20 but these are two, ψ and ξ. The feminine nouns are such as are composed from vowels, and always end in long vowels; as, for instance, in η and ω, 21.21 or in a of the doubtful. Hence it happens that the number of terminations for masculine and feminine are equal; for the terminations of ψ and ξ are the same. 21.22 No noun, however, ends in a mute, or in a short vowel; and only three nouns end in t, viz. μέλι, κόμμι, and πέπερι. 21.23 But five end in v; viz. πω̃ΰ, να̃πυ, γόνυ, δόρυ, 21.24 and ἂστυ. 21.25 And the neuter nouns end in these, 21.26 and in v and c.]

Nominis autem generum aliud simplex est (simplex dico quod non ex significantibus constat, ut terra) aliud duplex.

huius aliud ex significante et significationis experte, aliud ex significantibus constat.

potest autem etiam triplex et quadruplex et multiplex nomen esse, ut πολλαπλομεγάλωπος, Ἑρμοχαϊκόξανθος.

omne autem nomen est aut proprium aut glossa aut translatio [aut ornatus] aut factum aut extensum aut decurtatum aut commutatum.

dico proprium quo utuntur omnes,

glossam qua alii, ut manifesto idem et glossa et proprium esse possit, non autem apud eosdem: nam σίγννo ν Cypriis est proprium, nobis autem glossa.

translatio autem est nominis alieni traductio vel a genere ad speciem, vel a specie ad genus, vel a specie ad speciem, vel secundum analogiam.

dico autem a genere ad speciem, ut "navis autem mihi stetit:" nam teneri ancoris est stare quoddam.

a specie autem ad genus: “sane mile praeclara Ulixes exegit.” mile enim multum est, quo nunc pro multo usus est.

a specie autem ad speciem, ut aere animam hauriens" et "secans duro aere.” hic enim pro haurire secare, pro secare haurire posuit: nam utrumque est demere aliquid.

analogum autem dico, si similiter se habet secundum ad primum atque quartum ad tertium dicet enim pro secundo quartum vel pro quarto secundum.

[et interdum addunt pro quo dicat ad quid spectet.] hoc dico, similiter se habet patera ad Bacchum atque scutum ad Martem: dicet igitur pateram scutum Bacchi et scutum pateram Martis.

vel quod senectus adversus vitam, idem vespera adversus diem: dicet ergo vesperam senectutem diei et senectutem vesperam vitae sive ut Empedocles occasum vitae.

nonnullis autem non subest nomen analogum, sed nihilo minus similiter dicetur: sic fruges demittere est serere, sed flammam a sole sine nomine est: sed similiter se habet hoc ad solem atque serere ad fruges, ideoque dictum est „serens divinitus conditam flammam." licet autem hoc genere translationis etiam aliter uti, ut dum praedicis alienum neges aliquid de propriis, veluti si scutum dicas pateram non Martis sed vini expertem.

factum

est quod omnino non dictum a quibusdam ipse ponit poeta: videntur enim nonnulla esse eiusmodi, ut cornua ἔρνυγας (ramulos) et sacerdotem ἀρητῆρα (precatorem).

extensum

autem est vel decurtatum, alterum si vocale longius admisit quam proprium est vel syllabam interiectam,

alterum si quid detractum sit, atque extensum, ut pro πόλεως πόληος et pro Πηλείδου Πηληϊάδεω, decurtatum autem ut κρῖ et δῶ et μία γίνεται ἀμφοτέρων ὄψ.

commutatum autem est, si quis usitati nominis hoc relinquat illud ipse faciat, ut illud δεξιτερὸν κατὰ μαζόν pro eo quod δεξιόν.

[Ipsorum autem nominum alia masculina alia feminina alia media,

masculina quaecumque desinunt in Net Ret Set quot ex hoc (haec autem duo sunt, i et Ξ), feminina autem quae in vocales semper longas,

ut in H et 2, et ex ancipitibus in A:

ut idem numerus sit earum in quas masculina et feminina: nam et E eaedem sunt.

in mutam vero nullum nomen desinit, neque in vocalem brevem.

sed in I tria solum, μέλι κόμμι πέπερι. sed in T quinque, πῶϋ, νἄπυ, γόνυ, δόρυ, ἄστυ. media in haec et N et S.]

1.

