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PHALARIS, II

[1] Men of Delphi: I stand in no public relation to the city of Agrigentum, in no private relation to its ruler; I am bound to him neither by gratitude for past favours, nor by the prospect of future friendship: but I have heard the just and temperate plea advanced by his emissaries, and I rise to advocate the claims of religion, the interests of our community, the duties of the priesthood; I charge you, thwart not the pious intention of a mighty prince, nor deprive the God of an offering which in the intention of the donor is already his, and which is destined to serve as an eternal threefold record,—of the sculptor’s art, of inventive cruelty, and of righteous retribution.

[2] To me it seems that only to have raised this question, only to have halted between acceptance and rejection, is in itself an offence against Heaven; nay, a glaring impiety. For what is this but a sacrilege more heinous than that of the temple-robber, who does but plunder those sacred things to which you would even deny consecration?

[3] I implore you,—your fellow priest, your partner in good report (if so it may be), or in evil (should that now befall us), implores you: close not the temple-doors upon the devout worshipper; suffer us not to be known to the world as men who examine jealously into the offerings that are brought, and subject the donor’to the narrow scrutiny of a court, and to the hazard of a vote. For who would not be deterred at the thought that the God accepts no offering without the previous sanction of his priests?: Already Apollo has declared his true opinion.

[4] Had he hated Phalaris, or scorned his gift, it had been easy for him to sink the gift and the ship that bore it in mid-ocean; instead, we learn that he vouchsafed them a calm passage and a safe arrival at Cirrha.

[5] Clearly the monarch’s piety is acceptable in his sight. It behoves you to confirm his decision, and to add this bull to the glories of the temple. Strange indeed, if the sender of so magnificent a gift is to meet with rejection at the temple-door, and his piety to be rewarded with the judgement that his offering is unclean.

[6] My opponent tells a harrowing tale of butchery and violence, of plunder and abduction; it is much that he does not call himself an eyewitness thereof; we might suppose that he was but newly arrived from Agrigentum, did we not know that his travels have never carried him on board ship. In matters of this kind, it is not advisable to place much reliance even on the assertions of the supposed victims; there is no knowing how far they are speaking the truth;—as to bringing .llegations ourselves, when we know nothing of the facts, that is out of the question.

[7] Granting even that something of the kind did happen, it happened in Sicily: we are at Delphi; we are not called upon to interfere. Do we propose to abandon the temple for the law-court? Are we, whose office it is to sacrifice, and minister to the God, and receive his offerings,—are we to sit here debating whether certain cities on the other side of the Ionian sea are well or ill governed?

[8] Let other men’s affairs be as they may, it is our business, as I take it, to know our own: our past history, our present situation, our best interests. We need not wait for Homer to inform us that we inhabit a land of crags, and are tillers of a rocky soil; our eyes tell us that; if we depended on our soil, we must go hungry all our days. Apollo; his temple; his oracle; his worshippers; his sacrifices;—these are the fields of the Delphians, these their revenues, their wealth, their maintenance, I can speak the truth here. It is as the poets say: we sow not, we plough not, yet all things grow for our use; for a God is our husbandman, and gives us not the good things of Greece only; all that Phrygia, all that Lydia, all that Persia, Assyria, Phoenicia, Italy, and the far North can yield,— all comes to Delphi. We live in prosperity and plenty; in the esteem of mankind we are second to none but the God himself. So it was in the beginning: so it is now: and so may it ever be!

[9] But who has ever heard before of our putting an offering to the vote, or hindering men from paying sacrifice? No one; and herein, as I maintain, is the secret of our temple’s greatness, and of the abundant wealth of its offerings. Then let us have no innovations now, no new-fangled institutions, no inquiries into the origin and nature and nationality and pedigree of a gift; let us take what is brought to us, and set it in the store-chamber without more ado. In this way we shall best serve both the God and his worshippers.

[10] I think it would be well if, before: you deliberate further on the question before you, you would consider how great and how various are the issues involved. There is the God, his temple, his sacrifices and offerings, the ancient customs and ordinances, the reputation of the oracle; again, our city as a whole, our common interests, and those of every individual Delphian among us; lastly—and I know not what consideration could seem of more vital importance to a well-judging mind—, our own credit or discredit with the world at large.