20.1 LEs parties de la diction proprement dite font huit, la lettre, la ſyllabe, la conjonction, le nom, le verbe, l'article, le cas, & l'oraiſon.

2.

20.2 La lettre eſt un ſon indiviſible, non pas quelque ſon que ce ſoit; mais celuy qui eſt articulé & intelligible, c'est-à-dire, dont on entend la ſignification, car les ſons des bêtes ſont auſſi indiviſibles, & cependant on n'appelle aucun de ces ſons une lettre.

3.

20.3 Les lettres ſe diviſent en voyelles, demi-voyelles, & muetes. La voyelle eſt celle qui ſeule, & ſans le ſecours d'aucune autre lettre, fait un ſon intelligible. La demi-voyelle eſt celle qui pour ſe faire entendre emprunte la voix d'une voyelle qui la précede, comme s, r. La muete eſt celle, qui ne pouvant ſe faire entendre ſans le ſecours d'une autre lettre qui ait un ſon, employe cette lettre aprés elle, telles ſont b, g, d.

4.

20.4 Il y a encore entre elles une autre difference qui ſe tire, ou de la conformation de la bouche, & des autres endroits qui ſervent à la prononcia-tion, ou de ce qu'elles ſont aſpirées ou douces, breves ou longues, graves, aigues, ou circonflexes. Mais il ne convient de traiter en détail de toutes ces differentes qualitez des lettres, que dans les Traitez qui enſeignent l'art de faire des vers.

5.

20.5 La ſyllabe eſt un ſon qui ne ſignifie rien, & qui eſt compoſé d'une muete & d'une voyelle, car ſi au lieu de la voyelle on met une demi-voyelle, comme gr, ce n'eſt pas une ſyllabe, vous n'en ferez une ſyllabe, qu'en mettant une voyelle, gra. Mais c'eſt encore à l'art de la Poëſie à traiter de ces differences.

6.

20.6 La conjonction eſt un ſon, qui ne ſignifiant rien par luy-même, ne fait ni n'empêche, que chacun des autres, avec leſquels elle ſe trouve, n'ait ſa ſignification, mais qui les determine tous à n'en avoir qu'une ſeule, & ne fait qu'un ſeul & même ſon de tous les differens ſons qu'elle unit. Elle ſe met d'ordinaire à la fin, ou au milieu, & quelquefois au commencement. Ou bien, la conjonction eſt un ſon, qui ne ſignifiant rien par luy-même, & étant joint avec deux, ou pluſieurs autres, qui ont leur ſignification, les aſſemble tous & n'en fait qu'une ſeule & même choſe.

7.

20.7 L'article eſt un ſon, qui ne ſignifiant rien par luy-même, ſert ſeulement à montrer le commencement ou la fin du diſcours, ou à ſeparer une choſe d'une autre, comme je dis, ou à ce ſujet. Ou, ſi l'on veut, l'article eſt un ſon, qui ne ſignifiant rien par luy-même, ne fait ni n'empêche que chacun des autres n'ait ſa ſignification; mais qui les determine, & il ſe met au commencement, ou au milieu.

8.

20.8 Le nom eſt un ſon compoſé, qui ſignifie quelque choſe ſans marquer le temps, & dont les parties qui le compoſent ne ſignifient rien ſeules, car même dans les noms doubles, chaque nom ſeparé n'a aucune ſignification, comme Theodore, ſi l'on des-unit les deux noms qui le forment, ni l'un ni l'autre ne ſignifient rien.

9.

20.9 Le verbe eſt un ſon compoſé, qui ſignifie quelque choſe, & dont les parties ſeparées ne ſignifient rien non plus que dans les noms. Mais le verbe a cet avantage ſur le nom qu'il marque le temps, ce que le nom ne fait pas. Par exemple, quand je dis homme, ou blanc, je ne marque aucun temps; mais ſi je dis, il marche, il a marché, je marque un preſent, ou un preterit.

10.

20.10 Le cas eſt dans les noms & dans les verbes. On appelle cas, ou chûte, dans les noms ce qui marque la ſuite ou le raport, comme cela eſt d'un tel, cela eſt à un tel, ainſi des autres. Et ce qui marque le nombre, comme l'homme, les hommes, ce qui eſt auſſi commun aux verbes; mais on appelle cas, dans les verbes les differentes inflexions ſelon le ton & le geſte, comme quand on interroge ou que l'on commande, car eſt-il parti? ou partez, ſont des cas du verbe ſelon ces differentes eſpeces.

11.

20.11 L'oraiſon, ou le diſcours, eſt un ſon compoſé, qui ſignifie quelque choſe, & dont quelques parties ſeparées ont leur ſignification. 20.12 Car il ne faut pas s'imaginer que l'oraiſon ſoit toûjours un compoſé de noms & de verbes, comme la définition de l'homme; Il y a des oraiſons ſans verbe, & cela n'empêche pas que quelqu'une de ſes parties ſeparées, n'ait ſa ſignification auſſi bien que dans celle-cy, Cleon marche.

12.

20.13 On appelle l'oraiſon une en deux maniéres, ou parce qu'elle ſignifie une ſeule choſe, ou parce qu'étant compoſée de pluſieurs parties, elle n'en fait qu'un ſeul & même corps, à cauſe des liaiſons qui les aſſemblent. L'Iliade, par exemple, eſt une par la liaiſon, & la définition de l'homme eſt une par la ſignification d'une ſeule choſe.

Diuifione del Nome. L Nome fi diuide in ſcempio, & in copoſto.Scem Ipict pio è quello, che di fillabe non fignificanti è copoto. L'altro è doppio, è compoſto. Et tale ſi diuide in TT 33E 10, quello che è composto di nomi, parte ſignificanti, & parte non ſignificanti, & in quello che è composto di nomi ſignificanti.

Et coſi fatto nome pioeflere fino in tre,& in quattro doppiscome è ne ſon molti appref fo de Megaglioti quale è ἑρμοκαϊκόξανθοσ Ma ogni nome è, ò propio,ò foreſtiero, ò metafora, ò ornato,ò finto, ò allungato, ò abbreuiato, ò ſcambiatos pleboid.

Del Nome propio. Nome propio, & fignoreggiante chiamo io quello, F che vſato da ciaſcuno. Del Nome forestiero.

Oreſtiero quello, che è vſato da glialtri, onde ſi ve de manifeftamente, che egli è poſsibile, che vn' No me medeſimo ſia propio, & fia foreſtiero;

ma non già alli medesimi:perche queſto nome Formaggio a' Lom bardi è propio;& a' TOSCHANI è foreſtiero.

LA e Della Metafora. d'altri, ò dal A Metafora è impoſitione del nome genere inuerſo la ſpetie, o ò dalla ſpetie verſo il genere; o dalla ſpetie inuerſo la ſpetie:ò per via di propor tione.

Faſsi dal genere inuerſo la ſpetie, come è dire, Questa Naue ftà qui per conto mió; C Cóciofia, che l'effer nel porto ſia vn certo ſtare alla Naue. Faſsi dalla ſpetie verſo il genere, come è dire. Mille bei fatti Vliffe oprať ha'l mondo.

Conciofia che queſto numero ſpecificato di mille(che dieci mila dice nel Greco) s'intenda per piu, che non habbia numero. Faſsidalla ſpetie alla ſpetie, come è dire.

Col crudo ferro à lui tolſe la uita. Et queſt'altro. L'alma troncogli il difpietato ferro. Odiß.. Iliad.2. ! Hom. Hom. Perchè in queſto luogo il torre è preſo per troncare; & il troncare è preſo per torre: che l'uno, & l'altro verbo vuol dire leuar' via.

Per via di proportione ſi pone il nome, quando ſimilmente ſtà il ſecondo inuerſo il primo, che ſtà il quarto inuerſo il terzo; perchè in tal caſo in cambio del ſecondo ſi può pigliare il quarto:& in cambio del quarto ſi può pigliare il ſecondo.

Et alcuna volta s'aggiugne in cambio della coſa, che fi dice, quella,à che ella è detta. Siaci queſto, che io dirò, per eſſempio, Similmente ſtåla Tazza con Bacco, che fi ſtia lo Scudo con Marte.

Puoſsi adunche dire, che lo Scudo ſia la Tazza di Marte, & che la Tazza ſia lo Scudo di Bacco. In vn'altro eſempio ſtando ſimilmente la Sera inuerſo il Giorno, che la Vecchiezza inuerſo la Vita.Si potrà chiamar'la Sera Vecchiezza del Giorno, & la Vecchiezza Sera della Vita. Overo, come diffe Empedocle, chiamarla Occaſo di vita.