[11] I say, then, we have to deal not with Phalaris, not with a single tyrant, not with this bull, not with so much weight of bronze,—but with every king and prince who frequents our temple at this day; with gold and silver and all the precious offerings that should pour in upon the God; that God whose interests claim our first attention.

[12] Say, why should we change the old-established usage in regard to offerings? What fault have we to find with the ancient custom, that we should propose innovations? Never yet, from the day when Delphi was first inhabited, and Apollo prophesied, and the tripod gave utterance, and the priestess was inspired, never yet have the bringers of gifts been subjected to scrutiny. And shall they now? Consider how the ancient custom, which granted free access to all men, has filled the temple with treasures; how all men have brought their offerings, and how sothe have impoverished themselves to enrich the God.

[13] My mind misgives me that, when you have assumed the censorship of offerings, you will lack employment: men may refuse to submit themselves to your court; they may think it is enough to spend their money, without having to undergo the risk of a rejection for their pains. Would life be worth living, to the man who should be judged unworthy to offer sacrifice?

Francis George Fowler

Phalaris. Lucian. Henry Watson Fowler (Translator), Francis George Fowler (Translator). Medford, MA, USA. 2023-08-01.

Current edition Perseus

Phalaris, I (English) (The Works of Lucian of Samosata, Vol. 2. Fowler, Henry Watson and Fowler, Francis George, translators. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905.)

Editions (1)

Φάλαρις Perseus (Lucian, Vol. 1. Harmon, Austin Morris, editor. London: William Heinemann, Ltd.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1913.) — 2 focus

[1] οὔτε Ἀκραγαντίνων, ὦ ἄνδρες Δελφοί, πρόξενος ὢν οὔτε ἰδιόξενος αὐτοῦ Φαλάριδος οὔτʼ ἄλλην ἔχων πρὸς αὐτὸν ἢ εὐνοίας ἰδίαν αἰτίαν ἢ μελλούσης φιλίας ἐλπίδα, τῶν δὲ πρέσβεων ἀκούσας τῶν ἡκόντων παρʼ αὐτοῦ ἐπιεικῆ καὶ μέτρια διεξιόντων, καὶ τὸ εὐσεβὲς ἅμα καὶ τὸ κοινῇ συμφέρον καὶ μάλιστα τὸ Δελφοῖς πρέπον προορώμενος ἀνέστην παραινέσων ὑμῖν μήτε ὑβρίζειν ἄνδρα δυνάστην εὐσεβοῦντα μήτε ἀνάθημα ἤδη τῷ θεῷ καθωμολογημένον ἀπαλλοτριοῦν, καὶ ταῦτα τριῶν τῶν μεγίστων ὑπόμνημα εἰς ἀεὶ γενησόμενον, τέχνης καλλίστης καὶ ἐπινοίας κακίστης καὶ δικαίας κολάσεως.

[2] ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν καὶ τὸ ἐνδοιάσαι ὑμᾶς¹ ὅλως περὶ τούτου καὶ ἡμῖν προθεῖναι τὴν διάσκεψιν, εἰ χρὴ δέχεσθαι τὸ ἀνάθημα ἢ ὀπίσω αὖθις ἀποπέμπειν, ἀνόσιον ἤδη εἶναι νομίζω, μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδʼ ὑπερβολὴν ἀσεβείας ἀπολελοιπέναι· οὐδὲν γὰρ ἀλλʼ ἢ ἱεροσυλία τὸ πρᾶγμά ἐστι μακρῷ τῶν ἄλλων χαλεπωτέρα, ὅσῳ τοῦ τὰ ἤδη ἀνατεθέντα συλᾶν τὸ μηδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῖς ἀνατιθέναι βουλομένοις ἐπιτρέπειν ἀσεβέστερον.