Bene auuiene, che in certe coſe non v'è poſto il nome di proportione; & nondimeno con queſta regola e' vi ſi può víare la Metafora:come èin queſto eſſempio, Il gittare il ſeme è vn ſeminare. Et l'attione, che fa il ſole nel gittare i ſuoi razzi manca di nome; nondimeno ſtando proportio- 1.

natamente tale attione inuerſo i razzi ſoları, ficome ſta il ſeminare inuerfo li Semi gittati tati in terra: però ſi dice rettamente del Sole. do nominato che noi ha O di luce diuin Jeminatore. Cotali Metafore ſi poſſono uſare in no uſare in queſto modo. Et anchora in vn'altro, cioè, quãdo inv remo vn nome, d'altri, dal medefimo gli rimuõueremo qualche ſua proprietà; come è, quando vno volen Wo do dir la Tazza, la chiami Scudo non di Marte, ma di vino. TT Del Nome finto.

Nome finto è quello, che da certi non effendo det to in quel modo, nondimanco è poſto dal Poeta: che certi ſe ne ritroua di fimile maniera:come è dire le Corna Rami ; & il Sacerdote Cuſtode.

I quali nomi in Hom. Greco ſon' detti l'uno ἔρντασ & l'altro ἀρητῆρα. Del Nome accortato,ò allungato.

T Nome Tome me accortato, ò allungato, l'uno è doue s'uſa la vocale più lunga, che non è la ſua propia; ò doue saggiugne vna fillaba. Accortato è quello, doue manca qualche ſua parte, ò propia,ò aggiunta.Allungato è come dire in queſto nome πόλεωσ πόλειοσ & in queſto πηλείδιου πηλλάλεω.

Accortato e come dire κρὶ & das che ſono preſi per verri & per lώμα & doue anchora di due fillabe ſene fa una, come e doue in cambio de er ſt dice no. Del Nome Scambiato.

Ome Scambiato e doue ne rimane vna parte, & Nvn'altra vi fene aggiugne; come è, volendo dire la poppa deſtra, dire la poppa defteriore:cioè porre per il poſitiuo il cóparatiuo.

Anchora fra'nomi, certi ne ſono maſchi, & certi femmine, & certi in quel mezo. Maſchi ſono tutti quegli, che finiſcono in v.

& in 9.& in tutte quelle lettere che dal π. & da x.

mute lettere ſono compoſti; lequali fono due il 4, & il f.Nomi femminini fono tutti quegli, che finiſcono nelle vocali, che ſempre fono lunghe; come nell' n.

& nell' w. & in quelle, che fi niſcono in a.lunga. Onde auuiene, che in tante lettere finiſcono i nomi mafculini, che i femminini; imperoche il 4. & il f. ſono le medeſime.

Et anchora auuiene che neſſun' nome finiſca in lettera muta, ne in lettera LA PO ETICA uocale, che ſia breue. Tre foli ſe ne trouano, che fini ſcono nel.

I. come è μέλι, κόμμι πέπερι cinque ne finiſcono nello.v.

come è πών νάπυ γόνυ Λόρυ ἄςν. Et i nomi in quel mezo finiſcono in queſte ſimili dette diſopra, & anchora.nel v. & nel σ. L

Iam nominis species una quidem simplex est (voco simce plicem, quae constat ex non significantibus) altera vero duplex; atque haec partim ex significante et non significante, partim ex significantibus constat.

potest etiam esse triplex et quadruplex nomen, et multiplex, ut multa Megaliotarum, Hermocaicoxanthus. omne autem nomen est aut proprium aut lingua aut translatio aut ornatus aut factum aut protractum aut subtractum aut immutatum.

voco proprium quo utuntur singuli,

linguam illud quo diversi, quamobrem apparet fieri posse ut lingua et proprium sit idem,

non autem iisdem: nam sigynon Cypriis est proprium, nobis lingua.

translatio est nominis alieni illatio, aut a genere ad speciem, aut a specie ad genus, aut a specie ad speciem, aut secundum proportionem.