[3] δέομαι δὲ ὑμῶν Δελφὸς καὶ αὐτὸς ὢν καὶ τὸ ἴσον μετέχων τῆς τε δημοσίας εὐκλείας, εἰ φυλάττοιτο, καὶ τῆς ἐναντίας δόξης, εἰ ἐκ τῶν παρόντων προσγένοιτο, μήτʼ ἀποκλείειν τὸ ἱερὸν τοῖς εὐσεβοῦσι μήτε τὴν πόλιν πρὸς ἅπαντας ἀνθρώπους διαβάλλειν ὡς τὰ πεμπόμενα τῷ θεῷ συκοφαντοῦσαν καὶ ψήφῳ καὶ δικαστηρίῳ δοκιμάζουσαν τοὺς ἀνατιθέντας· οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἔτι ἀναθεῖναι τολμήσειεν ἂν εἰδὼς οὐ προσησόμενον τὸν θεὸν ὅ τι ἂν μὴ πρότερον Δελφοῖς δοκῇ.

[4] ὁ μὲν οὖν Πύθιος τὴν δικαίαν ἤδη περὶ τοῦ ἀναθήματος ψῆφον ἤνεγκεν· εἰ γοῦν ἐμίσει τὸν Φάλαριν ἢ τὸ δῶρον αὐτοῦ ἐμυσάττετο, ῥᾴδιον ἦν ἐν τῷ Ἰονίῳ μέσῳ καταδῦσαι αὐτὸ μετὰ τῆς ἀγούσης ὁλκάδος, ὁ δὲ πολὺ τοὐναντίον ἐν εὐδίᾳ τε διαπεραιωθῆναι, ὥς φασι, παρέσχεν αὐτοῖς καὶ σῶς ἐς τὴν Κίρραν κατᾶραι.

[5] ᾧ καὶ δῆλον ὅτι προσίεται τὴν τοῦ μονάρχου εὐσέβειαν. χρὴ δὲ καὶ ὑμᾶς τὰ αὐτὰ ἐκείνῳ ψηφισαμένους προσθεῖναι καὶ τὸν ταῦρον τουτονὶ τῷ ἄλλῳ κόσμῳ τοῦ ἱεροῦ· ἐπεὶ πάντων ἂν εἴη τοῦτο ἀτοπώτατον, πέμψαντά τινα μεγαλοπρεπὲς οὕτω δῶρον θεῷ τὴν καταδικάζουσαν ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ψῆφον λαβεῖν καὶ μισθὸν κομίσασθαι τῆς εὐσεβείας τὸ κεκρίσθαι μηδὲ τοῦ ἀνατιθέναι ἄξιον.²

[6] Ὁ μὲν οὖν τἀναντία μοι ἐγνωκώς, καθάπερ ἐκ τοῦ Ἀκράγαντος ἄρτι καταπεπλευκώς, σφαγάς τινας καὶ βίας καὶ ἁρπαγὰς καὶ ἀπαγωγὰς ἐτραγῴδει τοῦ τυράννου μόνον οὐκ αὐτόπτης γεγενῆσθαι λέγων, ὃν ἴσμεν οὐδʼ ἄχρι τοῦ πλοίου ἀποδεδημηκότα. χρὴ δὲ τὰ μὲν τοιαῦτα μηδὲ τοῖς πεπονθέναι φάσκουσιν πάνυ πιστεύειν διηγουμένοις — ἄδηλον γὰρ εἰ ἀληθῆ λέγουσιν — οὐχ ὅπως αὐτοὺς ἃ μὴ ἐπιστάμεθα κατηγορεῖν.

[7] εἰ δʼ οὖν τι καὶ πέπρακται τοιοῦτον ἐν Σικελίᾳ, τοῦτʼ οὐ Δελφοῖς ἀναγκαῖον πολυπραγμονεῖν, εἰ μὴ ἀντὶ ἱερέων ἤδη δικασταὶ εἶναι ἀξιοῦμεν καί, δέον θύειν καὶ τἆλλα θεραπεύειν τὸν θεὸν καὶ συνανατιθέναι εἰ πέμψειέ τις, σκοποῦντες καθήμεθα εἴ τινες τῶν ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἰόνιον δικαίως ἢ ἀδίκως τυραννοῦνται.

[8] καὶ τὰ μὲν τῶν ἄλλων ἐχέτω ὅπῃ βούλεται· ἡμῖν δὲ ἀναγκαῖον, οἶμαι, τὰ ἡμέτερα αὐτῶν εἰδέναι, ὅπως τε πάλαι διέκειτο καὶ ὅπως νῦν ἔχει καὶ τί ποιοῦσι λῷον ἔσται· ὅτι μὲν δὴ ἐν κρημνοῖς τε οἰκοῦμεν αὐτοὶ καὶ πέτρας γεωργοῦμεν, οὐχ Ὅμηρον χρὴ περιμένειν δηλώσοντα ἡμῖν, ἀλλʼ ὁρᾶν πάρεστι ταῦτα. καὶ ὅσον ἐπὶ τῇ γῇ, βαθεῖ λιμῷ ἀεὶ συνῆμεν ἄν, τὸ δʼ ἱερὸν καὶ ὁ Πύθιος καὶ τὸ χρηστήριον καὶ οἱ θύοντες καὶ οἱ εὐσεβοῦντες, ταῦτα Δελφῶν τὰ πεδία, ταῦτα ἡ πρόσοδος, ἐντεῦθεν ἡ εὐπορία, ἐντεῦθεν αἱ τροφαί — χρὴ γὰρ τἀληθῆ πρός γε ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς λέγειν — καὶ τὸ λεγόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν ποιητῶν, ἄσπαρτα ἡμῖν καὶ ἀνήροτα φύεται τὰ πάντα ὑπὸ γεωργῷ τῷ θεῷ, ὃς οὐ μόνον τὰ παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἀγαθὰ γιγνόμενα παρέχει, ἀλλʼ εἴ τι ἐν Φρυξὶν ἢ Λυδοῖς ἢ Πέρσαις ἢ Ἀσσυρίοις ἢ Φοίνιξιν ἢ Ἰταλιώταις ἢ Ὑπερβορέοις αὐτοῖς, πάντα ἐς Δελφοὺς ἀφικνεῖται. καὶ τὰ δεύτερα μετὰ τὸν θεὸν ἡμεῖς τιμώμεθα ὑφʼ ἁπάντων καὶ εὐποροῦμεν καὶ εὐδαιμονοῦμεν· ταῦτα τὸ ἀρχαῖον, ταῦτα τὸ μέχρι νῦν, καὶ μὴ παυσαίμεθά γε οὕτω βιοῦντες.

[9] μέμνηται δὲ οὐδεὶς πώποτε ψῆφον ὑπὲρ ἀναθήματος παρʼ ἡμῖν ἀναδοθεῖσαν οὐδὲ κωλυθέντα τινὰ θύειν ἢ ἀνατιθέναι. καὶ διὰ τοῦτʼ, οἶμαι, καὶ αὐτὸ εἰς ὑπερβολὴν ηὔξηται τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ ὑπερπλουτεῖ ἐν τοῖς ἀναθήμασιν. δεῖ τοίνυν μηδʼ ἐν τῷ παρόντι καινοτομεῖν μηδὲν μηδὲ παρὰ τὰ πάτρια νόμον καθιστάναι, φυλοκρινεῖν τὰ ἀναθήματα καὶ γενεαλογεῖν τὰ πεμπόμενα, ὅθεν καὶ ἀφʼ ὅτου καὶ ὁποῖα, δεξαμένους δὲ ἀπραγμόνως ἀνατιθέναι ὑπηρετοῦντας ἀμφοῖν, καὶ τῷ θεῷ καὶ τοῖς εὐσεβέσι.

[10] δοκεῖτε δέ μοι, ὦ ἄνδρες Δελφοί, ἄριστα βουλεύσεσθαι³ περὶ τῶν παρόντων, εἰ λογίσαισθε ὑπὲρ⁴ ὅσων καὶ ἡλίκων ἐστὶν ἡ σκέψις, πρῶτον μὲν ὑπὲρ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ καὶ θυσιῶν καὶ ἀναθημάτων καὶ ἐθῶν ἀρχαίων καὶ θεσμῶν παλαιῶν καὶ δόξης τοῦ μαντείου, ἔπειτα ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως ὅλης καὶ τῶν συμφερόντων τῷ τε κοινῷ ἡμῶν καὶ ἰδίᾳ ἑκάστῳ Δελφῶν, ἐπὶ πᾶσι δὲ τῆς παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις εὐκλείας ἢ κακοδοξίας· τούτων γὰρ οὐκ οἶδα εἴ τι μεῖζον, εἰ σωφρονεῖτε, ἢ ἀναγκαιότερον ἡγήσαισθε ἄν.