dico a genere ad speciem, ut "navis autem mihi haec stetit": nam in portu esse stare quoddam est. a specie ad genus, "iam decem milia Ulysses bona egit":

nam decem milia multa sunt, quibus nunc usus est pro multis.

a specie ad speciem, ut aere animum cum hausisset, incidit indefesso aere." hic enim haurire pro incidere et incidere pro haurire dixit: ambo enim sunt quoddam auferre.

proportionem dico, quando similiter se habeat secundum ad primum ac quartum ad tertium. nam dicit pro secundo quartum aut pro quarto secundum,

et interdum apponunt pro quo dicit ad quod est. dico antem autem, ut similiter se habet poculum ad Bacchum et scutum ad Martem:

dicet igitur et scutum poculum Martis et poculum scutum Bacchi. praeterea similiter se habet vesper ad diem et senectus ad vitam: dicet igitur vesperam senectutem diei et senectutem vesperam vitae, vel nt ut Empedocles, occasum vitae.

nonnullis vero non est nomen positum eorum quae sunt ex proportione, sed nihilo minus similiter dicetur, ut illud, semen quidem iacere, serere, flammam vero emitti a sole sine nomine est:

sed similiter se habet hoc ad solem et serere ad semen, quamobrem dictum est "serens a deo conditam flammam." ac licet uti hoc translationis modo et aliter, ut cum appellaverit id quod alienum est, neget aliquid eorum quae propria sunt; ut si scutum dicat poculum non Martis, sed sine vino.

factum est, quod ab aliquibus prorsus non appellatum ipse ponit poeta:

videntur enim aliqua esse talia, ut cornua èpvutas et sacerdotem apninpa.

protractum est vel subtractum, illud quidem, si vocali longiore usum fuerit quam propria sit, vel syllaba inculcata; hoc vero si sublatum fuerit quippiam vel ab ipso vel ab eo quod inculcatum est. protractum quidem, ut illud noλews noλnos, et illud πηλείδου πηληϊάδεω.

sublatum vero, ut illud κpt et illud δῶ et μία γίνεται ἀμφοτέρων ὄψ.

immutatum est, quod nominati unam quidem partem reliquerit, alteram vero fecerit, ut illud degiтεpov xaτa μagov pro detov.

praeterea ex nominibus alia virilia alia muliebria alia interiecta, virilia quidem, quaecunque desinant in v et p,

et quae- cunque quaecunque ex aliquo eorum quae muta sunt constant.

atque ea sunt duo, et muliebria vero, quaecunque ex vocalibus in ea quae semper longa sunt,

ut in w, et ex iis quae producuntur in a. quare evenit ut aequalia sint multitudine, in quaecunque desinunt virilia et muliebria: nam et eadem sunt.

in mutum autem nullum nemen desinit, neque in vocale breve.

at in tria sola, µéλi, xóµµı, πέπερι.

et in u quinque πῶς, νάπυ, γόνυ, δόρυ, ἄστυ. interiecta vero in haec et v et oσ.

Nominis autem species hoc quidem simplex (simplex autem dicco quod non ex significantibus componitur, puta "terra"), hoc autem duplex;

huius autem hoc quidem ex significante et non significante, hoc autem ex significantibus compo- nitur.

Erit autem utique triplum et quadruplum nomen et multuplum, puta multa των μεγαλιωτων 'ερμοκακοξανθος.' —

Omne autem nomen est aut proprium aut lingua aut metaphora aut ornatus aut poetizatum aut superextensum aut sublatum aut permutatum. —

Dico autem proprium quidem quo utuntur singuli,

linguam autem quo alteri. — Quare manifestum quod et linguam et proprium esse possibile idem, non eisdem autem ; nam 'sigynon' Cypriis quidem proprium, nobis autem lingua.

Metaphora autem est nominis alieni illatio aut a genere ad speciem aut proportionale.

Dico autem a genere quidem ad speciem, puta «navis autem mea hec stetit». Nam 'in portum ferri' est stare aliquid.

A specie autem ad genus «iam decem milia Odyseus premia instituit»; quod quidem enim 'myrion' (idest decem milia) multum est, quo nunc pro 'multo' usus est.

A specie autem ad speciem, puta «ere animam exsecuit secans duro ere». Hic enim exsecare quidem 'secare', secare autem 'exsecare' dixit ; ambo enim auferre aliquid sunt.—

'Proportionale' autem dico quando similiter habet secundum ad primum et quartum ad tertium ; dicet enim pro secundo quartum aut pro quarto secundum, et aliquando apponunt pro quo dicere ad quod est.

Dico autem puta similiter inquit 'fyala" ad Bachum et 'scutum' ad Martem ; dicet igitur fyalam 'scutum Bachi' et scutum 'fyalam Martis'.

Aut quod senectus ad vitam et vespera ad diem ; dicet igitur vesperam 'senectutem diei" aut, sicut Empedocles, et senectutem 'esperam vite' aut *occasum vite'. —

Quibusdam autem non est nomen iacens proportionalium, sed nichil minus similiter dicetur; puta fructum quidem dimittere ' seminare', hoc autem flammam a sole innominatum ; sed similiter habet hoc ad solem et seminare ad fructum, propter quod dictum est « seminans deo conditam flammam ». —

Est autem modo hoc metafore uti et aliter,

appellantem quod alienum negare propriorum aliquid, puta si scutum dicat 'fyalam' non Martis sed vini. —

Poetizatum autem est quod, totaliter non vocatum ab aliquibus, ipse ponit poeta ; videntur enim quedam esse talia, puta cornua 'ernykas' et sacerdotem 'aretera'. —

Superextensum autem est aut sublatum hoc quidem si vocali longiore usum sit quam propria aut sillaba iniecta, hoc autem si ablatum aliquid sit ab ipso,

superextensum quidem puta 'poleos' (idest canus, per 'e' breve) ' polios' (per 'ita' longum), et ' Pileos' 'Piliiadeo', ablatum autem puta ' kri' et ' do' et « una fit utrorumque »

Permutatum autem est quando eius quod nominatur hoc quidem deficit hoc autem facit, puta « secundum dextrius uber » pro 'ad dextram'. —

Ipsorum autem nominum hec quidem masculina, hec autem feminina, hec autem intermedia ;

masculina quecumque terminantur in 'n' et 'r' et quecumque ex boc componuntur (hec autem sunt duo, 'ψ' (psi) et 'x');

feminina autem quecumque ex vocalibus in semper longas, puta in 'i longum' et 'o magnum', et superextensorum in 'a' ;

quare equales accidunt multitudines in quecumque masculina et feminina. Nam 'ψ' (psi) et 'x' eadem sunt.

In mutam autem nullum nomen terminatur, neque in vocalem brevem.

In 'iota' autem tres partes, 'meli' (idest mel), 'komi' (idest cerusa), 'peperi' (idest piper) ; in 'y' autem quinque. Intermedia autem in hec et 'n' et 's'.

‏وانواع الاسم هما نوعان احدهما الاسم البسيط واعنى بالبسيط ما ليس هو مركب من اجزا تدل بمنزلة قولنا الارض والاخر المضاعف

‏وهذا منه ما هو مركب من الدالة وغير دالة [عند] غير له ليس من حيث هو دال بالاسم ومنه ما هو مركب من الدالة

‏من قبل ان الاسم قد يكون ذو ثلثة الاصڡار وكثير الاضعاف بمنزلة كثير من ماساليوطا ارما قايقون كسانثوس المتضرع الى رب السموات

‏وكل اسم هو اما حقيقى واما لسان واما مٮارى واما زينة واما معمول او مفعول او مفارق او متغير

‏واعنى بالحقيقى الذى يستعمله كل انسان

‏واعنى باللسان على انه لقوم اخر حتى يكون معلوم اللسان والحقيقى هما فى قوتهما شى واحد بعينه الا ان ذلك لقوم باعيانها وذلك ان سيغونن اما لاهل ٯوس فحقيقى واما لنا نحن فلسان واما دورو فهو لنا حقيقى واما لاهل فلسان

‏وتادى الاسم هو تادية اسم غريب اما من الحس على جنس ما بزيادة واما من النوع بالزيادة التى بحسب ٮسكل الذى نقوله من الجنس

‏اما الجنس على النوع بمنزلة القول بان الفوه التى لى فهى هذه على

‏واما من النوع على الجنس فمثل القول ان ادوسوس كان اصطنع ديواں خيرات وذلك ان قوله ديوة استعمله بدل الكثرة