[11] περὶ μὲν οὖν ὧν βουλευόμεθα, ταῦτά ἐστιν, οὐ Φάλαρις τύραννος εἷς οὐδʼ ὁ ταῦρος οὗτος οὐδὲ χαλκὸς μόνον, ἀλλὰ πάντες βασιλεῖς καὶ πάντες δυνάσται, ὅσοι νῦν χρῶνται τῷ ἱερῷ, καὶ χρυσὸς καὶ ἄργυρος καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα τίμια, πολλάκις ἀνατεθησόμενα τῷ θεῷ· πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ τὸ κατὰ τὸν θεὸν ἐξετασθῆναι ἄξιον.

[12] τίνος οὖν ἕνεκα μὴ ὡς ἀεὶ μηδὲ ὡς πάλαι τὰ περὶ τῶν ἀναθημάτων ποιήσωμεν; ἢ τί μεμφόμενοι τοῖς παλαιοῖς ἔθεσιν καινοτομήσωμεν; καὶ ὃ μηδὲ πώποτε, ἀφʼ οὗ τὴν πόλιν οἰκοῦμεν καὶ ὁ Πύθιος χρᾷ καὶ ὁ τρίπους φθέγγεται καὶ ἡ ἱέρεια ἐμπνεῖται, γεγένηται παρʼ ἡμῖν, νῦν καταστησώμεθα, κρίνεσθαι καὶ ἐξετάζεσθαι τοὺς ἀνατιθέντας; καὶ μὴν ἐξ ἐκείνου μὲν τοῦ παλαιοῦ ἔθους, τοῦ ἀνέδην καὶ πᾶσιν ἐξεῖναι, ὁρᾶτε ὅσων ἀγαθῶν ἐμπέπλησται τὸ ἱερόν, ἁπάντων ἀνατιθέντων καὶ ὑπὲρ τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν δύναμιν ἐνίων δωρουμένων τὸν θεόν.

[13] εἰ δʼ ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς δοκιμαστὰς καὶ ἐξεταστὰς ἐπιστήσετε τοῖς ἀναθήμασιν, ὀκνῶ μὴ ἀπορήσωμεν τῶν δοκιμασθησομένων ἔτι, οὐδενὸς ὑπομένοντος ὑπόδικον αὑτὸν καθιστάναι, καὶ ἀναλίσκοντα καὶ καταδαπανῶντα παρʼ αὑτοῦ κρίνεσθαι καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ὅλων κινδυνεύειν. ἢ τίνι βιωτόν, εἰ κριθήσεται τοῦ ἀνατιθέναι ἀνάξιος;

Translations (1)

Phalaris Perseus (Lucian, Vol. 1. Harmon, Austin Morris, editor. London: William Heinemann, Ltd.; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1913.) — 2 focus

II

[1] I am neither an official representative of the people of Acragas, men of Delphi, nor a personal representative of Phalaris himself, and I have no private ground at all for good-will to him and no expectation of future friendship. But after listening to the reasonable and temperate story of the ambassadors who have come from him, I rise in the interests of religion, of our common good and, above all, of the dignity of Delphi to exhort you neither to insult a devout monarch nor to put away a gift already pledged to the god, especially as it will be for ever a memorial of three very significant things— beautiful workmanship, wicked inventiveness, and just punishment.

[2] for you to hesitate about this matter at all and to submit us the question whether we should receive the gift or send it back again—even this I, for my part, consider impious; indeed, nothing short of extreme sacrilege, for the business is nothing else than temple-robbery, far more serious than other forms of it because it is more impious not to allow people to make gifts when they will than to steal gifts after they are made.

[3] A man of Delphi myself and an equal participant in our public good name if we maintain it and in ~ our disrepute if we acquire it from the present case, I beg you neither to lock the temple to worshippers nor to give the world a bad opinion of the city as one that quibbles over things sent the god, and tries givers by ballot and jury. No one would venture to give in future if he knew that the god would not accept anything not previously approved by the men of Delphi.