‏واما من النوع على فبمنزلة قوله ان انتزع نفسه بالنحاس عند ما قطع مں ٮه بنحاس حاد وذلك ان قولنا قطع هاهنا استعمله ووضعه بدل من قولنا قبل وذلك ان كلا القولين موضوعين على الموت

‏وحال الثانى عند الاول حال مستقيمة وكذلك للرابع عند الثالث وذلك انه يقول بدل للثالث الرابع اكثر من بدل الثانى

‏وبعض الناس زادوا بدل القول بان يقول قولهم بحد ثبت وجوده واعنى بذلك ان حال الجام عند ديونوسس شبيه بحال الٮدٮٮر عند ارس وذلك انه يسمى حادم ىوىوسس ترس وديونوسس ويسمى الٮدٮير جام ارس

‏كحسن الشيخوخة عشية الغمر والحياة فيسمى العشية شيخوخة النهار كما يسمى انفادقلس الشيخوخة ايضا عشية الحياة او غروب القمر

‏وفى هذه ليس اسم موضوع لهذه التى ٮالسٯيم الا انه لا شى يقال بالاقل على مثال واحد مثل ان دال الٮصراٮ ٮحلى واما الدال ففغرها من اشمس بلا تسمية الا ان حال هذه عند التسمية شبيه بحال الزرعة عند [غير] الثمرة ولذلك قد قيل ايضا ان الصامٮاٮ ٮعتب حلت من الاله

‏ولنا ان نستعمل جهة هذه التادية على تحهـ* **رى و** اٮه اذاما لقب الغريب ان يجعل افوفاسالا عما له

‏مثل ان يقول انسان الترس لا انها لارس لكن للخمر

‏والاسم المعمول هو الاسم يضعه الساعه من غير ان يسميه صنف من الناس ٮا**ليه وقد يظن ان بعض الاسما هذه حالها فى كونها بمنزلة تلقيبه للقرون النابتة وتلقيبه لكاهن الذابح

‏والاسم الممدوح والمفارق اما ذاك فهو الذى يستعمل الاسطقسات الصوته وهو الذى هو طويل او بالمقتضب الدخيل واما ذاك فمعتدل منفصل ممدود

‏بمنزلة ما ناخذ بدل حرف طويل حرفا قصيرا

‏واما المختلف فهو متى كان الذى يسمى ٮٮر* بعضه ويصنع بمنزلة ما قوله انه ضربه على ثديه اليمنى بدل قوله ثديه اليمين

‏والاسما نفسها ٮصعها ومذكرة وبعضها مونثة وبعضها متوسطة بين المذكر والمونث

‏والمذكر ٮٮها يتم بالٮوم الرو وبالوضع بحسب اليونانى ومبلغ ما يركب من هذه وهذه هى كسى وفسى والمونثة هى بمقدار ما يتم من احرف مصوتة بالاحرف الطوال

‏اعنى بايطا واو الاخر الممدودة وهى الفا ويوطاوى

‏حتى يعرض المذكرة والمونثة لكثرة متساوية من قبل ان كسى وفسى هما مركبان

‏وليس اسم يقنى ويتقضى بحرف ساكن ولا بالمصوت المقصور

‏واما باليوطا فثلثة فقط بمنزلة مالى وقومى وفافارى واما بذال فخمسة وهى رود وٯـ*ٯو نافو غونو ٮراٮو واما الاسما التى فى الوسط فتتم بنو والوضع بمنزلة ما اردٮروں ٮالٮيو واما ٯاٮوس بسيغما

‏وانواع الاسم هما نوعان احدهما الاسم البسيط واعنى بالبسيط ما ليس هو مركب من اجزا تدل بمنزلة قولنا الارض والاخر المضاعف وهذا منه ما هو مركب من الدالة وغير دالة [عند] غير له ليس من حيث هو دال بالاسم ومنه ما هو مركب من الدالة

‏من قبل ان الاسم قد يكون ذو ثلثة الاصڡار وكثير الاضعاف بمنزلة كثير من ماساليوطا ارما قايقون كسانثوس المتضرع الى رب السموات

‏وكل اسم هو اما حقيقى واما لسان واما مٮارى واما زينة واما معمول او مفعول او مفارق او متغير