[4] As a matter of fact, Apollo has already voted justly about the gift. At any rate, if he hated Phalaris or loathed his present, he could easily have sunk it in the middle of the Ionian sea, along with the ship that carried it. But, quite to the contrary, he vouchsafed them a calm passage, they say, and a safe arrival at Cirrha.

[5] By this it is clear that he accepts the monarch’s worship. You must cast the same vote as he, and add this bull to the other attractions of the temple: for it would be most preposterous that a’man who has sent so magnificent a present to our god should get the sentence of exclusion from the sanctuary and should be paid for his piety by being pronounced unworthy even to make an oblation.

[6] The man who. holds the contrary opinion ranted about the tyrant’s murders and assaults and robberies and abductions as if he had just put into port from Acragas, all but saying that he had been an eye-witness; we know, however, that he has not even been as far from ‘home as the boat. We should not give such stories full credence even when told by those who profess to be the victims, for it is doubtful whether they are telling the truth. Much less should we ourselves play the accuser in matters of which we have no knowledge.

[7] But even if something of the sort has actually taken place in Sicily, we of Delphi need not trouble ourselves about it, unless we now want to be judges instead of priests, and when we should be sacrificing and performing the other divine services and helping to dedicate whatever anyone sends us, sit and speculate whether people on the other side of the Ionian sea are ruled justly or unjustly.

[8] Let the situation of others be as it may: we, in my opinion, must needs realize our own situation— what it was of old, what it is now, and what we can do to better it. That we live on crags and cultivate rocks is something we need not wait for Homer to tell us—anyone can see it for himself.¹ As far as the land is concerned, we should always be cheek by jow] with starvation: the temple, the god, the oracle, the sacrificers and the worshippers—these are the grain-lands of Delphi, these are our revenue, these are the sources of our prosperity and of our subsistence. We-should speak the truth among ourselves, at any rate! “Unsown and untilled,”² as the poets say, everything is grown for us with the god for our husbandman. Not only does he vouchsafe us the good things found among the Greeks, but every product of the Phrygians, the Lydians, the Persians, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians, the Italians and even the Hyperboreans comes to Delphi. And next to the god we are held in honour by all men, and we are prosperous and happy. Thus it was of old, thus it has been till now, and may we never cease leading this life!

[9] Never in the memory of any man have we taken avote on a gift, or prevented anyone from sacrificing or giving. For this very reason, I think, the temple has prospered extraordinarily and is excessively rich in gifts. Therefore we ought not to make any innovation in the present case and break precedents by setting up the practice of censoring gifts and looking into the pedigree of things that are sent here, to see where they come from and from whom, and what they are: we should receive them and dedicate them without officiousness, serving bothparties, the god and the worshippers.

[10] It seems to me, men of Delphi, that you will come to the best conclusion about the present case if you should consider the number and the magnitude of the issues involved in the question—first, the god, the temple, sacrifices, gifts, old. customs, timehonoured observances and the credit of the oracle; then the whole-city and-the interests not only of our body but of every man in Delphi; and more than all, our good or bad name in the world. I have no doubt that if you are in -your senses you will think nothing more important or more vital than these issues.

[11] This is what we are in consultation about, then: it is not Phalaris (a single tyrant) or. this bull of bronze only, but all kings and all monarchs who now frequent the temple, and gold and silver and all other things of price that will be given the god on many occasions. The first point to be investigated should be the interest of the god. Why: should we not manage the matter of gifts as we have always done, as we did in the beginning?

[12] What fault have we to find with the good old customs, that we should make innovations, and that we should now set up a practice that has never existed among us since the city has been inhabited, since our god has given oracles, since the tripod has had a voice and since the priestess has been inspired—the practice of trying and cross-examining givers? In consequence of that fine old custom of unrestricted -access for all, you see how many good things fill the temple: all men give, and some are more generous to the god than their means warrant.

[13] But if you make yourselves examiners and inquisitors upon gifts, I doubt we shall be in want of people to examine hereafter, for nobody has the courage to put himself on the defensive, and to stand trial and risk everything as a result of spending his money lavishly. Who can endure life, if he is pronounced unworthy to make an oblation?

Lucian Phalaris 2

Henry Watson Fowler (Translator), Francis George Fowler (Translator)

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PHALARIS, II

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