‏واعنى بالحقيقى الذى يستعمله كل انسان واعنى باللسان على انه لقوم اخر حتى يكون معلوم اللسان والحقيقى هما فى قوتهما شى واحد بعينه الا ان ذلك لقوم باعيانها وذلك ان سيغونن اما لاهل ٯوس فحقيقى واما لنا نحن فلسان واما دورو فهو لنا حقيقى واما لاهل فلسان

‏وتادى الاسم هو تادية اسم غريب اما من الحس على جنس ما بزيادة واما من النوع بالزيادة التى بحسب ٮسكل الذى نقوله من الجنس

‏اما الجنس على النوع بمنزلة القول بان الفوه التى لى فهى هذه على

‏واما من النوع على الجنس فمثل القول ان ادوسوس كان اصطنع ديواں خيرات وذلك ان قوله ديوة استعمله بدل الكثرة

‏واما من النوع على فبمنزلة قوله ان انتزع نفسه بالنحاس عند ما قطع مں ٮه بنحاس حاد وذلك ان قولنا قطع هاهنا استعمله ووضعه بدل من قولنا قبل وذلك ان كلا القولين موضوعين على الموت

‏وحال الثانى عند الاول حال مستقيمة وكذلك للرابع عند الثالث وذلك انه يقول بدل للثالث الرابع اكثر من بدل الثانى

‏وبعض الناس زادوا بدل القول بان يقول قولهم بحد ثبت وجوده

‏واعنى بذلك ان حال الجام عند ديونوسس شبيه بحال الٮدٮٮر عند ارس وذلك انه يسمى حادم ىوىوسس ترس وديونوسس ويسمى الٮدٮير جام ارس

‏كحسن الشيخوخة عشية الغمر والحياة فيسمى العشية شيخوخة النهار كما يسمى انفادقلس الشيخوخة ايضا عشية الحياة او غروب القمر

‏وفى هذه ليس اسم موضوع لهذه التى ٮالسٯيم الا انه لا شى يقال بالاقل على مثال واحد مثل ان دال الٮصراٮ ٮحلى واما الدال ففغرها من اشمس بلا تسمية الا ان حال هذه عند التسمية شبيه بحال الزرعة عند [غير] الثمرة ولذلك قد قيل ايضا ان الصامٮاٮ ٮعتب حلت من الاله

‏ولنا ان نستعمل جهة هذه التادية على تحهـ* **رى و** اٮه اذاما لقب الغريب ان يجعل افوفاسالا عما له مثل ان يقول انسان الترس لا انها لارس لكن للخمر

‏والاسم المعمول هو الاسم يضعه الساعه من غير ان يسميه صنف من الناس ٮا**ليه وقد يظن ان بعض الاسما هذه حالها فى كونها بمنزلة تلقيبه للقرون النابتة وتلقيبه لكاهن الذابح

‏والاسم الممدوح والمفارق اما ذاك فهو الذى يستعمل الاسطقسات الصوته وهو الذى هو طويل او بالمقتضب الدخيل واما ذاك فمعتدل منفصل ممدود بمنزلة ما ناخذ بدل حرف طويل حرفا قصيرا

‏واما المختلف فهو متى كان الذى يسمى ٮٮر* بعضه ويصنع بمنزلة ما قوله انه ضربه على ثديه اليمنى بدل قوله ثديه اليمين

‏والاسما نفسها ٮصعها ومذكرة وبعضها مونثة وبعضها متوسطة بين المذكر والمونث والمذكر ٮٮها يتم بالٮوم الرو وبالوضع بحسب اليونانى ومبلغ ما يركب من هذه وهذه هى كسى وفسى والمونثة هى بمقدار ما يتم من احرف مصوتة بالاحرف الطوال اعنى بايطا واو الاخر الممدودة وهى الفا ويوطاوى حتى يعرض المذكرة والمونثة لكثرة متساوية من قبل ان كسى وفسى هما مركبان

‏وليس اسم يقنى ويتقضى بحرف ساكن ولا بالمصوت المقصور

‏واما باليوطا فثلثة فقط بمنزلة مالى وقومى وفافارى

‏واما بذال فخمسة وهى رود وٯـ*ٯو نافو غونو ٮراٮو

‏واما الاسما التى فى الوسط فتتم بنو والوضع بمنزلة ما اردٮروں ٮالٮيو واما ٯاٮوس بسيغما